Roadmap for Future Lunar Science & Exploration

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C I agencies xperts e y b support o COSPAR and t report and agencies, with y b appointed Int’l Conference1994, Hamburg 1995 ( Charter) embers m and Beatenberg nd mechanism for communication and co-ordination a Founded Sponsored To develop an International Strategy for the Exploration of Moon Forum To implement international co-operation • • • • • • ICEUM Int’l Conferences on Exploration & Utilisation of the Moon Beatenberg 94, Kyoto 96 , Moscow 98, ESTEC 2000, Hawaii Nov 03, Udaipur Nov 04, Toronto Sept 05, Beijing 23-27 July 06 • COSPAR: Washington 92, Hamburg 94, Nagoya 98, Warsaw 00, Houston 02, Paris 04, Beijing July 06 • EGS/EGU lunar sessions: Vienna 97, Nice 98, The Hague 99, Nice 00-04, Vienna 05-06 • International Academy of Astronautics/IAF International Astronautical Congress (Bremen 03, Vancouver 04, Fukuoka 05, Valencia 1-7 Oct 06) • Website: http://sci.esa.int/ilewg International Lunar Robotic Exploration Programme

• Muses-A Hiten Lunar Navigation (ISAS) 1990 • Clementine (US, BMDO) Multi-band Imaging, technology demonstration 1994 • Lunar Prospector (US, NASA Discovery) Neutron, gamma ray low res mapping 1998 • SMART-1 (ESA Technology Mission, geochemistry, high resolution) 2003 • SELENE (J, ISAS/NASDA) Ambitious orbiter instruments for science 2007 • Chang’e 1 orbiter (CNSA, China) 2007 • Chandrayaan-1 (ISRO, India) + ranger Lunar Orbiter, launch PSLV 2007 • US Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter + LCROSS Impactor 2008 • Lunar A (J, ISAS Science) 2 penetrators with seismometers + equator camera >2009 • Soft landers and technology test beds (US, Japan, China, Europe, India) > 2010 • Lunar Sample Returns > 2012

• Http://sci.esa.int/ilewg/ Lunar outposts for exploration on the Moon • Search for evidence of the origin of the Earth-Moon system • Determine the history of asteroid and comet impacts on Earth • Obtain evidence of the Sun’s history and its effects on Earth through time • Search for samples from the Early Earth • Determine the form, amount, and origin of lunar ice • Expand life on the Moon, and exploit local resources • Human exploration enhanced by robots Exploration architecture • A proving ground: Learn to explore the way we will ultimately explore further • Transportation systems synergy with SunEarth-L2 and Mars requirements • Extended robotic & human presence on the Moon : cultural milestone • New technology and system level engineering demonstration – Remote sensing miniaturised instruments – Surface geophysical and geochemistry package – Instrument deployment and robotic arm – Close mobility, nano-rover, sampling , drilling – Regional mobility: rover, navigation • Robotic laboratory – Mecha-electronics-sensors,Tele control, Telepresence, – Virtual reality, Autonomy, Navigation, AI robots • In-Situ Utilisation of lunar resources – Regolith, Oxygen, glasses, metals utilisation – Long term: He 3 extraction • Establishment of permanent lunar infrastructure – Life sciences laboratories & Life support systems – Large astronomical facilities • Environmental protection aspects with humans and planetary protection validation for Mars Science and engineering for human exploration

Man/robotics synergies, Life support systems Low gravity physiology laboratory, Telemedecine Psychology, Social and Multi-cultural Laboratory Architecture design and operations of lunar base Infrastructures: communication, transport, construction, exploitation Commercial and sustained development • Illumination, Peaks of eternal light • Radiation hazards • Resources: O, Metals, glasses, C, H, He 3, • Polar ice in Permanent shadows • Construction and shielding material • In Situ Resource Utilisation factories • Life Support Systems SMART-1 view of pole • Interplanetary market trade and economy • Exploitation and environment protection • Rocket fuel production and infrastructure •Advanced Launch /access to space •Orbital Infrastructure •Crew Exploration Vehicle •Transport/ communication •Habitable Descent / Ascent Vehicle

•Surface Power Generation •In-Situ Fuel Production •Robotic outposts and rovers

•Habitation Modules •Workshop •Scientific Laboratories •Greenhouse / Agriculture Module •Medical Centre

•Pressurized Rover •Advanced EVA Suit •Life Support Systems Bring and expand life on the Moon: ILEWG roadmap ILEWG ROAD MAP TO THE MOON VILLAGE, MARS AND BEYOND (Europe, robotic, life sciences/Manned)

• MOON TECHNOLOGIES MARS • 2003 SMART-1 System Studies, technologies roadmap Mars Express+ MER • 2004 Technology devt, design architecture • 2005 Life sciences/ human studies on ISS Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter • 2007 Selene Soyuz launcher at Kourou • 2007 Chang’e 1 Phoenix polar lander scout • 2007 Chandrayaan-1 ISS testbed for human exploration, • 2008 US Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter • 2009 Lunar –A (TBC) MSL Setting an International Lunar robotic village and Mars robotic outpost • 2010 US RLEP2 South Polar Lander, • 2011 Selene-B, Polar landers, rovers, ice explorers, ExoMars + scouts • 2012 Chang’e 2 lander Astrobiology/Life sciences on the Moon Network science • 2013 ExoMoon polar lander Infrastructures, energy, ISRU Mars Orbiter+telecom • 2014 CEV Crew Exploration Vehicle • 2015 Astrobiology lab Lunar Robotic Global Village Scouts • 2016 Lunar Polar Sample Return Demonstration (for MSR and EMCRV) Human Moon/Mars Exploration 2017 Chang’E 3 sample return Human mission to the Moon (CH?) Astrobiology Field Lab? • 2018 US human on Moon Infrastructures, energy, ISRU • 2019 Early Earth Sample Return? European on Moon • 2020 Lab, green house Mars Robotic Global Village

• 2022 EMCRV European Moon Crew Rescue Vehicle • 2024 Long Term Lunar Base Mars Sample Return? • >2030 Human mission to NEO/Phobos Human mission to Mars (85 papers) th (abstract deadline 20 June)

(http://sci.esa.int/ilewg/) • 1. Science and Exploration of the Moon: Open questions and New Approaches • 2. Results from previous missions and SMART-1 • 3. Status of Ongoing and Future Missions • 4. Next Steps for Robotic Landers, Rovers and Outposts • 5. Agencies Plans and International Prospects for Utilization and Human Exploration • 6. Outreach for Public and Youth • International Programme Committee: Wu Ji, Ouyang Ziyuan, Liu Qiang, Bernard Foing • Hao Xifan, Ye Shuhua (China), Hitoshi Mizutani, Takizawa Yoshisada, Manabu Kato, Kohtaro Matsumoto (Japan), Bernard Foing, Scott Hovland (ESA), Jean-Pierre Swings (B), Ralf Jaumann (DLR,D), Simonetta di Pippo (ASI,I), Francois Spiero, Jean-Jacques Favier (CNES,F), Erik Galimov, Sasha Basilevsky (Russia), Narendra Bhandari, J.N. Goswami (India), Mark Borkovski, Jim Garvin (NASA), Carle Pieters, Michael Duke, Stephen Saunders, Steve Durst, Larry Taylor, Geoffrey Taylor (USA), Robert Richards, Chris Sallaberger (Canada). International Lunar Missions & Astrobiology

Bernard H. FOING* & ILEWG

SELENE Apollo • Cometary and meteoritic record • Search for organics in regolith and polar ices • Search for Earth samples • Extinct/extant life in polar ices • Fossils of organics & ancient life from Early Earth samples • Validation of life detection technologies • Planetary protection issues • Expanding life beyond Earth • Cosmology telescopes (liquid mirror telescopes) • Dark matter gravitational lensing transit telescopes • High energy telescopes • Far infra red submm telescopes in polar sites • Interferometers and exoplanet mappers • VLF detection of exoplanet radio magnetospheres • SETI from far side • Telescopes in Earth-Moon or Sun-Earth L2 libration points • Bacteria and extremes of life: Survival, replication, mutation and evolution • Extraterrestrial botanics: Growing plants on the Moon • Animals: physiology and ethology on another planet • Closed Ecological Life Support Systems • Greenhouses, Local Food Production • Living off the land • Support to human exploration • Permanent human presence • Biospheres on the Moon • Planetary and environment protection issues • Protection of Earth life Bernard H. FOING*, Scott HOVLAND**, On behalf of European Lunar Lander WG

*Chief Scientist, ESA SCI-S, SMART-1 Project Scientist, Executive director ILEWG, ** ESA HME Human Spaceflight Microgravoty and Exploration Directorate 1) Precise Landing on the Moon 2) Preparation of future exploration 3) Geochemical study of polar regions 4) Ice Search/characterisation • Moon surface science and exploration • Polar or Non-polar: short lived or RHU • Small network elements as part of international missions • Lander station element – Technology survival, operations – Geophysical network – Life sciences/environment • Rover element – Close range mobility 50 m – Regional mobility 1-10 km – Vertical mobility (ground penetrating sensors, moles, drill) • Additional probes? To access to permanent dark (nanorover, harpoon, impactor) • Orbiter and relay infrastructures – Small orbiter with HRSC camera and data relay – Exchange/support other international orbiters (LRO, etc..)

• Deployable long life ELP European Lunar Geophysics package including laser reflectometer, Seismometer (IPG), Geodesy and laser , Heat flux (DLR, Berlin), Magnetometer (TBD), Electronics (ETH) • Lander instruments: Pan Cam + descent , Gas Analysis Package, Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer, permittivity, susceptibility, • Life science experiments : radiation studies, environment studies, Melissa, plants on the Moon, planetary protection studies

• Close proximity Rover: Electromagnetic sounder, Ground penetrating radar, Neutron spectrometer, APX , Close up camera • Regional rover with Robotic arm (PAW like), mole with borehole or drill, Active seismic, Nav and inspection cam, LIBS, Fluorescence, Coring in the vacuum, Thermal IR fluorescence , Dust lifting measurement device, QCM or cube piezo, elastic metallic wheels, navigation and hazards avoidance • Communication/navigation/survey infrastructure: High resolution camera and data relay on carrier orbiter • Education, public outreach and artistic experiments Robotic Moon polar sample return mission • Technology demonstration preparation for Mars sample return • Reuse of lunar lander platform used by first lunar polar lander • Science opportunity: no polar samples yet (cometary and meteoritic record, organics/Extinct/extant life in regolith and polar ices , Planetary protection issues) • Technology demonstrator for lunar ascent vehicle and Earth reentry • Preparation technology for human return vehicle

Lunar Low frequency radio telescope

ISRU demonstrator

Life sciences and astrobiology lab demonstrator

Early Earth Sample return (in cooperation with insitu humans) • Search for Earth samples • Fossils of organics & ancient life from Early Earth ( 4 billion years samples) • Validation of extreme organics and life detection technologies • Expanding life beyond Earth Nanorovers • What are the conditions for planetary formation? – Impact basins, bombardment chronology, in-situ dating • What are the conditions for life? – Search for extraterrestrial ice and organics on the Moon, and chronology – Habitability of Moon: life sciences towards ecosystems, mini biospheres – Search for Early Earth samples • How does the Solar System work? – Comparative planetology: (volcanics, tectonics, cratering, erosion) – Interior & subsurface: seismic network , geodetics • Technology for future explo/science missions: entry airless bodies, Descent and landing, robotics , instruments • How did the Universe originate and what is it made of? – Telescopes on the Moon: dark matter transit, liquid mirror polar telescope • What are the fundamental laws of the Universe? – Experiments on the Moon First European lunar orbiter Test new technologies - Solar Electric Propulsion - instrument miniaturisation - Faster, cheaper, smarter

Science goals: First X-ray global map of lunar elements First mapping of minerals in infrared

Launch date: 27 Sept 2003, Ariane 5 Lunar capture: 15 Nov. 2004 Lunar science orbit 15 March 2005

Mission: 6 months nominal lunar orbit operations + 1 year extension until Impact 3 Sept 2006

Launch mass: 370 kg Payload: 19 kg http://sci.esa.int/smart-1/ Far side

N pole

Near side

28 Oct from 1st European view of North pole and far side 600,000 km (12 Nov from 60,000 km), second in space exploration history Acrobat Document

100 km field 200 km

Far side eternal peaks of light Æ North pole Æ

Near side Summer average illumination Clementine Winter image SMART-1 1st moon observations

The SIR spectrometer 0.9-2.4 microns:

- to chart the Moon’s minerals - to find the signature of volcanism and impacts - to search for the fingerprints of water- ice by peeking into dark craters

- Pyroxene NEXT: SMART_1 D-CIXS X-ray Moon: tracing violent Earth-Moon beginnings

The D-CIXS spectrometer looks at the “invisible” Moon in the X-ray:

-to map chemical elements on the Moon (Mg, Si, Al, Fe), - to get absolute chemical abundances using XSM solar monitor January 15th, 2005.

The Sun 06:30 shines X-rays 06:20

06:10

06:00

The Moon glows -> D-CIXS Si

Ca

Fe Derived elemental composition

st The Moon, daughter of the Earth , 4.5 billion years ago Origin of the Moon: geochemistry constraints Evolution of Earth/Moon system Impact craters and bombardment history Prospector Th map in the inner solar system South Pole Aitken Basin and large impact basins

SMART-1 X-ray Element fluorescence SMART-1 Infrared mineral spectroscopy Moon laboratory for Comparative planetology Geophysics & Geochemistry cratering, volcanism, tectonics, erosion, volatiles SMART-1

Prospector H map • Science/exploration: – Earth-Moon formation & evolution – water ice and resources – conditions for future sciences & life – sites for future robots/humans – End of mission grazing landing 2-3 sept

• SMART-1 precursor for future missions 2007 Chinese Chang’e 1 2007 JAXA Selene +subsat 2007 Indian ISRO Chandrayaan-1 +ranger 2008 US Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter + LCROSS impactor TBD JAXA Lunar A penetrator 2010-2012 landers, rovers, technology testbeds (US RLEP2, China Chang’E2, Japan, India, Europe polar lander) Preparation for human lunar missions • S/C pushbroom AMIE colour (oct- 17 dec & april-may) • Extend DCIXS regional/global cover • Extend SIR/AMIE coverage • Extend equator/north cover • Fill gaps in survey • Stereo, Multi-angle, tracking • Off nadir Central peaks of craters SIR • Polar peaks of eternal light N. Pole • Search for ice in permanent dark areas Smart-1 • Europe is at the Moon, with 60 l of fuel and new technologies Nominal phase performed, now in science extension • New data on impacts, volcanism, polar regions, composition • International community (scientists, engineers, educators, public) invited to collaborate on using the data • Preparation for future exploration, orbiters, landers, robotic village and human bases • Planning SMART-1 coordinated observations in extension phase • Low altitude operations <300 km and final maneuver end June 2006 • End of mission impact on 2-3 Sept 2006 • 2 km/s , 37 deg south – ground based campaign (large observatories ESO , US and public) • Launch end 2007, PSLV rocket , Lunar Polar Orbiter : 100 km Chandrayaan-1, • Objectives: ISRO, India – Lunar Origin and Evolution – 3D atlas & chemical mapping 10 km • Core payload – Terrain Mapping Stereo cam – Hyperspectral wedge filter – Laser ranging – Lowenergyx-ray/CIXS – Solar X-ray monitor – High energy X-ray HEX (U, Th, radon) – Descent system “ ranger module” • International instruments ESA: SIR2, CIXS, SARA, (HEX), general support US: Moon mineralogy Mapper, Radar, Chang’E 1, • Launch 2007, Long March, satellite 2.3 t • Objectives China – lunar scientific research and exploration and application – lunar resources exploration and future development – to protect national interests • Lunar Orbiter : mapping 200 km • Payload (130 kg) – CCD stereo camera – imaging interferometer – laser altimeter – gamma/x-ray spectrometer – microwave radiometer – solar high-energy particle detector – low-energy ion detector

• SMART-1 /Chang’E collaborations • Use of SMART-1 for ground segment validation and VLBI Selene

• Launch mid 2007, H-IIA rocket, Tanegashima Space center, • Phasing orbit 2 months, 5 days cruise • Objectives: – Lunar Origin and Evolution – Technology for future exploration • Lunar Orbiter : mapping 100 km • Relay satellite • Subsatellite • European contribution – European Co-Is – Collaboration with SMART-1 – Use of SMART-1 for ground segment validation and VLBI • Elemental and mineralogical composition – X- ray spectrometer Selene instruments – Gamma Ray spectrometer – Multiband imager and Spectral Profiler • Surface and subsurface structure/ tectonics – Terrain Camera – Laser Altimeter – Lunar Radar Sounder • Gravity Field (VLBI and data relay) • Charged Particle Spectrometer and Plasma analyser • Lunar Magnetometer • Plasma Imager • Radio Science S and X