A Case Study of Quetta, Pakistan KAMRAN ASGHAR BE (Civil), ME
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Water Access Issues for Expanding Urban Areas: A Case Study of Quetta, Pakistan KAMRAN ASGHAR B.E (Civil), M.E (Environmental management policy) A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering by research School of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia September 2011 i CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project's design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged. __________________ Kamran Asghar September 2011 ii ABSTRACT The time is coming when regional and international conflicts will be about water supply since water touches nearly every aspect of life. Water is becoming a scarce commodity everywhere including Balochistan (Pakistan), where environmental challenges are at a peak. Most of the poor (Quetta, Pakistan) pay high prices for water from private vendors or, with their labour, collect free water from distant sources. Tragically, all the money paid to private water vendors could easily fund an adequate public piped water system. Imaginative tariffs for metered supply would be needed to ensure the poor were not excluded. The overall objective of the study is to discover gaps between demand and supply by collecting and analysing secondary and primary data related to cost recovery. From a survey of urban water users and water vendors in Quetta, Pakistan, about 40% of respondents have access to a piped supply. However the supply is irregular and unreliable. 50% percent of connections receive water for five or more hours per week but 25% have less than two hours supply per week. 92% percent of respondents thought water should be free. The very small monthly charge for an unmetered connection is PKR12 ($US0.17) but 50% of the connected respondents never pay, citing unreliability and un-affordability, and there is no mechanism for enforcement of payments. Water vendors (mainly using road tankers) deliver about 10Ml (mega litre) per day with a charge of about PKR1 ($US0.0.014) per 10 litres. The inequity and economic absurdity of the situation is obvious. Monies currently paid to water vendors would easily fund the operation of a potentially safe, reliable, piped water supply system for all. However, due to the very low payment collection, the water supply body cannot maintain its inadequate system. Construction of a universal self funding piped and metered supply system would seem to be the logical solution. However, before self funding could be realised, a major public education program would be needed to teach the population about the real cost of water and to inform the legislators of the need for enforcing water charges. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I acknowledge the prayers of my parents and passion of my family without whose support this research “Water Access Issues for Expanding Urban Areas: A Case Study of Quetta Pakistan” would have been mere a dream. Without the guidance of my supervisors Dr. Ian Cordery, Dr. Ashish Sharma and Dr. Wendy Shaw it would have been impossible for me to proceed and undertake this task and their devotion has enabled me to successfully get through this research work. It would not be out of place to laud the untiring efforts of Dr. Shahid Ahmed who welcomed my queries and answered them with full zeal and enthusiasm and his guidance was a beacon for me during the course of this research. I am also fortunate to have Munir Hanjra as my guide and advisor for his valuable suggestions on many aspects of this research throughout the study. Thanks Hanjra for your encouraging words. Many thanks go to the Endeavour Postgraduate Award Ministry of Education, Government of Australia for offering me a scholarship, which allowed me to take up this study. My thanks go to the staff of the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering who has never hesitated in helping me through the years. Alice, Angie, Julie, Karenne, Kate, Les, Patric, Pattie and Robert (names in alphabetical order) are wonderful people. Credit is also due to Dr. Saeed Ahmed, Mohammad Anwar Lehri and Gabi Duigu for her efforts in proofreading this thesis. I am also indebted to the survey participants for their time and tolerance. Special thanks to Mr. Kamran (from Cameos) and Akram for their help all through the survey. iv I would also like to express my deepest gratitude to my family for their love, support and encouragement while I was thousands of miles away from home. Also, I am very much obliged to all of you for taking care of my wife and kids, I am also thankful to my loving wife and wonderful daughters, Shamail Sanadeed, Aisha and Sehar for patiently awaiting my success without a word of complaint. Finally, I am grateful to all other faculty members, friends and class fellows, students and family members whose prayers are always with me. KAMRAN ASGHAR B.E (Civil) v TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY ii ABSTRACT iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF TABLES xii LIST OF FIGURES xiii DEDICATION xiv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Historical Background 1 1.1.1 Water Supply in Quetta City 2 1.1.2 IUCN 3 1.2 Groundwater Contamination 4 1.3 Financing the Water Supply 4 1.4 Water Demand and Population 5 1.5 Hypothesis 7 1.5.1 Hypothesis 1 7 1.5.2 Hypothesis 2 7 1.6 Research Objective 8 1.7 Thesis Outputs 9 vi 1.8 Structure of the Thesis 9 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Global Water Crisis 11 2.2.1 Assessment of Water Security 16 2.3 Water Scarcity in Asia 23 2.4 Water Supply in Pakistan 26 2.5 Urban Water Supply Dilemma 2 7 2.5.1 Water Rates and Pricing Policies 29 2.5.2 Drinking Water Cost Recovery & Privatisation 31 2.5.3 Strict Regulation & Drinking Water Cost Recovery 32 2.5.4 Significance of Water Pricing 33 2.6 Overview of Urban Water Supply in Quetta, Pakistan 34 2.6.1 National and Provincial Policy on Drinking Water Pricing 34 2.6.2 Drinking Water Pricing and Poor Respondents 35 2.6.3 Water Tariffs and Local Norms 35 2.6.4 Regulation and Cost Recovery 36 2.6.5 Community Communication and Cost Recovery 37 2.6.6 Drinking Water Costs in Pakistan and Quetta 39 2.6.7 Tribal Water Rights 40 2.6.8 Water Legislation in Balochistan 41 2.6.8.1 Balochistan Groundwater Rights Ordinance, 1978 42 2.6.8.2 Balochistan Canal and Drainage Ordinance, 1980 42 2.6.8.3 Balochistan Water User Association Ordinance, 1981 42 2.6.9 Laws Enacted in Quetta for Improving Water Management 42 2.7 Synthesis and Knowledge Gaps 4 3 2.7.1 Summary 44 2.8 Methods of Assessing Public Reaction and Experiences of Water Supply Inadequacies 44 2.8.1 Collecting qualitative data 44 2.8.2 Relevancy and Accuracy 4 5 2.8.3 The Constraints of Time and Money 47 vii CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Introduction 48 3.2 Collection of Data 49 3. 2. 1 Primary Data 49 3.2.2 Secondary Data 51 3.2.3 Reasons for the Survey 52 3.3 Methodology 53 3.4 Survey Objectives 56 3.4.1 Questionnaire for Water Vendors 57 3.5 Pilot Study 58 3.6 Conducting the Main Survey in the Selected Regions 59 3.7 Lessons Learnt from Literature Search 61 3.8 Summary 61 3.9 Conversion of Questionnaire into Softwares and Analysis Technique 62 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Socioeconomic Profile of Survey Participants 65 4.3 Results of questionnaire survey 6 7 4.3.1 Access to Water Supply 67 4.3.2 Sources of Water 68 4.3.3 Affordability of Water Supply 71 4.3.4 Tanker Supply 77 4.3.5 Analysis of Water Cost Payments for Various Socioeconomic Groups 78 4.3.5.1 Details of variables used in calculations offered in Table 4.4 84 4. 3.5.2 Timecostmonth 84 4. 3.5.3 Tankercost 84 4. 3.5.4 PaidQ-WASA 84 viii 4. 3.5.5 Totalcost 84 4.3.6 Economic Analysis of Water Supply from Water Vendors 84 4.4 Operation and maintenance costs and revenue generated 88 4.5 Summary of Results 90 4.6 Available options for Q-WASA 92 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Conclusions 94 5.1.1 Money Flows 94 5.1.2 Volume of Water Supplied 96 5.1.3 Unit Cost of Water 96 5.1.4 Household Water Storage 97 5.1.5 Attitudes to Water Charges 98 5.1.6 Availability of Water 99 5.1.7 Physical Labour Needed for Water Collection 99 5.2 The Way Forward 10 0 5.2.1 Options for Improving Water Pricing and Cost Recovery 100 5.2.2 Water Supply and Managing the Demand 101 5.2.3 Changes Needed in water Governance 102 5.3 Recommendations 10 3 REFERENCES 105 APPENDICES 112 APPENDIX A: The Questionnaires and following table 112 Figure 1A Water conservation practices (leave taps open all the times for water) 128 Figure 2A Capacity of water storage tank 129 Figure 2B Capacity of water storage tank 130 Figure 3A Water conservation (water storage tank fulfils daily water needs) 131 Figure 4A Opinion on water pricing (should prices be increased) 132 Figure 5A Opinion on water pricing (water payment to Q-WASA and tanker) 133 Figure 6A Residents opinions (Do you like to be educated on water conservation) 134 ix Figure