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'And do you know how that world does not become full with the many people who depart to it again and again?' 'No' was all he said. 'And do you know how many offerings have to be offered before the waters take on a human voice, rise up, and speak?' 'No' was all he said. 'And do you know how to reach the path that leads to the gods or the one that leads to the ancestors — what they do to reach the path that leads to the gods or the one that leads to the ancestors? For we have heard the saying of the Åñi:

I have heard of two ways for mortals, To the ancestors and to the gods: By them goes everything that moves Between the father and the mother.'

'I do not know a single one of these things,' he said. Halebidu Rishi, Hoysala sculpture 3. The prince invited him to stay with him, but the young man, not honouring his hospitality, ran away. He came to his father and said, 'Now, father, b&hdar{yk %pin;dœ you said before that we had been educated!' 'What of it, clever one?' Båhadäraëyaka Upaniñad 'A princeling asked me five questions, and I do not know a single one of them.' CHAPTER 2 'What are they?' 'These' — and he told him the subjects. 1. Çvetaketu Äruëeya came to an assembly of the 4. He said, 'You should know me, son: whatever Païcälas. He approached Jaivali Pravähaëa, who I know, I have taught you. But come, we two will was being waited on by his entourage. Seeing him, go to him and live with him as his students.' the prince called, 'Young man!' 'You go, father.' 'Sir?' he called back. Gautama went to Pravähaëa Jaivali's house. 'Have you been educated by your father?' The prince offered him a seat, had water brought 'OÀ,' he said. for him, and welcomed him as an honoured guest. 2. 'Do you know,' cried the prince, 'how people, He said, 'We grant a boon to the blessed Gautama.' when they depart, go in different directions?' 5. He said, 'I accept the boon. Tell me the words 'No,' he said. you spoke in the presence of the young man.' 'And do you know how they come back to this 6. He said, 'Gautama, that falls among boons for world again?' the gods. Name something that belongs to human 'No,' he said. beings.' Introduction to Asian Philosophy The Upanishads—2

7. He said, 'It is well known, that I have plenty of person. From that offering a person of the colour of gold, cows and horses; slave-women, coverings light arises. and clothing. Sir, do not stint me of what is great, 15. 'Those who know this, and those who in the endless, unlimited.' forest worship faith as truth, go into the flame, from 'Then, Gautama, you should ask for it in the the flame into the day, from the day into the proper way.' waxing fortnight, from the waxing fortnight into The ancients used to go to-their teachers by the six months in which the sun goes northward, saying, 'I come to you, sir' : and so Gautama from the months into the world of the gods, from became his student by announcing that he was the world of the gods into the sun, from the sun going to him. into that which is made of lightning. The person of 8. He said, 'Gautama, may you not be displeased mind goes to those beings of lightning and leads with us, nor your grandfathers either, but this them to the world of Brahmä. Exalted, far above, knowledge has never before lived in any they dwell in the worlds of Brahmä. For them there Brähmaëa. But I will teach it to you: for who could is no returning. refuse you when you ask in this way? 16. 'But those who win worlds by sacrifice, giving 9. 'That world is a fire, Gautama., The sun is its and asceticism go into the smoke, from the smoke fuel; the rays its smoke; the day its flame; the into the night, from the night into the waning directions its embers; the intermediate directions fortnight, from the waning fortnight into the six its sparks. In that fire the gods offer faith (çraddhä). months in which the sun goes southward, from the From that offering King arises. months into the world of the ancestors, from the 10. 'Parjanya is a fire, Gautama. The year is his world of the ancestors into the moon. fuel; the clouds his smoke; the lightning his flame; 'Reaching the moon, they become food. There the thunderbolt his embers; the hailstones his the gods partake of them, as they do of King Soma, sparks. In that fire the gods offer King Soma. From saying, "Grow full!": "Wane!" that offering rain arises. 'When that passes away for them, they enter 11. 'This world is a fire, Gautama. The earth is its into space, from space into the air, from the air into fuel; fire its smoke; the night its flame; the moon the rain, from the rain into the earth. its embers; the constellations its sparks. In that fire 'Reaching the earth, they become food. They are the gods offer rain. From that offering food arises. offered again in the fire of a man, and from that are 12. 'A man (puruña) is a fire, Gautama. The open born in the fire of a young woman, rising again to mouth is his fuel; breath his smoke; speech his the worlds. So they circle around. But those who do flame; the eye his embers; the ear his sparks. In not know the two paths become worms, flying that fire the gods offer food. From that offering the things, and everything that bites.' seed arises.' 13. 'A young woman is a fire, Gautama. The loins ` are her fuel; the body-hairs her smoke; the vagina * * * her flame; what one does inside, her embers; the pleasures her sparks. In that fire the gods offer the seed. From that offering a person arises. He lives as long as he lives, and when he dies — 14. 'They carry him to the fire. Then his fire becomes the fire; his fuel the fuel; his smoke the smoke; his flame the flame; his embers the embers; his sparks the sparks. In that fire the gods offer the Introduction to Asian Philosophy The Upanishads—3

9. 'Brahmä, since you, a guest to be honoured, kQ %pin;dœ Have stayed three nights in my house, unfed, Homage to you, Brahmä! May it be well with Kaöha Upaniñad me! Choose three boons.' BOOK I 1. OÀ. Uçan Väjaçravasa once offered a sacrifice 10. 'May Gautama, his mind at peace, well- entailing the giving away of all his possessions. He disposed, had a son called Naciketas. His anger towards me gone, O Death, 2. Though he was just a boy, when the gifts of Greet me, content, when I am released by you. cattle were being led away, faith entered him and I choose this as the first of the three boons.' he thought: 11. 'Auddälaka Äruëi, released by me, 3. 'They have drunk their water and eaten their Shall be content as before. grass, He shall sleep well nights, his anger gone, Have given their milk, senseless ones: Once he has seen you set free from the mouth "Joyless" are the worlds called of Death.' To which goes the one who gives these.' 12. 'In the heavenly world there is no fear: 4. And he said to his father, 'Daddy, to whom You are not there, nor does one fear old age: will you give me?' A second and a third time he Having crossed over both hunger and thirst, said it. One rejoices in that heavenly world beyond 'I give you to Death!' sorrow.

5. 'First of many I go; 13. 'You teach me, Death, about the heavenly fire. Midst of many I go. Tell it to me, who have faith. What work has to do The heavenly worlds share in immortality. That he will be doing with me? I choose this by way of my second boon.'

6. 'Looking towards those before me 14. 'I will tell you, Naciketas, so listen to me And looking back at those who come after — And learn of the heavenly fire. Like the crops a mortal ripens Know of this, which is kept in a secret place — And like the crops springs up again.' How to win an endless world, and remain there.' 7. As fire a Brähmaëa Guest enters a house, 15. He taught him of the fire, the beginning of the And so they quench him. world, Bring water, son of Vivasvat! What bricks to use and how many, and how to build it — 8. From that man of little wit And he repeated it back as it had been told to In whose house he stays, unfed, him. A Brähmaëa takes hope and expectation, Then Death, satisfied, spoke again. Friendship, happiness, action and merit, sons and cattle — everything. Introduction to Asian Philosophy The Upanishads—4

16. The great-hearted (mahätman) one, pleased, And no one else can be found who can teach said, this as you can, 'Today I give you another favour: There is no boon to equal this.' This fire will be known by your name. Grasp this chain with its many forms. 23. 'Choose a hundred years, sons and grandsons, Many cattle, elephants, gold, horses: 17. 'The one of three Näciketa-fires, who has Choose a great estate of land, attained union with the three, And yourself live as many autumns as you Who does the three works, crosses over birth will. and death. Knowing the god, worthy of offerings, who 24. 'If you think fit, choose another boon, equal to knows all that is born from , this, And building the fires, he reaches this Wealth and long life too. surpassing peace. Naciketas, enter a great realm of desires: I will make you the enjoyer of your desires. 18. 'The one of three Näciketa-fires, knowing this threesome, 25. 'Whatsoever desires are hard to obtain in the Who, knowing this, builds up the Näciketa, mortal world, Thrusting Death's snares from before him, Ask for them all, at your ill. Going beyond sorrow, rejoices in a heavenly Here are fair ladies, with , with musical world. instruments, Their like not to be won by men. 19. 'Naciketas, since you chose the heavenly fire Enjoy yourself with them — I give them to you By way of your second boon, —Naciketas, but do not ask me about dying.' Folk will speak of this fire as yours. Naciketas, choose your third boon.' 26. 'Ephemeral things, Ender! Since they wear out The potency of all a mortal's faculties, 20. 'There is doubt concerning a man who has And all life is so short, departed. The chariots are yours, the dance and song Some say, "He is", and others say, "He is yours still. not." Taught by you, I would know this. 27. 'A human being cannot be satisfied by wealth. This is the third of my boons.' Shall we get wealth if we have seen you? We shall live just as long as you decree. 21. 'This was doubted here too, by the gods That boon of mine is the only one to choose. before: It is a subtle , not easily understood. 28. 'Once he has encountered the agelessness of the Choose a different boon, Naciketas. immortals, Do not, do not insist: release me from this.' How could the ageing mortal, dwelling on earth below, understanding this, 22. 'So this was doubted here too, by the gods! Contemplating their beauty, pleasures and Since you, Death, tell me it is not easily delights, understood, Find pleasure in very long life? Introduction to Asian Philosophy The Upanishads—5

29. 'Tell us, Death, what people are doubtful of Thinking, "This is the world: there is no other", In the great matter of their passing away. Again and again he comes into my power. Naciketas chooses no other boon but this one That is so deeply hidden.' 7. 'What many will not get the chance even to hear of, BOOK II What many, though hearing, do not know — 1. 'The better is one thing, the pleasanter Wonderful is the speaker of it, skilled the another: winner of it, Both bind a man, to different ends. Wonderful the knower of it, taught by a Of the two, it is well for the one who chooses skilled one. the better. The one who chooses the pleasanter fails of 8. 'Through the teaching of an inferior man it his end. cannot easily be known, Though it be thought about in many ways: 2. 'When both have examined the better and the There is no way to it without another's pleasanter human course, teaching, The wise one discriminates between the two. For it is subtler than the subtle, not to be The wise one chooses the better over the reasoned out. pleasanter; The foolish one chooses the pleasanter, for 9. 'This thought, which cannot be grasped by the sake of getting and enjoying. reasoning, Yet is easily known when taught by another, 3. 'You, Naciketas, contemplating desires You, my dear, have grasped. How steadfast in Both pleasant and pleasant-appearing, have truth you are! let them go. May we find another questioner like you!' You have not taken on this chain made of wealth [Naciketas:] Into which many human beings have 10. 'I know that what is called treasure is plunged. impermanent, That what is constant cannot be got through 4. 'These two are far apart, disparate, inconstant means, Ignorance and what is called wisdom. So I have built the Naciketa-fire: I think Naciketas is a seeker of wisdom: Through impermanent objects I have won the Many desires have not distracted you. permanent.’

5. 'Living in the midst of ignorance, [Yama:] Wise in their own view, thinking themselves 11. 'Fulfilment of desire, a firm foundation in the learned, world, The foolish rush about, Infinity of power, the further shore of Like blind men led by one who is blind. fearlessness, Greatness of praise, a wide-ranging foundation, 6. 'Intoxicated, deluded by the glamour of riches, Naciketas, you have seen, and, being wise, The childish one does not see that he must have steadfastly let go. pass away: Introduction to Asian Philosophy The Upanishads—6

12. 'By the study of the of the self, the wise 19. 'If the slayer thinks it slays; one knows as god If the one who is slain thinks it is slain: That which is hard to see, that is deeply Neither of them understands. hidden, It does not slay, nor is it slain. That lies in a secret place, that rests in the depths, ancient, 20. 'Subtler than the subtle, greater than the great, And abandons joy and sorrow. The self is hidden in the secret place of a being. 13. 'Hearing and grasping this, a mortal, One without will, through the creator's favour, Drawing out that which belongs to dharma, Sees the greatness of the self, his sorrow at an attains this subtle one. end. Then he rejoices, for he has won what is worthy of rejoicing. 21. 'Sitting, it travels far. I consider Naciketas a fitting home for this. Lying down, it goes everywhere. Who else but I (mad-) is able to know 14. 'It is different from dharma, different from not- The god who is ever delighted (madämada). dharma, Different from this that is made and 22. 'Knowing this great all-pervading self — unmade, Bodiless among bodies, Different from both past and future. Stable among the unstable Tell me what you see!' The wise one does not grieve.

[Naciketas cannot, so Yama continues:] 23. 'The self cannot be won by speaking, 15. 'The word which all the recollect, . Nor by intelligence or much learning. Of which all ascetic practices speak, It can be won by the one whom it chooses. Searching for which folk live as students of To him the self reveals its own form. brahman, I will tell you in brief. 24. 'Neither the one who has not ceased from It is OÀ. wrongdoing, Nor the unpeaceful nor the unconcentrated, 16. 'This syllable is brahman. Nor the one of unpeaceful mind This syllable is supreme. Can win it through knowing. Knowing this syllable, Whatever one wishes for one has. 25. 'The one for whom priesthood (brahman) and royalty (kñatra), 17. 'This support is the best. Both, are the rice This support is supreme. And death is the sauce: Knowing this support, Who, truly, knows where he is? One is honoured in the world of Brahmä.

18. 'The wise one is not born, nor does it die. It is not from anywhere, nor was it anyone. Unborn, everlasting, eternal, primeval, It is not slain when the body is slain. Introduction to Asian Philosophy The Upanishads—7

BOOK VI Knowing which, a being is liberated 1. 'There is an eternal pipal tree And reaches immortality. With its roots above, its branches below. It is the bright; it is brahman; 9. 'Its form is not present to the sight It is called the immortal. No one sees it with the eye. On it all the worlds depend: The wise one, adept in mind, sees it in his No one goes beyond it. heart. This is that. Those who know it become immortal.

2. 'Whatever there is that moves, 10. 'When the five knowings cease, The breath impels it as it is sent forth. Together with the mind, It is a great terror, an upraised thunderbolt. And the intelligence does not stir, They who know this become immortal. They call that the highest bourn.

3. 'From fear of it, burns. 11. 'This steadfast control of the senses From fear, Sürya shines. Is known as "yoga" — From fear both and Väyu, Then one becomes undistracted: And Death, as fifth, run on. For yoga is the origin and the passing away.

4. 'If one has been able to wake up to it here 12. 'It cannot be won Before the break-up of the body, By speech or mind or eye. One is fitted to attain a body How can it be grasped in any other way In the worlds of creation. Than by one saying, "It is!"

5. 'In oneself, it appears as though in a mirror; 13. 'It can be grasped so: "It is!" In the world of the ancestors, as though in a Through the real nature of both. dream; When it has been grasped so: "It is!" In the world of the gandharvas, as though it Its real nature becomes clear. appeared in water; In the world of Brahmä, as though in bright 14. 'When all the desires that dwell light and shadow. In one's heart are let go, Mortal becomes immortal: 6. 'Knowing the senses to be separate, One reaches brahman here. Likewise the rising and setting Of things that arise separately, 15. 'When all the knots of The wise one does not grieve. The heart here are broken, Mortal becomes immortal: 7. 'The mind is higher than the senses, This is the teaching. Being () higher than the mind: The great self is above being, 16. 'A hundred and one are the channels of the The unmanifest higher than the great. heart. Of them, one flows out through the head. 8. 'Above the unmanifest is the person, Going up by it, one reaches immortality. Pervading and without mark, Others, on departing, go in all directions. Introduction to Asian Philosophy The Upanishads—8

17. 'The person, a thumb in length, in the midst of 4. 'Good lad, just as through one lump of clay the self, everything made of clay is known, so difference of Ever resting in the hearts of people, shape is just name,' dependent on speech: "clay" is One should by wisdom draw out from one's the reality. own body 5. 'Good lad, just as through one copper ornament Like the cane from a muïja-reed. everything made of copper is known, so difference One should know it as the bright, the of shape is just name, dependent on speech: immortal. "copper'" is the reality. One should know it as the bright, the 6. 'Good lad, just as through one nail-clipper immortal.’ everything made of iron is known, so difference of shape is just name, dependent on speech: "iron" is 18. Naciketas, having received this knowledge, the reality. Such, good lad, is the symbolic ,taught by Death, statement.' And the complete method of yoga, 7. 'The blessed ones certainly did not know this, Attaining brahman, became free of impurity, for, if they had known it, how would they not have deathless, told me? Blessed one, you tell me about it.' And so will any other who knows it in 'I will, good lad,' he said. relation to the self (ätman).

` CHAPTER 8 1. Uddälaka Äruëi once said to his son, Çvetaketu, DaNdaeGy %pin;dœ 'Good lad, learn from me about the state of sleep. When a person "sleeps", as it is called, then, good Chändogya Upaniñad lad, he has entered into being; he is merged with his own. That is why they say of him, "He sleeps" BOOK VI (svapiti), for he is merged with his own (svam apéta). CHAPTER I 2. 'Just as a bird, tied by a thread, flies in every 1. OÀ. There once was a boy called Çvetaketu direction but, failing to reach a home elsewhere, Äruëeya . His father said to him, Çvetaketu, go returns to its bondage, so, good lad, the mind flies and live as a brahmacärin. Good lad, there is no one in every direction but, failing to reach a home in our family who is just a Brähmaëa by birth, elsewhere, returns to the breath. For, good lad, the without learning.' mind is bound to breath. 2. So at twelve years old he went, and at twenty- 3. 'Good lad, learn from me about hunger and four years old he returned, having learned all the thirst. When a person here "is hungry", as it is Vedas, haughty, proud of his learning, and called, then water leads the food (açitaà nayante). So opinionated. His father said to him, Çvetaketu, they call water "the leader of food" (açanäya = good lad, since you are haughty, proud of your hunger), just like a leader of cows (gonäya), a leader learning, and opinionated, did you ask for the of horses (açvanäya), a leader of men (puruñanäya). symbolic statement Good lad, learn from me where this shoot has 3. 'by which the unheard becomes heard, the sprung from: it cannot be rootless. unthought thought, and the unknown known?' 4. 'Where else could its root be, but in food? Good 'Blessed one, what sort of symbolic statement lad, through food as the shoot seek for water as the is that?' root. Good lad, through water as the shoot seek for heat as the root. Good lad, through heat as the Introduction to Asian Philosophy The Upanishads—9 shoot seek for being as the root. Good lad, all 'Blessed one, explain it to me further.' creatures have being as their root, being as their 'I will, good lad,' he said. home, being as their base. 5. 'When a person "is thirsty",'as it is called"then CHAPTER 10 heat leads the drink. So they call heat "leader of 1. 'Good lad, the eastern rivers flow east and the water" (udanyä = thirst), just like a leader of cows, western rivers flow west, and from the sea merge a leader of horses, a leader of men. Good lad, learn into the sea: That is just sea. Just as there they do from me where this shoot has sprung from: it not know "I am that river", "I am that river", cannot be rootless. 2. 'so, good lad, all creatures, once they have come 6. 'Where else could its root be, but in water? forth from being, do not know that they have come Good lad, through water as the shoot seek for heat forth from being. Whatever they are here — a as the root. Good lad, through heat as the shoot tiger,a lion, a wolf, a boar, a worm, a flying thing, a seek for being as the root. Good lad, all creatures gnat or a mosquito — they become that. have being as their root, being as their home, 3. 'This subtle part is what all this has as self. It is being as their base. truth: it is the self. You are that, Çvetaketu.' 'Good lad, I have said before how those three 'Blessed one, explain it to me further.' deities each become threefold — each one 'I will, good lad,' he said. threefold — when they come into contact with the person. Good lad, when the person departs, his CHAPTER 11 speech enters into mind, his mind into breath, his 1. 'Good lad, if someone were to strike at the root breath into heat, his heat into the highest deity. of this great tree, it would ooze sap but live. If 7. 'This subtle part is what all this has as self someone were to strike at the middle, it would ooze (ätman). It is truth: it is the self. You are that (tat sap but live. If someone were to strike at the top, it tvam asi), Çvetaketu.' would ooze sap but live. Pervaded by the life, by 'Blessed one, explain it to me further.' the self, it stands, happy, everdrinking. 'I will, good lad,' he said. 2. 'If the life leaves one branch of it; that branch driesup. If it leaves a second, that dries up. If it leaves a third, that dries up. If it leaves the whole tree, the whole dries up. Good lad, know that this CHAPTER 9 is the same,' he said. 1. 'Good lad, just as bees secrete honey by 3. 'When separated from the life, it dies, but the collecting the nectars from different kinds of trees, life does not die. This subtle part is what all this has and combine the nectar into oneness, as self. It is truth: it is the self. Yau are that, 2. 'and just as there they do not keep any Çvetaketu.' distinction, so as to be able to say, "I am the nectar 'Blessed one, explain it to me further.' of that tree", "I am the nectar of that tree", so, good 'I will, good lad,' he said. lad, all creatures, once they have entered into being, do not know that they have entered into CHAPTER 12 being. 1. 'Bring a banyan-fruit from this tree.' 3. 'Whatever they are here — a tiger, a lion, a 'Here it is, blessed one.' wolf, a boar, a worm, a flying thing, a gnat or a 'Break it.' mosquito — they become that; 'I have broken it, blessed one.' 4. 'This subtle part is what all this has as self. It is 'What do you see there?' truth: it is the self. You are that, Çvetaketu.' 'Tiny seeds, blessed one.' Introduction to Asian Philosophy The Upanishads—10

'Now break one of them.' village would reach Gandhära. In the same way a 'I have broken it, blessed one.' person who has a teacher knows, "It is only so long 'What do you see there?' until I am released. Then I will reach my goal." 'Nothing, blessed one.' 3. 'This subtle part is what all this has as self. It is 2. He said to him, 'Good lad, on this subtle part truth: it is the self. You are that, Çvetaketu.' — the subtle part which you do not see — rests the 'Blessed one, explain it to me further.' great banyan-tree. Good lad, have faith. 'I will, good lad,' he said. 3. 'This subtle part is what all this has as self. It is truth: it is the self. You are that, Çvetaketu.' CHAPTER 15 'Blessed one, explain it to me further.' 1. 'Good lad, if a man is ill, his relatives wait 'I will, good lad,' he said. around him saying, "Do you know me? Do you know me?" So long as his speech has not entered CHAPTER 13 into mind, his mind into breath, his breath into 1. 'Put this salt in water, and come to me in the heat, his heat into the highest deity, he knows them. morning.' 2. 'But when his speech has entered into mind, his He did so. His father said to him, 'Now, bring mind into breath, his breath into heat, his heat into me the salt that you put in water last night.' the highest deity, he does not know them. He felt for it, but did not find it. 3. 'This subtle part is what all this has as self. It is 2. 'Quite,' said his father, 'for it has dissolved. truth: it is the self. You are that, Çvetaketu.' But sip from the side of it. What is it like?' 'Blessed one, explain it to me further.' 'Salt.' 'I will, good lad,' he said. 'Sip from the middle of it. What is it like?' 'Salt.' CHAPTER 16 'Sip from the other side of it. What is it like?' 1. 'Good lad, suppose they bring a man with his 'Salt.' hands bound, saying, "He has stolen! He has 'Throw it away, then come to me.' committed a theft! Heat up an axe for him." If he is He did so, and said, 'It is there all the time.' the culprit he makes himself false. Joined with His father said to him, 'You do not see being falsehood, hiding himself behind falsehood, when here, but it is here. he seizes the heated axe he is burnt, and then he is 3. 'This subtle part is what all this has as self. It is executed. truth: it is the self. You are that, Çvetaketu.' 2. 'But if he is not the culprit he makes himself 'Blessed one, explain it to me further.' true. Joined with the truth, hiding himself behind 'I will, good lad,' he said. truth, when he seizes the heated axe he is not burnt, and then he is set free. CHAPTER 14 3. 'As he would not then be burnt. . . It is what all 1. 'Suppose, good lad, that someone were to lead this has as self. It is truth: it is the self. You are that, a man blindfold from Gandhära and then release Çvetaketu.' him in a deserted place; and suppose that he were Then he understood his teaching: he to be blown to east, north, south or west, crying, "I understood. have been led blindfold and released blindfold!" 2. 'And suppose that someone were to undo the ` blindfold and tell him, "Gandhära is in this direction. Walk in this direction." And he, being wise and intelligent, by asking from village to Introduction to Asian Philosophy The Upanishads—11

knows this attains all desires and becomes the first (ädi). 10. , whose state is dream, is the 'u', the ma{fªKy %pin;dœ second element from utkarña (rising up), or from its Mäëòükya Upaniñad being both (ubhaya): for the one who knows this raises up a lineage of knowledge and becomes equal, and there comes to be no one in his family 1. The syllable (akñara) OÀ is all this. To explain who does not know brahman. further: what is called past, present and future is 11. Präjïa, whose state is deep sleep, is the 'm', the all just OÀ. Whatever else there is, beyond the third element from mä- ('to measure out', 'to three times, that too is all just OÀ. create'), or from api ('to merge into', 'to dissolve'): 2. All this is brahman. The self (ätman) is brahman. for the one who knows this creates all this and The self has four feet. becomes its dissolution. 3. The first foot is Vaiçvänara, with waking as its 12. The fourth, without an element, is inviolable, state, with consciousness turned outwards, with the stilling of proliferation, gracious, without seven limbs, with nineteen mouths, eating coarse duality. So OÀ is the self (ätman). The one who food. knows this by self enters the self (ätman): the one 4. The second foot is Taijasa, with dream as its who knows this. state, with consciousness turned inwards, with seven limbs, with nineteen mouths, eating choice OÀ. Gods, may we hear good fortune with our ears! food. You worthy of sacrifice, 5. When, sleeping, one desires no desire and may we see good fortune with our eyes! dreams no dream, that is deep sleep. The third Having pleased you with bodies strong of limb, foot is Präjïa, with deep sleep as its state, become May we attain, lifelong, what is ordained by the gods! one, a sheer mass of consciousness, made of bliss, May Indra, of great swiftness, eating bliss, with mind as its mouth. May Püñan, the all-knowing, 6. It is the lord of all: it is the knower of all: it is May Tärkñya Ariñöanemi, the inner: it is the source () of all, for it is the May Båhaspati ordain well-being for us! arising and passing away of beings. 7. Not with consciousness turned inward, not OÀ.Peace, peace, peace. with consciousness turned outward, not with consciousness turned both ways, not a mass of ` consciousness, not conscious, not unconscious folk consider the fourth to be unseen, inviolable, All selections are from: unseizable, signless, unthinkable, unnameable, its essence resting in the one self, the stilling of Roebuck, Valerie J., ed. and trans. The Upaniñads. proliferation, peaceful, gracious (çiva), without London and New York: Penguin Classics, duality (advaita). That is the self (ätman): so it 2003. should be understood. 8. In terms of syllables, the self (ätman) is OÀ. In terms of elements, the feet are the elements and the elements are the feet: 'a', 'u', 'm'. 9. Vaiçvänara, whose state is waking, is the 'a', the first element from äp- ('to attain'), or from its being the first of all (ädimattva): for the one who Introduction to Asian Philosophy The Upanishads—12

KEY TERMS äün! *the One, self-existent impersonal Spirit, universal Soul, Divine Essence and source from which all created things emanate or with brahman which they are identified and to which they return, the Absolute, Brahman the Eternal

AaTmn! *variously derived from: to breathe, to move, to blow, the breath *the Soul, the Self, principle of life and sensation ätman *the highest personal principle of life Atman xmR *that which is established or firm, steadfast decree, law dharma *right, justice Dharma *virtue, morality, religion, religious merit, good works sMsar reincarnation samsära *going or wandering through, undergoing transmigration Samsara *a course, passage, passing through a succession of states, circuit of mundane existence, the world, secular life, worldly illusion kmR from kri, to act; thus action, performance Karma the law governing the fruit of action mae] *emancipation, liberation, release, enlightenment mokña *release from worldly existence or transmigration, final or eternal emancipation gué a spiritual teacher Guru yaeg the discipline or practice that leads to enlightenment yoga Yoga Introduction to Asian Philosophy The Upanishads—13

QUESTIONS 1. What is meant by samsara? How is the teaching concerning samsara expressed in the ? How is karma involved in the cycle of samsara?

2. What is the primary concern of the Upanishads which marks a departure from the central focus of early Vedic culture? How is this vision expressed in the Katha Upanishad, what is the secret teaching that Naciketas learns from Yama, the god of death?

3. What is Brahman? How is Brahman described in the Upanishads? What is the relationship between Brahman and dharma as expressed in the Katha Upanishad?

4. What is the meaning of the famous utterance “tat tvam asi” in the ? How does this phrase perhaps sum up the underlying “vision” of the Upanishads?

5. What is the Taitiriya Upanishad concerning the sheaths or layers of existence? How is this related to the four stages of consciousness described in the famous theory in the ? How is the mystic syllable related to these four states of consciousness?