Proposed Construction of a Pedestrian Bridge at Kya Sands Informal Settlement, Gauteng Province

PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF A PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE AT

KYA SANDS INFORMAL SETTLEMENT, GAUTENG PROVINCE.

ECOLOGICAL SURVEY REPORT

AUGUST 2014

ENVIRONMENTAL, OHS AND SOCIAL CONSULTANTS

P.O. BOX 1673 147 Bram Fischer Drive Phone: (011) 781 1730 SUNNINGHILL FERNDALE Fax: (011) 781 1731 2157 Randburg Email: [email protected]

Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

City of Johannesburg (CoJ) has appointed Nemai Consulting as its Independent Environmental Consultant to undertake Environmental Authorisation for the proposed construction of a pedestrian bridge in the informal settlement of Kya Sands, Gauteng province. Kya Sands is located approximately 15km North West of the Sandton Central Business District (CBD) and about 3km directly north of the intersection of Malibongwe Drive and Witkoppen Road. The settlements can be accessed by either Agnes Avenue, Bloubosrand or Kya Sand Road.

Kya Sands lies on both sides of the North Riding Stream (also known as the Kya Sandspruit depending on the source). It is closely bordered by the Kya Sand industrial area to the west, the Bloubosrand residential suburb to the east, the Hoogland industrial area to the south (separated by the old Randburg landfill site) and mostly small holdings to the north. The privately owned sections of the settlement lie on the western side of the stream. CoJ is the owner of the land immediately adjacent to the stream and the property containing the old Randburg Landfill site (Portion 46 of Houtkoppen 193-IQ). The river cannot be crossed during periods of heavy rain. The river fills up and people try crossing it and get swept away by the current. This often results in death and or injury. The local kids are forced to cross the river to get school and this is not safe. Furthermore if they do not cross the river they have to walk around the river which is very long and time consuming. This is why a bridge is required, for the purpose of safe travel from one side of the river to the other.

CoJ have considered two alternative sites for the proposed bridge location. The preferred option is approximately 60m in length and 2m in width and the alternative option (Alternative 1) is approximately 48m in length and 2m wide. The reason for the preference of the longer bridge (Preferred option) is because the concrete foundations of the bridge are placed outside the floodlines of the river.

The objective of this study was to identify sensitive species and their habitats in the proposed construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement,

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Gauteng Province. Potential faunal habitats were investigated in the study area and all mammals, birds, and reptiles known to occur on site or seen on site were recorded. Red data species (both fauna and flora) that are known to occur on site were investigated. The current ecological status and conservation priority of vegetation on the site were also assessed.

The study area falls within the grassland biome and has been categorised as consisting of the Egoli Granite Grassland vegetation unit. This vegetation type is listed as Endangered. According to data sourced from South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), one Threatened Terrestrial Ecosystem was recorded within the proposed development site- Egoli Granite Grassland. This ecosystem is listed as Endangered and approximately 3% of this ecosystem is protected in Diepsloot and Melville Koppies Nature Reserves (Mucina et al., 2006).

Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (GDARD) identified areas that are considered as irreplaceable sites as those areas that are essential in meeting targets set for the conservation of biodiversity. Options for achieving these targets will be reduced should the site not be protected. An “irreplaceable “designation on an area usually implies the presence of red data species, endemic species or potential habitat for these species. According to the Gauteng Conservation Plan 3.3 “Ecological Support Area” and “Important Area” categories are represented within the study area.

The riparian zones presently suffer considerable degradation and transformation, which is largely due to the immediate surrounding land use of an informal settlement area. Dumping of rubbles and domestic refuse, animal carcasses and perpetual contamination by raw sewerage all were contributing factors to the overall poor state of the two sites. Alien invasive plant species within the study area were observed to occur in clumps, scattered distributions or as single individuals on site. Invader and weed species must be controlled to prevent further infestation and it is recommended that all individuals of invader species (Especially Category 1) must be removed and eradicated (Henderson, 2001). Species such as Melia azedarach, Salix babylonica, Solanum mauritianum, and Ricinus communis were common on the two proposed sites. Given that the Red Data plant species was observed, it is important

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014 that a qualified professional should be on site prior to construction to identify other species of conservation importance which may occur on site.

Two (2) mammal species were visually observed on site, namely the Four-striped grass mouse and Bushveld gerbil. The residents around the proposed development sites were also consulted to provide species that are found near their properties. The study area is not in a pristine condition, and so it is unlikely that development would have an effect on the mammals species recorded during the field assessment. The majority of larger mammal species are likely to have moved away from the area as a result of habitat alteration and/or degradation. The proposed development activities are not thought to have any significant impacts on the overall conservation of mammalian diversity within the area.

Existing conservation and planning tools were reviewed for relevancy in terms of the project area, and it was found that the study area did not contain or form part of any Important Bird Area (IBA). IBAs form a network of sites, at a biogeographic scale, which are crucial for the long-term viability of naturally occurring bird populations. An avifaunal study indicated that the riparian habitats should provide natural habitats for bird species. Bird species visually recorded during the field survey are common and widespread. As part of the mitigations measures, construction should be limited to the periods outside of the breeding seasons and the construction footprint should remain as localised in extent as possible and any impacted grassland areas utilised as construction support areas must be rehabilitated and re-vegetated with local grass species.

The riparian zones presently suffer considerable degradation and transformation, which is largely due to the immediate surrounding land use of an informal settlement area. Dumping of rubbles and domestic refuse, animal carcasses and perpetual contamination by raw sewerage all were contributing factors to the overall poor state of the two sites. Large areas surrounding the site have resulted in increased habitat modification and transformation as well as increased human presence and associated disturbances (illegal reptile collecting, indiscriminate killing of all snake species, frequent fires) surrounding the site coupled with increased habitat destruction and disturbances on the neighbouring properties are all causal factors in

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014 the alteration and disappearance of reptile diversity in the area (Jacobsen, 2005). No reptile species were recorded on site.

Generally, the negative impacts to the receiving environment resulting from the proposed development are probably of an acceptable significance and magnitude if appropriate mitigations measures are implemented and construction is implemented in a sensitive manner. The proposed development will cause disruption during the construction phase, but as long as mitigation measures are implemented, these disruptions should have minimal lasting effect on the ecosystems of the proposed development. From an ecological point of view, the proposed development should proceed. Owing to the overall degradation of the habitats at both sites and the similarities shared by both sites, there are not significant differences between the sites and therefore there is not preference to one site being more suitable that the other.

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... vi LIST OF FIGURES ...... vii LIST OF TABLES ...... vii LIST OF APPENDIX ...... viii QUALITY VERIFICATION ...... ix 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 10 1.1. Objectives of the survey ...... 11 2. RELEVANT LEGISLATION AND GUIDELINES ...... 11 3. STUDY AREA ...... 12 3.1 Gauteng Conservation Plan...... 14 4. LIMITATIONS AND GAPS ...... 17 5. REGIONAL VEGETATION ...... 17 5.1 Egoli Granite Grassland ...... 19 6. TERRESTRIAL THREATENED ECOSYSTEMS ...... 20 7. METHODOLOGY ...... 21 7.1 Flora ...... 22 7.2 Mammals ...... 23 7.3 Avifauna ...... 24 7.4 Reptiles ...... 24 8. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION...... 24 8.1 Flora ...... 24 8.1.1 Vegetation communities recorded in the proposed construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement sites...... 26 8.1.2 Alien invasive species recorded in the proposed development sites ...... 30 8.1.3 Medicinal plants and Red Data Listed plant species ...... 32 8.1.4 Habitat available for species of conservation importance ...... 33 8.2 Fauna ...... 34 8.2.1 Mammals ...... 34 8.2.2 Avifauna ...... 38 8.2.3 Reptiles ...... 49 9. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 55 9.1 Methodology ...... 55 9.2 Assessment of Impacts and Suggested Mitigation Measures ...... 56 10. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 68 11. REFERENCES ...... 70

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Locality Map ...... 13 Figure 2. Aerial view image indicating the proposed construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement ...... 14 Figure 3: Conservation Plan Categories represented on sites...... 16 Figure 4. Critical Biodiversity Areas around the proposed development sites...... 16 Figure 5. Biome in relation to the proposed development sites ...... 18 Figure 6. Vegetation unit occurring in the study area ...... 19 Figure 7. Terrestrial Threatened Ecosystem occurring near the proposed development sites ...... 21 Figure 8. The riparian habitat unit associated with the proposed development site was found to have been impacted by exotic vegetation encroachment and illegal dumping of materials ...... 27 Figure 9. Alien plant Melia azedarach recorded on the proposed sites ...... 30 Figure 10. Alien plant Salix babylonica recorded on the proposed sites ...... 31 Figure 11. Alien plant Solanum mauritianum recorded on the proposed sites ...... 31 Figure 12. Alien plant species Ricinus communis recorded on the proposed development sites ...... 32 Figure 13. Riparian habitats provide suitable habitat for water-dependent bird species ...... 41 Figure 14. Dumping of domestic refuse into the river ...... 41 Figure 15. Areas with reeds or sedges are suitable for weavers ...... 42 Figure 16. Hadeda Ibis recorded along the proposed two proposed sites ...... 43 Figure 17. Black-shouldered kite recorded along the proposed two proposed sites ...... 43 Figure 18. House Sparrow recorded along the proposed two proposed sites ...... 44

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Red Data Plant species recorded in grid 2627BB which could potentially occur in the study area (SANBI data)...... 25 Table 2. Definitions of Red Data plant status (Raimondo et al., 1999) ...... 25 Table 3. Species recorded in the proposed construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement sites ...... 28 Table 4. Red Data Listed plant species which could potentially occur in the proposed site with suitable habitats and their probability of occurrence...... 33 Table 5. Large mammals which could be found on the study area, recorded from 2627BB (Virtual Museum of African Mammals)...... 35 Table 6. Mammals recorded in the proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement sites...... 37 Table 7. Red Data Listed mammal species which could potentially occur in the proposed site with suitable habitats and their probability of occurrence (Breitenmoser-Wursten, et al., 2008; Coetzee & Monadjem, 2008; Hoffmann, (2008); Skinner & Chimimba (2005), Mills and Hes, (1997). (Baxter, 2008; van Wyk, 2002)...... 37 Table 8. Bird species recorded in the proposed construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement sites...... 42

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Table 9. Red Data Bird species recorded in grid 2627BB which could potentially occur in the study area (SABAP 1), (Maclean, 1993), (Harrison et al. (1997), Barnes (2000), SABAP2 and Tarboton et. al (1987)...... 45 Table 10. Reptiles recorded within grid cell 2627BB which could occur in the study area ..... 51 Table 11. Recommended mitigation measures with significance rating before and after mitigation for the proposed construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement sites...... 57

LIST OF APPENDIX

Appendix A: Southern African Bird Atlas Project (SABAP) 2 for grid cell 2627BB ...... 75

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

QUALITY VERIFICATION

Verification Name Qualification Professional Registration

Author Mr. Ronald MSc (Botany) Professional Natural Phamphe Scientist: South African Council for Natural Scientific Professions

Professional Member of South African Institute of Ecologists and Environmental Scientists

Professional Member: South African Association of Botanists.

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

1. INTRODUCTION City of Johannesburg (CoJ) has appointed Nemai Consulting as its Independent Environmental Consultant to undertake Environmental Authorisation for the proposed construction of a pedestrian bridge in the informal settlement of Kya Sands, Gauteng province. Kya Sands is located approximately 15km North West of the Sandton Central Business District (CBD) and about 3km directly north of the intersection of Malibongwe Drive and Witkoppen Road. The settlements can be accessed by either Agnes Avenue, Bloubosrand or Kya Sand Road.

The objective of this study was to identify sensitive species and their habitats in the proposed construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. Potential faunal habitats were investigated in the study area and all mammals, birds, and reptiles known to occur on site or seen on site were

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014 recorded. Red data species (both fauna and flora) that are known to occur on site were investigated. The current ecological status and conservation priority of vegetation on the site were also assessed.

1.1. Objectives of the survey In order to achieve the aim stated above, the following objectives are to be achieved:  To apply relevant literature to determine the diversity and eco-status of the plants, mammals, birds, and reptiles on the proposed development sites;  To carry out a field surveys to gain an understanding of the diversity and eco- status of taxa which inhabit the proposed study area, as well as the presence of unique habitats that might require further investigation or protection;  To assess the current habitat and conservation status of plant and animal species on the study site;  To comment on ecological sensitive species/areas;  To assess the possible impact of the proposed project on these taxa and/or habitats;  To list the species on site and to recommend necessary actions in case of occurrence of endangered, vulnerable or rare species or any species of conservation importance; and  To provide management recommendations to mitigate negative and enhance positive impacts of the proposed development sites.

2. RELEVANT LEGISLATION AND GUIDELINES The following pieces of legislation are relevant to this project.  The Constitution, 1996 (Act 108 of 1996) – Section 24;  Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act 1983 (Act No. 43 of 1983);  The white paper on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of South Africa’s Biological Diversity (1997);  National Environmental Management Act 1998 (Act No. 107 of 1998);  National Environmental Management Biodiversity Act 2004 (Act No. 10 of 2004);  Plant rescue scheme. The removal of plants of horticultural and medicinal value from development sites. Draft policy. September 2006 (Amended September 2008). Gauteng Department of Agriculture, Conservation, and

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Environment. Directorate of Nature Conservation. Technological Services. Bioregional Planning;  GDARD Requirements for Biodiversity Assessments v2 (2009) and  Gauteng Conservation Plan 3.3.

3. STUDY AREA Kya Sands is located approximately 15km North West of the Sandton CBD and about 3km directly north of the intersection of Malibongwe Drive and Witkoppen Road. The settlement can be accessed by either Agnes Avenue, Bloubosrand or Kya Sand Road, Kya Sand.

CoJ have considered two alternative sites for the proposed bridge location (Figures 1 and 2). The preferred option is approximately 60m in length and 2m in width and the alternative option (Alternative 1) is approximately 48m in length and 2m wide. The reason for the preference of the longer bridge (Preferred option) is because the concrete foundations of the bridge are placed outside the floodlines of the river.

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Figure 1. Locality Map

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Figure 2. Aerial view image indicating the proposed construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement

3.1 Gauteng Conservation Plan The Gauteng Conservation Plan (C-Plan) Version 3.3 contains two major categories to describe areas:

1. Critical Biodiversity Areas that contain three types of areas:

(i) Irreplaceable areas, which are essential in meeting targets set for the conservation of biodiversity in Gauteng.

(ii) Areas that are important for the conservation of biodiversity in Gauteng.

(iii) Conserved areas, which include all existing level 1 and 2 protected areas.

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Level 1 and Level 2 protected areas are proclaimed in terms of relevant legislation (National Environmental Management Protected Areas Act 2003 (Act No 57 of 2003) specifically for the protection of biodiversity (or for the purposes of nature conservation).

2. Ecological Support Areas (ESAs). ESAs) are an imperative part of C-Plan 3.3 to ensure long-term sustainability. ESAs affect the entire hierarchy of biodiversity, but it is not usually possible to include all biodiversity features in them. Landscape features associated with ESAs (termed spatial surrogates for ESAs) that are essential for the maintenance and generation of biodiversity in sensitive areas, and therefore that require sensitive management were incorporated into C-Plan 3.3. Spatial surrogates included dolomite, rivers, wetlands, pans, corridors for climate change and species migration, ridges and low cost areas for Johannesburg and Tshwane.

Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (GDARD) identified areas that are considered as irreplaceable sites as those areas that are essential in meeting targets set for the conservation of biodiversity. Options for achieving these targets will be reduced should the site not be protected. An “irreplaceable” designation on an area usually implies the presence of red data species, endemic species or potential habitat for these species. According to the Gauteng Conservation Plan 3.3, the proposed sites occur in a CBA and ESA area (Figure 3). The CBA of the site is an Important Area (Figure 4).

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Figure 3: Conservation Plan Categories represented on sites.

Figure 4. Critical Biodiversity Areas around the proposed development sites.

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

4. LIMITATIONS AND GAPS The constraints or limitations to the survey included:  The limited time spent conducting field work meant that the “precautionary principle” was applied wherever there was doubt as to whether a particular species occurred in the various habitats.  Since environmental impact studies deal with dynamic natural systems, additional information may come to light at a later stage and Nemai Consulting can thus not accept responsibility for conclusions and mitigation measures made in good faith based on information gathered or databases consulted at the time of the investigation.

5. REGIONAL VEGETATION The study area falls within the Grassland Biome (Rutherford and Westfall, 1994) (Figure 5). The Grassland Biome is found primarily on the high central plateau of South Africa, the inland regions of KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape. Tree species are limited due to frost, fire and grazing pressure, which maintains the herbaceous grass and forb layer and ultimately prevents the establishment of tall woody plants (Tainton, 1999). It must be noted that this biome has an extremely high level of biodiversity, second only to the Fynbos Biome.

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Figure 5. Biome in relation to the proposed development sites

According to Mucina and Rutherford (2006), one vegetation type has been recorded at the sites, namely the Egoli Granite Grassland (Figure 6).

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Figure 6. Vegetation unit occurring in the study area

The description of the vegetation type follows below.

5.1 Egoli Granite Grassland Egoli Granite Grassland is found in the Gauteng Province where it extends from the Johannesburg Dome in the south to the southern suburbs of Pretoria in the north. Westwards it extends to Muldersdrif and eastwards to Tembisa. The vegetation is found on moderately undulating plains and low hills supporting tall grassland with some woody species on rocky outcrops. A high diversity of woody species is encountered on these rocky outcrops. The dominant component of this vegetation is the graminoid layer with typical species such as Aristida congesta, Elionurus muticus, Melinis repens and Themeda triandra. The woody component is represented by species such as Rhus pyroides, Anthospermum hispidulum and Ziziphus zeyheriana (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006).

Conservation status

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

The conservation status of this vegetation type is classified as endangered with a conservation target of 24%. Unfortunately, only about 3% of this vegetation type is formally protected in a few nature reserves. More than two-thirds of this vegetation type has already undergone transformation by urbanisation, cultivation or the building of roads (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006).

6. TERRESTRIAL THREATENED ECOSYSTEMS The South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), in conjunction with the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA), released a draft report in 2009 entitled “Threatened Ecosystems in South Africa: Descriptions and Maps”, to provide background information on the List of Threatened Ecosystems (SANBI, 2009). The purpose of this report was to present a detailed description of each of South Africa’s ecosystems and to determine their status using a credible and practical set of criteria. The following criteria were used in determining the status of threatened ecosystems:  Irreversible loss of natural habitat;  Ecosystem degradation and loss of integrity;  Limited extent and imminent threat;  Threatened plant species associations;  Threatened animal species associations; and  Priority areas for meeting explicit biodiversity targets as defined in a systematic conservation plan.

In terms of section 52(1) (a), of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act No. 10 of 2004), a new national list of ecosystems that are threatened and in need of protection was gazetted on 9 December 2011 (Government Notice 1002 (Driver et. al., 2004). The list classified all threatened or protected ecosystems in South Africa in terms of four categories; Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), Vulnerable (VU), or Protected. The purpose of categorising these ecosystems is to prioritise conservation areas in order to reduce the rates of ecosystem and species extinction, as well as preventing further degradation and loss of structure, function, and composition of these ecosystems. It is estimated that threatened ecosystems make up 9.5% of South Africa, with critically

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014 endangered and endangered ecosystems accounting for 2.7%, and vulnerable ecosystems 6.8% of the land area. It is therefore vital that Threatened Terrestrial Ecosystems inform proactive and reactive conservation and planning tools, such as Biodiversity Sector Plans, municipal Strategic Environmental Assessments (ESAs) and Environmental Management Frameworks (EMFs), Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) and other environmental applications (Mucina et al., 2006).

According to data sourced from South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), one Threatened Terrestrial Ecosystem was recorded within the proposed development site- Egoli Granite Grassland (Figure 7). This ecosystem is listed as Endangered. Approximately 3% of this ecosystem is protected in Diepsloot and Melville Koppies Nature Reserves (Mucina et al., 2006).

Figure 7. Terrestrial Threatened Ecosystem occurring near the proposed development sites

7. METHODOLOGY The White Paper on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of South Africa’s Biological Diversity (1997) and the National Environmental Management Act 1998 (Act No 107 of 1998) specify that due care must be taken to conserve biodiversity, Ecological Survey 21

Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014 as well as promoting the sustainable, equitable and efficient use of biological resources.

7.1 Flora The flora assessment consisted of two complementary approaches:  A desktop analysis, which included literature review, topographical maps, and Google Earth imagery; and  Site visit was conducted in June 2014.

Satellite imagery of the area was obtained from Google Earth and was studied in order to acquire a three dimensional impression of the topography and land use and also to identify potential “hot-spots” or specialized habitats such as rivers.

The Pretoria Computerised Information System (PRECIS) list of Red Data plants recorded in the quarter degree grid square 2627BB was obtained from South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) (http://posa.sanbi.org/searchspp.php). The list was consulted to verify the record of occurrence of the plant species seen in the vicinity of the proposed development. It must be noted that a quarter degree grid square is substantially larger than the study area and so habitats suitable for certain species in the PRECIS list may not be present at the areas sampled. The vegetation map published in Mucina and Rutherford (2006) was consulted to identify vegetation units that are found in the study area. The desktop component of the study of the habitats of the red-data-listed plants was conducted before the site visit.

Exotic and invasive plant species were categorised according to the framework laid out by the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act (CARA) (Act 43 of 1983). CARA defines weeds as alien plants, with no known useful economic purpose that therefore should be eradicated (Bromilow, 1995 & 2010). Invader plants, also considered by the Act, can also be of alien origin but may have serve useful purposes as ornamental plants, as sources of timber, or other benefits such as medicinal uses (Henderson, 2001). These plants need to be managed and prevented from spreading. Alien and invasive plant species can be grouped three categories:  Category 1 plants are weeds that serve no useful economic purpose and possess characteristics that are harmful to humans, animals or the Ecological Survey 22

Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

environment. These plants need to be eradicated using the control methods stipulated in Regulation 15.D of the CARA.  Category 2 plants are plants that are useful for commercial plant production purposes but are proven plant invaders under uncontrolled conditions outside demarcated areas.  Category 3 plants are mainly used for ornamental purposes in demarcated areas but are proven plant invaders under uncontrolled conditions outside demarcated areas.

The site was evaluated using a random sample approach, whereby a transect was considered that intersected one or more habitat forms. Particular consideration was given to areas that were identified from aerial imagery as being variants or outlier communities within the study area. All commonly encountered botanical species were noted, such as grasses, herbs (forbs), shrubs and trees. The plant community associations and consociations associated with Red Data listed faunal species known to occur in the quarter degree grid square were examined intensively for the presence of such species. Attention was also paid to the occurrence of alien species and declared weeds. Field guides such as Pooley (1998), Manning (2009), van Wyk et al., (1997) and van Oudshoorn (1999) were utilised during the field visit.

7.2 Mammals Site visit was conducted in June 2014 and during this visit, the observed and derived presences of mammals associated with the recognized habitat types of the study site were recorded during the day. This was done with due regard to the well recorded global distributions of Southern African mammals, coupled with qualitative and quantitative nature of recognized habitats. No nocturnal surveys were undertaken. Adjoining properties were also scanned for important faunal habitats. During site visits, mammals were identified by visual sightings through random transect walks. In addition, mammals were also identified by means of spoor, droppings, or burrows. Locals were interviewed to confirm occurrences or absences of species. Local residents were also interviewed to get an insight of what species have been observed on site.

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

7.3 Avifauna A site visit was conducted to record the presence of bird species associated with the habitat within the study site and to identify possible sensitive areas. The site was surveyed on foot and in the process sightings were recorded through random transects walks. Adjoining properties were also observed for the presence of bird species and/or appropriate habitat. Birds were identified visually using 10X42 Bushnell Waterproof binoculars where necessary, and birds were also identified by call and from feathers. Where necessary, identifications were verified using Sasol Birds of Southern Africa (Sinclair et al., 2005) and the Chamberlain Guide to Birding Gauteng (Marais and Peacock, 2008).

7.4 Reptiles The reptile assessment was conducted during the day. During the field visit, the observed and derived presence of reptiles associated with the recognised habitat types of the study area was recorded. This was done with due regard to the known distributions of Southern African reptiles. The South African Reptile Conservation Assessment (SARCA was used to identify possible reptile species that occur on site based on species recorded in 2628AB grid cell. Reptiles were identified by sightings during random transect walks. Possible burrows or other reptile retreats were inspected for any inhabitants.

8. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

8.1 Flora Desktop study results

The proposed construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement site is located within the 2627BB quarter degree square in terms of the 1:50 000 grid of South Africa. SANBI uses this grid system as a point of reference to determine any Red Data plant species or any species of conservation importance occurring in South Africa. This can be used to determine the list of species which could potentially occur within an area. Table 1 provides details on the Red Data plant species which have been recorded in the 2627BB grid cell. Conservation status and definitions of each status is listed next to each species in Table 2. According to the data sourced from GDARD, no species of conservation importance has been recorded on or near the site. Regardless of the outcomes of this investigation, due to the fact that threatened species have historically been noted in the area, it is

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014 imperative that detailed searches for these rare/threatened and protected species are made during the preconstruction and construction phase. These searches are particularly encouraged at any appropriate time of year when plants are likely to be more visible.

Table 1. Red Data Plant species recorded in grid 2627BB which could potentially occur in the study area (SANBI data).

Family Species Threat SA Growth status Endemic forms Amaryllidaceae Boophone disticha (L.f.) Herb. Declining No Succulent Aquifoliaceae Ilex mitis (L.) Radlk. var. mitis Declining No Shrub Asteraceae Callilepis leptophylla Harv. Declining No Herb Asteraceae Cineraria austrotransvaalensis NT No Shrub Cron Fabaceae Melolobium subspicatum VU No Dwarf shrub Conrath Fabaceae Pearsonia bracteata (Benth.) NT No Herb Polhill Hypoxidaceae Hypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch., Declining No Geophyte C.A.Mey. & Avé-Lall. Orchidaceae Brachycorythis conica EN No Herb (Summerh.) Summerh. subsp. transvaalensis Summerh. Orchidaceae Habenaria barbertoni Kraenzl. & NT No Herb Schltr.

Note: EN=Endangered; VU=Vulnerable; NT=Near Threatened

Table 2. Definitions of Red Data plant status (Raimondo et al., 1999)

Symbol Status Description

EN Endangered A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the five International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) criteria for Endangered, and is therefore facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.

VU Vulnerable A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the five) IUCN criteria for Vulnerable and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.

NT Near Threatened A taxon is Near Threatened when available evidence indicates that it is close to meeting any of the five IUCN criteria for Vulnerable, and is therefore likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future.

Declining A taxon is Declining when it does not meet any of the five IUCN criteria and does not qualify for the categories Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened, but there are threatening processes causing a continuing decline in the population.

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

8.1.1 Vegetation communities recorded in the proposed construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement sites. A broad description of the vegetation is provided based on the data (information) gathered during the site visit. The site visit confirmed the study area’s location within the Grassland Biome of South Africa. Vegetation can be described at different scales from biomes through to regional vegetation types, local plant communities, plant populations and individual plants. Based on the observations made during the site visit, the vegetation of the study area was classified into two plant communities and is named according to the area in which they occur. The vegetation is representative of the regional vegetation with some variation due to slope, moisture, soil type and anthropogenic disturbance.

Riparian Vegetation Community Riparian communities are normally seasonally wet areas that occur in sandy areas where water seeps into low lying drainage lines after rains. These areas are usually covered by hygrophytes such as sedges and reeds. The diversity of species occurring within the riparian vegetation was found to be particularly low and there was a high degree of infestation by alien invasive species. There was not any habitat suitable for the presence of orange or red data species. The riparian habitat unit associated with the proposed development site was found to have been impacted by exotic vegetation encroachment and illegal dumping of materials (Figure 8). The river bank and vegetation is greatly disturbed. Numerous exotic and invasive weeds colonised and dominated the river banks, including species such as Salix babylonica (Babylon willow or weeping willow), Melia azedarach (Syringa) and Morus ruber (Red Mulberry). These species invade riparian and seep zones with disastrous impacts on water resources, especially within catchments regions (Henderson, 2001).

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Figure 8. The riparian habitat unit associated with the proposed development site was found to have been impacted by exotic vegetation encroachment and illegal dumping of materials All of the species recorded in the proposed development sites are listed in Table 3 below.

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Table 3. Species recorded in the proposed construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement sites

Scientific name Common name Ecological status Form Preferred Alternative 1

Acacia karroo Sweet Thorn Tree √ √ Acacia mearnsii Black wattle Invader 2 Shrub √ Achyranthes aspera var aspera Burweed Declared Weed (Category 1) Herb √ √ Amaranthus hybridus Pigweed Weed Herb √ √ Alternanthera pungens Khakiweed Exotic Herb √ √ Asparagus laricinus Bergkatbos Herb √ √ Aristida congesta Three Awn Increaser 2 Grass √ √ Aristida transvaalensis Rock Three Awn Increaser 2 Grass √ √ Arundo donax Spanish reed Declared Weed Category 1) Reed √ √ Argemone ochroleuca White-Flowered Poppy Declared Weed Category 1) Herb √ √ Bidens pilosa Common Black-Jack Weed Herb √ √ Conyza bonariensis Flax-Leaf Fleabane Weed Herb √ √ Cynodon dactylon Couch Grass Increaser 2 Grass √ √ Cyperus esculentus Yellow Nut Sedge Medicinal Sedge √ √ Eucalyptus camaldulensis River Red Gum Invader 2 Tree √ Eragrostis curvula Weeping Love Grass Increaser 2 Grass √ √ Eragrostis plana Tough Love Grass Increaser 2 Grass √ √ Eragrostis racemosa Narrow heart love grass Grass √ √ Eragrostis superba Saw-tooth love grass Increaser 2 Grass √ √ Hibiscus trionum Bladder Hibiscus Medicinal Herb √ √ Hyparrhenia hirta Common Thatching Grass Increaser 1 Grass √ Hypochaeris radicata Hairy Wild Lettuce Weed Herb √ √ Leersia hexandra Southern cutgrass Grass √ √ Leonotis leonurus Wild Dagga Medicinal Herb √ √ Melia azedarach Persian Lilac/Syringa Declared Invader (Category 3) Tree √ √ Melinis repens Natal Red Top Increaser 2 Grass √ √ Mirabilis jalapa Four-O’clocks Declared Invader (Category 3) Herb √ √ Morus alba White Mulberry Declared Invader (Category 3) Tree √ √ Plantago major Broadleaved Ribwort Weed/Medicinal Herb √ √ Pinus patula Patula Pine Declared Invader (Category 2) Tree √ √ Phragmites australis Common reed Reed √ √ Populous x canescens Grey poplar Declared Invader (Category 3) Tree √ Populus deltiodes Match poplar Declared Invader (Category 3) Tree √

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Prunus persica Peach Tree Tree √ √ Pseudognaphalium luteo-album Jersey Cudweed Medicinal Herb √ √ Ricinus communis Caster-oil plant Invader 2 Tree √ √ Salix babylonica Weeping Willow Invader 2 Tree √ √ Searsia lancea Karee Tree √ √ Sesbania punicea Red Sesbania Declared Weed (Category 1) Shrub √ √ Solanum incanum Thorn Apple Herb √ √ Solanum panduriforme Bitter Apple Medicinal Shrub √ √ Sporobolus africanus Ratstail Dropseed Increaser 3 Grass √ √ Tagetes minuta Tall Khaki Weed Weed Herb √ √ Tipuana tipu Rosewood and Pride of Bolivia Invader 3 Tree √ √ Typha capensis Bulrush Aquatic Herb √ √ Verbena bonariensis Tall Verbena Weed Herb √ √ Xanthium strumarium Large Cocklebur Declared Weed (Category 1) Herb √ √ Zinnia peruviana Redstar Zinnia Weed Herb √ √

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

8.1.2 Alien invasive species recorded in the proposed development sites Alien invader plants are species that are of exotic, non-native or of foreign origin that typically invade undeveloped or disturbed areas. Invaders are a threat to our ecosystem because by nature they grow fast, reproduce quickly and have high dispersal ability (Henderson, 2001). This means that invader plants and seeds spread rapidly and compete for the growing space of our own indigenous plants. If these invader plants out-compete indigenous plants there is a shift in the species composition of the area and the changing our plant communities causes a decline in species richness and biodiversity (Henderson, 2001). Many factors allow alien invasive plants to succeed, particularly the absence of their natural enemies. This makes it difficult to control invasive plants without bringing in natural enemies and eliminating the high competition they have over the indigenous vegetation (Bromilow, 2010). Alien invasive plant species within the study area were observed to occur in clumps, scattered distributions or as single individuals on site. Invader and weed species must be controlled to prevent further infestation and it is recommended that all individuals of invader species (Especially Category 1) must be removed and eradicated (Henderson, 2001). Species such as Melia azedarach (Figure 9), Salix babylonica (Figure 10), Solanum mauritianum (Figure 11), and Ricinus communis (Figure 12) were common on the two proposed sites.

Figure 9. Alien plant Melia azedarach recorded on the proposed sites

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Figure 10. Alien plant Salix babylonica recorded on the proposed sites

Figure 11. Alien plant Solanum mauritianum recorded on the proposed sites

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Figure 12. Alien plant species Ricinus communis recorded on the proposed development sites

There are methods to eradicate alien invasive species, such as:

 Mechanical methods - felling, removing or burning invading alien plants;  Chemical methods - using environmentally safe herbicides;  Biological control - using species-specific insects and diseases from the alien plant’s country of origin and  Integrated control - combinations of the above three approaches. Often an integrated approach is required in order to prevent serious impacts (http://www.dwaf.gov.za/wfw/default.aspx). It is important that the Environmental Management Programme (EMPr) takes into account suitable methods to ensure that alien invasive plant species are controlled.

8.1.3 Medicinal plants and Red Data Listed plant species According to the National Environmental Management Biodiversity Act 2004 (Act 10 of 2004 as amended), there is a dire need to conserve biodiversity in each province and as such, all natural and/or indigenous resources must be utilised sustainably. On the proposed development sites, there are few plants that are used to provide medicinal products. In some cases there is merit in protecting or translocating them before the proposed development commences. While many of these plants are

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014 indigenous or exotic weeds that have medicinal value (and for which no action is necessary with respect to conservation), their economic value means that they are considered to be in need of protection. GDARD has a plant and rescue programme which has been developed for the removal of plants with horticultural and medicinal value from any development site. Recovery plans are designed to reverse the decline of a threatened or endangered species and eventually bring the population to a self-sustaining level. Species with horticultural and medicinal values should be prioritised for rehabilitation of the developed area. No species of conservation importance (either Red Data or Orange-listed plant species) were recorded on the proposed sites.

8.1.4 Habitat available for species of conservation importance Data sourced from SANBI indicated several plant species on the Red Data List that are known to occur in or surrounding the proposed sites; as well as their probability of occurrence (indicated in Table 4). The probability of occurrence is based on the presence of suitable habit where the species is likely to occur.

Table 4. Red Data Listed plant species which could potentially occur in the proposed site with suitable habitats and their probability of occurrence.

Species Threat status Flowering Suitable habitat Probability season of occurrence

Boophone disticha Declining July to Oct Occurs in dry grassland and Highly (L.f.) Herb. rocky areas Unlikely Ilex mitis (L.) Radlk. Declining Oct-Dec River banks, stream beds, Likely var. mitis evergreen forests. Callilepis leptophylla Declining August- Grassland or open Highly Harv. January & woodland, often on rocky Unlikely May outcrops or rocky hillslopes. Cineraria NT Amongst rocks on steep Highly austrotransvaalensis hills and ridges, at the edge Unlikely Cron of thick bush or under trees on a range of rock types: quartzite, dolomite and shale. Melolobium VU October- Grassland. Highly subspicatum Conrath May Unlikely

Pearsonia bracteata NT Dec-Apr Occur in gently sloping Highly (Benth.) Polhill Highveld grassland Unlikely Hypoxis Declining September- Occurs in a wide range of Highly hemerocallidea Fisch., March habitats, from sandy hills on Unlikely C.A.Mey. & Avé-Lall. the margins of dune forests to open rocky grassland; Brachycorythis conica EN Jan-Mar Short grassland, hillsides, Highly

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Species Threat status Flowering Suitable habitat Probability season of occurrence

(Summerh.) Summerh. on sandy gravel overlying Unlikely Subsp. transvaalensis dolomite, sometimes also Summerh. on quartzite, occasionally open woodland Habenaria barbertoni NT February- In grassland on rocky Highly Kraenzl. & Schltr. hillsides. March Unlikely

8.2 Fauna The evaluation of faunal presence is based on the presence / absence of mammals, birds, and reptiles at the proposed sites. The survey determined the current status of threatened animal species occurring, or likely to occur within the proposed sites, describing the available and sensitive habitats. Faunal data was obtained during a field survey of the proposed development, which was carried out on foot. The data was supplemented by previous surveys conducted in similar habitats, literature investigations, and historic data. Different habitats were explored to identify any sensitive or endangered species. Mammal nomenclature is referred to using Stuart & Stuart, (1998), Skinner & Chimimba (2005), Friedman & Daly (2004); bird names by Hockey et al. (2006); and reptile names by Branch (1988), Branch (2001).

8.2.1 Mammals Desktop survey results

A list of potential mammal species in the study area was compiled from a desktop survey from Virtual Museum of African Mammals from grid cell 2627BB (Table 5) (http://vmus.adu.org.za/vm_view_db.php). This list is therefore based on all historical recordings of mammalian species relevant to the area. Due to the habitat degradation and disturbance, the list is likely to overestimate the occurrence of mammal species in the area and thus should be viewed with a degree of caution. According to the data sourced from GDARD, no mammal species of conservation importance are known to occur in the study area.

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Table 5. Large mammals which could be found on the study area, recorded from 2627BB (Virtual Museum of African Mammals).

No. Family Genus Species Subspecies Common name Red list category records Bovidae Aepyceros melampus Impala Least Concern 1

Bovidae Antidorcas marsupialis Springbok Least Concern 1

Bovidae Connochaetes gnou Black Wildebeest Least Concern 1

Bovidae Kobus ellipsiprymnus ellipsiprymnus Waterbuck Least Concern 2 Bovidae Oryx gazella Gemsbok Least Concern 2

Bovidae Raphicerus campestris Steenbok Least Concern 1

Bovidae Sylvicapra grimmia Common Duiker Least Concern 2

Bovidae Taurotragus oryx Eland Least Concern 2

Bovidae Tragelaphus strepsiceros Kudu Least Concern 1

Canidae Canis mesomelas Black-backed Jackal Least Concern 6

Cercopithecidae Cercopithecus aethiops pygerythrus Vervet Monkey Least Concern 1 Cercopithecidae Papio ursinus Chacma Baboon Least Concern 1

Cervidae Dama dama Fallow Deer Introduced 2

Equidae Equus quagga Plains Zebra Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) 1

Erinaceidae Atelerix frontalis South African Hedgehog Near Threatened 1

Felidae Caracal caracal Caracal Least Concern 1

Felidae Leptailurus serval Serval Near Threatened 1

Felidae Panthera leo Lion Vulnerable 1

Felidae Panthera pardus Leopard Least Concern 1

Herpestidae Atilax paludinosus Water Mongoose Least Concern 2

Herpestidae Cynictis penicillata Yellow Mongoose Least Concern 1

Herpestidae Galerella sanguinea Slender Mongoose Least Concern 5

Hippopotamidae Hippopotamus amphibius Hippopotamus Least Concern 1

Hystricidae Hystrix africaeaustralis Porcupine Least Concern 2

Leporidae Lepus saxatilis Scrub / Savannah Hare Least Concern 2

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

No. Family Genus Species Subspecies Common name Red list category records Molossidae Tadarida aegyptiaca Egyptian Free-tailed Bat Least Concern 5

Muridae Malacothrix typica Large-eared Mouse Least Concern 3

Muridae Otomys angoniensis Angoni Vlei Rat Least Concern 3

Muridae Rhabdomys pumilio Striped Mouse Least Concern 2

Mustelidae Aonyx capensis Cape Clawless Otter Least Concern 1

Mustelidae Lutra maculicollis Spotted-necked Otter Near Threatened 1

Rhinolophidae Rhinolophus blasii Peak-saddle Horseshoe Bat Vulnerable 33

Rhinolophidae Rhinolophus clivosus Geoffroy's Horseshoe Bat Near Threatened 3

Soricidae Crocidura maquassiensis Maquassie Musk Shrew Vulnerable 1

Soricidae Suncus infinitesimus Least Dwarf Shrew Data Deficient 1

Vespertilionidae Myotis tricolor Temminck's Hairy Bat Near Threatened 9

Vespertilionidae Neoromicia capensis Cape Serotine Bat Least Concern 7

Viveridae Genetta maculata Common Large-spotted Genet (Rusty-spotted Genet) Least Concern 4

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Mammals recorded on site

Most sections of the study area have been transformed, largely due to exotic vegetation encroachment, informal dumping of rubble and domestic refuse, sewerage contamination and by the development activities on adjacent properties. The river on site forms an ecological corridor that highly-mobile species would utilize for migratory purposes. Care should be exercised in order to negate the negative ecological impacts through habitat fragmentation. Table 6 lists two common mammals recorded during the survey. Local residents were also consulted to provide list of species that could frequent the proposed development site.

Table 6. Mammals recorded in the proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement sites.

Order: Scientific name English name Status Rodentia Rhabdomys pumilio Four-striped grass mouse Least concern Rodentia Tatera leucogaster Bushveld gerbil Least concern

Habitat available for species of conservation importance

Data sourced from Virtual Museum of African Mammals indicated several mammal species on the Red Data List that are known to occur in or surrounding the proposed site; as well as their probability of occurrence (indicated in Table 7). The probability of occurrence is based on the presence of suitable habit where the species is likely to occur.

Table 7. Red Data Listed mammal species which could potentially occur in the proposed site with suitable habitats and their probability of occurrence (Breitenmoser-Wursten, et al., 2008; Coetzee & Monadjem, 2008; Hoffmann, (2008); Skinner & Chimimba (2005), Mills and Hes, (1997). (Baxter, 2008; van Wyk, 2002).

Common name Red list Suitable habitat Probability of category occurrence Serval Near A Serval's habitat ranges from tall Unlikely Threatened grasslands, savannas, woods, brushes, forests and marsh. Spotted-necked Otter Near This species inhabits freshwater habitats Unlikely Threatened where water is unsilted, unpolluted, and rich in small fishes They are savanna woodland species and Highly unlikely exclusively roost in caves. Roost sites are extremely important and sensitive as they Peak-saddle Horseshoe Vulnerable are focal areas of activity. In addition to daily Bat roosting they are used for hibernating, mating and rearing of young. Rhinolophus species are very specific in the environment Ecological Survey 37

Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Common name Red list Suitable habitat Probability of category occurrence of the caves they occupy and slight changes in temperature and humidity could deem the cave inhabitable.. This bat inhabits a vast array of different Unlikely environments, from savanna and Geoffroy's Horseshoe Near woodland to deserts. It roosts in caves, Bat Threatened the crevices of rocks, hollow trees, old mines, and buildings This shrew is found in rocky, mountain Unlikely habitats. It may tolerate a wider range of habitats and individuals have been Maquassie Musk Shrew Vulnerable collected in Kwa-Zulu Natal from a garden, and in mixed bracken and grassland alongside a river at 1,500 m asl). They occur predominantly in Acacia Unlikely woodland, but penetrate into drier, more open terrain in the southern parts of their range. Their occurrence is probably more governed by the presence of caves and Near Temminck's Hairy Bat mine adits, and similar locations, to rest in Threatened during the day, than the vegetational associations in which they are found. They appear to have a preference for those that are waterlogged and where they are undisturbed. South African hedgehogs are found in a Unlikely wide variety of habitats. They can be found in grasslands, scrub, rocky areas, savannah, and suburban gardens. They rarely occur in deserts or in very wet South African Near areas. One requirement for good habitat is Hedgehog Threatened that there must be dry cover available. Hedgehogs use this cover to rest and rear their young. Also, the dry cover should be close to available food. South African hedgehogs are also found frequently in suburban gardens. () African lions have no specific habitat Highly unlikely preference so they can be encountered Lion Vulnerable anywhere, except in forests. African lion habitats include - open plains, woodlands, thick bush and semi desert.

8.2.2 Avifauna Existing conservation and planning tools for the conservation of avifauna were reviewed for relevancy in terms of the proposed project development sites, and it was found that no Important Bird Area (IBA) occurs in or around the study area. IBAs form a network of sites, at a biogeographic scale, which are crucial for the long-term viability of naturally occurring bird populations (Barnes, 1998 & Barnes, 2000). As previously mentioned, the study area falls within the Grassland biome and this biome Ecological Survey 38

Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014 is considered as a home to 52 of the 122 Important Bird Areas (IBA) in South Africa, including the Endemic Bird Area with the highest global priority, which contains 10 of the 14 globally, threatened bird species found in South Africa (O’ Connor & Bredenkamp, 1997). An avifaunal study indicated that the riparian habitats should provide natural habitats for bird species of conservation importance on the study site.

Desktop results

Observations regarding the number and diversity of birds provide valuable input to sound management practices. Appendix A indicates the Southern African Bird Atlas Project (SABAP) 2 list for bird species recorded in grid cell 2627BB and more specifically the 2600_2755 pentad in which the study site is situated. Report rates are essentially an expression of the number of times a species was recorded in a square, as a percentage of the number of times that square was counted. It is imperative to note that these species could have been recorded anywhere in the relevant quarter degree square or pentad, and not necessarily in the exact study area. It does however mean that these species could occur or frequent the proposed sites.

Field work results

Many avifaunal species are adaptable as they are habitat generalists and can therefore accommodate a certain degree of habitat degradation and transformation (Harrison et al., 1997). Other species are extremely habitat specific and have to rely on certain habitat units for breeding, hunting or foraging and roosting. Habitat- specific species are sensitive to environmental change, with destruction of habitat being the leading cause of species decline worldwide (Barnes, 2000). Due to the presence of human settlements and human disturbances; riparian habitats provide suitable habitat conducive to nesting and foraging for bird species. A comprehensive bird species list requires intensive surveys compiled over several years.

Within the vegetation type found in the study area and immediate surrounding areas, one major bird habitat system was identified. A short description of the habitat type follows below:

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Riparian habitat: This habitat is represented in the study area and it is a suitable habitat for water-dependent bird species. Riparian habitats (Figure 13) have become havens of bird species in the study area, as the area is largely transformed. The riparian habitats are known to attract birds feeding on small fish, crabs and frogs as well as birds hunting for insects in the trees growing along the river’s edge. Although the topographical map indicated that the river system is non-perennial it has probably changed to a perennial system due to runoff water from informal settlement areas surrounding the area. The riparian zones presently suffer considerable degradation and transformation, which is largely due to the immediate surrounding land use of an informal settlement area. Dumping of rubble to reclaim steep-sloped riparian areas for the construction of dwellings, depletion of the vegetation within riparian zones for resource harvesting, dumping of domestic refuse (Figure 14), animal carcasses and perpetual contamination by raw sewerage all were contributing factors to the overall poor state of the sites. Areas with reeds, sedges or grassy tangles are suitable for Common Waxbills (Estrilda astrilda), Bishops, weavers (Figure 15) and various warblers (Marais & Peacock, 2008). Water bodies also provide important systemic functions in the landscape such as transportation of nutrients, weathering and deposition of soils, and formation of landscapes to mention a few. Water bodies also represent sensitive areas because they provide habitat for a wide variety of species terrestrial and aquatic species, particularly avifauna. The water is highly polluted and supports little aquatic life (none were seen), which in turn supports very few aquatic avifaunal species that might feed on them. No Red Data bird species associated with the presence of rivers have been recorded within the study area.

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Figure 13. Riparian habitats provide suitable habitat for water-dependent bird species

Figure 14. Dumping of domestic refuse into the river

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Figure 15. Areas with reeds or sedges are suitable for weavers

Bird species observed in the study area

Eighteen (18) bird species (Table 8) were recorded during the field survey. Species recorded were common and widespread and typical of a grassland environment.

Table 8. Bird species recorded in the proposed construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement sites.

Species number Common name Scientific name

94 Hadeda Ibis (Figure 16) Bostrychia hagedash 127 Black shouldered kite (Figure 17) Elanus caeruleus 249 Crowned Lapwing (Plover) Vanellus coronatus 258 Blacksmith Lapwing (Plover) Vanellus armatus 349 Rock Pigeon Columba guinea 352 Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata 355 Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis 520 White-throated Swallow Hirundo albigularis 526 Greater Striped Swallow Hirundo cucullata 548 Pied Crow Corvus albus 568 Red-eyed Bulbul Pycnonotus nigricans 664 Fantailed Cisticola Cisticola juncidis 732 Common Fiscal (Fiscal Shrike) Lanius collaris 758 Commom (Indian) Myna Acridotheres zeylonus 801 House Sparrow (Figure 17) Passer domesticus 814 Southern Masked-Weaver Ploceus velatus 824 Southern Red Bishop Euplectes orix Ecological Survey 42

Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Species number Common name Scientific name

846 Common Waxbill Estrilda astrild

Figure 16. Hadeda Ibis recorded along the proposed two proposed sites

Figure 17. Black-shouldered kite recorded along the proposed two proposed sites

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Figure 18. House Sparrow recorded along the proposed two proposed sites

Habitat requirements for Red Data bird species

Appendix A indicates the bird species that could occur in the study area as they have been historically recorded in grid cell 2627BB. Below is a list of the Red Data bird species recorded for the 2627BB q.d.g.c. According to Harrison et al. (1997), Table 9 indicates the likelihood of occurrence of these bird species on the study site based on habitat and food availability:

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Table 9. Red Data Bird species recorded in grid 2627BB which could potentially occur in the study area (SABAP 1), (Maclean, 1993), (Harrison et al. (1997), Barnes (2000), SABAP2 and Tarboton et. al (1987). Common Name Scientific Name Conservation Suitable Habitat Probability of Status occurrence Half-collared Alcedo semitorquata Near This species requires fast-flowing streams, rivers and estuaries, usually Highly unlikely Kingfisher Threatened with dense marginal vegetation especially perennial streams and smaller rivers with overhanging riparian vegetation on their banks. Nests in sand/earth banks and requires riverbanks in which to excavate nest tunnels. Most typically occurs along fast-flowing streams with clear water and well-wooded riparian growth, often near rapids. It most frequently favours broken escarpment terrain and requires at least 1 km up and down stream of undisturbed river and riparian vegetation while breeding. Usually perches low down on the banks of rivers and streams, often on exposed roots, as well as exposed rock and low overhanging tree branches. African Grass-Owl Tyto capensis Vulnerable This species occurs predominately in rank grass, typically but not always at Highly unlikely fairly high altitudes. It breeds mainly in permanent and seasonal vleis, which it vacates while hunting or during post-breeding. Foraging mainly confined to tall grassland next to their wetland vegetation and rarely hunts in short grassland, wetlands or croplands nearby. Mainly restricted to wet areas (marshes and vleis) where tall dense grass and/or sedges occur. Prefers permanent or seasonal vleis and vacates the latter when these dried up or are burnt. Roosts and breeds in vleis but often hunt elsewhere e.g. old lands and disturbed grassland although this is suboptimal habitat conditions. May rarely occur in sparse Acacia woodland where patches of dense grass cover are present. White-bellied Korhaan Eupodotis Vulnerable It prefers fairly tall, dense grassland, especially sour and mixed grassland, Highly unlikely senegalensis in open or lightly wooded, undulating to hilly country. In winter, occasionally on modified pastures and burnt ground. Blue Crane Anthropoides Vulnerable It is found in midlands and highland grassland, edge of karoo, cultivated Highly unlikely paradiseus land and edges of vleis. Nests in both moist situations in vleis which have short grass cover and in dry sites far from water, usually exposed places such as on hillsides; forages in grassland and cultivated and fallow lands; roosts communally in the shallow water of pans and dams. Short dry grassland, being more abundant and evenly disturbed in the eastern “sour” grassland, where natural grazing of livestock is the predominant land use. Prefers to nest in areas of open grassland. In the fynbos biome it inhabit cereal croplands and cultivated pastures and avoids natural vegetation. By contrast, it is found in natural vegetation in the Karoo and grassland

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Common Name Scientific Name Conservation Suitable Habitat Probability of Status occurrence biomes, but it also feeds in crop fields. African Finfoot Podica senegalensis Vulnerable Occurs mostly along quiet, wooded streams and rivers flanked by thick Highly unlikely riparian vegetation and overhanging trees. Also dam verges, especially where there is sufficient overhanging vegetation and reed cover. Avoids both stagnant and very fast flowing watercourses, with a preference for clear, rather than silted water. Greater Painted-snipe Rostratula Near It prefers dams, pans and marshy river flood plains. Favours waterside Highly unlikely benghalensis Threatened habitat with substantial cover and receding water levels with exposed mud among vegetation, departing when water recedes beyond the fringes of vegetation. Rare in seasonally flooded grassland and palm savanna. Black-winged Glareola nordmanni Near A non-breeding overland migrant to southern Africa. In southern Africa Pratincole Threatened winter quarters, prefers open grassland, edges of pans and cultivated fields, but most common in seasonally wet grasslands and pan systems. Attracted to damp ground after rains, also to agricultural activities, including mowing and ploughing, and to newly flooded grassland. Cape Vulture Gyps coprotheres Vulnerable They mostly occur in mountainous country, or open county with inselbergs Highly unlikely and escarpments; less commonly as visitors to savannah or desert. Forage over open grassland, woodland and agricultural areas; usually roosts on cliffs, but will also roost on trees and pylons. It is reliant on tall cliffs for breeding but it wanders widely away from these when foraging. It occurs and breeds from sea level to 3 100 m.a.s.l. Current distribution is closely associated with subsistence communal grazing areas characterised by high stock losses and low use of poisons and, to a lesser extent, with protected areas but their presence is ultimately dependent on the availability of food. Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus Vulnerable It tolerates a wide range of vegetation types, being found in open Highly unlikely grassland, scrub, Karoo, agricultural lands and woodland, It relies on large trees (or electricity pylons) to provide nest sites as well as windmills and even cliffs in treeless areas. It occurs mainly in flat country and is rarer in mountains, and it also avoids extreme desert, and densely wooded and forested areas. Secretarybird Sagittarius Near Prefers open grassland with scattered trees, shrubland, open Acacia and Highly unlikely serpentarius Threatened Combretum savannah. Restricted to large conservation areas in the region. Avoids densely wooded areas, rocky hills and mountainous areas. Requires small to medium-sized trees with a flat crown for nesting, and often roosts in similar locations. Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni Vulnerable Non-breeding Palaearctic migrant. Forages preferentially in pristine open Unlikely

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Common Name Scientific Name Conservation Suitable Habitat Probability of Status occurrence grassland but also hunts in converted grassland such as small scale pastures provided the conversion is not as total as in plantation forestry or in areas of consolidated agricultural monoculture such as maize, sorghum, peanuts, wheat, beans and other crops where they hunt for large insects and small rodents, but avoid wooded areas except on migration. They roost communally in tall trees, mainly Eucalyptus, in urban areas often in towns or villages. Favour a warm, dry, open or lightly wooded environment, and are concentrated in the grassy Karoo, western fringes of the grassland biome and southeast Kalahari. Generally avoids foraging in transformed habitats but occurs in some agricultural areas, including croplands, in fynbos and renosterveld of the Western Cape. Large numbers congregate in sweet and mixed grasslands of the highveld regions. Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus Near Most frequent in open grassland, open or cleared woodland, and Highly unlikely Threatened agricultural areas. Breeding pairs generally favour habitats where cliffs are available as nest and roost sites, but will use alternative sites such as trees, electricity pylons and building ledges if cliffs are absent. Mountains or open country, from semi desert to woodland and agricultural land, also cities, even on forest-grassland ecotones. Generally a cliff nesting species and its wider distribution is closely associated with mountains with suitable cliffs. Generally prefers open habitats e.g. alpine grassland and the Kalahari, but exploits a wide range of habitats – grassland, open savanna, agricultural lands, suburban and urban areas, rural settlements –in both flat and hilly or mountainous country. Also breeds in wooded and forested areas where cliffs occur. Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus Near Resident F. p. minor mostly restricted to mountainous riparian or coastal Highly unlikely Threatened habitats, where high cliffs provides breeding and roosting sites. Breeding pairs prefer habitats that favour specialised, high speed, aerial hunting, e.g. high cliffs overhanging vegetation with raised and/or discontinuous canopy (e.g. forest, fynbos, woodland), or expanses of open water. Also uses quarries and dam walls, and frequents city centres, e.g. Cape Town, where tall buildings substitute for rock faces. Migrant F. p. calidus in more open country, often coastal, even roosting on ground on almost unvegetated salt flats. Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber Near Breeds at recently flooded, large, eutrophic wetlands (favoured foraging Highly unlikely Threatened habitat), shallow salt pans; at other times, at coastal mudflats, inland dams, sewage treatments works, small ephemeral pans and river mouths. Usually

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Common Name Scientific Name Conservation Suitable Habitat Probability of Status occurrence breeds colonially on mudflats in large pans. Shallow pans, especially saline pans when they have water; also occasionally on other bodies of shallow water such as dams and vleis. Large bodies of shallow water, both inland and coastal; prefers saline and brackish water. Occasionally forages along sandy coasts. Lesser Flamingo Phoenicopterus minor Near Primarily open, shallow eutrophic, wetlands and coastal lagoons and may Highly unlikely Threatened occur on water bodies which are more saline and more alkaline than those used by Greater Flamingo. Breeds on saline lakes, salt pans and mudflats far out in pans and lakes. Non-breeding birds aggregate at coastal mudflats, salt works and sewage treatment works where salinities are high. Small, ephemeral freshwater wetlands very important for birds dispersing from breeding grounds. Shallow pans, especially saline pans when they contain water. Large brackish or saline inland and coastal waters. Yellow-billed Stork Mycteria ibis Near Utilises diverse wetlands and permanent and seasonal habitats, including Highly unlikely Threatened alkaline and freshwater lakes, river, dams, pans, flood plains, large marshes, swamps, estuaries, margins of lakes or rivers, flooded grassland and small pools or streams where there are areas of shallow water free of emergent vegetation; less often marine mudflats and estuaries. Nests colonially on large trees adjacent to productive wetlands, but only locally and erratically during ideal conditions. Melodious Lark Mirafra cheniana Near Occurs in grassland dominated by Themeda triandra. Occasionally in Highly unlikely Threatened planted pastures of Eragrostis curvula and E. tef. Avoids wet lowlands, favouring fairly short grassland (< 0.5 m), with open spaces between tussocks, at 550 – 1 750 m.a.s.l. with annual rainfall of between 400 – 800 mm p/a.

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Table 9 indicates the bird species that could occur in the study area as they were historically recorded in grid cell 2627BB. It is highly unlikely that any of the red data birds’ species known to occur in the region will occur on the proposed sites. Of all the species that could occur along the proposed sites, none could occur due to a lack of suitable habitat. Even though some could move through the area, most of these species are uncommon resident in Gauteng and also due to the small extent of the study site and the also disturbance surrounding the sites. Some of the threats associated with decline in bird population are the destruction and transformation of habitat, disturbance and also frequent burning (Barnes, 2000 and Ansara, 2004). Road mortalities are another threat to bird species populations (Whittington-Jones, 2003). None of the Red Data bird species are likely to make use of the habitat systems on site due to the high level of human presence on site and surrounding the site. The limited extent of the site, degree of surrounding human habitation, level of disturbance and the lack of adequate breeding and foraging habitat precludes the presence of any red data listed species.

8.2.3 Reptiles The riparian vegetation on site should provide suitable habitats for reptile species recorded on site. Riparian vegetation are traditionally rich in reptile diversity and densities due to the habitat unit supporting a high abundance of prey species such as frogs, birds and small mammals. Habitat cover is also greater within this habitat types. The majority of reptile species are sensitive to severe habitat alteration and fragmentation and species are also very often “forced” into riparian zones due to the lack of suitable habitat elsewhere within catchment areas that have been transformed (Ross and Ross, 2009). Reptile lists require intensive surveys conducted for several years. Reptiles are extremely secretive and difficult to observe during field surveys.

Desktop results

As stated above, the two proposed sites fall within the grassland biome and according to O’ Connor and Bredenkamp (1997), this biome houses 22% of South Africa’s endemic reptiles. Observations regarding the number and diversity of reptiles will provide valuable input to sound management practices. According to the data sourced from the South African Reptile Conservation Assessment (SARCA) for Ecological Survey 49

Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014 the grid cell 2627BB, the following species (Table 10) are known to occur in the proposed development sites.

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Table 10. Reptiles recorded within grid cell 2627BB which could occur in the study area

No. Atlas region Family Genus Species Subspecies Common name Red list category records endemic Agamidae Agama aculeata distanti Distant's Ground Agama Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 5 Yes Agamidae Agama atra Southern Rock Agama Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 6

Atractaspididae Aparallactus capensis Black-headed Centipede-eater Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 3

Atractaspididae Atractaspis bibronii Bibron's Stiletto Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 2

Atractaspididae Homoroselaps lacteus Spotted Harlequin Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 1 Yes

Boidae Python natalensis Southern African Python Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 1

Chamaeleonidae Chamaeleo dilepis dilepis Common Flap-neck Chameleon Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 4

Colubridae Boaedon capensis Brown House Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 5

Colubridae Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia Red-lipped Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 3

Colubridae Dasypeltis scabra Rhombic Egg-eater Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 6

Colubridae Dispholidus typus typus Boomslang Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 2

Colubridae Lamprophis aurora Aurora House Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 3 Yes

Colubridae Lycodonomorphus inornatus Olive House Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 1 Yes

Colubridae Lycodonomorphus rufulus Brown Water Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 2

Colubridae Lycophidion capense capense Cape Wolf Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 3

Colubridae Philothamnus semivariegatus Spotted Bush Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 2

Colubridae Prosymna sundevallii Sundevall's Shovel-snout Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 2

Colubridae Psammophis brevirostris Short-snouted Grass Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 6

Colubridae Psammophis crucifer Cross-marked Grass Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 3

Colubridae Psammophis trinasalis Fork-marked Sand Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 1

Colubridae Psammophylax rhombeatus rhombeatus Spotted Grass Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 9

Colubridae Pseudaspis cana Mole Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 2

Cordylidae Chamaesaura aenea Coppery Grass Lizard Near Threatened (SARCA 2014) 1 Yes

Cordylidae Cordylus vittifer Common Girdled Lizard Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 6

Elapidae Elapsoidea sundevallii media Highveld Garter Snake Not listed 2

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

No. Atlas region Family Genus Species Subspecies Common name Red list category records endemic Elapidae Hemachatus haemachatus Rinkhals Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 9

Elapidae Naja mossambica Mozambique Spitting Cobra Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 1

Gekkonidae Lygodactylus capensis capensis Common Dwarf Gecko Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 9

Gekkonidae Lygodactylus ocellatus Spotted Dwarf Gecko Not listed 1

Gekkonidae Pachydactylus affinis Transvaal Gecko Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 4 Yes

Gekkonidae Pachydactylus capensis Cape Gecko Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 10

Gerrhosauridae Gerrhosaurus flavigularis Yellow-throated Plated Lizard Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 11

Lacertidae Nucras holubi Holub's Sandveld Lizard Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 1

Leptotyphlopidae Leptotyphlops distanti Distant's Thread Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 2

Leptotyphlopidae Leptotyphlops scutifrons scutifrons Peters' Thread Snake Not listed 3

Pelomedusidae Pelomedusa subrufa Marsh Terrapin Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 1

Scincidae Afroablepharus wahlbergii Wahlberg's Snake-eyed Skink Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 4

Scincidae Trachylepis capensis Cape Skink Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 14

Scincidae Trachylepis punctatissima Speckled Rock Skink Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 2

Scincidae Trachylepis varia Variable Skink Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 7

Testudinidae Stigmochelys pardalis Leopard Tortoise Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 10

Typhlopidae Afrotyphlops bibronii Bibron's Blind Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 8

Typhlopidae Rhinotyphlops lalandei Delalande's Beaked Blind Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 1

Viperidae Bitis arietans arietans Puff Adder Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 2

Viperidae Causus rhombeatus Rhombic Night Adder Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 6

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Field work results

The riparian zones presently suffer considerable degradation and transformation, which is largely due to the immediate surrounding land use of an informal settlement area. Dumping of rubbles and domestic refuse, animal carcasses and perpetual contamination by raw sewerage all were contributing factors to the overall poor state of the two sites. Large areas surrounding the site have resulted in increased habitat modification and transformation as well as increased human presence and associated disturbances (illegal reptile collecting, indiscriminate killing of all snake species, frequent fires) surrounding the site coupled with increased habitat destruction and disturbances on the neighbouring properties are all causal factors in the alteration and disappearance of reptile diversity in the area (Jacobsen, 2005). No reptile species were recorded on site.

Habitat requirements for Red Data reptile species

Two Red Data species of reptiles are known to occur in the Gauteng province, namely the Striped Harlequin Snake (Homoroselaps dorsalis) and Southern African Python (Python natalensis) (Jacobsen, 2005 and Branch, 1988). Pythons are generally restricted in distribution to the northern parts of Gauteng. According to Jacobsen (2005), pythons inhabit a variety of habitats from grassland to bushveld but prefer rocky hill and areas closer to water. The Southern African Python is listed as ‘Vulnerable’ in Branch (1988) and Near Threatened in SARCA. According to Thomas & Christen (2002), this species is under serious threat in South Africa because of illegal collecting, the Muthi trade, Skin Trade and general ignorance. Pythons have also become locally extinct in many other areas as a result of habitat degradation and human development and there is a concern for the conservation plight of this species (Broadley, 1983). According to Alexander (2007) there is an inability of females to successfully incubate eggs in cold areas which is a causal limiting factor to their distribution, and climatic warming is thus expected to cause an expansion of the distribution in South Africa where suitable habitat is available. Suitable habitat for P. natalensis in Gauteng is found in the Metsweding District Municipality in north-eastern Gauteng.

According to Branch (1988), the conservation status of the Striped Harlequin Snake (Homoroselaps dorsalis) is Rare. This South African endemic species has been Ecological Survey 53

Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014 recorded from scattered localities (Branch, 1988) and populations appear to be highly fragmented and localized. In Gauteng province, the species is associated exclusively with grasslands, and does not appear to tolerate disturbance of this habitat. The species is known to feed exclusively on thread snakes (Leptotyphlops sp.), which in turn, are normally associated with termite activity and termite mounds in grasslands (Jacobsen, 2005). According to the habitat description (moribund/old termite mounds and scattered loose rock) provided for this species by Broadley (1983) and Branch (1988), limited suitable habitat exists on the site. The high levels of human presence and associated disturbances near the site would have a detrimental impact on remaining reptile species especially snake species in the area.

Another species of conservation importance recorded in the region, according to the SARCA, is the Coppery Grass Lizard (Chamaesaura aenea). This species is listed as ‘Vulnerable’ (Branch, 1988) and as ‘Near Threatened’ by IUCN (2009). This species occurs in only fairly pristine grasslands and does not seem to tolerate any major disturbance of the habitat. Populations are distributed and the species appears to have experienced very substantial population declines over the last decade as a result of fragmentation of natural grasslands and inappropriate management (Alexander, 2009). These species are specialized grass-swimmers and struggle to move on hard surfaces such as tarred roads, which thus act as barriers to movement and dispersal. They are also dependent on rocky areas for protection from veld fires, and generally succumb to fires if denied easy access to rocky shelters. Thus, fragmentation of their grassland habitat usually results in population declines or local extinction (Alexander, 2009). According to the habitat description provided for this species, no suitable habitat exists on the two proposed development sites.

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

9. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

9.1 Methodology All impacts are analysed in the section to follow (Table 11) with regards to their nature, extent, magnitude, duration, probability and significance. The following definitions apply: Nature (/Status) The project could have a positive, negative or neutral impact on the environment.

Extent  Local – extend to the site and its immediate surroundings.  Regional – impact on the region but within the province.  National – impact on an interprovincial scale.  International – impact outside of South Africa.

Magnitude Degree to which impact may cause irreplaceable loss of resources.  Low – natural and social functions and processes are not affected or minimally affected.  Medium – affected environment is notably altered; natural and social functions and processes continue albeit in a modified way.  High – natural or social functions or processes could be substantially affected or altered to the extent that they could temporarily or permanently cease.

Duration  Short term – 0-5 years.  Medium term – 5-11 years.  Long term – impact ceases after the operational life cycle of the activity either because of natural processes or by human intervention.  Permanent – mitigation either by natural process or by human intervention will not occur in such a way or in such a time span that the impact can be considered transient.

Probability  Almost certain – the event is expected to occur in most circumstances.  Likely – the event will probably occur in most circumstances.  Moderate – the event should occur at some time.  Unlikely – the event could occur at some time.  Rare/Remote – the event may occur only in exceptional circumstances.

Significance Provides an overall impression of an impact’s importance, and the degree to which it can be mitigated. The range for significance ratings is as follows- 0 – Impact will not affect the environment. No mitigation necessary. 1 – No impact after mitigation. 2 – Residual impact after mitigation. 3 – Impact cannot be mitigated.

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

9.2 Assessment of Impacts and Suggested Mitigation Measures The possible impacts of proposed development on the study area are divided into three phases of the project life-cycle: Pre-Construction, Construction and Operational phases. Mitigation measures are provided to prevent (first priority), reduce or remediate adverse environmental impacts.

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Table 11. Recommended mitigation measures with significance rating before and after mitigation for the proposed construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement sites. FLORA

PRE – CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Impact Nature Description Mitigation

Direct Positive Search and Rescue A qualified and / or appropriately experienced Botanist or an experienced person who knows specific vegetation types well should mark any species of conservation importance and other medicinal plants on the proposed site before construction commences.

Without Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance

Local Medium Medium-term Almost certain 2

With Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance

Local Low Short-term Likely 1

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

FLORA

PRE – CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Impact Nature Description Mitigation

Direct Negative Site preparation During site preparation, topsoil and subsoil are stripped separately from each other and must be stored separately from spoil material for use in the rehabilitation phase. It should be protected from wind and rain, as well as contamination from diesel, concrete or wastewater.

Special care must be taken during the clearing of the works area to minimise damage to the rivers.

Records of all environmental incidents must be maintained and a copy of these records must be made available to authorities on request throughout the project execution.

Without Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance

Local High Medium-term Likely 2

With Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance

Local Medium Short-term Likely 1

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

FAUNA

PRE – CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Impact Nature Description Mitigation

Direct Positive Search and Rescue A qualified and / or appropriately experienced Zoologist or an experienced person who knows the animals in the region well will identify any possible Red Data fauna on site and the necessary permits to relocate fauna must be obtained if avoidance is not possible.

Training of construction workers to recognise threatened animal species will reduce the probability of fauna being harmed unnecessarily.

Posters should be displayed on site to sensitise workers to fauna in the region.

Without Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance

Local Medium Medium-term Unlikely 2

With Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance

Local Low Medium-term Unlikely 1

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

FAUNA

PRE – CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Impact Nature Description Mitigation

Direct Negative Site preparation During site preparation special care must be taken during the clearing of the works area to minimise damage or disturbance of river, roosting and nesting sites.

Before construction commences, the construction site must be clearly demarcated with fencing or orange mesh netting. Barricading measures to be utilised should not restrict the movement of the fauna in the area.

Without Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance

Local High Medium-term Likely 2

With Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance

Local Medium Medium-term Likely 1

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

FLORA

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Impact Nature Description Mitigation

Direct Negative Soil contamination, vegetation The Contractor should employ on site personnel responsible for loss and vegetation disturbance preventing and controlling potential soil pollution to the rivers due to fuel and chemical spills. through fuel and oil leaks and spills.

Make sure construction vehicles are maintained and serviced to prevent oil and fuel leaks.

Emergency on-site maintenance should be done over appropriate drip trays and all oil or fuel must be disposed of according to waste regulations. Drip-trays must be placed under vehicles and equipment when not in use.

Without Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance

Local High Medium-term Likely 2

With Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance

Local Medium Medium-term Likely 1

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

FLORA

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Impact Nature Description Mitigation

Direct Negative Vegetation and habitat Promote awareness to all personnel. disturbance due to the accidental introduction of alien species. During construction phase, monitoring and control of alien weeds and invaders through hand removal; slashing (annuals) or chemical control (perennials). Chemical control may only be done by a registered Pest Control Operator upon approval from the ECO.

Without Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance

Local High Medium-term Likely 2

With Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance

Local Medium Medium-term Likely 1

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

FLORA

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Impact Nature Description Mitigation

Direct Negative Vegetation and habitat Employ personnel on site responsible for preventing and disturbance due to pollution and controlling of litter. Promote housekeeping with daily clean-ups littering during construction phase. on site.

Before construction commences, construction workers should be educated with regards to littering, ad hoc veld fires, and dumping.

No fires to be allowed on site.

Without Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance

Local Medium Medium-term Likely 2

With Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance

Local Medium Medium-term Likely 1

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

FLORA

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Impact Nature Description Mitigation

Direct Negative Damage to plant life outside of the Construction activities should be restricted to the footprint area. proposed development sites. All workers must be trained before construction commences.

Without Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance

Local Medium Medium-term Likely 2

With Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance

Local Medium Medium-term Likely 1

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

FAUNA

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Impact Nature Description Mitigation

Direct Negative Disturbance to animals Animals residing within the designated area shall not be unnecessarily disturbed.

Before construction starts, construction workers must be educated with regards to littering and poaching.

The Contractor and his/her employees shall not bring any domestic animals onto site.

Toolbox talks should be provided to contractors regarding disturbance to animals. Particular emphasis should be placed on talks regarding snakes.

Any lizards, geckos, agamids, or snakes encountered should be allowed to escape to suitable habitat away from the disturbance.

No reptile should be intentionally killed, caught or collected during any phase of the project.

Without Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance

Local Medium Medium- Unlikely 2 term

With Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance

Local Medium Medium- Unlikely 1 term

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

FAUNA

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Impact Nature Description Mitigation

Direct Negative Allow for safe animal passage Construction areas must be demarcated but should allow for through and specifically out of the the migration of small faunal species out of the construction construction site. zone.

Without Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance

Local Medium Medium-term Unlikely 2

With Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance

Local Medium Medium-term Unlikely 1

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

FLORA

OPERATIONAL PHASE

Impact Nature Description Mitigation

Direct Negative The proposed development may affect Encroachment of alien vegetation should be biodiversity through the encroachment of exotic monitored regularly and controlled; the area vegetation following soil disturbance, in addition must be kept clear of all invader plants as per the maintenance of the area would disturb the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act, naturalised species within the area. 1983 (Act No 43 of 1983). Rehabilitation measures must be employed until such a time as indigenous species are established.

Without Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance

Local Medium Medium-term Likely 2

With Mitigation Extent Magnitude Duration Probability Significance

Local Medium Medium-term Unlikely 1

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

10. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS The study area falls within the grassland biome and has been categorised as consisting of the Egoli Granite Grassland vegetation unit, which is listed as Endangered. According to data sourced from South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), one Threatened Terrestrial Ecosystem was recorded within the proposed development sites- Egoli Granite Grassland. This ecosystem is listed as Endangered and approximately 3% of this ecosystem is protected in Diepsloot and Melville Koppies Nature Reserves (Mucina et al., 2006).

Two alternative sites were offered for placement of the pedestrian bridge by the CoJ. These sites suffer considerable degradation and transformation, which is largely due to the immediate surrounding land use of an informal settlement area. Dumping of rubbles and domestic refuse, animal carcasses and perpetual contamination by raw sewerage all were contributing factors to the overall poor state of the two sites. These impacts have resulted in area dominated by alien invasive plant species. Alien invasive plant species within the study sites were observed to occur in clumps, scattered distributions or as single individuals on site. Invader and weed species must be controlled to prevent further infestation and it is recommended that all individuals of invader species (Especially Category 1) must be removed and eradicated (Henderson, 2001). Species such as Melia azedarach, Salix babylonica, Solanum mauritianum, and Ricinus communis were common on the two proposed sites. Given that the Red Data plant species are known to occur in the region, it is important that a qualified professional should be on site prior to construction to identify other species of conservation importance which may occur on site.

Two mammal species were visually observed on site, namely the Four-striped grass mouse and Bushveld gerbil. The residents around the proposed development sites were also consulted to provide species that are found near their properties. The study area is not in a pristine condition, and so it is unlikely that development would have an effect on the mammals species recorded during the field assessment. The majority of larger mammal species are likely to have moved away from the area as a result of habitat alteration and/or degradation. The proposed development activities

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Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014 are not thought to have any significant impacts on the overall conservation of mammalian diversity within the area.

An avifaunal study indicated that the riparian habitats should provide natural habitats for bird species. Bird species visually recorded during the field survey are common and widespread. As part of the mitigations measures, construction should be limited to the periods outside of the breeding seasons and the construction footprint should remain as localised in extent as possible and any impacted grassland areas utilised as construction support areas must be rehabilitated and re-vegetated with local grass species.

Large areas surrounding the site have resulted in increased habitat modification and transformation as well as increased human presence and associated disturbances (illegal reptile collecting, indiscriminate killing of all snake species, frequent fires) surrounding the site coupled with increased habitat destruction and disturbances on the neighbouring properties are all causal factors in the alteration and disappearance of reptile diversity in the area (Jacobsen, 2005). No reptile species were recorded on site.

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11. REFERENCES ALEXANDER, G., AND MARAIS, J. (2007). A guide to the reptiles of southern Africa. Struik, Cape Town.

ALEXANDER, G. J. (2009). Assessment of the Herpetofauna of the Rietvlei and Bronberg areas and the Impact of the Proposed Water Pipeline. School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand.

ANSARA, T. M. (2004). Determining the ecological status and possible anthropogenic impacts on the grass owl (Tyto capensis) populations in the East Rand Highveld, Gauteng. MSc. Dissertation, Rand Afrikaans University, Johannesburg.

BARNES, K.N. (ED.) (1998). The Important Bird Areas of Southern Africa. BirdLife South Africa: Johannesburg.

BARNES, K.N. (ed.) (2000). The Eskom Red Data Book of Birds of South Africa, Lesotho & Swaziland. Birdlife South Africa, Johannesburg.

BAXTER, R. (2008). Crocidura maquassiensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. . Downloaded on 01 August 2014.

BREITENMOSER-WURSTEN, C., HENSCHEL, P. & SOGBOHOSSOU, E. (2008). Leptailurus serval. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. . Downloaded on 26 May 2014.

BRANCH, W.R. (1988). South African Red Data Book - Reptiles and Amphibians. South African National Scientific Programmes Report No. 151. CSIR, Pretoria.

BRANCH, B. (2001). Snakes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Struik Publishers, South Africa.

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BROADLEY, D.G. (1983). FitzSimon's Snakes of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Delta.

BROMILOW, C. (1995). Problem Plants of South Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria.

BROMILOW, C. (2010). Problem plants of South Africa. Briza, Pretoria.

COETZEE, N. & MONADJEM, A. (2008). Mystromys albicaudatus. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. . Downloaded on 26 May 2014.

DRIVER, A., MAZE, K., LOMBARD A.T., NEL, J., ROUGET, M., TURPIE, J.K., COWLING, R.M., DESMET, P., GOODMAN, P., HARRIS, J., JONAS, Z., REYERS, B., SINK, K. & STRAUSS, T. (2004). South African National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment 2004: Summary Report. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.

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Appendix A: Southern African Bird Atlas Project (SABAP) 2 for grid cell 2627BB

Species Taxonomic SABAP Ref Afrikaans Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals name name 1 Rep Rep Report Rate Latest Rate Latest Latest s (%) (%) Apalis, Bar- 31/07/201 13/07/200 622 Bandkeelkleinjantjie Apalis thoracica 25.7 1 ✔ 12.48

throated 4 9 Recurvirostra

269 Avocet, Pied Bontelsie ✔ 0.32 avosetta Babbler, Turdoides 17.1 23/01/201 12/04/201 533 Pylvlekkatlagter 1 ✔ 0.48

Arrow-marked jardineii 3 4 1 Barbet, Tricholaema 22/03/200 432 Bonthoutkapper 0.86 ✔ 5.17

Acacia Pied leucomelas 9 Barbet, Black- 93.3 04/08/201 28/06/201 22/11/201 431 Rooikophoutkapper Lybius torquatus 9.09 10 ✔ 64.94

collared 6 4 4 2 Barbet, Trachyphonus 96.1 04/08/201 27.2 28/06/201 22/11/201 439 Kuifkophoutkapper 13 ✔ 88.24

Crested vaillantii 5 4 7 4 2 Batis, 18/05/201 673 Witliesbosbontrokkie Batis molitor 0.21 ✔ 10.41

Chinspot 0 Bee-eater, 28.2 09/04/201 20/03/201 404 Europese Byvreter Merops apiaster 7 ✔ 15.26

European 7 4 2 Bee-eater, 410 Kleinbyvreter Merops pusillus ✔ 0.56

Little Bee-eater, Merops 21/04/200 409 Rooikeelbyvreter 0.21 ✔ 0.16

White-fronted bullockoides 9 Bishop, 81.1 04/08/201 13.6 03/11/201 26/09/201 808 Rooivink Euplectes orix 19 ✔ 49.44

Southern Red 6 4 4 3 2 Bishop, Euplectes 810 Kaapse Flap ✔ 0.08

Yellow capensis Bishop, 04/01/201 812 Yellow- Goudgeelvink Euplectes afer 2.36 ✔ 3.50 2

crowned Kleinrietreier Ixobrychus 27/03/201

67 Bittern, Little 1.28 ✔ 0.24 (Woudapie) minutus 1 722 Bokmakierie, Bokmakierie Telophorus 13.7 04/08/201 1 14/07/200 ✔ 77.27

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Species Taxonomic SABAP Ref Afrikaans Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals name name 1 Rep Rep Report Rate Latest Rate Latest Latest s (%) (%)

Bokmakierie zeylonus 4 9 Boubou, Laniarius 76.4 04/08/201 03/11/201 26/09/201 709 Suidelike Waterfiskaal 4.55 10 ✔ 23.93

Southern ferrugineus 5 4 3 2 Brubru, 731 Bontroklaksman Nilaus afer ✔ 5.48

Brubru Bulbul, Pycnonotus 28/04/201 544 African Red- Rooioogtiptol 4.55 ✔ 1.59 nigricans 4

eyed Bulbul, Dark- Pycnonotus 98.7 04/08/201 36.3 28/06/201 22/11/201 545 Swartoogtiptol 23 ✔ 93.88

capped tricolor 2 4 6 4 2 Bunting, Emberiza 873 Rooivlerkstreepkoppie ✔ 1.75

Cape capensis Bunting, Emberiza 23/01/201 872 Cinnamon- Klipstreepkoppie 0.64 ✔ 9.78 tahapisi 4

breasted Bunting, Emberiza 874 Golden- Rooirugstreepkoppie ✔ 0.32 flaviventris

breasted Bush-Shrike, Malaconotus 26/09/201 27/04/201 723 Spookvoel 5.57 4.55 ✘ 0.00 Grey-headed blanchoti 3 4 Bush-Shrike, Oranjeborsboslaksma Telophorus 26/09/201 719 Orange- 0.21 ✔ 0.24 n sulfureopectus 3

breasted Buttonquail, 196 Bosveldkwarteltjie Turnix sylvaticus ✔ 0.16

Kurrichane Buzzard, 152 Rooiborsjakkalsvoel Buteo rufofuscus ✔ 0.95

Jackal Buzzard, Kaupifalco 23/03/201 19/05/201 144 Akkedisvalk 0.86 1 ✘ 0.00 Lizard monogrammicus 3 2 Buzzard, 10.2 23/01/201 13/01/201 154 Bruinjakkalsvoel Buteo vulpinus 3 ✔ 6.44

Steppe 8 4 3

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Species Taxonomic SABAP Ref Afrikaans Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals name name 1 Rep Rep Report Rate Latest Rate Latest Latest s (%) (%) Canary, Crithagra 14.7 23/01/201 860 Black- Bergkanarie ✔ 22.66 atrogularis 8 4

throated

857 Canary, Cape Kaapse Kanarie Serinus canicollis ✔ 0.24 Canary, Crithagra 866 Geelkanarie ✔ 0.32

Yellow flaviventris Canary, Crithagra 24.6 20/07/201 26/09/201 859 Yellow- Geeloogkanarie 4 ✔ 6.28 mozambicus 3 4 2

fronted Chat, Myrmecocichla 575 Swartpiek ✔ 2.46

Anteating formicivora Cercomela 27/03/201

570 Chat, Familiar Gewone Spekvreter 0.21 ✔ 2.54 familiaris 1 Cisticola, 07/01/201 631 Gevlekte Klopkloppie Cisticola textrix 0.64 ✔ 2.07

Cloud 0 Cisticola, 10/12/201 630 Woestynklopkloppie Cisticola aridulus 3 ✔ 0.72

Desert 1 Cisticola, Cisticola 648 Luitinktinkie ✔ 3.34

Lazy aberrans Cisticola, 18.6 02/10/201 03/11/201 646 Vleitinktinkie Cisticola tinniens 4.55 ✔ 12.96

Levaillant's 3 3 3 Cisticola, 642 Bosveldtinktinkie Cisticola chiniana ✔ 0.64

Rattling Cisticola, 639 Huiltinktinkie Cisticola lais ✔ 5.09

Wailing Cisticola, 04/01/201 634 Wing- Kleinste Klopkloppie Cisticola ayresii 1.5 ✔ 1.19 2

snapping Cisticola, 20.1 09/01/201 15/07/200 629 Landeryklopkloppie Cisticola juncidis 1 ✔ 10.41

Zitting 3 4 9 Cliff-Chat, Thamnolaea 573 Dassievoel ✔ 3.66

Mocking cinnamomeiventri

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Species Taxonomic SABAP Ref Afrikaans Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals name name 1 Rep Rep Report Rate Latest Rate Latest Latest s (%) (%) s Cliff-Swallow, 22/11/201 504 Familieswael Hirundo spilodera 0.64 ✔ 1.67

South African 1 Coot, Red- 39.6 04/08/201 21/02/201 26/09/201 212 Bleshoender Fulica cristata 4.55 2 ✔ 34.74

knobbed 1 4 3 2 Cormorant, Phalacrocorax 04/08/201 13.6 28/06/201 26/09/201 50 Rietduiker 74.3 8 ✔ 34.82

Reed africanus 4 4 4 2 Cormorant, Phalacrocorax 26.5 31/07/201 26/09/201 47 White- Witborsduiker 5 ✔ 12.48 carbo 5 4 2

breasted Coucal, Centropus 31/07/201 20/11/201 4131 Gewone Vleiloerie 33.4 1 ✔ 49.52

Burchell's burchellii 4 2 Coucal, Centropus 1036 Gestreepte Vleiloerie ✔ 49.52

White-browed superciliosus Courser, Cursorius 277 Trekdrawwertjie ✔ 0.16

Temminck's temminckii Amaurornis 06/10/201

203 Crake, Black Swartriethaan 0.64 ✔ 4.37 flavirostris 3 Anthropoides

216 Crane, Blue Bloukraanvoel ✔ 0.95 paradiseus Crombec, Sylvietta 621 Bosveldstompstert ✔ 1.11

Long-billed rufescens 19/05/201

523 Crow, Cape Swartkraai Corvus capensis 0.43 ✔ 3.58 2 90.3 04/08/201 27.2 28/06/201 28/09/201

522 Crow, Pied Witborskraai Corvus albus 31 ✔ 80.29 6 4 7 4 3 Cuckoo, 15/11/200 341 Afrikaanse Koekoek Cuculus gularis 0.21 ✔ 0.32

African 9 Cuckoo, Cuculus 01/02/201 29/12/201 344 Swartkoekoek 7.28 1 ✔ 4.45

Black clamosus 4 1 Cuckoo, Chrysococcyx 28.0 10/02/201 29/12/201 352 Diederikkie 3 ✔ 22.10

Diderick caprius 5 4 1

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Species Taxonomic SABAP Ref Afrikaans Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals name name 1 Rep Rep Report Rate Latest Rate Latest Latest s (%) (%) Cuckoo, Clamator 348 Bontnuwejaarsvoel ✔ 0.32

Jacobin jacobinus Cuckoo, Chrysococcyx 351 Meitjie ✔ 2.46

Klaas's klaas Cuckoo, Gestreepte Clamator 09/01/201 347 0.21 ✘ 0.00 Levaillant's Nuwejaarsvoel levaillantii 2 Cuckoo, Red- 16.0 01/12/201 04/11/201 343 Piet-my-vrou Cuculus solitarius 2 ✔ 21.07

chested 6 3 3 Cuckooshrike Campephaga 513 Swartkatakoeroe ✔ 3.82

, Black flava Darter, 51.1 31/07/201 28/06/201 26/09/201 52 Slanghalsvoel Anhinga rufa 9.09 10 ✔ 16.69

African 8 4 4 2 Dove, Streptopelia 98.0 04/08/201 68.1 16/07/201 20/11/201 317 Rooiborsduifie 40 ✔ 93.96

Laughing senegalensis 7 4 8 4 2 Dove, 26/03/201 318 Namakwaduifie Oena capensis 0.43 ✔ 0.40

Namaqua 1 Dove, Red- Streptopelia 97.6 04/08/201 40.9 28/06/201 09/11/201 314 Grootringduif 41 ✔ 45.47

eyed semitorquata 4 4 1 4 3 83.0 04/08/201 31.8 16/07/201 22/11/201

940 Dove, Rock Tuinduif Columba livia 18 ✔ 39.19 8 4 2 4 2 Drongo, Fork- 27.1 02/10/201 04/06/201 517 Mikstertbyvanger Dicrurus adsimilis 4 ✔ 6.12

tailed 9 3 2 Duck, African 61.2 04/08/201 28/06/201 28/03/201 95 Swarteend Anas sparsa 9.09 10 ✔ 15.98

Black 4 4 4 2 Sarkidiornis 27/03/201

91 Duck, Comb Knobbeleend 0.21 ✔ 0.24 melanotos 1 1000 Duck, Anas 21/09/201 16/06/201 0.86 4.55 ✘ 0.00 6 Domestic platyrhynchos 3 3 1001 Duck, Hybrid 08/09/201 16/06/201 Mengel Groenkopeend Anas hybrid 0.64 4.55 ✘ 0.00 5 Mallard 2 3 Duck, 103 Bloubekeend Oxyura maccoa ✔ 2.15

Maccoa

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Species Taxonomic SABAP Ref Afrikaans Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals name name 1 Rep Rep Report Rate Latest Rate Latest Latest s (%) (%) Anas 21/09/201 16/06/201

1016 Duck, Mallard Groenkopeend 4.07 4.55 ✔ 1.67 platyrhynchos 3 3 Duck, 24/02/201 1017 Aix galericulata 1.93 ✘ 0.00 Mandarin 3 Duck, White- Thalassornis 104 Witrugeend ✔ 0.16

backed leuconotus Duck, White- Dendrocygna 06/04/201 100 Nonnetjie-eend 1.71 ✔ 5.33

faced viduata 3 Duck, Yellow- 59.3 04/08/201 08/03/201 28/03/201 96 Geelbekeend Anas undulata 9.09 6 ✔ 23.45

billed 1 4 4 2

139 Eagle, Booted Dwergarend Aquila pennatus ✔ 0.08 Eagle, Long- Lophaetus 26/09/201 138 Langkuifarend 1.93 ✘ 0.00 crested occipitalis 3 Polemaetus

142 Eagle, Martial Breekoparend ✔ 0.32 bellicosus Eagle, 22/05/201 133 Witkruisarend Aquila verreauxii 0.21 ✔ 16.22

Verreaux's 1 Eagle, 137 Bruinarend Aquila wahlbergi ✔ 0.16

Wahlberg's Eagle-Owl, 08/12/201 30/01/201 368 Gevlekte Ooruil Bubo africanus 0.86 1 ✔ 15.26

Spotted 3 3 72.3 31/07/201 18.1 28/06/201 26/09/201

61 Egret, Cattle Veereier Bubulcus ibis 13 ✔ 59.46 8 4 8 4 2 10/07/201

58 Egret, Great Grootwitreier Egretta alba 0.21 ✔ 0.95 3 01/12/201 29/12/201

59 Egret, Little Kleinwitreier Egretta garzetta 8.99 2 ✔ 9.30 3 1 Egret, Yellow- Egretta 60 Geelbekwitreier ✔ 4.93

billed intermedia 02/01/201

119 Falcon, Amur Oostelike Rooipootvalk Falco amurensis 0.86 ✔ 0.24 2

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Species Taxonomic SABAP Ref Afrikaans Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals name name 1 Rep Rep Report Rate Latest Rate Latest Latest s (%) (%) Falcon, 16/02/201 114 Edelvalk Falco biarmicus 1.5 ✔ 0.95

Lanner 3 Falcon, 113 Swerfvalk Falco peregrinus ✔ 1.19

Peregrine Finch, Anomalospiza 17/01/201 854 Koekoekvink 0.64 ✔ 0.32

Cuckoo imberbis 0 Finch, Cut- 01/01/201 821 Bandkeelvink Amadina fasciata 0.21 ✘ 0.00 throat 0 Finch, Red- Amadina 26.1 27/04/201 28/06/201 24/06/201 820 Rooikopvink 4.55 1 ✔ 1.19

headed erythrocephala 2 4 4 0 Finch, Scaly- Sporopipes 789 Baardmannetjie ✔ 0.16

feathered squamifrons Finfoot, Podica 213 Watertrapper ✔ 0.16

African senegalensis Firefinch, Lagonosticta 03/05/200 833 Kaapse Vuurvinkie 0.21 ✔ 1.03

African rubricata 9 Firefinch, Lagonosticta 30/01/201 835 Jamesonse Vuurvinkie 0.21 ✔ 0.16

Jameson's rhodopareia 0 Firefinch, Lagonosticta 01/06/200 837 Rooibekvuurvinkie 0.21 ✔ 0.32

Red-billed senegala 9 Fiscal, 91.8 04/08/201 18.1 28/06/201 26/09/201 707 Fiskaallaksman Lanius collaris 17 ✔ 91.02

Common 6 4 8 4 2 Fish-Eagle, Haliaeetus 16/09/201 149 Visarend 0.43 ✔ 0.24

African vocifer 3 Flamingo, Phoenicopterus 86 Grootflamink ✔ 0.08

Greater ruber Flycatcher, 30/05/201 678 Feevlieievanger Stenostira scita 1.93 ✔ 3.18

Fairy 3 Flycatcher, 50.1 04/08/201 08/03/201 17/07/200 665 Fiskaalvlieivanger Sigelus silens 4.55 3 ✔ 49.05

Fiscal 1 4 4 9 Flycatcher, Bradornis 661 Maricovlieevanger ✔ 0.24

Marico mariquensis

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Species Taxonomic SABAP Ref Afrikaans Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals name name 1 Rep Rep Report Rate Latest Rate Latest Latest s (%) (%) Flycatcher, Melaenornis 664 Southern Swartvlieevanger ✔ 0.32 pammelaina

Black Flycatcher, 22/12/201 654 Europese Vlieievanger Muscicapa striata 8.99 ✔ 3.66

Spotted 3 Francolin, 173 Swempie Peliperdix coqui ✔ 1.35

Coqui Francolin, Scleroptila 179 Kalaharipatrys ✔ 2.46

Orange River levaillantoides Francolin, Scleroptila 178 Rooivlerkpatrys ✔ 0.72

Red-winged levaillantii Francolin, Scleroptila 177 Laeveldpatrys ✔ 0.08

Shelley's shelleyi Go-away-bird, Corythaixoides 96.1 04/08/201 36.3 28/06/201 22/02/201 339 Kwêvoel 19 ✔ 70.43

Grey concolor 5 4 6 4 4 1000 Goose, 14.7 31/07/201 08/03/201 16/10/201 Anser anser 4.55 5 ✘ 0.00 4 Domestic 8 4 4 0 Goose, Alopochen 92.0 04/08/201 31.8 28/06/201 26/09/201 89 Kolgans 17 ✔ 48.81

Egyptian aegyptiacus 8 4 2 4 2 Goose, Spur- Plectropterus 27/03/201 88 Wildemakou 0.43 ✔ 3.90

winged gambensis 1 Goshawk, 27/03/201 162 Kleinsingvalk Melierax gabar 0.43 ✔ 1.91

Gabar 1 Grass-Owl, 360 Grasuil Tyto capensis ✔ 0.08

African Grassbird, Sphenoeacus 10/12/201 618 Grasvoel 1.71 ✔ 7.00

Cape afer 1 Grebe, Black- Podiceps 5 Swartnekdobbertjie ✔ 0.08

necked nigricollis Grebe, Great Podiceps 27/03/201 4 Kuifkopdobbertjie 0.21 ✔ 7.63

Crested cristatus 1

6 Grebe, Little Kleindobbertjie Tachybaptus 42.6 28/12/201 4.55 28/06/201 5 26/09/201 ✔ 28.62

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Species Taxonomic SABAP Ref Afrikaans Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals name name 1 Rep Rep Report Rate Latest Rate Latest Latest s (%) (%) ruficollis 1 3 4 2 Green- 16.2 25/08/201 18/11/201 323 Pigeon, Papegaaiduif Treron calvus 4 ✘ 7 3 3 0.00

African Greenshank, 263 Groenpootruiter Tringa nebularia ✔ 0.08

Common Guineafowl, Numida 69.1 04/08/201 13.6 03/11/201 26/09/201 192 Gewone Tarentaal 11 ✔ 49.21

Helmeted meleagris 6 4 4 3 2 Gull, Grey- Larus 14/08/201 288 Gryskopmeeu 1.71 ✔ 7.23

headed cirrocephalus 3 Hamerkop, 10/02/201 18/01/201 72 Hamerkop Scopus umbretta 7.71 1 ✔ 23.69

Hamerkop 4 2 Harrier-Hawk, Polyboroides 03/09/201 29/06/201 171 Kaalwangvalk 2.36 2 ✔ 0.87

African typus 3 2 Hawk, African Aviceda 01/07/201 127 Koekoekvalk 0.21 ✘ 0.00 Cuckoo cuculoides 3 25/06/201 21/02/201

64 Heron, Black Swartreier Egretta ardesiaca 0.43 4.55 ✔ 0.24 0 3 Heron, Black- Ardea 35.9 04/08/201 21/02/201 28/09/201 55 Swartkopreier 4.55 10 ✔ 39.19

headed melanocephala 7 4 3 3 Heron, 44.5 20/07/201 28/06/201 28/03/201 63 Green- Groenrugreier Butorides striata 4.55 8 ✔ 1.11 4 4 4 2

backed 21.4 30/03/201 21/02/201 26/09/201

54 Heron, Grey Bloureier Ardea cinerea 4.55 2 ✔ 20.67 1 4 3 2 09/04/201 24/01/201

57 Heron, Purple Rooireier Ardea purpurea 4.28 3 ✔ 5.96 4 3 Heron, 03/01/200 62 Ralreier Ardeola ralloides 0.21 ✔ 0.72

Squacco 8 Hobby, 17/03/200 115 Europese Boomvalk Falco subbuteo 0.43 ✘ 0.00 Eurasian 9

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Species Taxonomic SABAP Ref Afrikaans Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals name name 1 Rep Rep Report Rate Latest Rate Latest Latest s (%) (%) Honey- 04/03/201 132 Buzzard, Wespedief Pernis apivorus 0.64 ✘ 1 0.00

European Honeybird, Prodotiscus 16/09/201 443 Brown- Skerpbekheuningvoel 5.57 ✔ 0.95 regulus 3

backed Honeyguide, Indicator 22/11/201 29/12/201 440 Grootheuningwyser 8.35 3 ✔ 2.15

Greater indicator 3 1 Honeyguide, 17.7 23/01/201 442 Kleinheuningwyser Indicator minor ✔ 3.42

Lesser 7 4 Hoopoe, 47.7 04/08/201 21/02/201 09/11/201 418 Hoephoep Upupa africana 4.55 7 ✔ 65.82

African 5 4 3 3 Hornbill, 04/08/201 25/01/201 424 Grysneushoringvoel Tockus nasutus 4.93 3 ✔ 0.48

African Grey 4 3 Hornbill, Geelbekneushoringvo Tockus 426 Southern ✔ 0.16 el leucomelas

Yellow-billed House-Martin, 31/03/201 507 Huisswael Delichon urbicum 0.86 ✔ 3.26

Common 2 Ibis, African Threskiornis 67.0 04/08/201 22.7 03/11/201 26/09/201 81 Skoorsteenveer 9 ✔ 42.13

Sacred aethiopicus 2 4 3 3 2 Plegadis 26/12/201

83 Ibis, Glossy Glansibis 3.21 ✔ 14.31 falcinellus 2 Bostrychia 99.1 04/08/201 54.5 28/06/201 22/11/201

84 Ibis, Hadeda Hadeda 27 ✔ 91.89 hagedash 4 4 5 4 2 Indigobird, 849 Gewone Blouvinkie Vidua funerea ✔ 0.24

Dusky Indigobird, 851 Staalblouvinkie Vidua chalybeata ✔ 0.08

Village Jacana, Actophilornis 228 Grootlangtoon ✔ 0.08

African africanus 122 Kestrel, Grootrooivalk Falco ✔ 0.56

Ecological Survey 84

Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Species Taxonomic SABAP Ref Afrikaans Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals name name 1 Rep Rep Report Rate Latest Rate Latest Latest s (%) (%)

Greater rupicoloides Kestrel, 05/11/201 125 Kleinrooivalk Falco naumanni 1 ✘ 0.00 Lesser 1 04/08/201

123 Kestrel, Rock Kransvalk Falco rupicolus 0.43 ✔ 0.40 0 Kingfisher, Halcyon 10.7 30/03/201 27/01/201 24/03/201 402 Brown- Bruinkopvisvanger 4.55 1 ✔ 12.88 albiventris 1 4 2 0

hooded Kingfisher, Megaceryle 13.4 04/04/201 20/05/201 395 Reusevisvanger 1 ✔ 1.35

Giant maximus 9 4 0 Kingfisher, Alcedo 28/12/201 12/03/200 396 Blouvisvanger 7.92 1 ✔ 1.27

Half-collared semitorquata 3 9 Kingfisher, 12.8 30/01/201 30/04/201 397 Kuifkopvisvanger Alcedo cristata 4 ✔ 3.26

Malachite 5 4 3 Kingfisher, 22/11/201 12/04/201 394 Bontvisvanger Ceryle rudis 7.07 1 ✔ 10.97

Pied 3 1 Kingfisher, Halcyon 22/12/201 399 Bosveldvisvanger 2.14 ✔ 1.91

Woodland senegalensis 3 Kite, Black & 01/02/200 128 Swartwou Milvus migrans 0.43 ✔ 3.42

Yellowbilled 9 Kite, Black- 21.6 31/07/201 13.6 17/12/201 26/09/201 130 Blouvalk Elanus caeruleus 3 ✔ 46.03

shouldered 3 4 4 2 2 Kite, Yellow- 06/11/201 129 Geelbekwou Milvus aegyptius 3 ✔ 9.30

billed 3 Korhaan, 14/10/201 1035 Northern Witvlerkkorhaan Afrotis afraoides 0.86 ✔ 2.86 2

Black Korhaan, Eupodotis 222 Witpenskorhaan ✔ 0.87

White-bellied senegalensis Lapwing, Vanellus 79.0 04/08/201 28/06/201 20/03/201 247 African Lelkiewiet 9.09 7 ✔ 27.11 senegallus 1 4 4 2

Wattled

Ecological Survey 85

Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Species Taxonomic SABAP Ref Afrikaans Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals name name 1 Rep Rep Report Rate Latest Rate Latest Latest s (%) (%) Lapwing, 83.0 04/08/201 31.8 28/04/201 20/03/201 245 Bontkiewiet Vanellus armatus 8 ✔ 49.92

Blacksmith 8 4 2 4 2 Lapwing, Vanellus 79.6 04/08/201 22.7 28/06/201 12/04/201 242 Kroonkiewiet 13 ✔ 85.77

Crowned coronatus 6 4 3 4 1 Lark, Agulhas 3550 Overbergklappertjie Mirafra marjoriae ✔ 0.95

Clapper Lark, Agulhas Overberglangbeklewer Certhilauda 4123 ✔ 0.95

Long-billed ik brevirostris Lark, Certhilauda 4124 Benguela Kaokolangbeklewerik ✔ 0.95 benguelensis

Long-billed Lark, Cape 4140 Kaapse Klappertjie Mirafra apiata ✔ 0.95

Clapper Lark, Cape Certhilauda 4125 Weskuslangbeklewerik ✔ 0.95

Long-billed curvirostris Lark, Eastern 1183 Hoeveldklappertjie Mirafra fasciolata ✔ 0.95

Clapper Lark, Eastern Grasveldlangbekleweri Certhilauda 4126 ✔ 0.95

Long-billed k semitorquata Lark, Karoo Certhilauda 4127 Karoolangbeklewerik ✔ 0.95

Long-billed subcoronata Lark, 22/04/200 456 Spotlewerik Mirafra cheniana 0.43 ✔ 0.24

Melodious 9 Lark, Pink- Spizocorys 490 Pienkbeklewerik ✔ 0.64

billed conirostris Lark, Red- Calandrella 488 Rooikoplewerik ✔ 1.59

capped cinerea Lark, Rufous- 23/01/201 26/01/201 458 Rooineklewerik Mirafra africana 8.57 1 ✔ 9.30

naped 4 0 Calendulauda

460 Lark, Sabota Sabotalewerik ✔ 0.24 sabota 474 Lark, Spike- Vlaktelewerik Chersomanes ✔ 1.91

Ecological Survey 86

Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Species Taxonomic SABAP Ref Afrikaans Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals name name 1 Rep Rep Report Rate Latest Rate Latest Latest s (%) (%)

heeled albofasciata Longclaw, Macronyx 30/12/201 703 Oranjekeelkalkoentjie 7.49 ✔ 16.61

Cape capensis 2 Mannikin, Spermestes 23.1 29/07/201 08/03/201 12/06/201 823 Gewone Fret 4.55 1 ✔ 6.68

Bronze cucullatus 3 4 4 0 Mannikin, Spermestes 11/09/201 822 Dikbekfret 1 ✘ 0.00 Magpie fringilloides 3 Martin, 510 Gebande Oewerswael Riparia cincta ✔ 0.87

Banded Martin, Afrikaanse Riparia 04/08/201 509 Brown- 1.07 ✔ 9.46 Oewerswael paludicola 4

throated 14.1 11/05/201 26/03/201 21/08/201

506 Martin, Rock Kransswael Hirundo fuligula 9.09 5 ✔ 26.63 3 4 3 0

508 Martin, Sand Europese Oewerswael Riparia riparia ✔ 0.48 Masked- 04/08/201 16/07/201 22/11/201 803 Weaver, Swartkeelgeelvink Ploceus velatus 98.5 50 23 ✔ 91.02 4 4 2

Southern Moorhen, Gallinula 71.5 04/08/201 18.1 28/06/201 26/09/201 210 Grootwaterhoender 11 ✔ 25.68

Common chloropus 2 4 8 4 2 Mousebird, 74.7 31/07/201 08/03/201 26/09/201 392 Rooiwangmuisvoel Urocolius indicus 9.09 8 ✔ 53.50

Red-faced 3 4 4 2 Mousebird, 04/08/201 28/06/201 26/09/201 390 Gevlekte Muisvoel Colius striatus 77.3 9.09 9 ✔ 76.39

Speckled 4 4 2 Mousebird, 391 Witkruismuisvoel Colius colius ✔ 2.31

White-backed Myna, Acridotheres 98.7 04/08/201 72.7 16/07/201 26/09/201 734 Indiese Spreeu 40 ✔ 91.10

Common tristis 2 4 3 4 2 Neddicky, Cisticola 39.6 04/08/201 20/03/201 637 Neddikkie 10 ✔ 14.79

Neddicky fulvicapilla 1 4 2 69 Night-Heron, Gewone Nagreier Nycticorax 11.9 20/07/201 1 13/07/200 ✔ 2.38

Ecological Survey 87

Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Species Taxonomic SABAP Ref Afrikaans Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals name name 1 Rep Rep Report Rate Latest Rate Latest Latest s (%) (%) Black- nycticorax 9 4 9

crowned Nightjar, Caprimulgus 373 Afrikaanse Naguil ✔ 0.16

Fiery-necked pectoralis Nightjar, Caprimulgus 374 Donkernaguil ✔ 2.07

Freckled tristigma Nightjar, Caprimulgus 372 Rufous- Rooiwangnaguil ✔ 0.16 rufigena

cheeked Olive-Pigeon, Columba 65.7 04/08/201 28/04/201 14/07/201 312 Geelbekbosduif 4.55 14 ✔ 11.84

African arquatrix 4 4 4 3 Oriole, Black- 21.4 21/09/201 14/07/200 521 Swartkopwielewaal Oriolus larvatus 1 ✔ 6.68

headed 1 3 9 Oriole, 519 Eurasian Europese Wielewaal Oriolus oriolus ✔ 1.35

Golden Osprey, Pandion 172 Visvalk ✔ 0.08

Osprey haliaetus Ostrich, 1 Volstruis Struthio camelus ✔ 0.08

Common 23/05/201

359 Owl, Barn Nonnetjie-uil Tyto alba 1 ✔ 7.00 2 25/12/201 07/06/201

361 Owl, Marsh Vlei-uil Asio capensis 1.07 1 ✔ 1.27 0 0 Painted- Rostratula 230 snipe, Goudsnip ✔ 0.16 benghalensis

Greater Palm-Swift, 65.3 04/08/201 31.8 31/12/201 26/09/201 387 Palmwindswael Cypsiurus parvus 10 ✔ 11.53

African 1 4 2 3 2 Paradise- Terpsiphone 28.9 09/03/201 13.6 03/11/201 25/01/201 682 Flycatcher, Paradysvlieevanger 6 ✔ 13.12 viridis 1 4 4 3 3

African

Ecological Survey 88

Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Species Taxonomic SABAP Ref Afrikaans Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals name name 1 Rep Rep Report Rate Latest Rate Latest Latest s (%) (%) Paradise- 30/01/201 852 Whydah, Gewone Paradysvink Vidua paradisaea 0.21 ✔ 0.32 0

Long-tailed Parakeet, Psittacula 29/07/201 941 Ringnekparkiet 3.21 ✔ 0.16

Rose-ringed krameri 4 Penduline-Tit, Anthoscopus 531 Kaapse Kapokvoel ✔ 0.24

Cape minutus Petronia, Petronia 788 Yellow- Geelvlekmossie ✔ 0.32 superciliaris

throated Pigeon, 76.6 04/08/201 13.6 28/06/201 26/09/201 311 Kransduif Columba guinea 19 ✔ 66.06

Speckled 6 4 4 4 2 Anthus 14/10/201

692 Pipit, African Gewone Koester 5.57 ✔ 5.56 cinnamomeus 2

695 Pipit, Buffy Vaalkoester Anthus vaalensis ✔ 0.79 Pipit, 699 Bosveldkoester Anthus caffer ✔ 0.16

Bushveld Pipit, Long- 693 Nicholsonse Koester Anthus similis ✔ 0.79

billed Pipit, Plain- Anthus 694 Donkerkoester ✔ 0.32

backed leucophrys Anthus

696 Pipit, Striped Gestreepte Koester ✔ 4.29 lineiventris Plover, Charadrius 233 Common Ringnekstrandkiewiet ✔ 0.16 hiaticula

Ringed Plover, Charadrius 16/02/201 238 Driebandstrandkiewiet 0.86 ✔ 6.60

Three-banded tricollaris 3 Pochard, Netta 20/06/200 102 Bruineend 0.43 ✔ 4.13

Southern erythrophthalma 9 Pratincole, Swartvlerksprinkaanvo Glareola 282 ✔ 0.24

Black-winged el nordmanni

Ecological Survey 89

Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Species Taxonomic SABAP Ref Afrikaans Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals name name 1 Rep Rep Report Rate Latest Rate Latest Latest s (%) (%) Prinia, Black- 10.0 30/01/201 650 Swartbandlangstertjie Prinia flavicans ✔ 16.14

chested 6 4 Prinia, 85.2 04/08/201 08/03/201 26/09/201 649 Tawny- Bruinsylangstertjie Prinia subflava 9.09 12 ✔ 21.22 2 4 4 2

flanked Puffback, Dryoscopus 45.6 20/07/201 25/12/201 712 Sneeubal 5 ✔ 13.43

Black-backed cubla 1 4 2 Quail, 189 Afrikaanse Kwartel Coturnix coturnix ✔ 0.79

Common Quailfinch, Ortygospiza 23/12/201 844 Gewone Kwartelvinkie 0.21 ✔ 2.07

African atricollis 1 Quelea, Red- 22/12/201 805 Rooibekkwelea Quelea quelea 1.93 ✔ 1.59

billed 3 Rallus

197 Rail, African Grootriethaan ✔ 0.95 caerulescens Reed- Acrocephalus 17.7 28/12/201 26/09/201 606 Warbler, Kleinrietsanger 1 ✔ 1.91 baeticatus 7 3 2

African Reed- Acrocephalus 28/03/200 09/03/201 603 Warbler, Grootrietsanger 0.21 1 ✔ 1.03 arundinaceus 9 3

Great Robin-Chat, 84.3 04/08/201 18.1 28/06/201 25/12/201 581 Gewone Janfrederik Cossypha caffra 10 ✔ 74.96

Cape 7 4 8 4 2 Robin-Chat, Cossypha 22/04/200 582 White- Witkeeljanfrederik 0.21 ✔ 0.16 humeralis 9

throated Rock-Thrush, Monticola 559 Kaapse Kliplyster ✔ 12.16

Cape rupestris Rock-Thrush, Monticola 560 Langtoonkliplyster ✔ 0.08

Sentinel explorator Rock-Thrush, Monticola 561 Korttoonkliplyster ✔ 0.08

Short-toed brevipes

Ecological Survey 90

Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Species Taxonomic SABAP Ref Afrikaans Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals name name 1 Rep Rep Report Rate Latest Rate Latest Latest s (%) (%) Roller, 412 Europese Troupant Coracias garrulus ✔ 0.08

European Roller, Lilac- Coracias 413 Gewone Troupant ✔ 0.08

breasted caudatus Philomachus

256 Ruff, Ruff Kemphaan ✔ 0.79 pugnax Rush- Bradypterus 21/11/200 609 Kaapse Vleisanger 0.64 ✔ 1.99

Warbler, Little baboecala 9 Sandpiper, Actitis 258 Gewone Ruiter ✔ 0.79

Common hypoleucos Sandpiper, 259 Witgatruiter Tringa ochropus ✔ 0.08

Green Sandpiper, 262 Moerasruiter Tringa stagnatilis ✔ 0.56

Marsh Sandpiper, 264 Bosruiter Tringa glareola ✔ 1.51

Wood Scimitarbill, Rhinopomastus 421 Swartbekkakelaar ✔ 0.72

Common cyanomelas Scrub-Robin, Cercotrichas 586 Kalahariwipstert ✔ 0.16

Kalahari paena Scrub-Robin, Cercotrichas 588 Gestreepte Wipstert ✔ 0.24

White-browed leucophrys Secretarybird, Sagittarius 105 Sekretarisvoel ✔ 0.24

Secretarybird serpentarius Seedeater, 04/08/201 26/02/201 867 Streaky- Streepkopkanarie Crithagra gularis 1.28 1 ✔ 19.48 4 0

headed Shelduck, Tadorna 04/04/201 1340 2.14 ✘ 0.00 Ruddy ferruginea 4 Shelduck, 22/02/200 90 Kopereend Tadorna cana 0.21 ✔ 0.40

South African 9

161 Shikra, Shikra Gebande Sperwer Accipiter badius 0.64 02/03/201 ✔ 0.16

Ecological Survey 91

Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Species Taxonomic SABAP Ref Afrikaans Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals name name 1 Rep Rep Report Rate Latest Rate Latest Latest s (%) (%) 1 Shoveler, 94 Kaapse Slopeend Anas smithii ✔ 0.79

Cape Shrike, Laniarius 711 Crimson- Rooiborslaksman ✔ 0.40 atrococcineus

breasted Shrike, 04/11/200 706 Gryslaksman Lanius minor 0.21 ✔ 0.16

Lesser Grey 8 Shrike, Corvinella 724 Langstertlaksman ✔ 0.48

Magpie melanoleuca Shrike, Red- 07/02/201 708 Rooiruglaksman Lanius collurio 0.21 ✔ 0.32

backed 1 Snake-Eagle, Circaetus 146 Swartborsslangarend ✔ 0.48

Black-chested pectoralis Gallinago

250 Snipe, African Afrikaanse Snip ✔ 3.50 nigripennis Sparrow, Passer 94.6 04/08/201 36.3 28/06/201 25/12/201 786 Gewone Mossie 25 ✔ 89.59

Cape melanurus 5 4 6 4 2 Sparrow, Passer 52.4 29/07/201 26/03/201 22/11/201 784 Huismossie 9.09 8 ✔ 66.45

House domesticus 6 4 3 2 Sparrow, 3852 Northern Witkeelmossie Passer griseus ✔ 12.56

Grey-headed Sparrow, 58.0 29/07/201 26/03/201 29/12/201 4142 Southern Gryskopmossie Passer diffusus 4.55 5 ✔ 12.56 3 4 3 1

Grey-headed Sparrow- Plocepasser 780 Weaver, Koringvoel ✔ 0.48 mahali

White-browed Sparrowhawk Accipiter 31/07/201 18.1 28/06/201 30/04/201 159 Swartsperwer 33.4 11 ✔ 2.15

, Black melanoleucus 4 8 4 3

Ecological Survey 92

Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Species Taxonomic SABAP Ref Afrikaans Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals name name 1 Rep Rep Report Rate Latest Rate Latest Latest s (%) (%) Sparrowhawk 27.1 11/05/201 06/08/201 158 Kleinsperwer Accipiter minullus 6 ✔ 0.32

, Little 9 4 3 Sparrowhawk Accipiter 41.5 11/05/201 27/04/201 30/04/201 157 Ovambosperwer 9.09 7 ✔ 1.67

, Ovambo ovampensis 4 4 4 3 Spoonbill, 21/11/200 85 Lepelaar Platalea alba 0.64 ✔ 6.60

African 9 Spurfowl, Pternistis 04/08/201 185 Bosveldfisant 4.71 ✔ 19.00

Swainson's swainsonii 4 Starling, Lamprotornis 93.3 04/08/201 16/07/201 22/12/201 737 Kleinglansspreeu 50 27 ✔ 52.54

Cape Glossy nitens 6 4 4 3 08/08/201

746 Starling, Pied Witgatspreeu Spreo bicolor 0.21 ✔ 30.52 0 Starling, Red- Onychognathus 17.9 04/08/201 21/02/201 29/12/201 745 Rooivlerkspreeu 9.09 1 ✔ 14.63

winged morio 9 4 3 3 Starling, Cinnyricinclus 736 Witborsspreeu ✔ 1.27

Violet-backed leucogaster Starling, Creatophora 735 Lelspreeu ✔ 1.11

Wattled cinerea Stilt, Black- Himantopus 270 Rooipootelsie ✔ 0.32

winged himantopus

253 Stint, Little Kleinstrandloper Calidris minuta ✔ 0.32 Stonechat, Saxicola 04/08/201 05/12/200 576 Gewone Bontrokkie 8.14 1 ✔ 15.90

African torquatus 4 8 Stork, 78 Kleinswartooievaar Ciconia abdimii ✔ 0.40

Abdim's 28/03/201

80 Stork, White Witooievaar Ciconia ciconia 0.21 ✔ 0.72 0 Stork, Yellow- 76 Nimmersat Mycteria ibis ✔ 0.08

billed Sunbird, Chalcomitra 63.8 04/08/201 26/09/201 772 Swartsuikerbekkie 8 ✔ 35.77

Amethyst amethystina 1 4 2

Ecological Survey 93

Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Species Taxonomic SABAP Ref Afrikaans Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals name name 1 Rep Rep Report Rate Latest Rate Latest Latest s (%) (%) Sunbird, Greater Groot- 10/02/201 758 Cinnyris afer 0.43 ✔ 8.27 Double- rooibandsuikerbekkie 4

collared Sunbird, Nectarinia 751 Jangroentjie ✔ 12.32

Malachite famosa Sunbird, Cinnyris 755 Maricosuikerbekkie ✔ 0.56

Marico mariquensis Sunbird, 54.8 04/08/201 26/09/201 763 Witpenssuikerbekkie Cinnyris talatala 8 ✔ 25.04

White-bellied 2 4 2 Swallow, 04/04/201 13.6 26/03/201 28/03/201 493 Europese Swael Hirundo rustica 21.2 5 ✔ 32.67

Barn 4 4 3 2 Swallow, 52.8 11/05/201 27.2 31/12/201 01/01/201 502 Greater Grootstreepswael Hirundo cucullata 15 ✔ 34.34 9 4 7 3 4

Striped Swallow, Hirundo 04/08/201 503 Lesser Kleinstreepswael 4.07 ✔ 21.94 abyssinica 4

Striped Swallow, PiAÂ¿AÂ½relborsswa 498 Pearl- Hirundo dimidiata ✔ 0.40 el

breasted Swallow, 501 Rooiborsswael Hirundo semirufa ✔ 3.82

Red-breasted Swallow, Hirundo 39.8 09/04/201 13.6 26/03/201 26/09/201 495 White- Witkeelswael 4 ✔ 22.18 albigularis 3 4 4 3 2

throated Swamp- Acrocephalus 10/08/201 604 Warbler, Kaapse Rietsanger 3.21 ✔ 8.66 gracilirostris 3

Lesser Porphyrio Swamphen, 27/03/201 208 Grootkoningriethaan madagascariensi 0.21 ✔ 4.21

African Purple 1 s

Ecological Survey 94

Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Species Taxonomic SABAP Ref Afrikaans Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals name name 1 Rep Rep Report Rate Latest Rate Latest Latest s (%) (%)

884 Swan, Mute Swaan Cygnus olor ✔ 0.32 Swift, African 10/02/201 380 Swartwindswael Apus barbatus 0.64 ✔ 5.56

Black 4 Tachymarptis

386 Swift, Alpine Witpenswindswael ✔ 0.48 melba Swift, 26/12/201 17/12/201 378 Europese Windswael Apus apus 0.86 4.55 ✔ 0.32

Common 2 2

384 Swift, Horus Horuswindswael Apus horus ✔ 1.99 23.3 31/07/201 13.6 28/04/201 28/10/201

385 Swift, Little Kleinwindswael Apus affinis 3 ✔ 30.84 4 4 4 4 0 Swift, White- 50.3 09/04/201 22.7 21/04/201 25/12/201 383 Witkruiswindswael Apus caffer 17 ✔ 27.50

rumped 2 4 3 3 2 Tchagra, Tchagra 20/09/200 715 Black- Swartkroontjagra 0.43 ✔ 7.07 senegalus 9

crowned Tchagra, 21/11/201 714 Brown- Rooivlerktjagra Tchagra australis 0.43 ✔ 0.79 0

crowned

98 Teal, Cape Teeleend Anas capensis ✔ 0.08 Teal, Red- Anas 27/02/201 97 Rooibekeend 0.21 ✔ 4.53

billed erythrorhyncha 3 Tern, Chlidonias 04/10/200 305 Witbaardsterretjie 0.21 ✔ 0.16

Whiskered hybrida 9 Tern, White- Chlidonias 304 Witvlerksterretjie ✔ 0.64

winged leucopterus Thick-knee, Burhinus 22/06/201 28/06/201 15/07/200 275 Gewone Dikkop 46.9 4.55 1 ✔ 39.11

Spotted capensis 4 4 9 Thrush, Psophocichla 557 Groundscrap Gevlekte Lyster ✔ 1.67 litsipsirupa

er 1104 Thrush, Geelbeklyster Turdus smithi 88.0 04/08/201 18.1 28/06/201 19 20/11/201 ✔ 85.37

Ecological Survey 95

Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Species Taxonomic SABAP Ref Afrikaans Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals name name 1 Rep Rep Report Rate Latest Rate Latest Latest s (%) (%)

Karoo 1 4 8 4 2 Thrush, Turdus 23/01/201 552 Rooibeklyster 0.64 ✔ 12.88

Kurrichane libonyanus 4

1105 Thrush, Olive Olyflyster Turdus olivaceus ✔ 85.37 Tinkerbird, Pogoniulus 24/08/200 437 Yellow- Geelblestinker 0.21 ✔ 8.35 chrysoconus 9

fronted Parus

514 Tit, Ashy Akasiagrysmees ✔ 3.02 cinerascens Tit, Southern 527 Gewone Swartmees Parus niger ✔ 0.79

Black Tit-Babbler, Parisoma 30/12/201 658 Chestnut- Bosveldtjeriktik 0.64 ✔ 1.27 subcaeruleum 0

vented Turtle-Dove, Streptopelia 88.0 04/08/201 08/03/201 22/11/201 316 Gewone Tortelduif 4.55 11 ✔ 82.67

Cape capicola 1 4 4 2 Gyps 22/01/201

106 Vulture, Cape Kransaasvoel 0.43 ✔ 1.51 coprotheres 1 Wagtail, 685 Bontkwikkie Motacilla aguimp ✔ 0.32

African Pied Motacilla 34.0 04/08/201 26/03/201 29/12/201

686 Wagtail, Cape Gewone Kwikkie 9.09 2 ✔ 75.83 capensis 5 4 3 1 Warbler, 20/03/201 595 Tuinsanger Sylvia borin 0.43 ✔ 0.72

Garden 0 Warbler, 596 Spotsanger Hippolais icterina ✔ 0.08

Icterine Warbler, Acrocephalus 23/12/201 607 Europese Rietsanger 0.64 ✔ 0.56

Marsh palustris 2 Warbler, Acrocephalus 608 Europese Vleisanger ✔ 0.87

Sedge schoenobaenus 599 Warbler, Hofsanger Phylloscopus 22.2 10/02/201 ✔ 8.51

Ecological Survey 96

Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Species Taxonomic SABAP Ref Afrikaans Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals name name 1 Rep Rep Report Rate Latest Rate Latest Latest s (%) (%)

Willow trochilus 7 4 Waxbill, Estrilda 841 Swartwangsysie ✔ 0.16

Black-faced erythronotos Uraeginthus

839 Waxbill, Blue Gewone Blousysie ✔ 1.75 angolensis Waxbill, 06/11/201 843 Rooibeksysie Estrilda astrild 5.57 ✔ 6.68

Common 3 Waxbill, Amandava 27/03/201 838 Orange- Rooiassie 1.07 ✔ 2.07 subflava 1

breasted Coccopygia

825 Waxbill, Swee Suidelike Swie ✔ 0.08 melanotis Weaver, 18.6 06/11/201 07/06/201 799 Kaapse Wewer Ploceus capensis 1 ✔ 31.64

Cape 3 3 0 Weaver, Amblyospiza 11/05/201 28/04/201 14/07/201 804 Dikbekwewer 42.4 4.55 6 ✔ 0.95

Thick-billed albifrons 4 4 3 Weaver, Ploceus 20/09/200 797 Bontrugwewer 0.21 ✔ 0.87

Village cucullatus 9 Wheatear, 568 Hoeveldskaapwagter Oenanthe pileata ✔ 2.15

Capped Wheatear, Oenanthe 09/10/200 564 Bergwagter 0.43 ✔ 15.82

Mountain monticola 9 White-eye, 87.5 04/08/201 22.7 28/06/201 26/09/201 1172 Kaapse Glasogie Zosterops virens 15 ✔ 79.65

Cape 8 4 3 4 2 White-eye, Zosterops 1171 Gariepglasogie ✔ 79.65

Orange River pallidus Whitethroat, 06/12/201 594 Witkeelsanger Sylvia communis 0.21 ✘ 0.00 Common 0 Whydah, Pin- 12.2 23/01/201 846 Koningrooibekkie Vidua macroura ✔ 18.20

tailed 1 4 Widowbird, Euplectes 22/04/200 816 Kortstertflap 0.43 ✘ 0.00 Fan-tailed axillaris 9

Ecological Survey 97

Proposed Construction of a pedestrian bridge at Kya Sands informal settlement, Gauteng Province. August 2014

Species Taxonomic SABAP Ref Afrikaans Full protocol Adhoc protocol Incidentals name name 1 Rep Rep Report Rate Latest Rate Latest Latest s (%) (%) Widowbird, 10/12/201 818 Langstertflap Euplectes progne 4.07 ✔ 17.81

Long-tailed 1 Widowbird, 10/12/201 813 Rooikeelflap Euplectes ardens 4.93 ✔ 18.84

Red-collared 1 Widowbird, Euplectes 27/03/201 814 Witvlerkflap 1.93 ✔ 3.18

White-winged albonotatus 1 Wood- Phoeniculus 58.4 29/07/201 13.6 28/04/201 22/11/201 419 Hoopoe, Rooibekkakelaar 4 ✔ 48.33 purpureus 6 4 4 4 2

Green Woodpecker, Dendropicos 451 Baardspeg ✔ 0.56

Bearded namaquus Woodpecker, Dendropicos 13.0 22/06/201 450 Kardinaalspeg ✔ 9.46

Cardinal fuscescens 6 4 Woodpecker, Campethera 26/12/200 29/06/200 447 Goudstertspeg 0.86 4.55 ✔ 6.60

Golden-tailed abingoni 9 8 Wren- Calamonastes 614 Warbler, Gebande Sanger ✔ 0.08 fasciolatus

Barred Wryneck, 04/08/201 12/04/201 453 Draaihals Jynx ruficollis 40.9 7 ✔ 30.60

Red-throated 4 1

Ecological Survey 98