Public Key Infrastructure Configuration Guide

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Public Key Infrastructure Configuration Guide Public Key Infrastructure Configuration Guide Americas Headquarters Cisco Systems, Inc. 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose, CA 95134-1706 USA http://www.cisco.com Tel: 408 526-4000 800 553-NETS (6387) Fax: 408 527-0883 THE SPECIFICATIONS AND INFORMATION REGARDING THE PRODUCTS IN THIS MANUAL ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. ALL STATEMENTS, INFORMATION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS IN THIS MANUAL ARE BELIEVED TO BE ACCURATE BUT ARE PRESENTED WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. USERS MUST TAKE FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR APPLICATION OF ANY PRODUCTS. THE SOFTWARE LICENSE AND LIMITED WARRANTY FOR THE ACCOMPANYING PRODUCT ARE SET FORTH IN THE INFORMATION PACKET THAT SHIPPED WITH THE PRODUCT AND ARE INCORPORATED HEREIN BY THIS REFERENCE. IF YOU ARE UNABLE TO LOCATE THE SOFTWARE LICENSE OR LIMITED WARRANTY, CONTACT YOUR CISCO REPRESENTATIVE FOR A COPY. The Cisco implementation of TCP header compression is an adaptation of a program developed by the University of California, Berkeley (UCB) as part of UCB's public domain version of the UNIX operating system. All rights reserved. Copyright © 1981, Regents of the University of California. NOTWITHSTANDING ANY OTHER WARRANTY HEREIN, ALL DOCUMENT FILES AND SOFTWARE OF THESE SUPPLIERS ARE PROVIDED “AS IS" WITH ALL FAULTS. CISCO AND THE ABOVE-NAMED SUPPLIERS DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THOSE OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT OR ARISING FROM A COURSE OF DEALING, USAGE, OR TRADE PRACTICE. IN NO EVENT SHALL CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, LOST PROFITS OR LOSS OR DAMAGE TO DATA ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THIS MANUAL, EVEN IF CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIERS HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. Any Internet Protocol (IP) addresses and phone numbers used in this document are not intended to be actual addresses and phone numbers. Any examples, command display output, network topology diagrams, and other figures included in the document are shown for illustrative purposes only. Any use of actual IP addresses or phone numbers in illustrative content is unintentional and coincidental. Cisco and the Cisco logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Cisco and/or its affiliates in the U.S. and other countries. To view a list of Cisco trademarks, go to this URL: http:// www.cisco.com/go/trademarks. Third-party trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners. The use of the word partner does not imply a partnership relationship between Cisco and any other company. (1110R) © 2017 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 Read Me First 1 CHAPTER 2 Cisco IOS XE PKI Overview Understanding and Planning a PKI 3 Finding Feature Information 3 Information About Cisco IOS XE PKI 3 What Is Cisco IOS XE PKI 3 RSA Keys Overview 4 What Are CAs 5 Hierarchical PKI Multiple CAs 5 When to Use Multiple CAs 6 Certificate Enrollment How It Works 6 Certificate Enrollment Via Secure Device Provisioning 7 Certificate Revocation Why It Occurs 7 Planning for a PKI 7 Where to Go Next 8 Additional References for Understanding and Planning a PKI 8 Glossary 9 CHAPTER 3 Deploying RSA Keys Within a PKI 11 Finding Feature Information 11 Prerequisites for Configuring RSA Keys for a PKI 12 Information About RSA Keys Configuration 12 RSA Keys Overview 12 Usage RSA Keys Versus General-Purpose RSA Keys 12 How RSA Key Pairs are Associated with a Trustpoint 13 Reasons to Store Multiple RSA Keys on a Router 13 Benefits of Exportable RSA Keys 13 Passphrase Protection While Importing and Exporting RSA Keys 14 Public Key Infrastructure Configuration Guide iii Contents How to Set Up and Deploy RSA Keys Within a PKI 14 Generating an RSA Key Pair 14 What to Do Next 15 Managing RSA Key Pairs and Trustpoint Certificates 16 Exporting and Importing RSA Keys 19 Exporting and Importing RSA Keys in PKCS12 Files 19 Exporting and Importing RSA Keys in PEM-Formatted Files 21 Encrypting and Locking Private Keys on a Router 24 Removing RSA Key Pair Settings 26 Configuration Examples for RSA Key Pair Deployment 28 Generating and Specifying RSA Keys Example 28 Exporting and Importing RSA Keys Examples 28 Exporting and Importing RSA Keys in PKCS12 Files Example 28 Exporting and Importing and RSA Keys in PEM Files Example 29 Exporting Router RSA Key Pairs and Certificates from PEM Files Example 30 Importing Router RSA Key Pairs and Certificate from PEM Files Example 31 Encrypting and Locking Private Keys on a Router Examples 31 Configuring and Verifying an Encrypted Key Example 31 Configuring and Verifying a Locked Key Example 32 Where to Go Next 32 Additional References 32 Feature Information for RSA Keys Within a PKI 33 CHAPTER 4 Configuring Authorization and Revocation of Certificates in a PKI 37 Finding Feature Information 37 Prerequisites for Authorization and Revocation of Certificates 38 Restrictions for Authorization and Revocation of Certificates 38 Information About Authorization and Revocation of Certificates 39 PKI Authorization 39 PKI and AAA Server Integration for Certificate Status 39 RADIUS or TACACS+ Choosing a AAA Server Protocol 39 Attribute-Value Pairs for PKI and AAA Server Integration 40 CRLs or OCSP Server Choosing a Certificate Revocation Mechanism 41 What Is a CRL 41 Querying All CDPs During Revocation Check 42 Public Key Infrastructure Configuration Guide iv Contents What Is OCSP 42 When to Use an OCSP Server 43 When to Use Certificate-Based ACLs for Authorization or Revocation 43 Ignore Revocation Checks Using a Certificate-Based ACL 44 PKI Certificate Chain Validation 45 How to Configure Authorization and Revocation of Certificates for Your PKI 46 Configuring PKI Integration with a AAA Server 46 Troubleshooting Tips 49 Configuring a Revocation Mechanism for PKI Certificate Status Checking 50 The revocation-check Command 50 Nonces and Peer Communications with OCSP Servers 50 Configuring Certificate Authorization and Revocation Settings 53 Configuring Certificate-Based ACLs to Ignore Revocation Checks 53 Manually Overriding CDPs in a Certificate 54 Manually Overriding the OCSP Server Setting in a Certificate 54 Configuring CRL Cache Control 54 Configuring Certificate Serial Number Session Control 54 Troubleshooting Tips 60 Configuring Certificate Chain Validation 61 Configuration Examples for Setting Up Authorization and Revocation of Certificates 62 Configuring and Verifying PKI AAA Authorization Examples 62 Router Configuration Example 62 Debug of a Successful PKI AAA Authorization Example 64 Debugs of a Failed PKI AAA Authorization Example 65 Configuring a Revocation Mechanism Examples 66 Configuring an OCSP Server Example 66 Specifying a CRL and Then an OCSP Server Example 66 Specifying an OCSP Server Example 66 Disabling Nonces in Communications with the OCSP Server Example 67 Configuring a Hub Router at a Central Site for Certificate Revocation Checks Example 67 Configuring Certificate Authorization and Revocation Settings Examples 70 Configuring CRL Cache Control 71 Configuring Certificate Serial Number Session Control 72 Configuring Certificate Chain Validation Examples 73 Configuring Certificate Chain Validation from Peer to Root CA 73 Public Key Infrastructure Configuration Guide v Contents Configuring Certificate Chain Validation from Peer to Subordinate CA 73 Configuring Certificate Chain Validation Through a Gap 74 Additional References 74 Feature Information for Certificate Authorization and Revocation 75 CHAPTER 5 Configuring Certificate Enrollment for a PKI 81 Finding Feature Information 81 Prerequisites for PKI Certificate Enrollment 82 Information About Certificate Enrollment for a PKI 82 What Are CAs 82 Framework for Multiple CAs 82 Authentication of the CA 83 Supported Certificate Enrollment Methods 83 Cisco IOS Suite-B Support for Certificate Enrollment for a PKI 84 Registration Authorities 85 Automatic Certificate Enrollment 85 Certificate Enrollment Profiles 86 How to Configure Certificate Enrollment for a PKI 86 Configuring Certificate Enrollment or Autoenrollment 86 Configuring Manual Certificate Enrollment 92 PEM-Formatted Files for Certificate Enrollment Request 92 Restrictions for Manual Certificate Enrollment 92 Configuring Cut-and-Paste Certificate Enrollment 92 Configuring TFTP Certificate Enrollment 95 Certifying a URL Link for Secure Communication with a Trend Micro Server 98 Configuring a Persistent Self-Signed Certificate for Enrollment via SSL 103 Persistent Self-Signed Certificates Overview 103 Restrictions 104 Configuring a Trustpoint and Specifying Self-Signed Certificate Parameters 104 Enabling the HTTPS Server 106 Configuring a Certificate Enrollment Profile for Enrollment or Reenrollment 107 What to Do Next 111 Configuration Examples for PKI Certificate Enrollment Requests 111 Configuring Certificate Enrollment or Autoenrollment Example 111 Configuring Autoenrollment Example 112 Public Key Infrastructure Configuration Guide vi Contents Configuring Certificate Autoenrollment with Key Regeneration Example 112 Configuring Cut-and-Paste Certificate Enrollment Example 113 Configuring Manual Certificate Enrollment with Key Regeneration Example 115 Creating and Verifying a Persistent Self-Signed Certificate Example 116 Enabling the HTTPS Server Example 116 Verifying the Self-Signed Certificate Configuration Example 117 Configuring Direct HTTP Enrollment Example 118 Additional References 118 Feature Information for PKI Certificate Enrollment 120 CHAPTER
Recommended publications
  • Public Key Cryptography And
    PublicPublic KeyKey CryptographyCryptography andand RSARSA Raj Jain Washington University in Saint Louis Saint Louis, MO 63130 [email protected] Audio/Video recordings of this lecture are available at: http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse571-11/ Washington University in St. Louis CSE571S ©2011 Raj Jain 9-1 OverviewOverview 1. Public Key Encryption 2. Symmetric vs. Public-Key 3. RSA Public Key Encryption 4. RSA Key Construction 5. Optimizing Private Key Operations 6. RSA Security These slides are based partly on Lawrie Brown’s slides supplied with William Stallings’s book “Cryptography and Network Security: Principles and Practice,” 5th Ed, 2011. Washington University in St. Louis CSE571S ©2011 Raj Jain 9-2 PublicPublic KeyKey EncryptionEncryption Invented in 1975 by Diffie and Hellman at Stanford Encrypted_Message = Encrypt(Key1, Message) Message = Decrypt(Key2, Encrypted_Message) Key1 Key2 Text Ciphertext Text Keys are interchangeable: Key2 Key1 Text Ciphertext Text One key is made public while the other is kept private Sender knows only public key of the receiver Asymmetric Washington University in St. Louis CSE571S ©2011 Raj Jain 9-3 PublicPublic KeyKey EncryptionEncryption ExampleExample Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman at MIT RSA: Encrypted_Message = m3 mod 187 Message = Encrypted_Message107 mod 187 Key1 = <3,187>, Key2 = <107,187> Message = 5 Encrypted Message = 53 = 125 Message = 125107 mod 187 = 5 = 125(64+32+8+2+1) mod 187 = {(12564 mod 187)(12532 mod 187)... (1252 mod 187)(125 mod 187)} mod 187 Washington University in
    [Show full text]
  • Ch 13 Digital Signature
    1 CH 13 DIGITAL SIGNATURE Cryptography and Network Security HanJung Mason Yun 2 Index 13.1 Digital Signatures 13.2 Elgamal Digital Signature Scheme 13.3 Schnorr Digital Signature Scheme 13.4 NIST Digital Signature Algorithm 13.6 RSA-PSS Digital Signature Algorithm 3 13.1 Digital Signature - Properties • It must verify the author and the date and time of the signature. • It must authenticate the contents at the time of the signature. • It must be verifiable by third parties, to resolve disputes. • The digital signature function includes authentication. 4 5 6 Attacks and Forgeries • Key-Only attack • Known message attack • Generic chosen message attack • Directed chosen message attack • Adaptive chosen message attack 7 Attacks and Forgeries • Total break • Universal forgery • Selective forgery • Existential forgery 8 Digital Signature Requirements • It must be a bit pattern that depends on the message. • It must use some information unique to the sender to prevent both forgery and denial. • It must be relatively easy to produce the digital signature. • It must be relatively easy to recognize and verify the digital signature. • It must be computationally infeasible to forge a digital signature, either by constructing a new message for an existing digital signature or by constructing a fraudulent digital signature for a given message. • It must be practical to retain a copy of the digital signature in storage. 9 Direct Digital Signature • Digital signature scheme that involves only the communication parties. • It must authenticate the contents at the time of the signature. • It must be verifiable by third parties, to resolve disputes. • Thus, the digital signature function includes the authentication function.
    [Show full text]
  • Implementation and Performance Evaluation of XTR Over Wireless Network
    Implementation and Performance Evaluation of XTR over Wireless Network By Basem Shihada [email protected] Dept. of Computer Science 200 University Avenue West Waterloo, Ontario, Canada (519) 888-4567 ext. 6238 CS 887 Final Project 19th of April 2002 Implementation and Performance Evaluation of XTR over Wireless Network 1. Abstract Wireless systems require reliable data transmission, large bandwidth and maximum data security. Most current implementations of wireless security algorithms perform lots of operations on the wireless device. This result in a large number of computation overhead, thus reducing the device performance. Furthermore, many current implementations do not provide a fast level of security measures such as client authentication, authorization, data validation and data encryption. XTR is an abbreviation of Efficient and Compact Subgroup Trace Representation (ECSTR). Developed by Arjen Lenstra & Eric Verheul and considered a new public key cryptographic security system that merges high level of security GF(p6) with less number of computation GF(p2). The claim here is that XTR has less communication requirements, and significant computation advantages, which indicate that XTR is suitable for the small computing devices such as, wireless devices, wireless internet, and general wireless applications. The hoping result is a more flexible and powerful secure wireless network that can be easily used for application deployment. This project presents an implementation and performance evaluation to XTR public key cryptographic system over wireless network. The goal of this project is to develop an efficient and portable secure wireless network, which perform a variety of wireless applications in a secure manner. The project literately surveys XTR mathematical and theoretical background as well as system implementation and deployment over wireless network.
    [Show full text]
  • Key Improvements to XTR
    To appear in Advances in Cryptology|Asiacrypt 2000, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1976, Springer-Verlag 2000, 220-223. Key improvements to XTR Arjen K. Lenstra1, Eric R. Verheul2 1 Citibank, N.A., Technical University Eindhoven, 1 North Gate Road, Mendham, NJ 07945-3104, U.S.A., [email protected] 2 PricewaterhouseCoopers, GRMS Crypto Group, Goudsbloemstraat 14, 5644 KE Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Eric.Verheul@[nl.pwcglobal.com, pobox.com] Abstract. This paper describes improved methods for XTR key rep- resentation and parameter generation (cf. [4]). If the ¯eld characteristic is properly chosen, the size of the XTR public key for signature appli- cations can be reduced by a factor of three at the cost of a small one time computation for the recipient of the key. Furthermore, the para- meter set-up for an XTR system can be simpli¯ed because the trace of a proper subgroup generator can, with very high probability, be com- puted directly, thus avoiding the probabilistic approach from [4]. These non-trivial extensions further enhance the practical potential of XTR. 1 Introduction In [1] it was shown that conjugates of elements of a subgroup of GF(p6)¤ of order 2 dividing Á6(p) = p ¡ p + 1 can be represented using 2 log2(p) bits, as opposed to the 6 log2(p) bits that would be required for their traditional representation. In [4] an improved version of the method from [1] was introduced that achieves the same communication advantage at a much lower computational cost. The resulting representation method is referred to as XTR, which stands for E±cient and Compact Subgroup Trace Representation.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficient Encryption on Limited Devices
    Rochester Institute of Technology RIT Scholar Works Theses 2006 Efficient encryption on limited devices Roderic Campbell Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses Recommended Citation Campbell, Roderic, "Efficient encryption on limited devices" (2006). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from This Master's Project is brought to you for free and open access by RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of RIT Scholar Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Masters Project Proposal: Efficient Encryption on Limited Devices Roderic Campbell Department of Computer Science Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester, NY, USA [email protected] June 24, 2004 ________________________________________ Chair: Prof. Alan Kaminsky Date ________________________________________ Reader: Prof. Hans-Peter Bischof Date ________________________________________ Observer: Prof. Leonid Reznik Date 1 1 Summary As the capstone of my Master’s education, I intend to perform a comparison of Elliptic Curve Cryptography(ECC) and The XTR Public Key System to the well known RSA encryption algorithm. The purpose of such a project is to provide a further understanding of such types of encryption, as well as present an analysis and recommendation for the appropriate technique for given circumstances. This comparison will be done by developing a series of tests on which to run identical tasks using each of the previously mentioned algorithms. Metrics such as running time, maximum and average memory usage will be measured as applicable. There are four main goals of Crypto-systems: Confidentiality, Data Integrity, Authentication and Non-repudiation[5]. This implementation deals only with confidentiality of symmetric key exchange.
    [Show full text]
  • The RSA Algorithm
    The RSA Algorithm Evgeny Milanov 3 June 2009 In 1978, Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman introduced a cryptographic algorithm, which was essentially to replace the less secure National Bureau of Standards (NBS) algorithm. Most impor- tantly, RSA implements a public-key cryptosystem, as well as digital signatures. RSA is motivated by the published works of Diffie and Hellman from several years before, who described the idea of such an algorithm, but never truly developed it. Introduced at the time when the era of electronic email was expected to soon arise, RSA implemented two important ideas: 1. Public-key encryption. This idea omits the need for a \courier" to deliver keys to recipients over another secure channel before transmitting the originally-intended message. In RSA, encryption keys are public, while the decryption keys are not, so only the person with the correct decryption key can decipher an encrypted message. Everyone has their own encryption and decryption keys. The keys must be made in such a way that the decryption key may not be easily deduced from the public encryption key. 2. Digital signatures. The receiver may need to verify that a transmitted message actually origi- nated from the sender (signature), and didn't just come from there (authentication). This is done using the sender's decryption key, and the signature can later be verified by anyone, using the corresponding public encryption key. Signatures therefore cannot be forged. Also, no signer can later deny having signed the message. This is not only useful for electronic mail, but for other electronic transactions and transmissions, such as fund transfers.
    [Show full text]
  • Hash, DH and RSA
    CSE468/598 Computer Network Security Hash, DH and RSA Short Version Chun-Jen Chung Arizona State University CSE468/598 Computer Network Security Outline . Background . Hash Functions . Public key cryptography (PKC) • DH • RSA . Summary 2 CSE468/598 Computer Network Security Background CSE468/598 Computer Network Security Crypto algorithms review Encryption Authentication Hash functions Symmetric Asymmetric SHA-1 MD5 MAC Secret key: Public key: (message authentication code) DES, 3DES, AES RSA, ECC HMAC Digital Signature (secret key) (public key) Key management Manual Secret key Exchange: Public key Exchange: operation Diffie-Hellman Certificate Authority on PKI CSE468/598 Computer Network Security Introduction to Hash Functions CSE468/598 Computer Network Security Hash Algorithms Message of hash H A fixed-length arbitrary length Math transformation short message . Also known as • (Cryptographic) Hash functions • Message digests • One-way transformations • One-way functions . Length of H(m) much shorter than length of m . Usually fixed lengths: 128 or 160 bits . Example algorithms • MD5 (Message-Digest) – 128 bits output • SHA-1 (secure hash algorithm) : 160 bits output • SHA-2: 256/224, 512/384 CSE468/598 Computer Network Security Hash Algorithms (cont’d) Image from scanner All files of a floppy disk All files of a hard disk User password 8 bytes 512 K bytes 1.4 M bytes 80Giga bytes One way hash One way hash One way hash One way hash (SHA-1) (SHA-1) (SHA-1) (SHA-1) 43 B0 4C 54 3B 73 BF 4C 34 3B 54 3B 4C 34 3B 32 2B 23 70 7A 67 A2 23 3F 7D 67 A2 45 23 76 62 3C D3 AF A2 2B 4F 43 B0 4C 36 2B 7A 2B 49 3F 76 D2 37 F6 45 67 A2 23 3F 54 3B 49 28 67 3C D3 AF 27 4A 44 47 8F 93 D2 7D 43 B0 4C 19 A2 23 8F 7D 36 Hash value 20 bytes Hash value 20 bytes Hash value 20 bytes Hash value 20 bytes (160 bits) CSE468/598 Computer Network Security Applications of Hash Functions .
    [Show full text]
  • The Mathematics of the RSA Public-Key Cryptosystem Burt Kaliski RSA Laboratories
    The Mathematics of the RSA Public-Key Cryptosystem Burt Kaliski RSA Laboratories ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Dr Burt Kaliski is a computer scientist whose involvement with the security industry has been through the company that Ronald Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman started in 1982 to commercialize the RSA encryption algorithm that they had invented. At the time, Kaliski had just started his undergraduate degree at MIT. Professor Rivest was the advisor of his bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral theses, all of which were about cryptography. When Kaliski finished his graduate work, Rivest asked him to consider joining the company, then called RSA Data Security. In 1989, he became employed as the company’s first full-time scientist. He is currently chief scientist at RSA Laboratories and vice president of research for RSA Security. Introduction Number theory may be one of the “purest” branches of mathematics, but it has turned out to be one of the most useful when it comes to computer security. For instance, number theory helps to protect sensitive data such as credit card numbers when you shop online. This is the result of some remarkable mathematics research from the 1970s that is now being applied worldwide. Sensitive data exchanged between a user and a Web site needs to be encrypted to prevent it from being disclosed to or modified by unauthorized parties. The encryption must be done in such a way that decryption is only possible with knowledge of a secret decryption key. The decryption key should only be known by authorized parties. In traditional cryptography, such as was available prior to the 1970s, the encryption and decryption operations are performed with the same key.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysing and Patching SPEKE in ISO/IEC
    1 Analysing and Patching SPEKE in ISO/IEC Feng Hao, Roberto Metere, Siamak F. Shahandashti and Changyu Dong Abstract—Simple Password Exponential Key Exchange reported. Over the years, SPEKE has been used in several (SPEKE) is a well-known Password Authenticated Key Ex- commercial applications: for example, the secure messaging change (PAKE) protocol that has been used in Blackberry on Blackberry phones [11] and Entrust’s TruePass end-to- phones for secure messaging and Entrust’s TruePass end-to- end web products. It has also been included into international end web products [16]. SPEKE has also been included into standards such as ISO/IEC 11770-4 and IEEE P1363.2. In the international standards such as IEEE P1363.2 [22] and this paper, we analyse the SPEKE protocol as specified in the ISO/IEC 11770-4 [24]. ISO/IEC and IEEE standards. We identify that the protocol is Given the wide usage of SPEKE in practical applications vulnerable to two new attacks: an impersonation attack that and its inclusion in standards, we believe a thorough allows an attacker to impersonate a user without knowing the password by launching two parallel sessions with the victim, analysis of SPEKE is both necessary and important. In and a key-malleability attack that allows a man-in-the-middle this paper, we revisit SPEKE and its variants specified in (MITM) to manipulate the session key without being detected the original paper [25], the IEEE 1363.2 [22] and ISO/IEC by the end users. Both attacks have been acknowledged by 11770-4 [23] standards.
    [Show full text]
  • Year 2010 Issues on Cryptographic Algorithms
    Year 2010 Issues on Cryptographic Algorithms Masashi Une and Masayuki Kanda In the financial sector, cryptographic algorithms are used as fundamental techniques for assuring confidentiality and integrity of data used in financial transactions and for authenticating entities involved in the transactions. Currently, the most widely used algorithms appear to be two-key triple DES and RC4 for symmetric ciphers, RSA with a 1024-bit key for an asymmetric cipher and a digital signature, and SHA-1 for a hash function according to international standards and guidelines related to the financial transactions. However, according to academic papers and reports regarding the security evaluation for such algorithms, it is difficult to ensure enough security by using the algorithms for a long time period, such as 10 or 15 years, due to advances in cryptanalysis techniques, improvement of computing power, and so on. To enhance the transition to more secure ones, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) of the United States describes in various guidelines that NIST will no longer approve two-key triple DES, RSA with a 1024-bit key, and SHA-1 as the algorithms suitable for IT systems of the U.S. Federal Government after 2010. It is an important issue how to advance the transition of the algorithms in the financial sector. This paper refers to issues regarding the transition as Year 2010 issues in cryptographic algorithms. To successfully complete the transition by 2010, the deadline set by NIST, it is necessary for financial institutions to begin discussing the issues at the earliest possible date. This paper summarizes security evaluation results of the current algorithms, and describes Year 2010 issues, their impact on the financial industry, and the transition plan announced by NIST.
    [Show full text]
  • The RSA Cryptosystem
    The RSA Cryptosystem Dan Boneh Stanford University The RSA cryptosystem Ø First published: • Scientific American, Aug. 1977. (after some censorship entanglements) Ø Currently the “work horse” of Internet security: • Most Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) products. • SSL/TLS: Certificates and key-exchange. • Secure e-mail: PGP, Outlook, … Page 2 The RSA trapdoor permutation Ø Parameters: N=pq. N »1024 bits. p,q »512 bits. e – encryption exponent. gcd(e, j(N) ) = 1 . e Ø Permutation: RSA(M) = M (mod N) where MÎZN Ø Trapdoor: d – decryption exponent. Where e×d = 1 (mod j(N) ) d Ø Inversion: RSA(M) = M (mod N) Ø “Assumption”: no efficient alg. can invert RSA without trapdoor. Page 3 Textbook RSA is insecure Ø Textbook RSA encryption: • public key: (N,e) Encrypt: C = Me (mod N) • private key: d Decrypt: Cd = M (mod N) (M Î ZN ) Ø Completely insecure cryptosystem: • Does not satisfy basic definitions of security. • Many attacks exist. Ø The RSA trapdoor permutation is not a cryptosystem ! Page 4 A simple attack on textbook RSA Random CLIENT HELLO session- Web SERVER HELLO (e,N) Web d key K Browser Server C=RSA(K) Ø Session-key K is 64 bits. View K Î {0,…,264} Eavesdropper sees: C = Ke (mod N) . 34 Ø Suppose K = K1×K2 where K1, K2 < 2 . (prob. »20%) e e Then: C/K1 = K2 (mod N) Ø Build table: C/1e, C/2e, C/3e, …, C/234e . time: 234 34 e 34 For K2 = 0,…, 2 test if K2 is in table. time: 2 ×34 40 64 Ø Attack time: »2 << 2 Page 5 Common RSA encryption Ø Never use textbook RSA.
    [Show full text]
  • Cryptographic Algorithms and Key Sizes for Personal Identity Verification
    NIST Special Publication 800-78-1 Cryptographic Algorithms and DRAFT Key Sizes for Personal Identity Verification W. Timothy Polk Donna F. Dodson William E. Burr I N F O R M A T I O N S E C U R I T Y Computer Security Division Information Technology Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD, 20899-8930 June 2006 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology William Jeffrey, Director . Draft Special Publication 800-78-1 Cryptographic Algorithms and Key Sizes for PIV NOTE FOR REVIEWERS 1. NIST has modified this Special Publication 800-78-1 to enhance interoperability, simplify the development of relying party applications, and enhance alignment with the National Security Agency's Suite B Cryptography. [SUITE B] Revision 1 reduces the set of elliptic curves approved for use with PIV cards and the supporting infrastructure from six curves to two. General and specific changes are listed in Appendix C, Errata, of this document. 2. Please submit your SP 800-78-1 comments using the comment template form provided on the http://www.csrc.nist.gov/piv-project/fips201-support-docs.html website. 3. Comments should be submitted to [email protected]. Please include "Comments on Preliminary Draft SP 800-78-1 in the subject line.” 4. The comment period closes at 5:00 EST (US and Canada) on October 2nd, 2006. Comments received after the comment period closes will be handled on as-time-is- available basis. Page ii Draft Special Publication 800-78-1 Cryptographic Algorithms and Key Sizes for PIV Reports on Computer Systems Technology The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) promotes the U.S.
    [Show full text]