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Seasonal Changes and Biological Classification of Irish Coastal

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Seasonal Changes and Biological Classification of Irish Coastal Seasonal changes and biological classification of Irish coastal lagoons. G. A. Oliver PhD 2005 Seasonal changes and biological classification of Irish coastal lagoons Geoffrey Alan Oliver A thesis is submitted to University College Dublin for the degree of PhD. The research was funded by the National Parks and Wildlife Service of the Irish Government. Head of Department: Dr. Tom Bolger Supervisors: Dr. Bret Danilowicz Dr. Tasman Crowe Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University College, Belfield, Dublin 4. February 2005. i Table of Contents List of Tables ................................................................................................................iii List of Figures ............................................................................................................... iv Abstract ............................................................................................................................. vi Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... vii 1. General Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background .............................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Seasonal changes (Chapter 2) .................................................................................. 7 1.3 Classification of lagoons (Chapter 3) .................................................................... 10 1.4 Irish lagoons in a European context (Chapter 4). .................................................. 12 2. Seasonal changes in fauna and flora of Irish coastal lagoons ..................................... 14 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 15 2.2 Methods ................................................................................................................. 18 2.3 Study sites .............................................................................................................. 22 2.4. Results .................................................................................................................. 26 2.5. Discussion ............................................................................................................. 52 2.6 Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 70 3. Biological classification of Irish coastal lagoons ........................................................ 72 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 72 3.2 Methods ................................................................................................................. 75 3.3 Study Sites ............................................................................................................. 80 3.4 Results ................................................................................................................... 83 3.5 Discussion ............................................................................................................ 105 3.6 Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 114 4. Irish lagoons in a European context. ......................................................................... 118 4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 119 4.2 Coastal lagoons World-wide ............................................................................... 121 4.3 Irish coastal lagoons ............................................................................................ 125 4.4 Fauna and Flora ................................................................................................... 133 4.5 Geographic variation in lagoon fauna and flora .................................................. 146 4.6 Conservation Status of Irish lagoons ................................................................... 150 4.7 Management ........................................................................................................ 153 4.8 Monitoring ........................................................................................................... 164 5. General discussion ..................................................................................................... 179 5.1 Seasonal changes in flora and fauna in Irish coastal lagoons. ............................. 180 5.2 Biological classification of Irish coastal lagoons ................................................ 181 5.3 Irish coastal lagoons in a European context ........................................................ 184 5.4 Management ........................................................................................................ 194 5.5 Monitoring ........................................................................................................... 198 5.6 Conclusions and recommendations ..................................................................... 200 References and Bibliography ........................................................................................ 204 ii List of Tables Table 2.3.1 Size, lagoon type, normal salinity range and substrate of the 4 lagoons selected for survey. .................................................................................................. 23 Table 2.4.1 Salinity range, fauna and flora recorded in four lagoons selected for survey on the west coast of Ireland. 2002-3. ....................................................................... 26 Table 2.4.2 Dominant faunal species recorded in each of the four lagoons selected for seasonal sampling. ................................................................................................... 27 Table 2.4.3. Comparison of percentage differences in pair-wise comparisons of seasons using true count data and abundance scales from visual estimates. ........................ 29 Table 2.4.4 Percentage of pair-wise comparisons of seasons that are significantly different from each other at four coastal lagoons in Ireland, 2002-3. ..................... 30 Table 2.4.5 Pair-wise comparisons of faunal abundance by season in L. Gill ................ 32 Table 2.4.6 Average abundance of dominant faunal taxa at all stations combined in 5 seasons in Lough Gill. 2002-3 (SIMPER analysis). ................................................ 33 Table 2.4.7 Pair-wise comparisons of faunal abundance by season in L. Murree .......... 37 Table 2.4.8 Pair-wise comparisons of seasonal differences in presence and absence of faunal taxa in L. Murree 2002-3 .............................................................................. 38 Table 2.4.9 Average abundance of dominant faunal taxa at 4 stations combined in June 02 and March 03 in L. an Aibhnin (SIMPER analysis). ......................................... 41 Table 2.4.10 Average abundance of dominant ground cover at 4 stations combined in Sept 03 and Jun 02 in L. Athola (SIMPER analysis). ............................................. 45 Table 2.4.11 Average abundance of dominant ground cover at 4 stations combined in Sept 03 and Jun 03 in L. Athola (SIMPER analysis). ............................................. 45 Table 3.3.1. Location, code number, year of survey and size of the 60 sites used for classification of Irish coastal lagoons. ..................................................................... 80 Table 3.4.1 Analyses used for classification of Irish coastal lagoons, 2002-3. ............... 83 Table 4.3.1. Size, location, salinity and year of survey of sites identified as coastal lagoons in the Republic of Ireland, 2004 ............................................................... 126 Table 4.3.2 Inventory of coastal lagoons in Northern Ireland, with location, size and mean salinity. ......................................................................................................... 128 Table 4.3.3 Morphological lagoon types in the Republic of Ireland. ............................ 130 Table 4.4.1 Irish coastal lagoon types based on biological classification (Chapter 2) .. 133 Table 4.4.2 Proposed list of lagoonal specialist flora and fauna for Ireland ................. 136 Table 4.6.1 List of European countries for which information is currently available. .. 151 iii List of Figures Figure 2.3.1 Location map of the 4 lagoons selected for seasonal sampling, 2002-3 ..... 22 Figure 2.4.1 MDS Plot of seasonal variations in faunal abundance at 4 stations in Lough Gill. 2002-3. ............................................................................................................. 32 Figure 2.4.2. Seasonal changes of 4 of the dominant faunal taxa in Lough Gill. 2002-334 Figure 2.4.3 Plot resulting from multidimensional scaling of seasonal differences in faunal presence and absence at four stations in Lough Gill 2002-3. ....................... 34 Figure 2.4.4 Seasonal changes based on presence/absence of Limnephilus, Hydracarina, Ephemeroptera and Bufo calamita in Lough Gill, 2002-3 ...................................... 35 Figure 2.4.5 MDS Plot resulting from multidimensional scaling of floral presence and absence at 4 stations in Lough Gill. ........................................................................
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