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The Fourth European Conference on Languages, Literature and Linguistics The Fourth European Conference on Languages, Literature and Linguistics 25th November, 2014 «East West» Association for Advanced Studies and Higher Education GmbH, Vienna, Austria Vienna 2014 «The Fourth European Conference on Languages, Literature and Linguistics». Proceedings of the Conference (November 25, 2014). «East West» Association for Advanced Studies and Higher Education GmbH. Vienna. 2014. 271 P. ISBN–13 978-3-902986-30-6 ISBN–10 3-902986-30-1 The recommended citation for this publication is: Shlossman L. (Ed.) (2014). The Fourth European Conference on Languages, Literature and Linguistics. Proceedings of the Conference (November 25, 2014). Vienna, OR: «East West» Association for Advanced Studies and Higher Education GmbH, Vienna. Editor Lidiya Shlossman, Russia Editorial board Paulina Marszałek, Poland Aureliu Ungureanu, Romania Regina Fülöpné, Hungary Christelle Cormier, France Proofreading Andrey Simakov Cover design Andreas Vogel Contacts “East West” Association for Advanced Studies and Higher Education GmbH, Am Gestade 1 1010 Vienna, Austria Email: [email protected] Homepage: www.ew-a.org Material disclaimer The opinions expressed in the conference proceedings do not necessarily reflect those of the “East West” Association for Advanced Studies and Higher Education GmbH, the editor, the editorial board, or the organization to which the authors are affiliated. © «East West» Association for Advanced Studies and Higher Education GmbH All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of the Publisher. Typeset in Berling by Ziegler Buchdruckerei, Linz, Austria. Printed by «East West» Association for Advanced Studies and Higher Education GmbH, Vienna, Austria on acid-free paper. The Germanic languages 3 Section 1. The Germanic languages Aleeva Gulnara Khalirahmanovna, Kazan Federal University, PhD, Institute of Philology and Intercultural Communication; Konovalova Anzhelika Vitaliyevna, KFU, student, Institute of Philology and Intercultural Communication Lexical and grammatical features of the english-language headlines Алеева Гульнара Халирахмановна, Казанский Федеральный Университет, Кандидат филологических наук, доцент, Институт Филологии и Межкультурной Коммуникации; Коновалова Анжелика Виталиевна, КФУ, студентка, Институт Филологии и Межкультурной Коммуникации Лексико-грамматические особенности заголовков англоязычной прессы Современная аутентичная газета является источником как стилистически нейтрального, так и экспрессивного языка, предлагая разнообразие форм и жан- ров публикуемых в ней статей. Газетный текст, как средство массовой информации и коммуникации является неотъемлемой частью современного мира, а понятие какого-либо печатного материала невозможно представить отдельно от поня- тия заголовка. С точки зрения Т. А. Знаменской, заголовки в публицистическом стиле представляют собой многоступенчатое изложение основных положений газетной статьи или газетного сообщения 1. Следовательно, к переводу заголовков иноязычных публикаций стоит подходить с особой тщательностью, обращая осо- 1 Знаменская Т. А. Стилистика английского языка. Основы курса: учеб. пособие для вузов/Т. А. Знаменская. – М.: Едиториал УРСС, 2002. – 208 с. 4 Section 1. бое внимание на особенности их структуры во избежание неверного понимания и неадекватного их перевода. Cреди особенностей передачи смысла иноязычного заголовка следует отметить, что по своей структуре заголовок является эллип- сисом, в котором с целью привлечения внимания читателя опускаются артикли, предлоги, служебные слова, а также формы глагола to be и некоторые смысловые глаголы 1. Не редкое явление в печатных изданиях буквенные и смысловые со- кращения; номинативные односоставные предложения, состоящее из двух или нескольких существительных; английские заголовки могут быть представлены словосочетанием с причастием или герундием, что требует подбора граммати- ческой трансформации при переводе. Особенности порядка слов, синтаксиса и пунктуации, постановка риторического вопроса, употребление разговорных форм и сленга — являются средствами привлечения внимания аудитории. Бес- спорно, наибольшую сложность при переводе составляет использование в заго- ловке фразеологических единиц, игры слов и умышленно измененных устойчивых выражений, смысл которых может быть сразу понятен только носителям языка, на котором написана публикация 2. Трудность понимания иноязычного заголовка, помимо нарушений принятых языковых норм, объясняется недостаточно полным знанием реалий исходного языка, культуры, традиций и обычаев страны, в кото- рой публикация была создана. В зависимости от количества элементов смысловой схемы текста заголовки делятся на два вида: однонаправленные и комплексные 2. Однонаправленные за- головки соотносятся с одним элементом смысловой структуры текста, с опреде- ленным событием, человеком, фактом, известным выражением: Computer game Tetris celebrates 25 years — речь в сообщении пойдет о знаменитой компьютерной игре «Тетрис» 3. Комплексные заголовки соотносятся с несколькими элемента- ми структуры текста одновременно и в зависимости от степени информативно- сти, заголовки можно разделить на полноинформативные и пунктирные: Three- quarters of British children cannot boil an egg, study finds (англ.) — даже не читая статью, можно догадаться, что речь в статье будет идти о британских детях, неспо- собных самостоятельно сварить яйцо 3. Пунктирные заголовки не раскрывают ос- новной идеи сообщения, тем самым интригуя читателя и вызывая у него желание прочесть статью, чтобы понять смысл заголовка: Every man for himself on sinking ships (англ.) — данный заголовок сообщает лишь о том, что каждый сам за себя, но не раскрывает сути сообщения — кто же это и в какой именно ситуации 3. 1 Рецкер Я. И. Теория перевода и переводческая практика. – М.: Валент, 2007. – 227 с. 2 Федоров А. В. Основы общей теории перевода (лингвистические проблемы)/А. В. Федоров. – 5-е изд. — СПб., М.: ООО «Издательский Дом «ФИЛОЛОГИЯ ТРИ», 2002. – 416 с. 3 http://www.wrx.zen.co.uk/britnews.htm – газетные тексты. The Germanic languages 5 Материалом данного исследования послужили заголовки статей, взятых из ан- глийских и американских газет и журналов. Лексические особенности оформле- ния газетных заголовков. Для газетных заголовков свойственно обилие обще- ственно-политических терминов, диалектизмов, клише, игра слов, умышленно изменённые устойчивые выражения, смешение книжной и разговорной лексики, жаргонизмов и сокращений. PM pledges tax cut (Financial Times, 08.11.2012) — Парламент обещает урезать налоги. Функция заголовка информативная. В дан- ном однонаправленном, полноинформативном заголовке использована единица «заголовочного жаргона» — глагол to pledge. Он имеет значения: отдавать в за- лог, поднимать бокал за здоровье, связывать обещанием, клятвой. Данный глагол так же относится к газетной лексике, используемой в публикациях, и переводится как «обещать». Кроме того, мы наблюдаем использование сокращения PM, что означает “parlament” (парламент). Данное сокращение так же является лексиче- ской особенностью англоязычной прессы, и этот метод широко используется. Murder probe: police quiz model (Financial Times, 25.07.2012) — Расследование убийства: новый стиль допроса. Функция: номинативная, вид однонаправленный, пунктирный. Этот заголовок также содержит в себе слово из «заголовочного жаргона». Существительное a probe имеет значения: зонд, щуп; испытание, обра- зец и расследование. Данное существительное более употребительно в газетных текстах, нежели существительное an investigation, так же в силу небольшого коли- чества букв. Аналогично, глагол to quiz в публицистическом стиле более предпо- чтителен по сравнению с глаголом to interrogate. Он имеет следующие значения: проводить опрос, всматриваться; смотреть внимательно. В данном заголовке глагол to quiz переводится существительным допроc, в целом грамматическая структура фразы изменена переводчиком, но смысл передан в полной мере. Chinese cargo ship sets sail for Arctic short-cut. (Financial Times, 11.08.2013) — Ки- тайский грузовой корабль отправляется в плавание по укороченному Арктическому пути. Функция заголовка информативная. В данном однонаправленном, полно- информативном заголовке снова наблюдаем использование «заголовочного жаргона». Существительное short-cut имеет значения: кратчайшее расстояние; метод, требующий наименьших затрат времени и сил; быстрый вызов; ярлык; мелкая крошка. В данном случае слово используется в своем главном значении — укороченный путь. Can Alfa be the Alpha Dog? (Business Week, 14.09.2012) — Станет ли ‘Альфа’ первой буквой русского алфавита? Функция заголовка рекламная. В данном одно- направленном, пунктирном заголовке используется игра слов, которая является одной из специфичных лексических особенностей. Игра слов призвана заинтри- говать читателя, привлечь его интерес. Выражение Alpha Dog означает «вожак стаи», в спорте — игрок, действующий решительно и выводящий команду впе- 6 Section 1. ред. В варианте перевода никакой метафоры не прослеживается, но, тем не менее, смысл сохраняется. The dog that didn’t bark (The Economist, 23.06.2011) —Стоит ли бояться протекционизма? Функция заголовка рекламная. В данном однонаправленном, пунктирном заголовке текст оригинала и его перевод совершенно не совпадают ни по смыслу, ни по переводу отдельных слов. Переводчик, прочитав статью, ре- шил дать статье альтернативное название, раскрывающее саму
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