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CONSUMPTION PATTERN and INDIGENOUS PROCESSING PRACTICES of Moringa Stenopetala (Bak.F.) Cuf

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CONSUMPTION PATTERN and INDIGENOUS PROCESSING PRACTICES of Moringa Stenopetala (Bak.F.) Cuf CONSUMPTION PATTERN AND INDIGENOUS PROCESSING PRACTICES OF Moringa stenopetala (Bak.f.) Cuf. : A CASE OF DEMBA GOFA DISTRICT SNNPR MSc THESIS RETA AZGE SHANKO AUGUST, 2016 ARBA MINCH, ETHIOPIA CONSUMPTION PATTERN AND INDIGENOUS PROCESSING PRACTICES OF Moringa stenopetala (Bak.f.) Cuf. : A CASE OF DEMBA GOFA DISTRICT SNNPR RETA AZGE SHANKO A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY, COLLEGE OF NATURAL SCIENCES, SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN BIOLOGY Advisor: Abebe Girma (PhD) AUGUST, 2016 ARBA MINCH DECLARATION I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that it is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. Name: Reta Azge Signature_______________________ Place: Arba Minch University Date of Submissions: Nehase/ 20/ 2008 E.C. i ADVISORS’ THESIS SUBMISSION APPROVAL SHEET This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Consumption pattern and indigenous processing practices of Moringa stenopetala (Bak.f.) Cuf. A case of Demba Gofa District SNNPR” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master’s in Biology, the Graduate Program of the School of Natural Sciences, and has been carried out by Reta Azge Id. No SMSc/049/05, under my supervision. Therefore, I recommend that the student has fulfilled the requirements and hence hereby can submit the thesis to the department for defense. Dr Abebe Girma (PhD) --------------------------- ----------------------------- Name of Principal advisor Signature Date ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Various people helped me in the research and writing of this thesis. First, I would like to express my deepest gratitude and heart-felt thanks to almighty God who blessed me with life and health. My gratitude also goes to my advisor Dr Abebe Girma for his continuous advice, support, encouragement and comment when I was dealing with this study. I would like to express my deepest gratitude and thanks to the teachers of the biology department of the Arba Minch University for their support during the course. My heart-felt and deepest gratitude also goes to my beloved family, my wife Emebet Yimer, daughter Meron Reta, father Azge Shanko, mother Aster Dale, and my brothers and sisters, and including all my relatives for their consistent financial and moral encouragement during the research work. I would like to express my deepest gratitude and thanks to Sawla town administration office for the financial support during the study. Finally I would like to express my deepest thanks to Arba Minch University for providing me facilities for successful completion of this work. iii ACRONYMS ALV’s African Leafy Vegetables DDL Dehydrated Drumstick Leaves EHNRI Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute EDHS Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey FAO Food and Agricultural Organization ICRAF International Council for Research in Agro Forestry IEC Information, Education, Communication SNNPR South Nation, Nationalities and People Region SSA Sub-Saharan Africa UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund USAID United States Agency for International Development VAD Vitamin A Deficiency WHO World Health Organization v TABLE OF CONTENTS page DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................................... i ADVISORS’ THESIS SUBMISSION APPROVAL SHEET ...................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................................... iii ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENT……………………………………………..……………………………vi LIST OF FIGURES……………...…………………………………………………………..…...ix LIST OF APPENDICES……………………………………………………………….…….……x ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................. xi 1.INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.Background of the study ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2.Statement of the problem .......................................................................................................... 5 1.3. Objective of the study .............................................................................................................. 6 1.3.1. General objective ........................................................................................................................ 6 1.3.2. Specific objectives ...................................................................................................................... 6 1.4.Research questions .................................................................................................................... 6 1.5.Significance of the study ........................................................................................................... 7 1.6.The scope and Limitation of the study ...................................................................................... 7 1.7.The organization of the thesis ................................................................................................... 7 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................................................... 8 2.1. Center of Origin of M. stenopetala .......................................................................................... 8 2.2.Taxonomy of Moringa stenopetala .......................................................................................... 8 2.3.Uses of M. stenopetala ............................................................................................................ 10 2.3. 1. Nutritional Value...................................................................................................................... 10 2.3. 2. Medicinal Values ..................................................................................................................... 11 2.3.3. Fodder ....................................................................................................................................... 12 2.3.4. Socioeconomic value ................................................................................................................ 12 2.4. Cultivation and Harvesting .................................................................................................... 14 2.4.1. Cultivation ................................................................................................................................. 14 2.4.2. Harvesting ................................................................................................................................. 14 2.5. Status of Moringa spp. uses ................................................................................................... 15 vi 2.5.1. World ........................................................................................................................................ 15 2.5.2. Africa ........................................................................................................................................ 16 2.5.3. Ethiopia ..................................................................................................................................... 16 2.6. Consumption pattern and Indigenous processing practices of Moringa ................................ 17 2.6.1. Consumption pattern ................................................................................................................. 17 2.6.2. Indigenous processing practices of Moringa ............................................................................. 18 2.7.Factors determining food consumption patterns ..................................................................... 18 2.7.1.Income ........................................................................................................................................ 18 2.7.2.Urbanization ............................................................................................................................... 19 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................................................ 20 3.1. Description of the study area ................................................................................................. 20 3.2. Socio-economic study ............................................................................................................ 23 3.2.1. Consumption pattern ................................................................................................................. 23 3.2.2. Indigenous processing practices ................................................................................................ 23 3.3. Data source............................................................................................................................. 23 3.4. Sampling technique and sample size ....................................................................................
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