Hydrogeological Study of 10 Km Radius Area Report on Hydrogeological Study of 10 Km Radius Area of Proposed 2X660 MW TPP by M/S WELSPUN Energy up Pvt

Authorization Letter (Board Resolution)

Hydrogeological Study of 10 km radius Area Report on Hydrogeological Study of 10 km radius area of proposed 2x660 MW TPP by M/s WELSPUN Energy UP Pvt. Ltd. at Village Dadri Khurd, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh.

Final Report: Project No. HYD-6001/2018-2019 By Dr. Brijesh Kumar Yadav (Associate Professor) Dr. D. C. Singhal (Retired Professor)

Department of Hydrology Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Submitted to M/S WELSPUN Energy UP Pvt. Ltd. Mirzapur (Uttar Pradesh)

[July 2018]

FOREWORD

Department of Hydrology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee was approached by M/s WELSPUN Energy UP Pvt. Ltd. to conduct Hydrogeological study in 10 km radius area of the location proposed for 2x660 MW TPP by M/s WEUPPL at village Dadri Khurd, Mirzapur.

The work was awarded to IIT- Roorkee through service order number 5700242187 dated 05 May 2018 of M/s WEUPPL. Project number HYD-6001/2018-2019 was created by IIT- Roorkee and study was conducted from June 2018 to July 2018. Report was completed in the month of July 2018.

This report is outcome of collective efforts by the team assigned for this project at IIT- Roorkee and support received from M/s WEUPPL. Objective of the study are addressed and conclusion of finding of hydrogeological study are briefed at end of this report. This report is being submitted to M/s WEUPPL as per the terms and conditions of service order received for this purpose.

Place: Roorkee (Dr Brijesh Kumar Yadav) Date: July 2018 Associate Professor

Table of Content:

(i)

(ii)

(iv)

Chapter-1: (1)

Chapter-2: ...... (2-7)

Chapter-3: Aquifer Characterization and Groundwater (8-17)

Chapter-4: Quantification of Surface and Groundwater (18-22)

Chapter-5: (23-31)

Chapter-6: Electrical Resistivity Exploration for Location for Installation

(32-51)

Chapter- 7: (52-56)

Chapter-8: Conclusion and Recommendations for Effective Utilization

(57-64)

List of Tables:

Table Page Number Title Number Table 1 Stratigraphic sequence of the study area falling in Mirzapur District, 3 U.P. (Annual Groundwater Report Mirzapur District, CGWB 201- 2012 Table 2 Average Rainfall (in mm) over the Mirzapur district (CGWB, 2018) 7 Table 3 Block-wise Groundwater Resources in and around the study area (as 9 on 1.4.2009 reported by CGWB, 2012-13) Table 4 Drawdown data collected during the pump test of Gopalpur. 12 Table 5 Drawdown data collected during the recovery test of Gopalpur. 13 Table 6 List of Legend used to represent well codes in and around the study 18 area. Table 7 Summary of water simulated dynamic groundwater resources of the 21 study area. Table 8 Locations of VES sites in study area 32 Table 9 35 sounding locations Table 10 The analysed values of the pH, EC, temperature, total dissolved 53 solids, carbonate and bicarbonate of collected groundwater in the study area. Table 11 The analyzed values of the Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, 53 Cadmium, Hardness, Nitrate, Lead and Total Alkalinity (TA) of collected groundwater in the study area

List of Figures:

Figure Page Number Title Number Figure 1 Map of the study area covering 10 Km radius from centre of the site 2 of M/s WELSPUN Energy Pvt. Ltd on topographic sheet Figure 2 Geological and structural map of the study area 4 Figure 3 Digital elevation map of entire Mirzapur district including the study 4 area Figure 4a Land use and land cover of Marihan block of the study area 5

Figure 4b Land use and land cover of Lalganj block falling in the study area. 6 Figure 5 Average Temperature (in 0C) of the Mirzapur district (CGWB, 2018) 7 Figure 6 Location of pumping and recovery tests in (a) Gopalpur, (b) 11 Khatinaipur villages. Figure 7 Observed curves representing drawdown with progression of time 14 during the pumping test (a) types curve, (b) data curve, (c) matching curve. Figure 8 Illustration of a typical recovery test 16 Figure 9 Recovery test curve obtained using recovery data 16 Figure 10 Locations of wells distributed fairly throughout the Mirzapur district 19 including five wells of the study area Figure 11 Simulated groundwater flow directions based on the field observed 22 data Figure 12 Groundwater elevation map of the study area prepared on the basis of 23 observed data during field study. Figure 13 Groundwater elevation map of 2017. 23 Figure 14 Groundwater elevation map of 2016 24 Figure 15 Groundwater elevation map of 2015 24 Figure 16 Groundwater elevation map of 2014 25 Figure 17 Groundwater elevation map of 2009 25 Figure 18 Groundwater table status in study area during 2017-2009 (a-i) 30 Figure 19 Map of the study area showing VES sites adopted for 33

iii

hydrogeological investigations. Figure 20 Interpreted VES curve of VES-I. 38 Figure 21 Interpreted VES curve of VES-II. 39 Figure 22 Interpreted VES curve of VES-III. 40 Figure 23 Interpreted VES curve of VES-IV. 41 Figure 24 Interpreted VES curve of VES-V. 42 Figure 25 Interpreted VES curve of VES-VI. 43 Figure 26 Interpreted VES curve of VES-VII. 44 Figure 27 Interpreted VES curve of VES-VIII. 45 Figure 28 Interpreted VES curve of VES-IX. 46 Figure 29 Interpreted VES curve of VES-X. 47 Figure 30 Interpreted VES curve of VES-XI. 48 Figure 31 Interpreted VES curve of VES-XII. 49 Figure 32 Recommended measures of MAR for aquifer recharge in and around 59 study area. Figure 33 Different types of trenches 60 Figure 34 Pictures taken during the field visit 62  

Abbreviations:

WEUPPL: WELSPUN Energy UP Pvt. Ltd. GPS: Global Positioning System IDW: Inverse Distance Weighted Technique CGWB: Central Ground Water Board USGS: United States Geological Survey GEC: Groundwater Estimation Committee WTF: Water Table Fluctuation method GW: Ground Water VES: Vertical Electrical Sounding BGL: Below Ground Level EDTA: Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid EBT: Eriochrome Black T TA: Total Alkalinity EC: Electrical Conductivity BIS: Bureau of Indian Standards TDS: Total Dissolved Solids MAR: Managed Aquifer Recharge ASR: Aquifer Storage and Recovery ASTR: Aquifer Storage, Transfer and Recovery ET: Evapotranspiration MCM: Million Cubic meters KLD: Kilo Litres per day

Report on Hydrogeological Study of 10 km radius area of proposed 2x660 MW TPP by M/s WELSPUN Energy UP Pvt. Ltd. at Village Dadri Khurd, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh.

Final Report: Project No. HYD-6001/2018-2019 By Dr. Brijesh Kumar Yadav (Associate Professor) Dr. D. C. Singhal (Retired Professor)

Department of Hydrology Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Submitted to M/S WELSPUN Energy UP Pvt. Ltd. Mirzapur (Uttar Pradesh)

[July 2018]

FOREWORD

Place: Roorkee (Dr Brijesh Kumar Yadav) Date: July 2018 Associate Professor

Table of Content:

(i)

(ii)

(iv)

Chapter-1: (1)

Chapter-2: ...... (2-7)

Chapter-3: Aquifer Characterization and Groundwater (8-17)

Chapter-4: Quantification of Surface and Groundwater (18-22)

Chapter-5: (23-31)

Chapter-6: Electrical Resistivity Exploration for Location for Installation

(32-51)

Chapter- 7: (52-56)

Chapter-8: Conclusion and Recommendations for Effective Utilization

(57-64)

List of Tables:

Table Page Number Title Number Table 1 Stratigraphic sequence of the study area falling in Mirzapur District, 3 U.P. (Annual Groundwater Report Mirzapur District, CGWB 201-2012 Table 2 Average Rainfall (in mm) over the Mirzapur district (CGWB, 2018) 7 Table 3 Block-wise Groundwater Resources in and around the study area (as 9 on 1.4.2009 reported by CGWB, 2012-13) Table 4 Drawdown data collected during the pump test of Gopalpur. 12 Table 5 Drawdown data collected during the recovery test of Gopalpur. 13 Table 6 List of Legend used to represent well codes in and around the study 18 area. Table 7 Summary of water simulated dynamic groundwater resources of the 21 study area. Table 8 Locations of VES sites in study area 32 Table 9 35 locations Table 10 The analysed values of the pH, EC, temperature, total dissolved solids, 53 carbonate and bicarbonate of collected groundwater in the study area. Table 11 The analyzed values of the Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Cadmium, 53 Hardness, Nitrate, Lead and Total Alkalinity (TA) of collected groundwater in the study area

List of Figures:

Figure Page Number Title Number Figure 1 Map of the study area covering 10 Km radius from centre of the site of 2 M/s WELSPUN Energy Pvt. Ltd on topographic sheet Figure 2 Geological and structural map of the study area 4 Figure 3 Digital elevation map of entire Mirzapur district including the study area 4 Figure 4a Land use and land cover of Marihan block of the study area 5 Figure 4b Land use and land cover of Lalganj block falling in the study area. 6 Figure 5 Average Temperature (in 0C) of the Mirzapur district (CGWB, 2018) 7 Figure 6 Location of pumping and recovery tests in (a) Gopalpur, (b) Khatinaipur 11 villages. Figure 7 Observed curves representing drawdown with progression of time during 14 the pumping test (a) types curve, (b) data curve, (c) matching curve. Figure 8 Illustration of a typical recovery test 16 Figure 9 Recovery test curve obtained using recovery data 16 Figure 10 Locations of wells distributed fairly throughout the Mirzapur district 19 including five wells of the study area Figure 11 Simulated groundwater flow directions based on the field observed data 22 Figure 12 Groundwater elevation map of the study area prepared on the basis of 23 observed data during field study. Figure 13 Groundwater elevation map of 2017. 23 Figure 14 Groundwater elevation map of 2016 24 Figure 15 Groundwater elevation map of 2015 24 Figure 16 Groundwater elevation map of 2014 25 Figure 17 Groundwater elevation map of 2009 25 Figure 18 Groundwater table status in study area during 2017-2009 (a-i) 30 Figure 19 Map of the study area showing VES sites adopted for hydrogeological 33 investigations. Figure 20 Interpreted VES curve of VES-I. 38 Figure 21 Interpreted VES curve of VES-II. 39 Figure 22 Interpreted VES curve of VES-III. 40 Figure 23 Interpreted VES curve of VES-IV. 41 Figure 24 Interpreted VES curve of VES-V. 42 Figure 25 Interpreted VES curve of VES-VI. 43 Figure 26 Interpreted VES curve of VES-VII. 44 Figure 27 Interpreted VES curve of VES-VIII. 45 Figure 28 Interpreted VES curve of VES-IX. 46 Figure 29 Interpreted VES curve of VES-X. 47 Figure 30 Interpreted VES curve of VES-XI. 48 Figure 31 Interpreted VES curve of VES-XII. 49 Figure 32 Recommended measures of MAR for aquifer recharge in and around 59 study area. Figure 33 Different types of trenches 60 Figure 34 Pictures taken during the field visit 62

Abbreviations:

1. General

A request was received from Adani Power Limited, Sambhaav House, Bodakdev, Ahmedabad to Department of Hydrology, IIT Roorkee, vide email dated April 20, 2018, for conducting a hydrogeological study of 10 km radius of Mirzapur site of M/S WELSPUN Energy Pvt. Ltd. A survey team comprised of Dr. Brijesh Kumar Yadav (Associate Professor), Mr. Pankaj Kumar Gupta (Senior Research Fellow), Mr. Manik Goel and Mr. Abhishek (M. Tech. Scholars), and Sri Raj Kumar (Senior Laboratory Technician), from Department of Hydrology, IIT Roorkee visited the area along with the required instruments from June 9-14, 2017 for conducting the field study. During the field survey and experiments, Mr. Kamlesh Pal, from the office of M/S WELSPUN Energy UP Pvt. Ltd. Mirzapur joined the IIT team throughout the entire field work.

Scope of study

The scope of the study is limited to the following tasks. a) Estimate of depth of groundwater level within 10 km radius based on field surveys. Coordinates of all monitoring points to be taken and marked on topo-sheet/google earth. Preparation of depth to water table maps & water table elevation maps to determine gradient. b) Calculation of total yield of aquifer. Assessment of change in yield of groundwater including the drying of aquifers etc. c) Preparation of general guidelines for effective utilization of water resources in and around the study area d) Chemical analysis of ground water samples by NABL accredited laboratory or laboratory of Institutes of National Repute line IITs and BHU: Fifteen (15) numbers sample in all directions for pH, Conductivity, TDS, Total

Alkalinity, Total Hardness, Na, Ca, Mg, K, SO4, NO3, Cl, F, CO3, HCO3, organic solids, inorganic solids, total solids. Two (2) numbers sample against drinking water standard IS 10500: 2012 (Parameters on Table -1, 2, 3 and 6 of the Standard). e) Total water balance study to be carried out after quantifying total surface and ground water for the sites. f) Estimation of location for reliable source of portable water for installation of tube well at site for 500 KLD for drinking and construction water requirement for 5 years. 2. Study Area

Geographical area falling in 10 km radius of the M/s WELSPUN Energy Pvt. WELSPUN Energy Pvt. Ltd. site is located at Dadri Khurd village of district Mirzapur (U.P.) having latitude - and 82º - Ganges and 4 km west from Upper Khajuri dam. The study area occupies part of Survey of India topographic sheet 63K/12 & 16 and 63L9/13 on 1:50,000 scale (Fig 1). The Upper Khajuri water reservoir is the main surface water resources falling within the study area. The soil of the study area is generally red underlain by rocky terrain with presence of sandstone.

Figure 1. Map of the study area covering 10 Km radius from center of the site of M/s WELSPUN Energy Pvt. Ltd on Topographic sheet.

The climate of the study area is characterized by hot summer and pleasant monsoon with cold season. The average annual rainfall in the area is 1085 mm and about 90% of which takes place between June to September. During the monsoon season, surplus runoff water flows through ephemeral creeks and streams ultimately meeting to river Ganges. The surface runoff is mostly not harvested in the study area due to its hilly topographic features. The average temperature of the area ranges from 14.15 0C to 39.80 0C having average relative humidity of 85%. Winds are generally strong in the area with some increase in force during summer and southwest monsoon season. The mean wind velocity is 2 knots and average potential evapotranspiration rate is 1456.7 mm as reported by CGWB report (2018).

Geological Setup of the Study Area

The entire study area is consisted of Kaimur Sandstone and alluvium deposits as shown in the geological map of the area (Fig. 2). Geologically the area is characterized by the Vindhyan system and it is overlain by Quaternary alluvium. The sandstone generally dip towards South- East with general strike in East-North-East (ENE) and West-North-West (WNW). The stratigraphic sequence of the area is listed in Table 1. The coordinates of the study area used for various measurements were obtained using Global Positioning System (GPS). This information was then added as X and Y location in Arc GIS 10.2 with their specific location as point. The inverse distance weighted (IDW) technique was used for interpolating the point information into raster surface of the target area for showing the spatial distribution of field information. The Landsat 8 OLI data was taken from USGS Earth Explorer (www.earthexplorer.com) for obtaining the digital elevation map of the area as shown in figure 3.

Table 1. Stratigraphic sequence of the study area falling in Mirzapur District, U.P. (Annual Groundwater Report Mirzapur District, CGWB 201-2012) Period Group and Formation Lithology

Recent Quaternary Alluvium Clay, Sand, and Kankar.

Cambrian Upper Vindhyan Dhandhaurl quartzite scrap sandstone

Cambrian Lower Vindhyan Bijaygarh shale, quartzite, sandstone, Susnai conglomerate and lower Quartzite

Figure 2: Geological and structural map of the study area (adapted from http://mineral.up.nic.in)

Figure 3: Digital elevation map of entire Mirzapur district including the study area

Land Use and Land Cover of the Study Area Land use and Land cover information of an area helps in quantifying the amount of infiltration and runoff generated over the surface. The Land use and land cover is determined by analyzing satellite and aerial imageries of the study area provided by United States Geological Survey (USGS). The Landsat 8 OLI data set is taken from USGS Earth Explorer (www.earthexplorer.com) for this purpose. Figure 4a-b shows the land use and land cover of the two major blocks namely Marihan and Lalganj of the study area. However, for quantification of groundwater resources of the study area, land use and land cover information of the entire study area is utilized.

Forest Cultivable Waste Land Present Fallow Land Other Fallow Land Non Cultivated Land Pasture Land Pasture Land Groves & Gardens Net sown area

Forest 25% Net sown area 30%

Cultivable Waste Land 3%

Present Fallow Land 9%

Groves & Gardens Other Fallow Land 15% Non Cultivated2% Land 4% Pasture Land 12%

Figure 4 a: Land use and land cover of Marihan block of the study area

Forest Cultivable Waste Land Present Fallow Land Other Fallow Land Non Cultivated Land Pasture Land Pasture Land Groves & Gardens Net sown area

Forest 24%

Net sown area 48% Cultivable Waste Land 3% Present Fallow Land 4%

Other Fallow Land 5% Non Cultivated Land 2%

Pasture Land 9% Groves & Gardens 5%

Figure 4b: Land use and land cover of Lalganj block falling in the study area.

Average Rainfall and Temperature of the Area

The total rainfall amount of Mirzapur area during the four major seasons (Pre-monsoon, Monsoon, Post-monsoon, Winter season) of 2009-till date is listed in Table 2 (CGWB 2018). Most of the rain of the year falls in monsoon season and there is large variation in temperature over the year as shown in figure 5. The month of January is the coldest month while the hottest month of the year is May. The average annual rainfall is observed as 1085 mm over this period of nine years. The bulk of annual rainfall occurs in monsoon season during July to September constituting about 90% of the annual rainfall.

Table 2. Average Rainfall (in mm) over the Mirzapur district (CGWB, 2018)

Year Jan-March April-June July-Sept Oct-Dec 2018 11.266 3.6 ------2017 3.967 15.76 331.233 8.9 2016 6.3267 17.403 318.8433 6.0233 2015 19.7733 27.62 136.1967 10.74 2014 26.77 5.967 221.1799 23.0132 2013 14.0499 75.74 142.706 60.5033 2012 6.4033 11.2634 283.0933 3.0366 2011 1.5633 100.986 290.25 1.67 2010 8.2 1.68333 415.4767 18.77999 2009 2.037 6.8233 549.5833 117.5

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Septemb Novemb Decemb January February March April May June July August October er er er 2017 22 26 32 39 37 36 33 33 32 31 27 23 2016 23 28 34 40 41 40 35 33 32 31 27 23 2015 21 26 30 36 42 39 34 34 34 32 29 24 2014 21 23 31 38 40 42 36 34 33 31 27 22 2013 20 23 31 36 42 37 35 34 34 29 27 23 2012 19 22 30 37 41 41 34 33 31 30 26 22 2011 19 24 31 36 41 37 33 30 29 29 27 23 2010 20 24 33 40 42 41 33 32 30 29 27 22

Figure 5. Average Temperature (in 0C) of the Mirzapur district (CGWB, 2018).

3. Aquifer Characterization and Groundwater Assessment Criterion

The Groundwater Estimation Committee (GEC-19971) has been the basis of groundwater assessment in India for about two decades. The Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India, constituted a committee, GEC 2015, to recommend a revised methodology by incorporating a number of changes compared to the recommendations of GEC-1997. The GEC-20152 recommended aquifer wise groundwater resource assessment which can be assessed to a depth of 100 m in hard rock areas and 300 m in soft rock regions. The committee also recommended estimation of replenishable and static groundwater resources. Keeping in view of the rapid change in ground water extraction, GEC-2015 recommended resources estimation once in every three years. In hilly areas where surface and sub-surface runoff is high and water level data is not adequate, it is difficult to compute the groundwater balance. It was recommended that wherever spring discharge data is available, the same may be used for indirect groundwater resources estimation in hilly areas. Primary classification of groundwater assessment units like blocks/talukas/watersheds into safe, semi-critical, critical and overexploited categories is performed based on the relationship between pumping and annual replenishment.

Hydrogeological setup of the Study Area

The study area consisted of water-bearing stratum of sandstone and quartzite type3. Exploratory drilling data of CGWB and Uttar Pradesh state tube well Department show that there are fractures which create secondary porosity in hard rocks of the area and porous formation in alluvial formations. The depth of these fractures differs from place to place. The groundwater condition in the area is greatly influenced by the occurrence of two distinct lithological formations. The entire area is mainly comprised of: 1) Unconsolidated sediments in the Northern part (marginal alluvium), 2) Hard rock formation comprising Upper Vindhyan sandstone and shale in the Southern part. A block wise status of groundwater resources of the entire Mirzapur district including the study area is listed in Table 3 as reported by CGWB. The Table shows that the entire study area was fall afe category in 2009.

1 GEC (1997). Groundwater resource estimation methodology. GEC, Ministry of Water Resources, New Delhi 2 GEC (2015). Groundwater resource estimation methodology. GEC, Minitry of Water Resources, New Delhi 3 CGWB (2011). District Groundwater Boucher of Mirzapur District, UP

Table 3. Block-wise Groundwater Resources in and around the study area (as on 1.4.2009 reported by CGWB, 2012-13)

S. No. Assessment GW GW Level of Category as Balance Unit Availability Draft Development on 31.03.09 Groundwater (Block) (Ha-m) (Ha-m) (%) (Ha-m) 1 Chhanbey 2913.97 2235.92 76.73 Semi-Critical 255.55 2 Halia 5208.39 2423.84 46.54 Safe 1930.45 3 Jamalpur 5640.63 3160.47 56.03 Safe 1994.15 4 Kon 2579.52 2371.12 91.92 Semi-Critical 0.00 5 Lalganj 5806.14 7202.51 58.18 Safe 2377.89 6 Majhaw 3928.05 3830.21 97.51 Critical 0.00 7 Marihan 2997.22 1360.34 45.39 Safe 1047.17 8 City 5301.40 3740.60 70.56 Semi-Critical 1009.93 9 Narainpur 6819.72 3107.26 45.56 Safe 3243.84 10 Pahari 6722.44 2079.13 30.93 Safe 4309.71 11 Rajgarh 4917.00 2107.56 42.86 Safe 2781.00 12 Sikhar 3967.24 2656.15 92.16 Critical 220.37

Pump and Recovery Tests of site Aquifer

A pumping test is a reliable method of checking well performance, well yield, and the zone of influence of the well and for characterization of aquifer system. The most common form of pumping test is the constant-rate pumping one in which a control well is pumped at a constant rate and pumping water-level response (drawdown) is measured in one or more surrounding observation wells. Here the goal of conducting the constant-rate pumping test was to estimate hydraulic properties of the aquifer system. At the end of a pumping tests, recovery tests were also performed after pumping in the pumped (control) wells was stopped. Groundwater-level response (residual drawdown) was measured after stoppage of pumping in the nearby observation wells.

A couple of constant-rate pumping tests were performed during the field visit followed by the recovery tests at Khatinaipur and Gopalpur, villages of Marihan block of the study area. In the first test, a well was selected as the control well and a nearby well from the control well was taken as the observation well in

Gopalpur village (Fig. 6). According to the topography of the region, the control well was situated at higher elevation as compared to the observation well. Diameter of both the wells was 7.32 cm and these wells have been used for irrigation and portable water supply by their respective owners. Distance measured between the two wells was found as 35 m. The data set obtained from this pumping and recovery tests are not shown here due to erratic behavior of the water level observed in the monitoring well. Later on it was found that a tube well situated at up-gradient side was running just prior to conducting our pump tests.

The second pump test was performed using two nearby wells having Latitute- Longitude as 25o o situated in Kathinai village of Marihan block. As per the information provided by the well owners, both the wells (control and observation) were drilled in a confined aquifer starting from 100ft from below ground level (bgl) and extending up to 150ft bgl. Diameter of both the wells was 7.32 cm and these wells have been used for irrigation and portable water supply by their respective owners. The static water level in the observation well was obtained with the help of automatic data logger and was found to be 15.015 m below ground level before starting the pump test. The control well was then operated with a constant discharge of 60.0252 m3/day and the measured drawdown of the observation well with time of progression is listed in Table 4. The well was operated till 35 minutes from its starting time and residual drawdown was also observed after stoppage of the control well. The measured recovery test dataset is listed in Table 5 for a period of 15 min. The observed data curve representing drawdown with progression of time during the pumping test is shown in figure 7.

Drawdown after time, t, from starting of the pumping is given as:

W(u)= well function given as:

Here

Here r represents radial distance of observation well from the control well, T is the transmissivity of aquifer system, and S is the Storativity.

(a)

(b) Figure 6: Location of pumping and recovery tests in (a) Gopalpur, (b) Khatinaipur villages.

Table 4: Drawdown data collected during the pump test of Gopalpur.

Time since start of Height from reference Drawdown pumping (min) (m) (m) 0 15.015 0 0.5 15.67 0.655 1 16.476 1.461 1.5 17.3 2.285 2 17.62 2.605 2.5 17.75 2.735 3 17.9 2.885 3.5 18.02 3.005 4 18.14 3.125 4.5 18.24 3.225 5 18.33 3.315 5.5 18.42 3.405 6 18.49 3.475 6.5 18.57 3.555 7 18.63 3.615 7.5 18.7 3.685 8 18.77 3.755 8.5 18.82 3.805 9 18.89 3.875 9.5 18.93 3.915 10 18.99 3.975 11 19.085 4.07 12 19.17 4.155 13 19.255 4.24 14 19.33 4.315 15 19.4 4.385 16 19.47 4.455 17 19.54 4.525 18 19.6 4.585 19 19.665 4.65 20 19.72 4.705 25 19.985 4.97 30 20.22 5.205 35 20.42 5.405

Table 5: Drawdown data collected during the recovery test of Gopalpur.

Time since Height from reference Residual pumping has (m) Drawdown stopped (min) (m) 0.5 19.05 4.035 1 18.58 3.565 1.5 18.32 3.305 2 18.1 3.085 2.5 18.01 2.995 3 17.93 2.915 3.5 17.84 2.825 4 17.77 2.755 4.5 17.685 2.67 5 17.62 2.605 6 17.495 2.48 7 17.37 2.355 8 17.28 2.265 9 17.2 2.185 10 17.12 2.105 15 16.84 1.825

0.1 0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 U

(a) Type curve used for analyzing the aquifer test

1 1 10 100 Time(t)

(b) Data curve

(c) Matching curve Figure 7: Observed curves representing drawdown with progression of time during the pumping test (a) types curve, (b) data curve, (c) matching curve.

Analysis of Pumping Test

The type curve (Fig. 7a) was superimposed on the data curve (Fig. 7b) observed during the field test by keeping the axes correctly aligned. A match point was then selected and the corresponding coordinates of the match point on both sets of axes were obtained as: well function W(u)=1; auxiliary parameter u=10-2; drawdown s=0.9 m; r2/t=47 m2/min or 67,680 m2/day. Transmissivity (T) and Storativity (S) of the aquifer system is calculated using T= Q/ ; and S= 4Tu/(r2/t) and were found as 5.307 m2/day and 3.13 ×10-6, respectively. Hydraulic conductivity (K) of the aquifer is found as 0.34882 m/day.

Analysis of Recovery Test

At the end of a pumping test, when pumping is stopped, water levels in control and observation wells start to rise. This is referred as the recovery of groundwater level. While the measurements of drawdown below the original static water level (prior to the pumping) during the recovery period are known as residual drawdowns. In a recovery test, while a control well is pumped for a known period of time before its shut down, the drawdown thereafter is considered to be identically the same as if the discharge had been continued and a hypothetical recharge well with the same flow is superposed on the control well at the instant the discharge is shut down. Figure 8 shows the conceptual illustration of a typical recovery test. Theis (1934) e pumping has been stopped, s' can be given as:

For small r and large t ' u becomes less than 0.01 and Theis equation can be simplified by Jacob and Cooper equation as:

Thus, a plot of residual drawdown s' versus the logarithm of t/t ' forms a straight line. The slope of the line equals

Figure 8: Illustration of a typical recovery test

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0 1 10 100 t/t'

Figure 9: Recovery test curve obtained using recovery data.

A plot of residual drawdown s vs. log (t/t ) was plotted (Fig. 9) and slope of fitted straight line was obtained as s=2.08 from which Transmissivity was calculated as = =5.28 m2/day. The hydraulic conductivity (K) of aquifer was observed as 0.34882 m/day. The observed transmissivity from the pump test (as T= 5.307 m2/day) is almost comparable with the recovery test value (5.28 m2/day). Also these aquifer parameters are in line with the study carried out by Yadav and Singh (2008)4 of the area. Pump test in unconfined aquifer was not done due to unavailability of suitable tube wells in the area.

4 Yadav, G. S., & Singh, S. K. (2008). Gradient profiling for the investigation of groundwater saturated fractures in hard rocks of Uttar Pradesh, India. Hydrogeology journal, 16(2), 363-372.

4. Quantification of Surface and Groundwater Resources

The Upper Khajuri dam is a main surface water reservoir falling in the study area. Total estimated water capacity of this dam is reported about 37.8 million m3 by UP Irrigation and water resource Department. Other sources of surface water resources are ponds which are seasonal and very small in capacity. For effective groundwater management of the study area, an understanding of subsurface lithology and the status of groundwater is required.

Groundwater recharge was estimated for the entire study area. Excluding the hilly areas wherever slope is greater than 20%. The GEC-97/15 recommended that such type of high slope areas shall be identified and subtracted from the total geographical area of a target site as these areas have more runoff than infiltration amount. The regions having slope more than 20% is demarcated for the study area using DEM as shown Figure 2. Assessment of total groundwater includes quantification of dynamic and static groundwater resources. In general, project activities of an area mainly depend on dynamic groundwater resource only as this component of groundwater gets replenished every year by surface recharge. On the other hand, static groundwater resources are not replenishable annually and may be allowed to be extracted only during emergencies with proper recharge planning in the succeeding excess rainfall years. In this study, the water budget equation is used for groundwater quantification by considering certain reasonable assumptions as suggested by GEC-15. Estimation of dynamic groundwater resources of the study area is carried out using lumped parameter approach keeping in mind that data from many more sources if available can be used in future for refining the assessment.

The groundwater recharge was estimated on water table fluctuation and specific yield approach as this method takes into account the response of groundwater table to its input and output components. The GEC-15 proposed that there should be at least three wells spatially distributed in the target area, or one observation well per 100 Km2. In this study, a total of 12 wells distributed fairly throughout the Mirzapur district including 5 wells of the study area (Figure 10 and Table 6) are considered for this analysis.

Table 6. List of Legend used to represent well codes in and around the study area. Legend A B C D E F G H I

Well W15205 W15892 W15200 W15208 W15202 W15203 W15894 W15204 W15212 code

Legend J K L M N O P Q

Well W15893 W15210 W15207 W15895 W15206 W15891 W15209 W15896 Code

It is recommended by GEC -15 that groundwater level data should be available for a minimum period of 5 years (preferably 10 years), along with the corresponding rainfall amount. Therefore, a period of nine years (2009-till date) is taken here for this estimation. The rainfall recharge during non-monsoon season is estimated using rainfall infiltration factor method. The groundwater resources from various sources are calculated as under.

1. Monsoon Recharge from rainfall

(Rrf)= (h × Sy × A) + DG - RC - RSW RGW - RWC

Where, h= Monsoon recharge from rainfall, RC = Recharge from canals, RSW = Recharge from

surface water irrigation, RGW = Recharge from groundwater irrigation, RWC = Recharge

from water conservation structures

Figure 10: Locations of wells distributed fairly throughout the Mirzapur district including five wells of the study area

Now, A = Total suitable recharge (less than 20% slope) = 192.8 km2

Sy = Specific yield for sandstone (3%) as recommended by GEC 2015 h = Water table fluctuation (average) during Monsoon = 4.261m (from 5 Nos observation wells mean for five year)

Recharge from water table fluctuation method (WTF):

i.e. R(WTF) = 192.8 km2 x 106 m2/km2 x 3/100 x 4.261m

= 24645624/104 ha-m = 2464.5624 ha-m = 24.645624 MCM

2. For DG (Groundwater pumped for domestic use + irrigation use): It is considered that

the requirement of water for domestic use is 60 lpd per head as suggested by GEC-15.

a. GW for domestic use (annual) = Population (2016-17) × per capita Groundwater need = 514944 × 60 lpcd/ 1000 L/m3 × 365 days/year = 11277273.4 m3/year or 11.27 MCM/year

b. Groundwater used for irrigation (Total area = 403. 97 ha): Groundwater used for irrigation is taken as 65 cm/ha based on the local cropping pattern of the study area. Applied water at the rate of 65 cm/ha = 262.58 ha-m Annual water use = 2.62 MCM Total groundwater use = 11.27 + 2.62 MCM RGW = 13.89 MCM Note: Industrial use of water is assumed negligible as there is no major industry in the area.

3. Recharge from canals and surface water irrigation:

As Khajuri dam is a main irrigation scheme in the area, surface irrigation plays a major role. Total area irrigated from canals and surface water sources is 9511.75 ha As per norms of GEC (1997), the return flow from irrigation is considered as 40% of applied water: Total irrigated area = 9511.76 ha Area irrigated through surface water = 9107.79 ha Applied irrigation = 0.75 m/ha Return flow from surface irrigation at the rate of applied water (RSW) = 2732.32 ha-m = 27.32 MCM

4. Rainfall recharge (from Infiltration Method), Rrf:

Total area (suitable for recharge, < 20% slope) = 192.8 km2 Average monsoon rainfall = 912.6 mm Rainfall infiltration index for sst terrain (from GEC,1997) = 10% Monsoon GW recharge (Rrf) = 192.8 km2 × 912.6 mm /1000 × 10/100 × 106 m2/km2 = 1759.4928 ha-m = 17.594 MCM

5. As groundwater recharge calculated from WTF method is higher (24.64 MCM) than

that calculated from rainfall infiltration method (by about 28%), the former is accepted.

Non-Monsoon Recharge:

Non-monsoon recharge over the study

potential evapotranspiration during non-monsoon is very high, hence recharge by

rainfall during non-monsoon period is ignored, especially when the water table depth

remains more than 5m bgl.

Annual Groundwater Recharge:

Recharge through rainfall (in WTF method) = 24.64 MCM Recharge from surface water irrigation = 27.32 MCM So, total annual groundwater recharge = (24.64 + 27.32) MCM = 51.96 MCM

6. Stage of Groundwater Development:

Annual groundwater recharge = 51.96 MCM Total groundwater use =13.89 MCM Stage of groundwater development = = 26.73 % Category (As per GEC) = Safe

Table 7: Summary of water simulated dynamic groundwater resources of the study

area.

Sr. No. Observations Values 1 Surface water 37.8 million m3 2 Recharge from water table fluctuation method 24.645624 MCM 3 Return flow from surface irrigation at the rate of applied 27.32 MCM water (RSW) 4 Rainfall recharge from Infiltration Method (Rrf) 17.594 MCM 5 Annual Groundwater Recharge 51.96 MCM 6 Stage of Groundwater Development 26.73 % 7 Category (As per GEC-15 and CGWB, 2018#) Safe

Source: #http://cgwb.gov.in/faq.html

5. Groundwater flow Regime of the Study Area

Groundwater flow direction is obtained after analyzing the groundwater table data along with the elevation data of the site using numerical modeling. The geo-referencing of the numerical domain is done after converting all coordinates from Cartesian system to UTM zones coordinates. Figure 11 shows the groundwater flow pattern in and around the study area indicating that groundwater flow towards north eastern direction (towards Ganges river outlet). Figures 12 shows the depth to water table map of the study area based on the field observation in 2018 and Figures 13-17 show water table elevation for the duration of 2009-2017 based on groundwater data collected from CGWB. Figure 18 a-i shows the Groundwater table status in study area during 2009-2017.

Figure 11: Simulated groundwater flow directions based on the field observed data.

Figure 12: Groundwater elevation map of the study area prepared on the basis of observed data during field study.

Figure 13: Groundwater elevation map of 2017.

Figure 14. Groundwater elevation map of 2016.

Figure 15. Groundwater elevation map of 2015.

Figure 16. Groundwater elevation map of 2014.

Figure 17. Groundwater elevation map of 2009.

2017 GW Assesment 20.00 18.00 16.00 14.00 12.00 10.00 MONSOON 8.00 POSTMONSOONRABI 6.00 PREMONSOON 4.00 2.00 0.00 A B D E F G C I K L M N O J

WELL CODE

(a)

2016 GW Assesment 20.00 18.00 16.00 14.00 12.00

10.00 MONSOON 8.00 POSTMONSOONKHARIF 6.00 PREMONSOON 4.00 2.00 0.00 A B D E H F C J I K L M N G

(b)

2015 GW Assesment 16.00

14.00

12.00

10.00

8.00 MONSOON 6.00 POSTMONSOONKHARIF PREMONSOON 4.00

2.00

0.00 A B D E H F C J I L M N G WELL CODE

(c)

2014 GW Assesment 20.00 18.00 16.00 14.00 12.00 10.00 MONSOON 8.00 POSTMONSOONRABI 6.00 PREMONSOON 4.00 2.00 0.00 A C D E H F G J I K L M N O B WELL CODE

(d)

2013 GW Assesment 18.00

16.00

14.00

12.00

10.00 MONSOON 8.00 POSTMONSOONRABI 6.00 PREMONSOON

4.00 POSTMONSOONKHARIF

2.00

0.00 A C D E H F G J I K P L M N O B WELL CODE

(e)

2012 GW Assesment 20.00

18.00 16.00 14.00

12.00

10.00 MONSOON 8.00 POSTMONSOONRABI 6.00 PREMONSOON POSTMONSOONKHARIF 4.00 2.00 0.00 A C D E H F G J Q I K P L M N O B WELL CODE

(f)

2011 GW Assesment 18.00

16.00

14.00

12.00

10.00 MONSOON 8.00 POSTMONSOONRABI

6.00 PREMONSOON

4.00 POSTMONSOONKHARIF

2.00

0.00 A C D E H F G J Q I K L M N O B WELL CODE

(g)

20.00

18.00

16.00

14.00

12.00

10.00 MONSOON

8.00 POSTMONSOONRABI PREMONSOON 6.00 POSTMONSOONKHARIF 4.00

2.00

0.00 A C D E H F G J I K P L M N O B WELL CODE

(h)

30.00

25.00

20.00

15.00 MONSOON POSTMONSOONRABI 10.00 PREMONSOON POSTMONSOONKHARIF

5.00

0.00 A C D E H F G J Q I K P L M N O B WELL CODE

(i) Figure 18. Groundwater table status in study area during 2017-2009 (a-i).

6. Electrical Resistivity Exploration for Location for Installation of Tube Well

Geophysical exploration has emerged as a powerful technique for exploring groundwater and is mainly comprised of electrical resistivity techniques. Geophysical methods detect measurable differences or anomalies of physical properties within earth's crust. Density, magnetism, elasticity and electrical resistivity are the geological properties most commonly measured using this technique. Electrical resistivity methods, besides the seismic method, are commonly applied in groundwater exploration although these techniques provide only indirect indications of groundwater resources. Out of the two, the electrical resistivity method is more commonly employed mainly due to its simple application in the field. Further, the information provided by the electrical resistivity soundings can be used in quantifying the depth of water- bearing strata as well as the water quality.

The electrical resistivity exploration involves application of some measured current through two outer metallic (stakes) electrodes, driven into the ground and measure the resulting potential difference between two inner metal electrodes, also driven into the ground. The flow of current in the earth follows the universally accepted The electric resistivity of a rock formation limits the amount of current passing through the formation when an electric potential is applied. It may be defined as the resistance in ohms between opposite faces of a unit cube of the material. If a material of resistance R has a cross-sectional area A and a length

L, then its resistivity can be expressed as: = ; here unit of resistivity is ohm-m2/m, or simply ohm-m

The resistivity of rock formations varies over a wide range, depending on the comprising material. The resistivity of common rocks like igneous and metamorphic yield values in the range of 100 to 108 ohm-m; sedimentary and unconsolidated rocks between 1 to 104 ohm-m. In relatively porous formations, the resistivity is controlled more by water content and quality within the formation than by the rock resistivity. For aquifers composed of unconsolidated materials, the resistivity decreases with increase in the degree of saturation and salinity of the groundwater. Clay minerals conduct electric current through their matrix; therefore, clayey formations tend to display lower resistivity than the permeable alluvial aquifers. Clay when wet, typically has low resistivity of 5-30 ohm-m whereas wet sand and gravel have resistivities five to ten times higher; therefore, relatively high resistivity zones are of interest for identifying the productive shallow aquifers.

Electrodes consist of metal stakes driven into the ground for conducting electrical soundings. In practice, various standard electrode spacing arrangements have been adopted; most common are the Wenner and Schlumberger arrangements, with the latter becoming more popular lately. The Schlumberger arrangement has the potential electrodes close together. The apparent resistivity is given by

where L (often referred as AB) and b (often referred as MN) are the current and potential electrodes spacing, respectively. Theoretically, L b, but for practical application, good results can be obtained if L I is the applied current. When apparent resistivity is plotted on a log-log graph (of 62.5 mm modulus, typically) ag , or AB/2) for various spacings at one location, a smooth curve can be drawn through the points. The interpretation of such an apparent resistivity-spacing (L/2) curve in terms of sub- subsurface conditions can be obtained in two parts 1) interpretation in terms of various layers of actual (as distinguished from apparent) resistivities and their depths (2) interpretation of the actual resistivities in terms of subsurface geologic and groundwater conditions. Part 1 can be accomplished with theoretically computed resistivity-spacing curves of two, three, and four-layer cases for various ratios of resistivities. Curves and explanations of curve-matching techniques have been published for the Schlumberger configuration (Orellana and Mooney, 1966). Inversion software can also be used for this interpretation. Comparison with available lithologies of a nearby test hole enables a correlation to be established with subsurface geologic and groundwater conditions. This information can then be applied for interpretation of resistivity measurements in surrounding areas.

Table 8. Locations of VES sites in study area S.No Northing Easting Location

VES I 240 820 At Site (Dan Khurd South)

VES II 240 820 Haritara Village(Marihan)

VES III 240 820 Upper Khajuri Dam (Kotarwa Village)

VES IV 250 820 Jhingura 7Km(Gopalpur)

VES V 250 6 820 Bharpura Village

VES VI 240 91.84 820 58.92 Patehara (Kalvari-Lalganj Raod)

VES VII 240 87.58 820 72.05 SemaraVillage (Mirzapur-Ghorawal Road)

VES VIII 250 820 Chhitampur (Nearby NH 7)

VES IX 240 820 Jaugarh Village

VES X 240 820 Lusa and Atari Village (nearby Highway)

VES XI 240 820 Ballhara mor (near BHU campus) VES XII 240 820 At Site near Bargad tree

Figure 19. Map of the study area showing VES sites adopted for hydrogeological investigations.

Electrical resistivity soundings

A total of 12 numbers of vertical electrical sounding (VES) were recorded during the field visit in the project area having an extent of approximately 300 sq. km (radius= 10km). Location of these VES in the study area is shown in Figure 18. Latitude and longitude of these sites are listed in Table 8. These soundings were taken employing Schlumberger configuration of electrodes using ABEM SAS 300B instrument (Sweden). The maximum current electrodes separation (AB) in the sounding ranged between 800m to 1000m which gave us the insight into the subsurface formation down to a depth of up to approx. 125m below ground level (BGL).

The field data (Apparent resistivity and half current electrode separation, AB/2) were plotted on the log-log graph of modulus 62.5 mm. The data plots thus obtained were interpreted by using 2-layer master curves given by Orellana and Mooney (1996). It is necessary to mention that as the project area is comprised of heterogeneous/ fractured and compact sandstones etc. in the alluvium terrain, it has not been possible to use software for direct interpretation of field resistivity data as the electrical anisotropy may be quite high, leading to inaccuracy in the interpretation. The plots of field apparent resistivity versus AB/2 are given in Figure 19 to 30. The results of the interpretation of the field data in terms of layer thicknesses and true resistivity are given in Table 9. A perusal of the interpreted results indicates that each VES location is comprised of 3-5 layers except VES-I which shows the presence of 7 layers.

A comparison of the available background geological data for the project area vis a vis VES interpretation has indicated following resistivity ranges for various geological formation in the project area.

1. Clay Bed: <18 ohm-m. 2. Sand layers: 0-50 ohm-m. 3. Weathered Sandstone: 70-150 ohm-m. 4. Fractured Sandstone: 150-250 ohm-m. 5. Compact Sandstone: >250 ohm-m. 6. Topsoil layer (Near surface): 25-250 ohm-m.; varying with moisture condition.

However, these ranges of resistivity need to be kept marginally flexible.

In general, the topsoil layer in the Project area was found to be underlain by a sedimentary layer, clay or sandy layer, of few meter thickness. The sedimentary layer was further underlain by weathered/compact sandstone of Kaimur group. However, at the same time, some sites in the northern, central or eastern part occurred directly beneath the topsoil (e.g. at VES 1,3,4,9,10,11,12 Figure 19/Table 8) indicating the absence of the sedimentary horizon. The sand horizon beneath the topsoil is expected to be water-bearing often at a depth varying between 4 to 8m BGL (e.g. VES 2,5,8). However, at VES 6 location, weathered sandstone is indicated to occur directly beneath the topsoil layer of thickness 2 to 3m and may contain groundwater.

The above finding needs to be corroborated from field data. Generally, groundwater is expected to occur in the sandy horizons and weathered sandstone whereas clay horizon will not yield significant quantity of water, the fractured sandstones may however also contain some groundwater. The site wise description of the VES data at each village is given below along with general inferences of the survey sites. Table 9 shows the true and layer thicknesses of different soundings performed in the study area.

Table 9: True and Layer Thicknesses for different VES sounding locations.

Location: VES-I Layer No. I II III IV V VI VII h (m) 2 3.8 4.2 10 70 90 ++ (ohm m) 2400 3600 2267 2600 1716 340 200

Location: VES-II Layer No. I II III IV h (m) 2.5 5.5 5.85 ++ (ohm m) 50 2.63 83.6 702

Location: VES-III Layer No. I II III IV h (m) 3.8 13.68 50 ++ (ohm m) 110 10890 183.3 231

Location: VES-IV Layer No. I II III IV h (m) 1.35 1.89 7.04 ++ (ohm m) 302 453 264 320

Location: VES-V Layer No. I II III IV h (m) 2 17 40 ++ (ohm m) 14.4 9.5 18 60

Location: VES-VI Layer No. I II III IV h (m) 3 57 ++ ++ (ohm m) 7 133 9405 Location: VES-VII Layer No. I II III IV h (m) 5 19 64.4 ++ (ohm m) 26 8.58 300 1540

Location: VES-VIII Layer No. I II III IV h (m) 2.3 3.2 2.08 ++ (ohm m) 44 29.04 684 300 Remarks

Location: VES-IX Layer No. I II III IV V h (m) 1 10 14 27.5 ++ (ohm m) 180 1620 6000 1200 950

Location: VES-X Layer No. I II III IV h (m) 3 0.24 ++ (ohm m) 7.5 742.5 741

Location: VES-XI Layer No. I II III IV h (m) 2.1 8.19 11.9 ++ (ohm m) 80 560 640 460

Location: VES-XII Layer No. I II III IV V h (m) 1.9 9.25 33.1 23 ++ (ohm m) 250 1025 1650 3400 726

Sites of VES 1 (site location),3,4,9,10,11,12, indicating the absence of the sedimentary horizon which could contain groundwater. Whereas, sites of VES 2,5,8 were expected to contain water-bearing stratum often at a depth varying between 4 to 8m bgl.

Scope: Estimation of location for reliable source of potable water for installation of tube well at site for 500 KLD for drinking and construction water requirement for 5 years

Recommendations: As VES site(s) I & XII seem to lie close to the plant site (Figure 19). It would be desirable to drill tube wells for water supply needed for the construction of power plant. However, the interpreted results of the resistivity sounding (VES I) do not indicate presence of any potential water bearing zone as all the upper layers pertain to hard sandstone expect the last (deepest) one occurring at a depth of approx. 180 m bgl. Thus, only option available in the vicinity of VES II, where a 5.85 m thick layer of weathered sandstone is indicated to be present at a depth of approx. 7-8 m bgl. This layer has a resistivity of 83.6 ohm-m & seems to pertain to weathered sandstone which may be productive aquifer. Thus, it is recommended that 3-4 tube wells may be drilled up to a depth of approx. 25-30 m each. These tube wells should be drilled at a mutual separation of at least 250 m from each other in a ENE-WSW trending straight line passing through location VES II.

Figure 20: Interpreted VES curve of VES-I.

Figure 21: Interpreted VES curve of VES-II.

Figure 22: Interpreted VES curve of VES-III.

Figure 23: Interpreted VES curve of VES-IV.

Figure 24: Interpreted VES curve of VES-V.

Figure 25: Interpreted VES curve of VES-VI.

Figure 26: Interpreted VES curve of VES-VII.

Figure 27: Interpreted VES curve of VES-VIII.

Figure 28: Interpreted VES curve of VES-IX.

Figure 29: Interpreted VES curve of VES-X.

Figure 30: Interpreted VES curve of VES-XI.

Figure 31: Interpreted VES curve of VES-XII.

7. Groundwater Quality Assessment

A total of 12 sampling points scattered in the entire area are selected (Fig. 1). The direct and random samplings of groundwater from the wells of each site are used to collect the samples. Three sets of samples are collected from each site. Parameters like pH, EC (electrical conductivity), temperature and dissolved oxygen were measured in-situ using multi-meter sensors. Other parameters were analyzed by following methods:

Total Hardness: Titrimetric analysis of the samples using EDTA as titrant and EBT (Eriochrome Black T) as an indicator for colour change detection. The total hardness was calculated using the below formula, by knowing the amount of volume used for colour change from Magenta Pink to Navy Blue.

Where, A = Volume of titrant used (mL), B = Molarity of EDTA solution, C = Volume of sample taken for test (mL).

Total Alkalinity (TA): Total alkalinity along with Carbonate and Bicarbonate detection was performed through the titrimetric analysis using Sulphuric acid (0.02 N solution) as titrant. The formula used for calculating total alkalinity is given below.

Where, A = Volume of titrant used (mL), B = Normality of H2SO4 solution, C = Volume of sample taken for test (mL)

Two indicators, Phenolphthalein and Bromocresol Green Indicator were used for the experiment. Calculation for carbonate and bicarbonate was done using the below formula.

Where, T = Total alkalinity as mg CaCO3/L

- Where, HCO3 = bicarbonate concentration

Nitrate (NO3-): The concentration of nitrate ions in water sample was measured using UV- Spectrophotometer. All the raw water samples (Nitrate free) were filtered and diluted (twice) to prepare the sample for nitrate testing. Calibration curve was plotted before testing using variable concentrations of Nitrate. The spectrophotometer provided concentration values of the samples injected with respect to the calibration graph. Readings were noted down and converted to the final concentration values of raw sample.

Sodium (Na): The concentration of sodium ion (Na) in water samples was estimated through Atomic Emission Spectroscopy. The study samples were diluted 20 times before undertaking the experiment. Calibration curve was plotted using top concentration of 1ppm, 0.7 ppm, 0.5 ppm, 0.3 ppm, 0.1 ppm and 0 ppm (Blank solution). The obtained concentrations of sodium ion were then converted for a 20 times concentrated water sample.

Potassium (K): Potassium testing was also done using Atomic Emission Spectroscopy method. The calibration curve was plotted using variable concentrations of 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.1, 1.3 and 1.5 ppm. The obtained results were then converted as per the dilution done before experiment (20 times).

Magnesium (Mg): Magnesium testing was performed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy method. The calibration curve was obtained and the diluted samples were kept for concentration measurement. Final concentration values were obtained after incorporating the dilution factor.

Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb): For Cadmium and Lead, the AAS method was used in furnace mode to calculate the concentration of heavy metals in parts per billion. The samples were again diluted to 20 times and concentrations were obtained using the respective calibration curve of the metals. Final concentration values were calculated after multiplication with the dilution factor.

Table 10 shows the pH, EC (electrical conductivity), temperature, total dissolved solids, carbonate and bicarbonate of collected groundwater in the study area. Similarly, table 11 shows the analyzed values of the sodium, potassium, magnesium, cadmium, hardness, nitrate, lead and TA of collected groundwater sample in the study area. The comparative mark is done with respect to Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) of water quality standard as per IS 10500:20125 for drinking purpose. The values exceeding the required standards are marked bold in Tables 10-11. The results show the satisfactory status of pH, carbonates, bicarbonates, sodium, potassium, nitrate, lead and TA for all sites of the study area. Extreme values of pH are; maximum of 7.8 at Haritara site and minimum of 6.18 at Majhubani site, both are well within acceptable BIS standard of drinking water. Electrical Conductivity values at all sites (except site no. 2 i.e. Haritara which shows EC=750 µS/cm) are exceeding the BIS standard (IS 10500:2012) i.e. 800 µS/cm which is marginally high. Generally observed values of TDS are well within limits except at three sites, Jhingura, Gopalpur, and Agvar showing TDS of 689, 611 and 877 mg/L respectively, that are also comparatively high. Magnesium is almost normal everywhere expect at Kathinai site and Agvar site as 33.3096 ppm and 32.991 ppm respectively. The analysis shows that Cadmium is generally absent from the water except at Haritara and Jhingura and values obtained at both of them are little exceeding the BIS limits. Regarding the Hardness of water, water in and around the study area is found to be hard except at some locations. The maximum value of Hardness obtain are 610 ppm at Jaugarh site and minimum is 200 ppm at Kharanja site.

5 IS10500, B. I. S. (2012). Indian Standard Drinking Water Specification (Second revision). Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), New Delhi.

Table 10. The analyzed values of the pH, EC, temperature, total dissolved solids, carbonate and bicarbonate of collected groundwater in the study area. Sample Village pH EC Temp(0C) TDS(mg/L) Carbonate Bicarb Iron Number Name (mg/L) onate (mg/L) (mg/L) 1 Jaugarh 7.55 1087 29 266 0.57 169.42 0.15 2 Haritara 7.8 750 28.5 150 0.83 139.14 0.21 3 Jhingura 7.31 1077 28.7 611 0.40 209.59 0.35 4 Jodhipur 6.85 1073 28.2 214 0.11 169.88 0.45 5 Kathinai 7 1076 28.4 392 0.17 179.83 0.35 6 Site Pond 6.83 1092 29.2 39.3 0.08 129.91 0.1 7 Majhubani 6.18 1083 28.7 76.6 0.01 39.99 0.27 8 Kharanja 7.14 1080 28.9 118.1 0.18 139.81 0.15 9 Gopalpur 7.24 1082 28.9 689 0.26 159.73 0.15 10 Chikesr 7.23 1082 28.7 213 0.05 29.94 0.16 11 Agvar 6.98 1084 29.1 877 0.18 199.82 0.24

12 Padari 6.93 1094 29.6 312 0.08 99.92 0.25

BIS Limits 6.5- 0-800 10-15.6 500 ___ __ 0.1 (IS 10500:2012) 9.2

Table 11. The analyzed values of the Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Cadmium, Hardness, Nitrate, Lead and Total Alkalinity (TA) of collected groundwater Sample Village Na K Mg Cd Hardness NO3- Pb Total No Name (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppb) (ppm) (mg/L) (ppb) Alkalinity (mg/L) 1 Jaugarh 17.346 <0.1 11.2069 - 600 66.766 4.87 170

2 Haritara 0.3849 <0.1 7.8486 3.9787 220 0.3901 5.61 140

3 Jhingura 35.0625 13.7279 23.422 3.661 280 Not 9.9 210 Detected 4 Jodhipur 20.8875 0.7073 21.3906 - 610 3.178 13.7 170

5 Kathinai 35.2434 0.3242 33.3096 - 310 4.5659 4.06 180

6 Site 2.384 2.1906 5.461 - 250 1.8187 29.39 130 Pond 7 Majhuba 4.3717 <0.1 18.2946 - 410 7.55 27.55 40 ni 8 Kharanja 18.6155 6.7092 21.3868 - 200 2.3681 20.69 140 9 Gopalpur 35.298 1.1297 25.521 - 360 1.8187 7.88 160

10 Chikesr 22.5047 <0.1 16.5967 - 320 169.82 8.71 30 11 Agvar 35.2836 0.9921 32.991 - 480 18.238 15.41 200

12 Padari 25.4459 <0.1 25.596 - 420 0.942 24.92 100 BIS Limits 300 300 30 0.003 300 45 0.01 __ (IS 10500:2012)

8. Conclusion and Recommendations for Effective Utilization of Water Resources in and around the Study Area

For for effective utilization of water resources in and around the study area, managed aquifer

recharge (MAR) practices along with watershed management should be adopted at large scale.

The MAR is the recharge of surplus surface water to a suitable underlying aquifer(s) for

subsequent recovery or to achieve environmental benefits. There are a number of methods used

to recharge aquifers including injection wells or infiltration structures such as ponds, basins,

galleries and trenches. These methods help to reduce transport and storage costs and water loss

through evaporation. Water from the existing ephemeral/intermittent watercourses, surface

runoff water, roof top harvested water and tertiary treated wastewater from the proposed plant

can be used for recharging the underlying aquifers. Different recommended measures for

groundwater recharge are highlighted below and schematic diagrams of different structures are

shown in Figure 32 (a-f).

Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR): Aquifer Storage and Recovery is the method in which

surface water supplies (portable water, reclaimed water, or river water) are directly injected into

an appropriate aquifer for later recovery and use from the same well. This method has high

potential to improve the groundwater condition in areas having deep confined tertiary aquifer

system (much similar to our study area). The geological sounding of the area indicates; the

study area contains sedimentary horizontal basin in which such methods can be applied

efficiently.

(a)

Aquifer Storage, Transfer and Recovery (ASTR): ASTR is the method in which surface water supplies (portable water, reclaimed water, or river water) are directly injected into an appropriate aquifer for later recovery and use from the set of different well. Basic principle of this method is to achieve additional water treatment in the aquifer (naturally) by extending the residence time in the subsurface. It can be operated constantly or intermittently, as needed on site. As the study area majorly comprises of hilly terrain and also topography and land use of the area makes surface spreading impractical or too expensive, direct injection is recommended for the area.

(b) Dry Well Recharge: This technique also works similar to ASTR. The site investigation revealed that area has several dry wells and this method can be used with such condition economically.

(c)

Percolation Dam Construction: Percolation dams are the modifications which are temporarily

or permanently constructed dams built across stream channels to retain a part of the stream discharge, giving more time to water to infiltrate and enhance groundwater recharge.

Percolation dams are often found in intermittent or ephemeral streams also. A release weir can be provided to enables the discharge of ponded water in times of low infiltration and high evaporation in order to enhance infiltration downstream. Topography of area shows various large intermittent streams on which such type of structures can be made and recharge of groundwater can be done efficiently.

(d)

Rainwater Harvesting Structures: It is recommended that rain water harvesting structures like

check dams are required to develop in and around the site. The dug across the slopes of hills to

catch the run-off and to reduce soil erosion. Study of `rainfall pattern of the area revealed that

study area is receiving sufficient amount of rainfall for such method to be implemented.

(e) Infiltration Ponds and Galleries: Infiltration ponds (infiltration basins or percolation ponds) are the water ponds. Such ponds are either excavated or the source water is directly flooded on land surrounded by a confining trench. They are constructed in areas with sufficient permeability and storage capacity of the target aquifer. This study area has good potential for such method.

(f)

Figure 32: Recommended measures of MAR for aquifer recharge in and around study area.

Development of Groundwater Recharge Pit: It is needed to construct groundwater recharge pit for replenishment of ground water takes place through rainfall for effective utilization of groundwater resources. A battery of soak pits can be constructed in the available space of the study area.

Unpaved staggered trenches of various types as shown in the following figure can be constructed across the flow path lines of the surface water runoff. This will lead in storing some surface runoff water at scattered places within the site. An increased water infiltration by means of loosening the upper hard consolidated stratum and hence allowing water to seep down in the lower horizons will help in enhancing the dynamic groundwater resources of the area. The depth and width of the trenches may be decided as per the availability of the space in between the shrubs of forest land, machin the sites. An optimum spacing (lateral and transverse) between these trenches can be used for effective implementation of this technique around the plant site particularly in green belt and reserve forest. Plantation of some

stabilize their side slopes.

Figure 33: Different types of trenches

Evapotranspiration (ET) Reduction: The study of the area revealed that ET (Evapotranspiration) rate is much higher in the region which can be checked by applying chemicals like stearyl alcohol, pure hexadecanol, cetyl alcohol, and other monolayer-forming material on surface water bodies like the existing Upper Khajuri Dam reservoir.

Installation of Tube Well: The northern, central or eastern parts of 10 Km radius of site having sandstone occurred directly beneath the topsoil (e.g. at VES 1,3,4,9,10,11,12 Figure 19) indicating the absence of the sedimentary horizon which could contain groundwater. The sand horizon beneath the topsoil is expected to be water-bearing often at a depth varying between 4 to 8m BGL (e.g. VES 2,5,8). However, at VES 6 location, weathered sandstone is indicated to occur directly beneath the topsoil layer of thickness 2 to 3m and may contain groundwater. These sites are recommended for tube well for reliable source of potable water for drinking water.

Soil/land Conservation Measures: Soil / land management practices such as contour farming, tillage and cropping practices, directly affect the overall groundwater recharge in this area. Selection of crop type is also important for groundwater utilization.

Monitoring and Management of Industrial and Wastewater Effluents: The industrial discharge, return flows from irrigation, and effluents from the industries need to confirm to environment standards, possibility of recovery of valuable by-products and the opportunity for recycling of (waste)-water.

To sum up, the study area is found to be in safe zone with only 26.73% of ground water development. Annual ground water recharge of the study area is found as 51.96 MCM, and hence, it has enough potential to accommodate 500 KLD of groundwater requirements for 5 years construction period of project proposed by M/s WEUPPL till the surface water pipeline from river Ganga is commissioned for intake of water for regular operation of the project. However, it is recommended to replenish the extracted ground water resources by recharging structures at suitable locations which can be constructed within or outside the plant boundary.

Figure 34: Pictures taken during the field visit

Water Source Sustainability study

FINAL REPORT

Water Source Sustainability Study for Proposed

2 x 660 MW Thermal Power Project (TPP) at Village Dadri Khurd, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh

Submitted to Welspun Energy UP Pvt. Ltd.

Submitted by CSIR-ADVANCED MATERIALS AND PROCESSES RESEARCH INSTITUTE, BHOPAL 462026

January 2019 PROJECT TEAM

CSIR-ADVANCED MATERIALS AND PROCESSES RESEARCH INSTITUTE, BHOPAL

Name Role Designation

Dr. Avanishkumar Coordinator Director, CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal Srivastava Dr. Jai Prakash Shukla Principal Principal Scientist, CSIR-AMPRI, Investigator Bhopal

Dr. Satanand Mishra Co- Principal Scientist, CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal Investigator

Dr. S. K. S. Rathore Member Senior Principal Scientist, CSIR- AMPRI, Bhopal

Dr. N. Saha Member Principal Technical Officer, CSIR- AMPRI, Bhopal

BARKATULLAH UNIVERSITY (BU), BHOPAL (TECHNICAL SUPPORT)

Name Role Designation

Dr. Vipin Vyas External Associate Professor & Head, Expert Department of Zoology and Aquaculture, B U, Bhopal

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

M/s WEUPPL has proposed to set up a Super-critical Thermal Power Plant (TPP) of 2x660 MW at village Dadrikhurd in Mirzapur, U.P. M/s WEUPPL entrusted CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal to study water sources sustainability focusing ecological impacts due to withdrawal of water on downstream of Ganga River and water availability in lean season. CSIR-AMPRI Bhopal is thankful to M/s WEUPPL for shouldering the responsibility to conduct water availability and withdrawal impacts study in river Ganga at Mirzapur location and downstream side.

Team involved in the project is thankful to Director, CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal for permitting to take up the project and motivate time to time. Efforts of Dr. Vipin Vyas, Associate Professor & Head, Department of Zoology and Aquaculture, Barkatullah University, Bhopal are deeply acknowledged. Involvement of Sh. M. Subzar Malik, Sh. Shobharam Ahirwar and Sh. Rakesh Ahirwar from CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal and Mr. Kuldeep Lakhera, BU, Bhopal is highly appreciated. Support received from M/s WEUPPL is also acknowledged.

(Dr. J. P. Shukla) Principal Scientist & Project In-charge CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal, 462026, M.P.

PREFACE

M/s Welspun Energy UP Pvt. Ltd. has proposed to set up an imported coal based Super- critical Thermal Power Plant (TPP) of 2 x 660 MW at village Dadri Khurd, District Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh. The plant make-up water requirement is 36 MCM (Million Cubic Meters) annually.

CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Bhopal-462026 was entrusted with project to study water sources sustainability focusing ecological impacts due to withdrawal of water on downstream of Ganga River and water availability in lean season. During the period June 2018 to December 2018, CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal, has conducted the study to assess the water quality, water availability, aquatic bio-diversity, aquatic habitat study and hydrological modeling in the vicinity of proposed intake location from river Ganga in district Mirzapur. ARIMA model has been used for modelling and prediction of water availability. Pre-monsoon and post-monsoon water samples have been collected and analyzed for quality parameters as per IS 10500:2012 Part-II. Limnological study has been done to set the baseline for aquatic life in water source for the proposed project.

This report is outcome of the detailed study on various parameters required for water source sustainability. As a result of the study, it is understood that project shall not exert any significant adverse impact on sustainability of the water source that is river Ganga. The results are reported based on the observations which were conducted in specific time duration and location and accordingly these may vary in time and space.

(Dr. J. P. Shukla) Principal Scientist & Project In-charge CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal 462026, M.P.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

M/s Welspun Energy UP Pvt. Ltd (WEUPPL) has proposed to set up imported coal based Super-critical Thermal Power Plant (TPP) of 2x660 MW at village Dadrikhurd, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh. To ensure ecological and environmental safeguard with the withdrawal of water for the proposed project, WEUPPL engaged CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Bhopal, for a detailed environmental study for downstream impacts. Apart from this Comprehensive EIA & EMP studies were already done separately by the other agencies.

Proposed Mirzapur Thermal Power Plant (TPP) has to be set up in an area of 875 acres. The plant make-up water requirement is approx. 36 MCM (million cubic meters) annually. Therefore, the major objective of this study was to investigate water sources sustainability focusing ecological impacts due to withdrawal of water on downstream of Ganga River and water availability in lean season. The studies have been carried out during the period June 2018 to December 2018.

This report primarily comprises two parts viz. water availability aspect and river environment and habitat study. The purpose of the water availability study was to ascertain the sustainability of water supply to the plant, impact of water withdrawal from the river Ganga. ARIMA model has been used for modeling and prediction of water availability study. For the second part of study, the water samples were collected during Pre & Post Monsoon season and have been analyzed to assess the water quality in vicinity of proposed intake location for river environment and habitat study. Further, aquatic life observations showed presence of 22 fish species belonging to 09 families and 04 orders with Clariasmagur species of Claridae family falling in endangered category. Overall, pre and post monsoon environmental survey conducted at the intake location, upstream and downstream locations suggest no significant impact at these locations due to water withdrawal for the proposed Mirzapur TPP. However, efforts for conservation of fish species falling in endangered and nearly threatened condition shall be initiated for making a healthy habitat for aquatic life.

Further, as adequate water is not available in lean season, there shall not be any water withdrawal from river Ganga during the lean season i.e. 1st January to 31st May and there should be sufficient storage ensured in upper Khajuri Dam for the make-up water requirement for the project. Therefore, proper management is required to make sustainable water utilization.

CONTENTS

Sl. No. Detail Page No.

1 Introduction

1.0 Preamble 1

1.1 Objectives of the study 1

1.2 Brief Description of the Study Site 1

1.3 Climate 2

1.4 Land Use 2

1.5 Agriculture 4

1.6 Forests and Protected area 4

1.7 Society and Occupation 5

1.8 Biodiversity 5

2 Methodology

2.0 Introduction 6

2.1 Field Survey 8

2.1.1 Pre-Monsoon Survey 8

2.1.2 Sampling sites 12

2.1.3 Public Consultations/Meetings 13

2.1.4 Post Monsoon Survey 15

3 Water Quality Aspects

3.1 Water Quality Analysis 17

3.2 Observations 17

4 River Environment and Habitat Study

4.0 Introduction 26

4.1 Aquatic Habitat Study and Biodiversity: 26

4.1.1 Fish Collection and Identification 27

4.1.2 Aquatic Habitat Study 27

4.1.3 Fish Diversity 27 4.1.4 Fishing Techniques 27

4.1.5 Different types of Fishing Nets. 28

4.1.6 Fish Collection and Identification 29

4.1.7 Observations 30

4.1.8 Fishes Category 34

4.1.9 Environmental flow 48

4.1.10 Depth Preference of Fish Species 49

4.1.11 Flow and Depth Assessment 49

5 Water Availability Aspects

5.0 Introduction 51

5.1 Source of water: Ganga River 51

5.2 Water resources of Lower Ganga Sub-basin 52

5.3 Hydrology 53

5.3.1 Rainfall 53

5.3.2 Water Level 54

5.3.3 Rainfall Runoff Relationship 55

5.4 Assessment of water availability 56

5.4.1 ARIMA Model for Discharge Prediction 65

5.4.2 Water Level Prediction Using ARIMA Model 70

5.4.3 Ten Daily Predicted Flood Discharge in River for future 73

5.4.4 Ten Daily Predicted depth of water (Water Level) 73

5.5 Stage Discharge Relationship 80

5.6 Water availability and competing users in downstream 81

5.7 Water availability and Flow data including in lean season 81

5.8 Interstate share and competing sources 83

6 Conclusion 87

7 References 90

LIST OF TABLES

Table Table Caption Page

No. No.

1 Salient features of Proposed project Location 2

2 Land Use /Land Cover Classes of the Area 4

3 Sampling Sites coordinates 13

4 Pre-monsoon Water Quality Analysis (Organoleptic and Physical Parameters) 18

5 Post-monsoon Water Quality Analysis (Organoleptic &Phsical parameters) 18

6 Pre-monsoon Water Quality Analysis (General Parameters) 19

7 Post-monsoon Water Quality Analysis (General Parameters) 20

8 Pre-monsoon Water Quality Analysis (Parameters Concerning Toxic 22

Substances)

9 Post-monsoon Water Quality Analysis (Parameters Concerning Toxic 23

Substances)

10 Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water 23

11 Water Quality Datasheet for the period: 2016-2017 (MIRZAPUR) 24

12 Fish Species Found in the Local Market during field survey 30

13 Main fishes of the study area 31

14 Fish classification and their category under IUCN 32

15 Station wise fish species found in Ganga River (Mirzapur) 33

16 Fish details of Ganga River in Mirzapur District 39

17 Water resource availability of lower Ganga Sub-basin During extreme rainfall 51

conditions

18 Annual Maximum water level (1981-2010) 54

19 Hydrological observations (Pre-Monsoon) 64

20 Monthly probable flood discharge 74

21 Monthly probable depth of water (Water Level) 77 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No. Figure Page No.

1 Sentinel- 2 Satellite Imagery of Study area 3

2 Land use/ Land cover Map of Study Area 3

3 Pie Diagram showing land cover area (%) 4

4 Google Earth Imaginary of Sampling Stations 12

5 Fishes diversity observed during the study 32

6 Family wise fish Composition found at sampling sites 34

7 Fish Species according to IUCN Category 34

8 Species wise fish composition on the basis of fish catch during the 35

sampling

9 Station wise Fish Composition 35

10 Monthly rainfall trend of Mirzapur (2013-2017) 53

11 Annual Rainfall in Lower Ganga Sub-Basin (2013-2017) 53

12 Maximum Water level of River Ganga at Mirzapur Site 55

13 River Ganga Monthly Average Discharge Flow Rate (1981-2011) 56

14 Annual Average Discharge flow rate of Ganga River at Mirzapur Site 57

15 Monthly Average Water Level of River Ganga at Mirzapur Site 57

16 Flow Discharge Curve of January (1981-2011) 58

17 Flow Discharge Curve of February (1981-2011) 58

18 Flow Discharge Curve of March (1981-2011) 59

19 Flow Discharge Curve of April (1981-2011) 59

20 Flow Discharge Curve of May (1981-2011) 60

21 Flow Discharge Curve of June (1981-2011) 60

22 Flow Discharge Curve of July (1981-2011) 61

23 Flow Discharge Curve of August (1981-2011) 61 24 Flow Discharge Curve of September (1981-2011) 62

25 Flow Discharge Curve of October (1981-2011) 62

26 Flow Discharge Curve of November (1981-2011) 63

27 Flow Discharge Curve of December (1981-2011) 63

28 Ten daily Discharge prediction using ARIMA Model 66

29 Ten daily Discharge Residual (Mirzapur site ) 67

30 Ten daily Partial autocorrelogram Q 68

31 Ten daily Partial autocorrelogram Q 68

32 Ten daily Autocorrelogram Residuals 69

33 Ten daily Partial autocorrelogram Residuals 69

34 Ten daily Water level prediction using ARIMA Model 70

35 Ten daily Water Level Residual (Mirzapur site) 71

36 Ten daily Partial autocorrelogram (Water level) 72

37 Partialautocorrelogram (Water level) 72

38 Ten daily Autocorrelogram Residuals 73

39 Ten daily Partial autocorrelogram Residuals 73

40 Stage -Discharge relation of river Ganga at Mirzapur Site 81

41 Discharge of River Ganga at Mirzapur site during lean months in 82 Cumec

42 Average monthly Water Level of river Ganga during lean months at 82 Mirzapur Site 43 Monthly average rainfall at Mirzapur site catchment from 2013 to 2017 83 during lean months

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

Photograph Photograph Description Page No. No. 1 CWC office Mirzapur 9

2 CWC Mirzapur Ganga river Monitoring Gauge station 9

3(a & b) CWC Mirzapur scale of measuring water level gauging station 10

4 Interaction with a local fisherman during survey 11

5 Interaction with local farmers during field survey 11

6 Public consultation at MIRZAPUR with CWC official 14

7 (a) & (b) Public consultation at MIRZAPUR with local farmers 14

8 Ganga River view Mirzapur 15

9 OjhalaNalla Confluence Point 15

10 Water sample collection andfish catching 15

11 Gill Net used by Fisherman 29

12 Fish Netting 29

13 On spot fish catching in Ganga River (Mirzapur) 31

14 Photographs of different fish species found in the Ganga River 38

(Mirzapur)

15 Oreochromismossambicus (Fish sepcies) 41

16 Catlacatla 41

17 Mystusseenghala 42

18 Notopterusnotopterus 43

19 Salmophasiabacaila 43

20 Sperataaor 44

21 Rita rita 44

22 Heteropneustesfossilis 45

23 Clupisoma 45

24 Bagariusbagarius 46

25 Hilsailisha 47

26 Xenentodoncancila 47 ABBREVIATIONS

CPCB : Central Pollution Control Board

CWC : Central Water Commission

EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment

EMP : Environmental Management Plan

MCM : Million Cubic Meters

SEBs : State Electricity Boards

TPP : Thermal Power Plant

WEUPPL : Welspun Energy Uttar Pradesh Pvt. Ltd

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION 1.0 Preamble

M/s Welspun Energy UP Pvt. Ltd. proposes to set up a super-critical Thermal Power Plant of 2 x 660 MW at village DadriKhurd, in Tehsil Mirzapur Sadar, District Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh. The proposal is based on imported coal and will cover an area of 875 acres. The plant make up water requirement is around 36 Million Cubic Meters per Annum (36 MCM Per Annum).

The intake location is on the right bank of Ganga River. Therefore, a field visit on the right bank of Ganga River near Mirzapur city for physical inspection of ground realities has been carried out by AMPRI team during 25th to 29th June2018. The river bank length of about 10 kms upstream and downstream of Mirzapur city along right bank is inspected for the suitable location. It was considered based on detailed studies in past that a location about 500 m upstream of the present site of CWC River Gauging Station is quite suitable for water drawl/ lifting location. It is about 130m upstream of the confluence of a small local stream Ojhala Nalla to main course of Ganga. The global co-ordinates of this location are 250 N, 820

1.1. Objectives of the study Overall objective of the study is to conduct water sources sustainability study which will constitute

(a) Updated study of water availability and flow data including in lean season and impact taking into account interstate share and competing users in the downstream based on the latest available data (b) River ecosystem study and impact due to water withdrawal in downstream of the proposed project covering pre and post monsoon ecosystem of the river

1.2 Brief Description of the Study Site The project site lies between latitude 240 0 820 0 The site is well connected by SH-5 which is just 1.5 km from the site in SW direction. The land identified for the project is about 875 acres. The project site is located at village Dadri Khurd, Mirzapur Sadar Tehsil, Mirzapur District Uttar Pradesh. It needs a mention here that the site is more than 500m from HFL of major rivers, highways, railway line. The salient features of the project site are given in Table 1.

Table 1: Salient features of Proposed project Location Location 1 State Uttar Pradesh 2 District Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh 3 Latitude 240 4 Longitude 820 5 Source of river water Ganga 6 Proposed Intake Point Location 25° 9' 26.08"N, 82° 31' 32.77" E

1.3 Climate The temperature remains highest in the month of and lowest in the month of . The maximum and minimum temperature of the area remains 440C and 5.20C respectively. It rains generally in the month of No of Rainy Days is about 58 days he average annual rainfall of the area is 997.40 mm. Average r humidity 56% aximum ind speed 4.5Km/hr.

1.4 Land Use The land use pattern near the project area mountainous along with some patches of agricultural . River is . Some forests patches are also found along the river. River

Landuse/ land cover map of the area has been prepared from Natural Color Composition (NCC) using Sentinel- 2 satellite data on 02/06/2018 as depicted in Fig. 1 Land use/ land cover map of the area prepared shows the different land cover classes of the area as depicted in figure 2. The various land cover classes extracted from the satellite data includes; waste Land, water Body, settlements, rocky/bare land and agriculture. The details of the land cover classes with the area occupied by each class are given in Table 2. A pie diagram of the area has been also prepared represents the area in percentage occupied by different landcover classes in Fig.3.

Fig. 1: Sentinel- 2 Satellite Imagery of Study area

Fig. 2: Land use/ Land cover Map of Study Area

Table 2: Land Use /Land Cover Classes of the Area S. Land Use/Land Cover Area ( in Km2) No.

1 Waste Land 22.33

2 Water Body 31.49

3 Human Settlements 45.25

4 Rocky Land/Bare land 60.63

5 Agriculture Land 154.36

Total 314.06

Land use/ land cover (Area in %) 7%

10% Waste Land

Water Body 49% 15% Human Settelments Rocky Land

Agriculture Land 19%

Fig. 3: Pie Diagram showing land cover area (%) 1.5 Agriculture Agricultural has covered a major part of the area (49%). Most of the populations area prefer the cultivation using traditional methods.

1.6 Forests and Protected area The total forest cover of the Mirzapur district is 1,09,236 hectare, which is 24% of the total geographical area. Forests has been categorized in to two groups 1) Degrade forest which accounts total 23 % of the area and 2) Dense forest have occupied Dense 12% of the total geographical area. The trees like Mahua, Mango, Guawa, neem, saal, teak etc are found.

1.7 Society and Occupation Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the district. Most of the lands in the district are used for agricultural purposes. Some of its chief agricultural products are rice, wheat, barley, pulses, etc. The adoption of the new agricultural technologies amongst the famers of the district helps to increase the production of various agricultural items. Every year a huge chunk of revenue comes from the agricultural products helps in its economy to a great extent. More than half of the population in the district is engaged in agriculture since it is scantily industrialized. Only a few industries of carpet, brassware, sarees, bangles, etc are available in the district. The district has numerous centres of attraction with religious and historical significance which allures many travellers from different parts of the country as well as world. Vindhyachal, a pilgrimage site to Hindus is situated a few miles away from the Mirzapur city. It is a pious place since according to the mythology a part of Goddess Sati fell where the Goddess Kali statue has a mouth formed in the shape of a cave. GhantaGhar is located at a distance of 3 km. from the Mirzapur Railway Station in the ground of the City Corporation.

1.8 Biodiversity Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms, from genes to species to broader scale of ecosystems. In other words, it means variety and variability among living organisms, their genetic differences and the ecosystems in which they live. This living wealth of earth is the outcome of millions of years of evolutionary history. The diverse weather and physio- geographic features contribute to rich faunal and floral biological diversity in UP. The habitats range from natural forest and semi natural thorn scrub to alluvial grasslands, diverse agricultural ecosystems to fragile wetlands. Mirzapur is one of the richest wildlife areas of India and has been known for its rich wildlife heritage

In terms of biodiversity covers different life forms of plant species (tree, shrub, herb, grass and others) and major faunal groups (amphibians, reptiles, terrestrial birds, aquatic birds and mammals). Aquatic biology included listing of phyto and zooplanktons of three dam sites and other faunal groups (amphibians and aquatic birds) discussed under major faunal species status. The baseline status of biota (plant and animals) is discussed at three levels; 1. Core zone: i.e., only the plant area, 2. Buffer zone i.e., area of 10 km radius from the core zone boundary 3. Study area: i.e., overall combining of the status of both core and buffer zones.

METHODOLOGY

2.0 Introduction For achieving the goal of study, following methodology has been adopted:

Field Survey: For the study, pre monsoon and post monsoon survey has been conducted. The water sample for the water quality analysis has been taken from the six locations nearby water withdrawal point. Water diversity survey has also been done. Fisheries sample in different locations has been collected and analyzed. The detail analysis has incorporated in the subsequent section.

Water Quality Analysis: Water quality of the river for pre and post monsoon in the upstream, reservoir section and downstream reach as per IS 10500: 2012 Rev. II, Table 1, 2, 3 & 6. Sampling was limited to location downstream, where next tributary meets the river / up to 10 km.

Biodiversity Study: To assess the baseline status of aquatic biota. Diversity indices were used to see the diversity and dominance of the species. Pre and post monsoon season sampling for adjacent area to river in upstream, reservoir section and downstream reach was carried out.

Aquatic Habitat Study: This part included flow characteristics at same sampling locations used for biodiversity and water quality (like flow depth, velocity and discharge) in two season and survey of fish movements, weight, food requirement, breeding season etc. Assess the habitat features for aquatic biota and impact due to withdrawal. Selection for fishes and other important biota of stream to estimate the requirement of key stone species.

Hydrological Analysis: Analysis of hydrological data and estimation of flow availability in the river.

Updated study of water availability and flow data including in lean season 1. Impact taking into account inter-state share and competing uses in the downstream based on the latest available data and 2. River ecosystem study and impact due to water withdrawal in downstream of the proposed project covering pre and post monsoon ecosystem of the river

2.1 Field Survey For the study of site, necessary relevant information is required. In line with Pre monsoon and post monsoon survey of catchment area has been carried out. The detail information is sought out as follows:

2.1.1 Pre-Monsoon Survey The baseline data for the flora and fauna were collected for assessing possible impact due to withdrawal of water from Ganga. For this purpose pre and post monsoon season sampling was designed. Thus, a pre-monsoon field survey has been conducted by CSIR-AMPRI; team with experts during 25th June to 29th June 2018 to observe the biodiversity in and around intake point in Ganga River in six identified sampling locations.

The team has visited to office of CWC at Mirzapur, Divisional forest office, fisheries and agricultural department and interacted with officials and collected the required information. The team has also visited to local fish markets for collecting the information about fishes. During survey the team has interacted with local farmers, fisherman and residents for the

taken while interacting with local fisherman and farmers. Photograph1 shows the CWC office which established nearby water intake point of the project. It is also shows a gauge and discharge observation site of CWC. Photograph 2 shows the CWC rain gauge telemetry station. Photographs 3(a) and 3 (b) show the Gauge scale which is required for measuring of water level in monsoon as well as lean season.

Photograph 1- CWC office Mirzapur

Photograph 2- CWC Mirzapur Ganga river Monitoring Gauge station

Photograph 3(a) - CWC Mirzapur scale of measuring water level gauging station

Photograph (3b) CWC Mirzapur scale of measuring water level gauging station

CSIR AMPRI Bhopal, project team during field survey, interacting with local fishermen at Ganga River has collected the information about the fish species, fish catch, type of fishes and catching method. Photograph 4 is showing Interaction with a local fisherman during field survey.

Photograph 4- Interaction with a local fisherman

Public interaction was a done with farmers and collected information about the various plants and gardening flowering plants. Information was also collected regarding the cultivable crops in the area. Below given photograph 5 is displaying an interaction with the local farmer by AMPRI team. While during interaction information about various floral species which was present in the area has been collected. Photographs of each plant species present in the area have been taken which were later send for identification of their scientific names and family. Photograph 5 shows Interaction with local farmers during field survey.

Photograph 5- Interaction with local farmers

2.1.2 Sampling sites Before finalizing the sampling site, a reconnaissance survey was carried out and 6 sampling locations were selected for detailed study of biodiversity and water availability study. These sampling locations cover upstream and downstream area upto 7 kms. of Ganga river stretch. The sampling location falls in the administrative boundary of Mirzapur district Utter Pradesh. Google Imaginary Fig.4 given below is showing the sampling locations, the details of sampling stations name with coordinates are given in Table 3.

Fig. 4: Google Earth Imaginary of Sampling Stations

Table 3: Sampling Sites coordinates

Sampling Site Location Name Coordinates

VindhyachalGhat 25°09'56.8"N 82°30'25.1"E Upstream site UdharaGhat 25°10' 1.182" N 82°30'15.0156" E

ChhotiBasiya 25°09'18.75488" N 82°31'46.4736" E PathraiGhat 25°09' 12.1644" N 82°32'8.0736" E Downstream site GaviGhat 25°09' 5.4668" N 82°33'24.264" E Nar Ghat 25°09' 6.3324" N 82°33'37.59" E

2.1.3 Public Consultations / Meetings During the study, discussions were done with local fishermen, farmers, local residents, fish marketers, Government fishery officers along with visits to fish landing centers and local fish markets and people. The main objective of the consultation was to collect information on biodiversity of the locality, fishing practice, catching, fish production, Impact of power plant etc on the natural resources of the area. The outcome of the public consultations is discussed below.

A public consultation has been done on 26 June 2018 with CWC officials, local people, local fishermen and Govt. fisheries officers. Interacting with the CWC official and discussion were done about the Ganga river discharge, volume and water level measurement. Also during interaction with fishermen they informed that the most common fish species found in the Ganga river are; Chital, Chilwa,China, Patloo, Kavaii,Tengar, Silva, Bhakur, Pathri, Kagli, Phyullia, Bulva, Labeogonius (Kursa) etc. These fish species were mostly caught by fishermen in the Ganga. The size of the above fishes varies greatly depending on the species. During the consultation the common view was that there is a decline in the fish catch due to less rainfall and growth of weeds. During the survey we have found the lowest water level in Ganga. We also interacted with a old farmer who has a garden of flowering plants on the bank of Ganga river in which we find variety of flowers. We have interacted with the farmer and collected information about the plant names and grass grown in the garden. Some survey visuals are given in below of Ganga River and the interaction with people. Photograph6 shows Public consultation at MIRZAPUR with CWC official, Photograph 7(a, b) shows public consultation at Mirzapur with a local farmer, Photograph 8 shows Ganga River view at Mirzapur and Photograph 9 shows Ojhala Nalla Confluence Point the Ganges with Ojhala Nalla.

Photograph 6- Public consultation at MIRZAPUR with CWC official

(a) Photograph 7 (a, b)-Public consultation at MIRZAPUR with local farmers

Photograph 8- Ganga River view Mirzapur

Photograph 9- Ojhala Nalla Confluence Point

2.1.4 Post Monsoon Survey

Post Monsoon survey of the study area has been conducted during the period of 15/11/2018 to 19/11/2018. The water sample for the water quality analysis has been collected in selected locations on the river, 7 kms towards Upstream and downstream side from the intake point. To observe the biodiversity in and around intake point in Ganga River, six identified sampling locations were selected and fishes have been collected in different depths. The team has also visited to local fish markets for collecting the information about fishes. During survey, the team has interacted with local fishermen and residents for the collection of various information and data.

Photograph 10: Water sample collection and fish catching

WATER QUALITY ASPECTS

3.1 Water Quality Analysis Almost all thermal power plants (coal, nuclear, solar-thermal, geothermal, biomass, natural gas combined cycle power plants) require huge amount of water, especially for cooling purposes. A huge volume of water withdrawn by the power sector has an impact on the ecosystem and on the water resources of a region. Water quality analysis is conducted to understand the baseline status of river water quality and its importance for its various parameters which are necessary for the establishment of any Power Plant Project. Pre- monsoon Water Quality Analysis (Organoleptic and Physical parameters) has been given in table 4, Post-monsoon Water Quality Analysis (Organoleptic & Physical parameters) in table 5, Pre-monsoon Water Quality Analysis (General Parameters) in table 6, Post-monsoon Water Quality Analysis (General Parameters) in table 7, Pre-monsoon Water Quality Analysis (Parameters Concerning Toxic Substances) in table 8, Post-monsoon Water Quality Analysis (Parameters Concerning Toxic Substances) in table 9 and Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water in table 10. Water Quality Datasheet for the period: 2016-2017 (Mirzapur) has been presented in table 11.

3.2 Observations It has been observed that all the physical parameters analyzed are falling in their normal range as per BIS, 10500: 2012 Rev.II standards. The parameters which have been analyzed under chemical parameters are given in Table 13 & 14. Total 18 general parameters have been analyzed in pre-monsoon season and 21 parameters in post-monsoon season. The observed values of these parameters are falling below their threshold values except Barium and sulphate during pre-monsoon season. Further, the observed values of all physical parameters analyzed in post monsoon season are coming under their maximum limit. Parameters which contain toxic substances analyzed includes Cadmium (Cd), Cyanide (CN), Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg), Molybdenum (Mo), Nickel (Ni), Total arsenic (As) and Total chromium (Cr). The concentration of these parameters during both pre and post monsoon season varies from station to station respectively. The concentration of Cadmium, Nickel, Lead, Molybdenum and Copper is given in Table 15 & 16. The observed results of all stations reported that most of the parameters lie within the acceptable and permissible limits as per the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). The observed results of the all these analyzed water quality parameters are given in separate tables of both pre and post monsoon seasons Table 11-17. Table 18 is showing a combined water quality datasheet from the period 2016-2017 of Mirzapur site (data source CWC Water quality year book of Ganga river basin) has been consulted for the validation of our observed results.

. Table 4: Pre-monsoon Water Quality Analysis (Organoleptic and Physical parameters)

S. Para- Unit Standard Limit Up- Up- Up- Down- Down- Down- No. meter as per IS 10500: stream stream stream stream 1 stream 2 stream 3 2012 Rev.II 1 2 3 1 Colour Hazen units 5 Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear 2 Odour Odour Odour Odour Odour Odour Odour Agreeable free free free free free free 3 pH pH units 6.5-8.5 7.4 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.5 7.5 4 Taste Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable 5 Turbidity NTU 1 (Max.) 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 6 Total Dissolved mg/l 500 (Max.) 288 294 293 290 293 290 Solids

Data source (Analysis by CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal 2018)

Table 5: Post-monsoon Water Quality Analysis (Organoleptic &Physical parameters)

S. Para- Unit Standard Limit Up- Up- Up- Down- Down-stream 2 Down- No. meter as per IS 10500: stream stream stream stream 1 stream 3 2012 Rev.II 1 2 3 1 Colour Hazen units 5 Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear 2 Odour Odour Odour Odour Odour Odour Odour Agreeable free free free free free free 3 pH pH units 6.5-8.5 7.1 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.3 7.3 4 Taste Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable 5 Turbidity NTU 1 (Max.) 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 6 Total Dissolved mg/l 500 (Max.) 209 228 227 228 226 229 Solids

Table 6: Pre-monsoon Water Quality Analysis (General Parameters)

S.No. Para- Unit Standard Limit Up-stream Up-stream Up-stream Down-stream Down-stream Down-Stream meter as per 1 2 3 1 2 3 IS:10500: 2012 Rev.II 1. Aluminium (as mg/l 0.03 (Max.) 0.017 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.004 Al), mg/l, 2. Ammonia (Total mg/l 0.5 (Max.) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Ammonia-N)

3. Chlorine (Cl2) mg/l 4.0 (Max.) 0.06 0.08 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.06 4. Chloride (as Cl) mg/l 250 (Max.) 60.4 78.2 79.5 66.5 51.5 55.2

5. Calcium (as Ca) mg/l 75 (Max.) 45 50 49 65 52 42 6. Fluoride (as F) mg/l 1.0 (Max.) 0.94 0.52 0.27 0.18 0.75 0.55 7. Free Residual mg/l 0.2 (Min.) 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.04 0.05 0.06 Chlorine 8. Iron (as Fe) mg/l 0.3 (Max.) 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.1 0.08 0.1 9. Manganese (as mg/l 0.1 (Max.) 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.11 Mn), 10 Magnesium (as mg/l 30 (Max.) 17.30 13.23 18.0 23.65 11.3 10.32

Mg), 11 Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l 45 (Max.) 1.9 2.4 2.3 2.8 3.5 2.1

12 Sulfate (as SO4) mg/l 200 (Max.) 218 234 255 218 238 205 13 Total alkalinity as mg/l 200 (Max.) 124 110 120 104 182 103 CaCO3 14 Zinc (as Zn) mg/l 5 (Max.) 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.03

15 Boron (as B) mg/l 0.05 (Max.) 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 16 Copper (as Cu) mg/l 0.05 (Max.) 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.06

17 Barium (as Ba) mg/l 0.7 (Max.) 0.23 0.13 0.88 0.45 0.71 0.27 18 Total hardness 200 (Max.) 120 168 188 98 83 76 mg/l (asCaCO3) Data source (Analysis has been done at CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal, 2018)

Table 7: Post-monsoon Water Quality Analysis (General Parameters)

S.No. Parameter Unit Standard Up- Up- Up- Downstream Down- Down-stream Limit as per stream Stream stream 1 stream 3 IS:10500: 1 2 3 2 2012 Rev.II Aluminium (as Al), mg/l 0.03 (Max.) 0.016 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.007 1. mg/l, 2. Ammonia (Total mg/l 0.5 (Max.) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 Ammonia-N)

3. Chlorine (Cl2) mg/l 4.0 (Max.) 0.12 0.12 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.01 4. Chloride (as Cl) mg/l 250 (Max.) 24.4 24.2 24.9 24.3 24.8 24.2

5. Calcium (as Ca) mg/l 75 (Max.) 35 38.6 43 55 48 41 6. Fluoride (as F) mg/l 1.0 (Max.) 0.02 0.06 0.09 0.05 0.09 0.11 7. Free Residual mg/l 0.2 (Min.) 0.12 0.12 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.01 Chlorine

8. Iron (as Fe) mg/l 0.3 (Max.) 0.08 0.23 0.2 0.17 0.12 0.15 9. Manganese (as mg/l 0.1 (Max.) 0.11 0.03 0.12 0.2 0.1 0.04 Mn), 10 Magnesium (as 30 (Max.) 15.5 15.7 16.0 16.7 13.5 15.4 mg/l Mg), Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l 45 (Max.) 1.1 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 11 Sulfate(as SO4) mg/l 200 (Max.) 36 33 33 31 32 35 12 13 Total alkalinity as mg/l 200 (Max.) 92.5 50.5 90.5 103 71.6 103.5

CaCO3 14 Zinc (as Zn) mg/l 5 (Max.) 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03

15 Boron (as B) mg/l 0.05 (Max.) 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.03

16 *Copper (as Cu) mg/l 0.05 (Max.) 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02

17 Barium (as Ba) mg/l 0.7 (Max.) 0.06 0.03 0.05 0.21 0.33 0.22

18 Total hardness 90 121 110 85 93 95 mg/l (asCaCO3) 200 (Max.) 19 Selenium (as Se) mg/l 0.01 (Max.) 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.05 0.21 0.12 20 Silver (as Ag) mg/l 0.1 (Max.) 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.02 0.11 21 Sulphide (as H2S), mg/l 0.05 (Max.) 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.1 0.03

Table 8: Pre-monsoon Water Quality Analysis (Parameters Concerning Toxic Substances)

S. Parameter Unit Standard Upstream1 Upstream2 Upstream3 Downstream 1 Downstream 2 Downstream 3 No Limit as per IS 10500: 2012 Rev.II 1. Cadmium mg/l 0.003 (Max.) 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.003 0.002 0.001 (asCd), 2. Cyanide (as mg/l 0.05 (Max.) 0.031 0.081 0.075 0.045 0.066 0.043 CN) 3. Lead (asPb), mg/l 0.01 (Max.) 0.009 0.007 0.006 0.01 0.008 0.006

4. Mercury (as mg/l 0.001 (Max.) 0.003 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.003 0.003 Hg),

5. Molybdenum mg/l 0.07 (Max.) 0.008 0.009 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.01 (as Mo), 6. Nickel (as Ni) mg/l 0.02 (Max.) 0.018 0.018 0.017 0.011 0.013 0.011 7. Total arsenic mg/l 0.01 (Max.) 0.013 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.013

(as As) 8. Total mg/l 0.05 (Max.) 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.02 chromium (as Cr)

Data source (Analysis has been done at CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal, 2018)

Table 9: Post-monsoon Water Quality Analysis (Parameters Concerning Toxic Substances)

S.No Para- Unit Standard Up- Up- Up- Down- Down- Down- meter Limit as per stream1 stream2 stream3 stream 1 stream 2 stream 3 IS 10500: 2012 Rev.II 1 Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l 0.003 (Max.) 0.001 0.012 0.011 0.001 0.002 0.003 2 Cyanide (as CN) mg/l 0.05 (Max.) 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.01 3 Lead (as Pb), mg/l 0.01 (Max.) 0.003 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.001 4 Mercury (as Hg), mg/l 0.001 (Max.) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5 Molybdenum 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 mg/l 0.07 (Max.) (as Mo), 6 Nickel (as Ni), mg/l 0.02 (Max.) 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 7 Total arsenic (as mg/l 0.01 (Max.) 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.003 0.001 0.01 As),

8 Total chromium (as mg/l 0.02 (Max.) 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.03 Cr)

Table 10: Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water

Parameter Unit Standard Limits per Upstream Upstream Upstream Downstream 1 Downstream 2 Downstream 3 IS 10500: 2012 1 2 3 Rev.II Total coliform 3660 3900 3875 4845 4700 4767 - bacteria

Table 11: Water Quality Datasheet for the period: 2016-2017 (MIRZAPUR) PHYSICAL S. No Parameters 01 June 01 July 01 Aug. 01 Sep. 01 Oct. 01 Nov. 01 Dec. 02 Jan 01 Feb. 01 March 01 April 01 May 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 1 Colour Code (-) Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear 2 536 620 391 272 298 401 396 442 479 480 600 540 3 EC_GEN 542 658 399 275 301 404 402 448 484 485 604 542

4 Odour_Code (-) odour free odour odour free odour free odour free odour free odour free odour free odour free odour free odour free odour free free 5 pH(pH units) 8.2 8.2 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.8 7.6 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.0 7.8 6 pH_GEN (pH units) 8.1 8.2 7.9 7.9 7.8 7.8 7.5 8.1 8.3 8.2 7.9 7.8 TDS (mg/L) 332 385 244 166 153 203 206 226 246 243 302 304 8 Temp (0C) 30.0 32.0 30.0 28.0 27.0 27.0 20.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 23.0 29.0 9 Turb. (NTU) 1.8 2.6 3.7 1.8 1.2 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 CHEMICAL 1 Alk-Phen (mg 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 CaCO3/L) 2 ALK-TOT 213 156 108 124 112 98 104 102 106 108 112 132 (mgCaCO3/L) 3 B (mg/L) 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 4 Ca (mg/L) 44 40 47 52 49 46 44 41 43 43 45 36 5 Cl (mg/L) 68.0 48.0 36.0 40.0 44.0 34.0 38.0 40.0 44.0 50.0 40.0 42.0 6 CO3 (mg/L) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7 F (mg/L) 0.42 0.41 0.40 0.36 0.35 0.33 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.36 8 Fe (mg/L) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 9 HCO3 (mg/L) 260 190 131 151 137 120 127 124 129 132 137 161 10 K (mg/L) 14.0 17.0 12.0 10.0 9.0 9.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 11 Mg (mg/L) 22.6 18.6 12.7 11.6 11.4 12.4 14.2 12.8 13.6 14.0 14.7 11.4 12 Na (mg/L) 45.0 37.0 42.0 37.0 35.0 31.0 29.0 30.0 32.0 35.0 37.0 30.0

13 NH3-N (mg N/L) 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 14 NO2+NO3 (mg N/L) 0.23 0.20 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.21 15 NO2-N (mgN/L) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 16 NO3-N (mgN/L) 0.23 0.20 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.21 17 P-Tot (mgP/L) 0.030 0.024 0.026 0.030 0.028 0.024 0.027 0.030 0.034 0.030 0.034 0.029

Data source (Water Quality Year Book of Ganga Basin CWC Varanasi 2016-17).

RIVER ENVIRONMENT AND HABITAT STUDY

4.0 Introduction Biodiversity is a measure of the health of ecosystems and is being influenced due to climate change. Plants and animals are sensitive to fluctuations in temperature and climate. Biodiversity is sum of all the different species of animals, plants, fungi, and microbial organisms living on Earth and the variety of habitats in which they live. Each species is adapted to its unique niche in the environment, from the peaks of mountains to the depths of deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and from polar ice caps to tropical rain forests. Humans have long depended on biodiversity resources for food, medicines, and materials as well as for recreational and commercial purposes such as fishing and tourism. Aquatic organisms also rely upon the great diversity of aquatic habitats and resources for food, materials, and breeding grounds. Factors including overexploitation of species, the introduction of exotic species, pollution from urban, industrial, and agricultural areas, as well as habitat loss and alteration through damming and water diversion all contribute to change in the levels of aquatic biodiversity in both freshwater and marine environments. As a result, valuable aquatic resources are becoming increasingly susceptible to both natural and artificial environmental changes.

Thus, conservation strategies to protect and conserve aquatic life are necessary to maintain the balance of nature and support the availability of resources for future generations. Air and water pollution, sedimentation and erosion, and climate change also pose threats to aquatic biodiversity. For the establishment of thermal power plant it is essential to make study for biodiversity.

4.1 Aquatic Habitat Study and Biodiversity: To assess the habitat features for aquatic biota and impact due to withdrawal of water, selection of fishes and other important biota of stream have been done. Diversity indices were used to see the diversity and dominance of the species. Pre and post monsoon season sampling for adjacent area to river in upstream, reservoir section and downstream reach was carried out. This part included flow characteristics at same sampling locations used for biodiversity and water quality (like flow depth, velocity and discharge) in two season and survey of fish movements, weight, food requirement, breeding season etc.

4.1.1 Fish Collection and Identification The Collection of fishes is very complicated method. Fishes were mainly collected by the fishers by using different types of nets. Basically the fishes were caught by using cast nets and gill nets of different mesh sizes (10 to 100) micron. Gill net was installed over night and cast netting was done during day time. Each catch were handled separately sorted by species. The fish samples were also collected and surveyed from different fish landing sites near the river basins. Immediately photographs were taken with the help of digital camera. The detailed description about fish species, catching method and their habitat characteristics with photographs are given in fisheries section.

During the field survey different types of faunal and floral species were found in the area. Various flora species were found along the Ganga River and the surrounding catchment. Photographs of different floral species found in the study area were taken and are given in next section.

4.1.2 Aquatic Habitat Study Water flow, water quality and aquatic habitat at sampling locations were studied to assess the habitat features for aquatic biota and impact due to withdrawal. Study for fishes and other important biota of stream is done to estimate the requirement of key stone species.

4.1.3 Fish Diversity Fishes are cold blooded vertebrate animals which breathe by means of pharyngeal gills, propelling and balancing themselves by means of fins. They are covered with scales equipped with two sets of paired fins and several unpaired fins and breathe by means of gills and liver in water. They are liver in the water and are dependent on water for dissolved oxygen, support, food and shelter. They were live in all seas, rivers, canals, lakes, dams, ponds and almost every were there in water. Fish biodiversity of river essentially represents the fish fauna diversity and their abundance. River conserves a rich variety of fish species which support at the commercial fisheries. Fishes have the rich source of proteins and have high nutritive value. Fishes are used as source of food, medicine and economic values including it they were plays a crucial role in the second tropic level of aquatic system. So it is necessary to save the fresh water organisms including fishes to keep the ecosystem undisturbed so far as possible.

4.1.4 Fishing Techniques Fishing techniques methods utilized for catching fish. Fishing techniques were includes hand-gathering, spear fishing, netting, angling and trapping. Recreational, commercial and artisanal fishers use different techniques and also sometimes, the same techniques.

Recreational fishers fish for pleasure or sport, while commercial fishers fish for profit. Artisanal fishers use traditional, low-tech methods, for survival in third-world countries, and as a cultural heritage in other countries. Mostly, recreational fishers use angling methods and commercial fishers use netting methods.

There is an intricate link between various fishing techniques and knowledge about the fish and their behavior including migration, foraging and habitat. The effective use of fishing techniques often depends on this additional knowledge. Which techniques are appropriate is dictated mainly by the target species and by its habitat.

Fishing techniques can be contrasted with fishing tackle. Fishing tackle refers to the physical equipment that is used when fishing, whereas fishing techniques refers to the manner in which the tackle is used when fishing.

4.1.5 Different types of Fishing Nets.

Basically in the study area two types of nets were uses these are:

Cast nets - Cast nets are an effective way to catch fast-swimming fishes that easily scare and are too swift for seining. The net is circular with a 3-12 foot diameter, small mesh (1/4- 5/8 inch) and a series of lead weights around the perimeter. The center of the net is attached to a rope held by the thrower. When properly thrown the cast net opens up into a perfect circle before hitting the surface of the water and then quickly sinks to trap the fish beneath. As the net is pulled out of the water the fish get entangled in the mesh. There are many techniques for achieving the "perfect circle" that require time and practice to master, especially for the larger cast nets.

Gillnets - Gill and trammel nets are long nets (>50 feet, usually much longer) made of multifilament (usually multiple strands of nylon filament twisted into a single strand) or monofilament (single clear strand similar to fishing line) and the net has float (top) and lead (bottom) lines and the mesh may be of a single size (e.g., 1 inch square) or of different sizes (i.e., experimental gill net). A gill net is a single net and a trammel net consists of 2-3 layers of netting (e.g., slack small mesh inner netting between two layers of large mesh netting). The nets are usually set in deep slack water and remain stationary, allowing fishes become entangled in the mesh as they try to swim through.

Photograph 11-Gill Net used by Fisherman

4.1.6 Fish Collection and Identification The collection of fishes is very complicated method. Fishes were collected from the local fishermen. Basically the fishes were caught by using cast nets and gill nets of different mesh sizes (10 to 100) micron. Gill net was installed over night and cast netting was done during day time. Each catch were handled separately sorted by species. The fish samples were also collected and surveyed from different fish landing sites near the river basins. Immediately photographs were taken with the help of digital camera.

Photograph 12- Fish Netting The identifications of the fishes were done in the laboratory using different taxonomic keys of Jayaram (1981), Jhingram (1991), Qureshi & Qureshi (1993) and Shrivastava (1998).

Fishes were emphasized as they have immediate visible impact due to any forthcoming changes. This was ascertained with the primary as well as secondary data. Survey of fish fauna, fish movements, weight, food requirement, breeding season and key stone species occurring in and around the six sampling locations was done along with habitat study by collecting relevant information from local fishermen, local fish markets and Government

fisheries departments through available literature. Also during field survey on spot fish catching were done at six locations with the help of a local fisherman. The maximum fish catch was found in Kawaii, China, Tenger and Bakur etc. Below are given some photographs taken during field survey.

The study was undertaken as per the scope of the work for pre-monsoon period. The present survey was conducted at 6 locations i.e. 3 in upstream and 3 in downstream of the Ganga River. The fishes species observed collected in and around the local market is presented in the below Table 12.

Table 12: Fish Species Found in the Local Market during field survey S. No. Local Name Scientific Name 1 Bhakur Catla catla 2 Karuch (Calbasu) Labeo calbasu 3 Nain Cirrhinus mirgla 4 Mangur Clarias mangur 5 Moh Notopterus chitala 6 Rohu Labeo rohita 7 DariyeTengar Mystus bleekeri 8 Sidhari Puntius ticto, puntius kolus, puntius sarana 9 Sindhi Heeronustas fossilis 10 Mirgal Cirrhinus mirgla

4.1.7 Observations Observations were done during the field survey by visited at local fish markets, fish packing centre sand on spot fish catching in the river. A total 22 fish species belonging to 09 families and 04 orders were recorded from the Ganga River. Six sampling stations have been selected during the study period. Three sampling were selected in upstream side which are Vindhyachal Ghat, Udhara Ghat and Chhoti Basiya (near Intake point) and three were selected in downstream side are Pathrai Ghat, Gavi Ghat and Nar Ghat (shastri bridge). In all sampling sites Cyprinidac was the most dominant family contributing 08 species followed by Bagridae with 04 species, Ophiocephalidae and Schilbeidae with 02 species. Notopteridae, Sisoridae, Heteropneustidae, Claridae and Siluridae contain 01 species each.

Among the total diversity, ten species are catfishes which are the indicator of shallow and running water. Nine species of carps are present. The maximum species are under the according to the International Union of Conservation of Nature (IUCN) category which reflects that more study and research is needed to know more about these species for their conservation. One species belongs to the endangered category which needs immediate actions for protection. One species falls under near threatened category

30 and six species Vulnerable group . The presence of all trophic stratas such as plantivorous, insectivorous, herbivorous, carnivorous and omnivorous indicates it as moderate and healthy ecosystem.

The maximum fish catch probably was seen in Kawaii, China and Patloo the local name of fish species. The catch of this fish species was found maximum in most of observation sites and at fish packing centres. The main fish species found in the study area are given in Table 13. Fig.5 is showing the fishes diversity observed during the study. Fish classification and their category under IUCN are given in Table 14.Table 15 shows Station wise fish species found in Ganga River (Mirzapur).

Photograph 13- On spot fish catching in Ganga River (Mirzapur)

Table 13: Main fishes of the study area Local Name Scientific Name Kawaii Oreochromis mossambicus Bhakur Catla catla Karuch Labeo calbasu Nain Cirrhinus mirgla Mangur Clarias mangur Moh Notopterus chitala Rohu Labeo rohita Tengar Mystus bleekeri Sindhi Heeronustas fossilis

Fishes Species

14 15

10 8 7 6 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

Fig.5-Fishes diversity observed during the study

Table 14: Fish classification and their category under IUCN

Fish Classification and Diversity in the study area S. No. Order Family Species IUCN Category 1 Puntius sarana VU 2 Puntius ticto LRnt 3 Cirrhinus mrigala Lc 4 Cirrhinus reba VU Cyprinidae 5 Labeo rohita Lc 6 Labeo calbasu LRnt 7 Catla catla Lc 8 Salmophasia bacaila Lc 9 Sperata seenghala VU 10 Cypriniformes Sperata aor Lc Bagridae 11 Mystus (Mystus) bleekeri VU 12 Rita rita Lc 13 Heteropneustidae Heteropneustes fossilis VU 14 Claridae Clarias magur EN 15 Siluridae Wallago attu LRnt 16 Silondia gangetica Lc Schilbeidae 17 Clupiso magarua Lc 18 Sisoridae Bagarius bagarius NT 19 Perciformes Cichlidae Oreochromis mossambicus VU 20 Channa striatus Lc Ophiocephaliformes Ophiocephalidae 21 Channa punctatus Lc 22 Osteoglossiformes Notopteridae Notopterus notopterus LC

Table 15: Station wise fish species found in Ganga River (Mirzapur)

S.No. Taxa Sampling Locations Total Order Cypriniformes Station 1 Station2 Station 3 Station 4 Station 5 Station 6 Family Cyprinidae 1 Puntius sarana + 1 2 Puntius ticto + 1 3 Cirrhinus mrigala + + 3 4 Cirrhinus reba + 1 5 Labeo rohita + + 3 6 Labeocal basu + + 2 7 Catla catla + + + + 7 8 Salmophasia bacaila + + + 5 Order Perciformes Family Cichlidae Oreochro 9 mismossambicus + + + + + + 14 Family Bagridae 10 Sperata seenghala + + + 8 11 Sperata aor + 1 Mystus (Mystus) 12 bleekeri + + 2 13 Rita rita + 1 Family Heteropneustidae Heteropneustes 14 fossilis + + 2 Family Claridae 15 Clarias magur + 1 Family Siluridae 16 Wallago attu + + 3 Family Schilbeidae 17 Silondia gangetica + 1 18 Clupiso magarua + 1 Family Sisoridae 19 Bagarius bagarius + + 3 Order Ophiocephaliformes Family Ophiocephalidae 20 Channa striatus + + 2 21 Channa punctatus + + 3 Order Osteoglossiformes Family Notopteridae 22 Notopterus notopterus + + + + 6 22 13 8 15 7 6 71

The family wise compositions of the Fishes were shown in the figure 6. The Cyprinidae was the dominant family shows most abundance on all the station.

Family wise Fish Composition

5% Cyprinidae 9% Cichlidae 5% 36% Bagridae 9% Heteropneustidae Claridae Siluridae 5% Schilbeidae 5% Sisoridae 4% 4% Ophiocephalidae 18% Notopteridae

Fig. 6: Family wise fish Composition found at sampling sites

4.1.8 Fishes Category According to IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Category Fish species were categorized into four categories which are Least Concern (LC), Endangered (EN), Vulnerable (VU) and Near Threatened (NT). Most of the fishes which were found during the study were comes under the Least Concern category followed by Near Threatened, Vulnerable and Endangered as shown on the figure36. Station wise fish species cached during on spot fish catching at all sites is given in Table 22.

Fish Species according to IUCN Category

14%

5% LC- Least Concern 4%

EN- Endangered

VU- Vulnerable 77% NT- Near Threatened

Fig. 7: Fish Species according to IUCN Category

Species Wise Fish Composition

9% Cyprinidae 7% Cichlidae 32% 4% Bagridae 3% 4% Heteropneustidae Claridae Siluridae 1% 3% Schilbeidae Sisoridae 17% Ophiocephalidae 20% Notopteridae

Fig. 8: Species wise fish composition on the basis of fish catch during the sampling

Station Wise Fish Composition

9% Vindhyachal Ghat 10% 31% Pathrai Ghat

Chhoti Basiya (Intake point) Udhara Ghat 21% Gavi Ghat

18% Nar Ghat (Shastri pull) 11%

Fig. 9: Station wise Fish Composition

Species wise and station wise fish composition on the basis of on spot fish catching during the field survey is shown in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9. Pphotographs of various fishes (photograph no. 13) were taken during the field survey at fish packing centres, in local market and at fish capturing sites are given below;

Fish species found in the Ganga River (Mirzapur)

Labeo SP. CatlaCatla

Mystus SP. XenentodonCancila

CatlaCatla CatlaCatla

Fish at capturing in Net Fish at capturing in Net

Fish at the collection sites Fish at the collection sites

Fishes at packing center Fishes at packing center

Fishes at packing Center Fishes at packing Center

Photograph 14- Photographs of different fish species found in the Ganga River (Mirzapur)

The summarized details of each fish species including their scientific name, family, classification, identifying characters, feeding habitat and IUCN status is given below in Table 23.

Table 16: Fish details of Ganga River in Mirzapur District

S. Scientific name IUCN red Classification Identifying characters Habitat Feeding habit No. /Local name list status 1. Puntius sarana Two pairs of barbels are present, rostral barbels are Water Column Omnivorous LC Cyprinidae slightly shorter than the maxillary pair 2. deep body, without any clour bands; one pair of Bottom Omnivorous VC Hypselobarbuskolus barbels; dorsal fin weakly osseous 3. A dark spot is present at tip of tail and another at base Water Column Omnivorous LC Puntius ticto of dorsal fin rays. 4. Body with cycloid scales, head without scales; snout Bottom Herbivorous LC Cirrhinusmrigala blunt, often with pores 5. The body is elongated and laterally compressed, Body Bottom Omnivorous LC Cirrhinusreba covered with hexagonal scale. 6. Spindle-shaped body, dorsal side of the body is Water Column Herbivorous blackish in colour and the ventro-lateral sides are LC Labeorohita silvery. 7. The lips are expanded into thick, sausage-shaped pads Water Column Omnivorous LC Labeocalbasu which have keratinized edges 8. Catlacatla large and broad head, a large protruding lower jaw, Surface Planktivorous LC and upturned mouth 9. Salmophasiabacaila Body compressed and silvery in color Water Column Insectivorous LC 10. Sperataseenghala Bagridae Body elongated, head depressed, mouth subterminal. Water Column Top Carnivore LC snout broad and spatulate 11. Body elongated, head depressed, mouth subterminal. Water Column Top Carnivore LC Sperataaor Two nostrils and four pair of barbels 12. Mystusbleekeri Adipose fin present. Body elongated, head depressed, Water Column Top Carnivore LC Heteropneustidae mouth subterminal. Two nostrils and four pair of

S. Scientific name IUCN red Classification Identifying characters Habitat Feeding habit No. /Local name list status barbells. 13. Rita rita Body elongated, head depressed, mouth subterminal. Column feeder carnivorous LC Three nostrils and four pair of barbels 14. Heteropneustesfoss Two nostrils and four pair of barbells. Maxillary barbells Benthic Top Carnivore LC ilis reach to pectoral fin. 15. Elongate body that is broader at the head, tapering Surface Carnivorous *EN Clariasmagur Claridae toward the tail 16. Barbels two pairs; maxillary barbels extending to Surface Carnivorous anterior margin posterior of anal fin, *NT Wallago attu Siluridae mandibularybarbels to angle of mouth. 17. Schilbeidae Body elongated, head depressed, mouth terminal. Two Surface Carnivorous *LC Silondiagangetica pair of barbels 18. Body elongated, head depressed, mouth terminal. Eyes Bottom Carnivorous LC Clupisomagarua with broad adipose lid. 19. Sisoridae Body shape lateral, elongated. Cross section. Dorsal Bottom Carnivorous NT Bagariusbagarius head profile clearly convex. 20. Channastriatus Ophiocephalidae Snake headed, large scales on head. Benthic Carnivorous LC 21. Channa punctatus Numerous black spots on dorsal and other fins. Benthic Carnivorous LC 22. Notopteruschitala Notopteridae Featherbacks have slender, elongated, bodies, giving Water column Top Carnivore NT them a knife-like appearance

Oreochromismossambicus It is a popular fish for aquaculture, commonly known as Tilapia and locally known as Kawai in Mirzapur Region. It was dull coloured fish lives up to a decade in its native habitats. Due to human introductions, it is now found in many tropical and subtropical habitats around the globe, where it can become an invasive species because of its robust nature. These same features make it a good species for aquaculture because it readily adapts to new situations

Photograph 15- Oreochromismossambicus Catlacatla Catlacatla is belonging to Cyprinidae family, commonly known as Catla found throughout in India. It is a surface and column feeder fish, which is a Planktivorousfish, feeds on the small crustaceans, insects, rotifers, algae and vertebrates debris. It was a very fast growing fish species. Generally attains 40 45 cm, length and 800 100 gm weight in one year. A full grown fish may attain a length of more than 4 feet. In natural conditions it takes 2 years to get fully mature. It was categorized under least concerns category.

Photograph16- Catlacatla

` Labeorohita Labeorohita was also belonging to Cyprinidae family, commonly known as Rohu. It was a column feeder fish but feeds at the bottom also. Rohu is an Herbivorous fish whose fry and fingerlings were feeds on phyto and zooplanktons but adult fish takes rotten plants material in addition to phytoplanktons and zooplanktons. It attains a length of 35 40 cm in a year by quick growth and adult fish attains 20 kg in weight. Rohu was categorised under the least concern category.

Mystusseenghala This was a long, elongated fish with broad snout. Its head was elongated and bears a small mouth. Spines of the dorsal fin are week. Dorsal fin is larger in size with stored fat. It has a big spine in dorsal and pectoral fin. Fish has grey colour on the dorsal side but ventral side is white.

It was a predatory fish which feeds on insects and their larvae, crustaceans, snails and small fishes. This was a water column fish and comes under the least concern category. Adult fish may attain a length up to 150 cm and commonly known as Tengra.

Photograph 17- Mystusseenghala

Notopterusnotopterus Notopterusnotopterus are dark bronze like in colour which becomes lighter with age. It has slender, elongated, bodies which given them knife like appearance. It was a water column fish, commonly known as was Chitala. Chitala was a top carnivore fish and comes under near threatened category. The species gain a length of up to 60 cm.

Photograph 18- Notopterusnotopterus Salmophasiabacaila Salmophasiabacaila comes under the Cyprinidae family. It was an insectivorous fish basically based on small insect present on water for their food and nutrition. The body of fish is compressed and silvery in colour. It is water column fish which comes under the least concern category.

Photograph19-Salmophasia bacaila Sperataaor food for his nutrition. The body of fish is elongated, head was depressed and mouth is subterminal. It contains two nostrils and four pair of barbells. The fish is water column and comes under the least concern category. The fish were comes under the Bagridae family and commonly known as Tegar by local Fishermans.

Photograph 20-Sperata aor

Ritarita Common name of this fish is Rita. This species is belonging to the family Bagridae. It has been spotted in Ganga River at Mirzapur stretch. Its body is elongated, head depressed, mouth sub-terminal. It has three nostrils and four pair of barbells. It is one of the giants of its genus, growing a length of 150 cm. It is commercially fished for human consumption. Rita is a sluggish, bottom-dwelling catfish. It inhabits rivers and estuaries, preferring muddy to clear water. It also prefers backwater of quiet eddies. This species is column feeder. In addition, it feeds on small fishes, crustaceans, insects, as well as on decaying organic matter and is carnivorous feeding habit.

Photograph 21: Rita rita

Heteropneustesfossilis This species is belonging to the family Heteropneustidae. H. fossilis has two nostrils and four pair of barbells. Maxillary barbells reaches to pectoral fin found mainly in ponds, ditches, swamps and marshes, but sometimes occurs in muddy rivers. It can tolerate slightly brackish water. It is omnivorous. This species breeds in confined waters during the monsoon months, but can breed in ponds, derelict ponds and ditches when sufficient rain water accumulates. It is in great demand due to its medicinal value. The stinging catfish is able to deliver a painful sting to humans. Poison from a gland on its pectoral fin spine has been known to be extremely painful. This species grows to a length of 30 cm and is an important component of local commercial fisheries. It is also farmed and found in the aquarium trade. In India in the state of Kerala it is locally called as kadu.

Photograph 22-Heteropneustes fossilis

Clupisoma Clupisoma is a genus of catfish in the family Ailiidae. Its body is elongated, head depressed, mouth terminal, eyes with broad adipose lid.Clupisomagarua was described from the rivers of the Gangetic provinces (Hamilton 1822) and is known from the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. It is a bottom dweller species and have habitat feeder of Carnivorous.

Photograph 23-Clupisoma

Bagariusbagarius Bagariusbagarius, also known as the devil catfish, dwarf goonch or goonch has been found in Ganga. This species is belonging to the family Sisoridae. The body shape of this fish is lateral, elongated. Cross section, Dorsal head profile clearly convex. It is generally reported as being found in large and medium rivers of India and Asia. Bagarius, supposedly a small species (up to 20 cm or 7.9 in). Bagarius is the only member of the genus even marginally suitable for home aquaria. It requires cool, fast-flowing water, and eats bloodworms, shrimp and live or dead fish. Reports exist of very anti-social behaviour by these fish in captivity. This species is bottom dweller and has carnivorous feeding habitat.

Photograph 24- Bagariusbagarius

Hilsailisha This species is belonging to the family Clupeoidae. It has no dorsal spines but 18 21 dorsal soft rays and anal soft rays. The belly has 30 to 33 scutes. There is a distinct median notch 46

in upper jaw. Gill rakers fine and numerous, about 100 to 250 on lower part of arch and the fins are hyaline. The fish shows a dark blotch behind gill opening, followed by a series of small spots along the flank in juveniles. Color in life, silver shot with gold and purple. The species filter feeds on plankton and by grubbing muddy bottoms. Silvery fish with close set scales, dorsal fin is located before ventral fin, anal fin is short. It is a very popular and sought-after food fish in the southern region of Asia. The fish is marine; freshwater; brackish; pelagic-neritic; anadromous; depth range 200 m, within a tropical range; 34°N - 5°N, 42°E - 97°E in marine and freshwater. It can grow up to 60 cm in length with weights of up to 3 kg. It is found in river estuaries in India. In India, this fish species is caught in Ganges, Mahanadi, Chilka Lake, Narmada and Godavari rivers.

Photograph 25-Hilsa ilisha

Xenentodoncancila This species is belonging to the family Belonidae. Its body elongated, sub-cylindrical or compressed, both the jaws are prolonged to form a beak. The freshwater garfish is widely distributed across South and Southeast Asia from India. In common with other needlefish, this species has an elongate body with long, beak-like jaws filled with teeth. The dorsal and anal fins are positioned far back along the body close to the tail. The body is silvery-green, darker above and lighter below with a dark band running horizontally along the flank. Slight sexual dimorphism exists, the male fish often having anal and dorsal fins with a black edge. It reaches a length of 40 cm. This fish as a predator that eats animals such as fish and frogs, its natural diet appears to consist almost entirely of crustaceans. The freshwater needlefish is one of several of needlefish species kept in public and home aquaria. Xenentodoncancila is generally considered quite a difficult species to maintain because of its large size, nervous behavior and preference for live foods.

Photograph 26-Xenentodon cancila

4.1.9 Environmental flow Environmental flow requirements are often defined as a suite of flow discharges of certain magnitude, timing, frequency and duration. These flows ensure a flow regime capable of sustaining a complex set of aquatic habitats and ecosystem processes and are referred to

environmental flow methodologies revealed the existence of some 207 individual methodologies recorded for 44 countries. These methods are based on various criteria, including hydrological, hydraulic rating, habitat simulation and holistic methodologies. Hydrological Index Methods provide a relatively rapid, non-resource intensive, but low resolution estimate of environmental flows. The methods are most appropriate at the planning level of water resources development, or in low controversy situations where they may be used as preliminary estimates.

The United States has been at the forefront of the development and application of methodologies for prescribing environmental flows. In the South Asian region, developments in understanding environmental flows and their assessments have been initiated since the beginning of the 21st century. River management issues, including estimation of environmental flows and their effective implementation are still in the developing stage in India; hence limited literature is available on environmental flow studies in Indian rivers. The fish fauna of some selected stretches of the river Sone have been studied and documented during 1949 53, 2014. The Mean Annual Runoff (MAR) is an indicator of its ecological functions and sustenance.

The most frequently used methods for environmental flow are the Tennant Method (Tennant, 1976) and RVA (Range of Variability Approach), both developed in the USA. Tenant (1976) stated that:

1. 10 % of the average flow is a minimum flow recommended to sustain short-term survival habitat for most aquatic life form;

2. 30% is recommended as a base flow to sustain good survival conditions for most aquatic forms and general recreations; and

3. 60% provides excellent to outstanding habitat for most aquatic life forms and for the majority of recreational uses.

4.1.10 Depth Preference of Fish Species Depth and volume of water play an important role in the survival of fish and various other components of the ecosystem. Fish species show a pattern of depth preference in their habitat. Some fish species prefer higher depths while some others can sustain in shallow waters. Due to this behavior during the dry season some species are stressed when confined to low depth habitat situations which occur during dry season in several pockets of the river resulting in predation, stress & may be mortality. Welcomme (1985), Hill et al. (1990) considered different depths for fish survival and classified various depths in to five depth classes such as class I (1-15cm), Class II (16-30cm), Class III (31-90cm), Class IV (91-180cm), Class V (180cm & above ). Class I & Class V are the lowest and highest in the depth category.

A minimum depth of water is necessary in rivers to maintain a healthy population of fish. The air breathing, mud dwelling and other hardy fishes can survive a certain length of period in Class I depths while delicate fishes, Indian Major Carps (IMC) & Silver carp etc prefer higher depth classes. These fishes are often seen trapped in shallow waters when river basin dries during summer.

4.1.11 Flow and Depth Assessment Water flow pattern (e.g. volume, velocity and depth) in the river environment varies considerably during the year and also from year to year due to several factors like rainfall, runoffs, climatic changes, floods, draughts, siltation, erosions, man-made dams, barrages etc. Hydrological characteristics of the river fluctuate between two extremes (in summer and in monsoon). Hydrological conditions of the river influence water quality, biological diversity/riverine biota and key ecological processes that sustain the aquatic ecosystem. Deviations from natural flow regime result in drastic change in the riverine ecosystems and

fish habitats in the river stream. A minimum flow, volume, depth and quality of water are necessary for supporting and sustaining the environmental processes, its flora, fauna and the aquatic biodiversity.

The study was undertaken during the month of June 2018 in order to assess ecological impacts due to withdrawal of water from Ganga for the proposed TPP through water quality analysis, biodiversity survey, aquatic habitat study and hydrological analysis at six identified sampling locations along with review of literature related to impact on habitat for key stone species/umbrella species due to water reductions in stream.

WATER AVAILABILITY ASPECTS

5.0 Introduction For the establishment of the thermal power plant, water availability, water quality and future scenario study is necessary. In this section, it is tried to make detail present and future availability of water along with quality for smoothly functioning of the project.

5.1 Source of water: Ganga River River Ganga originates in the Himalayas at the colfluence of Alaknanda and Bhagirathi river at Devprayag, before this confluence the alakananda himself has been merged into four Himalayan rivers. The overall length of Ganga is more than 2500 km long.

5.2 Water resources of Lower Ganga Sub-basin The maximum and minimum annual water resource availability is 266.45 BCM during 1999- 2000 and 128.57 BCM during 2010-11 respectively for the period of 30 years. The average annual water resource availability of lower Ganga sub-basin in 192.60 BCM, 75% dependable flow of lower Ganga sub-basin is 179.25 BCM. The water resources availability of lower Ganga sub basin accounts for about 52.86% of mean annual rainfall during the period 1985-86 to 2014-15. The total population as per 2011 census is 240.63 million, thus average annual water availability per capita is about 800.39 cubic meters. out of the total years of meteorological data base of study period during the years 1999, 2000 and 2010-11 extreme dry and wet rainfall conditions occurred in lower Ganga sub-basin as shown in Table 17.

Table 17: Water resource availability of lower Ganga Sub-basin during extreme rainfall conditions

Condition Years of Rainfall (BCM) Water resources availability occurrence (BCM)

Maximum Rainfall 1999-2000 459.76 266.45

Minimum Rainfall 2010-2011 268.03 128.57

The source of water for the plant is River Ganga. In principle water allocation of 36 MCM from Irrigation Department, Lucknow which has further been approved by GoI, Central Water Commission, Irrigation Planning (North) Dept. Water from Ganga River will be pumped to the

Upper Khajuri dam located at a distance of about 5.5 km (aerial distance) from the project site. Water will be pumped to project site from the Upper Khajuri dam.

5.3 Hydrology

Hydrology is the science of water occurrence, movement and transport in nature. It gives weight toward the study of water in the Earth and is concerned with local circulations related to the atmosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere leading to water movement, distribution, quality, and environmental aspects. Broadly, it deals also with the physical as well as chemical relationships. In general, it is concerned with natural events such as rainfall, runoff, drought, flood and runoff, groundwater occurrences, their control, prediction, and management. On the application side, hydrology provides basic laws, equations, algorithms, procedures, and modelling of these events for the practical use of human comfort. It also covers the practical and field applications for water resources assessments with simple rational calculations leading toward proper managements. Surface water or groundwater studies require basic hydrological information as for rainfall assessment, evapotranspiration, infiltration, runoff, subsurface flow, and their modelling aspects for practical engineering, agricultural, irrigation, and hydrogeological applications.

5.3.1 Rainfall The climate of Vindhyann region is predominantly dry (subtropical to dry), winter season is short (December to February) but summer is long (March to November). The temperature rises up to 400C or more during summer and drops during December to January. The normal period of onset of monsoon in this region is third to fourth week of June, which lasts up to end of September. Rainfall is expressed in terms of the depth to which rainfall water will stand on an area if all the rain were collected on it. Thus, 1 cm of rainfall over a catchment area of 1 km2 represents a volume of water equal to 104 m3. The precipitation is collected and measured in a rain gauge. The average annual rainfall of Mirzapur is 1059 mm with noticeable spatial variation in the rainfall distribution pattern over the district. 90% of the mean rainfall is received by south-west monsoon. The month wise rainfall data (in millimetres) for five years 2013-2017 based on arithmetic average of rainfall of stations in the District Mirzapur is shown below (Data source: CRIS IMD).

Annual rainfall trend of lower Ganga sub basin from the period of 2013-2017 has been collected from IMD is shown in Fig.10. The figure shows monthly rainfall trend at Mirzapur site.

year monthwise Rainfall in Mirzapur (mm) 700

600 2013 500 2014 400 2015

300 2016

200 2017

100

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Fig.10: Monthly rainfall trend of Mirzapur (2013-2017)

Fig.11 shows Annual Rainfall in Lower Ganga Sub-Basin (2013-2017). The graph shows that the annual rainfall has variations.

1600 1400 1200 Rainfall (mm) 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1 2 3 4 5 Rainfall (mm) 1043.3 707.5 684.5 1489.8 566.4

Fig.11: Annual Rainfall in Lower Ganga Sub-Basin (2013-2017)

5.3.2 Water Level

The basic piece of data obtained at a station is the stage, which is the height of the water surface above a reference elevation. If the stage of the streambed is known and is subtracted from the water-surface stage, then the result is the depth of water in the stream. Although stage of a stream is useful in itself in planning uses of flood plains, most users of streamflow data need to know the discharge of the stream. Discharge is defined as the

volume of flow passing a specified point in a given interval of time and includes the volume of the water and any sediment or other solids that may be dissolved or mixed with the water. The units of discharge usually are measured in cubic feet per second (or cubic meters per second, if metric units are used). Discharge is derived from the stage data through the use of a relation between stage and discharge. The stage-discharge relation for a specific stream location is defined from periodic discharge measurements made at known stages.

Table 18: Annual Maximum water level (1981-2018) Year Maxi. Water Date Year Maxi. Water Date Level level 1981 74.01 24.08.1981 2000 76.7 26.07.2000 1982 79.46 31.08.1982 2001 74.98 20-21.08.2001 1983 78.665 15.09.1983 2002 72.8 22.08.2002 1984 75.09 26-27.08.1984 2003 78.255 13.09.2003 1985 76.1 13.08.1985 2004 74.64 28.08.2004 1986 76.95 31.07-01.08.1986 2005 76.09 09.07.2005 1987 74.88 02.09.1987 2006 75.46 06-07.09.2006 1988 74.56 09-10.08.1988 2007 69.32 26.08.2007 1989 71.87 05.09.1989 2008 73.37 14.08.2008 1990 76.82 21-22.09.1990 2009 70.52 14.09.2009 1991 76.97 30.08.1991 2010 72.76 03.10.2010 1992 78.17 16.09.1992 2011 72.014 08.2011* 1993 75.68 23.09.1993 2012 72.014 08.2012*

1994 77.77 10.08.1994 2013 72.014 08.2013*

1995 76.06 08.09.1995 2014 72.014 08.2014*

1996 78.7 28.08.1996 2015 72.014 08.2015*

1997 75.895 03-04.09.1997 2016 72.014 08.2016*

1998 74.29 17-18.08.1998 2017 72.014 08.2017*

1999 77.21 21-22.09.1999 2018 72.014 08.2018*

* Predicted Water level based on ARIMA Model

Maximum Water Level

82 80 78 76 74 72 70 68 66 64

year MWL

Fig.12: Maximum Water level of River Ganga at Mirzapur Site

5.3.3 Rainfall Runoff Relationship Runoff is the drainage of precipitation from a catchment that flows out through its natural drainage system. After the occurrence of infiltration and other losses from the precipitation (rainfall), the excess rainfall falls out through the small natural channels on the land surface to the main drainage channel movement of water is called surface flow. A part of the infiltrated rain water moves parallel to the land surfaces, sub surface flows and reappears on the surface at certain other points are called interflow. Other part of the infiltrated water percolates downwards to groundwater and moves laterally to emerge in depressions and rivers and joins the surface flow where infiltration is only one of the many continuous abstractions. It is called sub surface flow or ground water flow.

5.4 Assessment of water availability

Monthly average discharge flow in river Ganga in the project area has been developed on the basis of 10 daily discharge data collected from CWC Mirzapur for the year 1981- 2011.The month wise distribution of discharge of water is shown in Fig.13. The observations reveal that the monthly average flow varies from 440.454 cumecs in June to 254.092 cumecs in May. The peak flow of 13973.688 was seen in the month of August in the figure 13.

River Ganga Average Monthly Discharge Flow Rate (1981-2011) 16000.000

14000.000

12000.000

10000.000

8000.000

6000.000

4000.000

2000.000

0.000 Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Month

Fig.13: River Ganga Monthly Average Discharge Flow Rate (1981-2011)

Month wise Flow Discharge Curve (FDC) from the year 1981-2010 has been drawn to show the discharge flow rate in Ganga River at Mirzapur site. Annual flow discharge curve from 1981-2011 has been plotted which are shown in Fig.14 and Fig.15 is showing the monthly average water level of River Ganga at Mirzapur site. Also, monthly flow discharge curve has been plotted on the basis of 10 daily discharge data from 1981- 2011 which are presented in Fig.16-27 given below.

Annual Average Discharge flow rate of River Ganga at Mirzapur Site 6000.000

5000.000

4000.000

3000.000

2000.000

1000.000

0.000

Year

Fig.14: Annual Average Discharge flow rate of Ganga River at Mirzapur Site

Monthaly Average Water Level of River Ganga at Mirzapur Site 72.00

70.00

68.00

66.00

64.00

62.00

60.00

Month

Fig.15: Monthly Average Water Level of River Ganga at Mirzapur Site

River Ganga, Mirzapur Site Discharge flow rate of January month 1200.000

1000.000

800.000

600.000

400.000

200.000

0.000

Year

Fig.16: Flow Discharge Curve of January (1981-2011)

River Ganga, Mirzapur Site Discharge flow rate of February month 700.000

600.000

500.000

400.000

300.000

200.000

100.000

0.000

Year

Fig.17: Flow Discharge Curve of February (1981-2011)

River Ganga, Mirzapur Site Discharge flow rate of March month 600.000 500.000 400.000 300.000 200.000 100.000 0.000

Years

Fig.18: Flow Discharge Curve of March (1981-2011)

River Ganga, Mirzapur Site Discharge flow rate of April month 900.000 800.000 700.000 600.000 500.000 400.000 300.000 200.000 100.000 0.000

Years

Fig.19: Flow Discharge Curve of April (1981-2011)

River Ganga, Mirzapur Site Discharge flow rate of May month 700.000

600.000

500.000

400.000

300.000

200.000

100.000

0.000

Axis Title

Fig.20: Flow Discharge Curve of May (1981-2011)

River Ganga, Mirzapur Site Discharge flow rate of June month 2500.000

2000.000

1500.000

1000.000

500.000

0.000

Years

Fig.21: Flow Discharge Curve of June (1981-2011)

River Ganga, Mirzapur Site Discharge flow rate of July month 14000.000

12000.000

10000.000

8000.000

6000.000

4000.000

2000.000

0.000

Years

Fig.22: Flow Discharge Curve of July (1981-2011)

River Ganga, Mirzapur Site Discharge flow rate of August month 35000.000

30000.000

25000.000

20000.000

15000.000

10000.000

5000.000

0.000

Years

Fig.23: Flow Discharge Curve of August (1981-2011)

River Ganga, Mirzapur Site Discharge flow rate of September month

40000.000 35000.000 30000.000 25000.000

20000.000 15000.000 10000.000

5000.000

0.000

Years

Fig. 24: Flow Discharge Curve of September (1981-2011)

River Ganga, Mirzapur Site Discharge flow rate of October month 14000.000

12000.000

10000.000

8000.000

6000.000

4000.000

2000.000

0.000

Years

Fig. 25: Flow Discharge Curve of October (1981-2011)

River Ganga, Mirzapur Site Discharge flow rate of November month 3500.000 3000.000 2500.000 2000.000 1500.000 1000.000 500.000 0.000

Years

Fig. 26: Flow Discharge Curve of November (1981-2011)

River Ganga, Mirzapur Site Discharge flow rate of December month 3000.000

2500.000

2000.000

1500.000

1000.000

500.000

0.000

Years

Fig. 27: Flow Discharge Curve of December (1981-2011)

Table 19: Hydrological observations (Pre-Monsoon) River Ganga discharge and water level (Intake point Location) Sr. No Water level (m.s.l) Discharge (Cumecs) 1981-1982 65.58 2881.353 1982-1983 66.54 1244.556 1983-1984 66.79 2397.860 1984-1985 65.65 1279.260 1985-1986 66.32 369.246 1986-1987 65.44 4455.135 1987-1988 64.95 515.195 1988-1989 65.69 2596.153 1989-1990 64.57 688.598 1990-1991 66.46 4282.965 1991-1992 65.87 1775.972 1992-1993 65.77 702.225 1993-1994 65.22 1552.674 1994-1995 66.41 5130.603 1995-1996 65.95 1062.600 1996-1997 66.37 1470.531 1997-1998 65.84 1244.872 1998-1999 66.18 3320.905 1999-2000 66.40 1771.375 2000-2001 65.77 4574.863 2001-2002 65.34 6554.699 2002-2003 64.28 560.509 2003-2004 65.88 1374.877 2004-2005 65.01 2892.831 2005-2006 65.37 4972.546 2006-2007 65.31 1114.573 2007-2008 64.52 1854.190 2008-2009 65.67 4446.703 2009-2010 63.99 352.957 2010-2011 65.14 542.293

5.4.1 ARIMA Model for Discharge Prediction

An Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model (ARIMA model) is a class of statistical models for analyzing and forecasting time series data. It explicitly caters to a suite of standard structures in time series data, and as such provides a simple yet powerful method for making skilful time series forecasts. In this study, regression analysis has been made for the discharge analysis and for the prediction of future discharge. An auto regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) Method is used to model the historic flows and predict future stream flows on the basis of past stream flows only. Seasonality in a time series is a regular pattern of changes that repeats over S time periods, where S defines the number of time periods until the pattern repeats again. The seasonal ARIMA model incorporates both non-seasonal and seasonal factors in a multiplicative model. One shorthand notation for the model is

ARIMA (p, d, q) × (P, D, Q)S,

With p = non-seasonal Auto Regressive (AR) order, d = non-seasonal differencing, q = non- seasonal Moving Average (MA) order, P = seasonal AR order, D = seasonal differencing, Q = seasonal MA order, and S = time span of repeating seasonal pattern. In this study, s is defined as 12. Seasonality usually causes the series to be non-stationary because the average values at some particular times within the seasonal span (months) may be different than the average values at other times. Seasonal differencing is defined as a difference between a value and a value with lag that is a multiple of S. The Method of least squares has been used to estimate the parameters, the accuracy of forecast is best assessed by the comparing the forecast made and the values observed during the forecast period. A number

of models have been applied to the series and finally a seasonal SARIMA (0, 0, 0) (1, 1, 1)36 model fitted and selected it with good accuracy. Following fig. 28 shows the ARIMA methodology for calibration, validation and prediction of discharge of the river Ganga basin at Mirzapur site. With seasonal data which is not stationary, it is appropriate to take seasonal differences. A seasonal difference is the difference between an observation and the corresponding observation from the previous year. It is recommended to do the seasonal differencing first since sometimes the resulting series will be stationary and hence no need for a further first difference. When differencing is used, it is important that the differences be interpretable. Seasonal trend could be removed by having seasonal differencing through subtracting the current observations from the previous observations.

Ten Daily Discharge prediction using ARIMA Model

60000

50000

40000

30000

20000

10000

0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Ten Daily

Q ARIMA (Q) Validation Prediction

Fig. 28: Ten Daily Discharge prediction using ARIMA Model

In the above figure, green color shows the predicted Discharge in cumec for the 20 years of river Ganga at Mirzapur site. In the above figure, X-axis data starts from first ten daily of June 1981(1st Data) to III Ten daily May 2006(900th data) for training and first ten daily of June 2006(901st Data) to III Ten daily May 2011(1080th data) for Validation of Model. Forecast is stated from first ten daily of June 2011 to III Ten daily May 2031. Predicted discharge is shown in the table 20.

Following figure 29 shows the residual of the observed and predicted discharge data for the

model (0, 0, 0) (1, 1, 1)36. The residual graph is showing the data noise. The graph shows that there is having less noise in the data

Residuals

50000

40000

30000

20000

10000

-10000

-20000

-30000 Ten Daily

Fig. 29: Ten Daily Discharge Residual (Mirzapur site)

ACF and PACF plots: After a time series has been stationeries by differencing, the next step in fitting an ARIMA model is to determine whether AR or MA terms are needed to correct any autocorrelation that remains in the differenced series. By looking at the autocorrelation function (ACF) and partial autocorrelation (PACF) plots of the differenced series, it is tentatively identify the numbers of AR and/or MA terms that are needed. The ACF plot is merely a bar chart of the coefficients of correlation between a time series and lags of itself. The PACF plot is a plot of the partial correlation coefficients between the series and lags of itself. A partial correlation is a conditional correlation. It is the correlation between two variables under the assumption that we know and take into account the values of some other set of variables. This is the correlation between values two time periods apart conditional on knowledge of the value in between.

Following Figures 30 and 31 shows the Auto Correlation Function (ACF) and Partial Autocorrelation Function (PACF) of the residuals at different lags with upper panel: auto correlation; lower panel: partial correlation for the discharge data for the model (0, 0, 0) (1, 1,

1)36. The figures of ACF and PACF show that variables (discharge) are periodic in nature. These functions behave similarly in their period cycles involving seasonal variations. Therefore given time series is periodic and involve seasonal variations. Based on these assumptions, a period of 12 months i.e. one year is assumed for given time series of discharge.

AutocorrelogramQ

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 -0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1 Lag

Fig.30: Ten Daily Partial autocorrelogram Q

Partial autocorrelogramQ

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 -0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1 Lag

Fig. 31: Ten Daily Partial autocorrelogram Q

on how the data has been created. Partial autocorrelation functions controls for the values of the time series at all shorter lags. This removes interference and resonance with multiple cycles, highlighting a clearer periodicity. A more advanced technique, called Power Spectral

Density, performs a Fourier analysis on the correlogram to find its main component. Following figures 32 and 33 shows the auto correlations residuals and the partial auto correlations residuals plot of data series at different lags which are within the 95% confidence limits of each set of data with upper panel : auto correlation; lower panel: partial correlation for the models (0, 0, 0) (1, 1, 1)36.

AutocorrelogramResiduals

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 -0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1 Lag

Fig.32: Ten Daily Autocorrelogram Residuals

Partial autocorrelogramResiduals

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 -0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1 Lag

Fig. 33: Ten Daily Partial autocorrelogram Residuals

5.4.2 Water Level Prediction Using ARIMA Model

A number of models have been applied to the series and finally a seasonal SARIMA (0, 0, 0)

(1, 1, 1)36 model fitted and selected it with good accuracy. Following fig.34 shows the ARIMA methodology for calibration, validation and prediction of water level of the river Ganga basin at Mirzapur site. With seasonal data which is not stationary, it is appropriate to take seasonal differences. A seasonal difference is the difference between an observation and the corresponding observation from the previous year. It is recommended to do the seasonal differencing first since sometimes the resulting series will be stationary and hence no need for a further first difference. When differencing is used, it is important that the differences be interpretable. Seasonal trend could be removed by having seasonal differencing through subtracting the current observations from the previous observations.

Ten Daily Water level prediction using ARIMA Model

80 78 76 74 72 70 68 66 64 62 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 TenDaily

h ARIMA (h) Validation Prediction

Fig. 34: Ten Daily Water level prediction using ARIMA Model

In the above figure, green color shows the predicted water level for the 20 years of river Ganga at Mirzapur site. In the above figure, X-axis data starts from first ten daily of June 1981(1st Data) to III Ten daily May 2006(900th data) for training and first ten daily of June 2006(901st Data) to III Ten daily May 2011(1080th data) for Validation of Model. Forecast is stated from first ten daily of June 2011 to III Ten daily May 2031. Predicted water level is shown in the table 21.

Following figure 35 shows the residual of the observed and predicted water level data for the

model (0, 0, 0) (1, 1, 1)36. The graph shows that there is noise in the data.

Residuals

-2

-4

-6

-8 TenDaily

Fig. 35: Ten Daily Water Level Residual (Mirzapur site)

Following Figures 36 and 37shows the Auto Correlation Function (ACF) and Partial Autocorrelation Function (PACF) of the residuals at different lags with upper panel: auto correlation; lower panel: partial correlation for the discharge data for the model (0, 0, 0) (1, 1,

1)36. The figures of ACF and PACF show that variables (water level) are periodic in nature. These functions behave similarly in their period cycles involving seasonal variations. Therefore given time series is periodic and involve seasonal variations. Based on these assumptions a period of 12 months i.e. one year is assumed for given time series of water level.

Autocorrelogramh

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 -0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1 Lag

Fig.36: Ten DailyPartial autocorrelogram (Water level)

Partial autocorrelogramh

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 -0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1 Lag

Fig.37: Ten Daily Partial autocorrelogram (Water level)

Following figures 38 and 39 shows the auto correlations residuals and the partial auto correlations residuals plot of data series at different lags which are within the 95% confidence limits of each set of data with upper panel : auto correlation; lower panel: partial correlation for the models (0, 0, 0) (1, 1, 1)36.

AutocorrelogramResiduals

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 -0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1 Lag

Fig.38: Ten Daily Autocorrelogram Residuals

Partial autocorrelogramResiduals

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 -0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1 Lag

Fig.39: Ten Daily Partial autocorrelogram Residuals

5.4.3 Ten Daily Predicted Flood Discharge in River for future 10 daily predicted flood discharge in river has been predicted by ARIMA model based on previous data during 1981-2011 and given in table 20.

5.4.4 Ten Daily Predicted depth of water (Water Level) 10 daily predicted water level of river Ganga at Mirzapur site has been predicted by ARIMA model based on previous data during 1981-2011 and given in table 21 as below:

Table 20: Ten daily Predicted Discharge

Year June July August September Ten Ten Daily Ten Daily Ten Ten Daily Ten Daily Ten Ten Daily Ten Daily Ten Daily Ten Daily Ten Daily Daily I II III Daily I II III Daily I II III I II III 2011-12 257.051 393.941 704.811 2988.549 4223.065 6719.000 8933.667 10614.846 13419.073 12170.948 11853.443 8517.760 2012-13 257.051 393.941 704.811 2988.549 4223.065 6719.000 8933.667 10614.846 13419.073 12170.948 11853.443 8517.760 2013-14 257.051 393.941 704.811 2988.549 4223.065 6719.000 8933.667 10614.846 13419.073 12170.948 11853.443 8517.760 2014-15 257.051 393.941 704.811 2988.549 4223.065 6719.000 8933.667 10614.846 13419.073 12170.948 11853.443 8517.760 2015-16 257.051 393.941 704.811 2988.549 4223.065 6719.000 8933.667 10614.846 13419.073 12170.948 11853.443 8517.760 2016-17 257.051 393.941 704.811 2988.549 4223.065 6719.000 8933.667 10614.846 13419.073 12170.948 11853.443 8517.760 2017-18 257.051 393.941 704.811 2988.549 4223.065 6719.000 8933.667 10614.846 13419.073 12170.948 11853.443 8517.760 2018-19 257.051 393.941 704.811 2988.549 4223.065 6719.000 8933.667 10614.846 13419.073 12170.948 11853.443 8517.760 2019-20 257.051 393.941 704.811 2988.549 4223.065 6719.000 8933.667 10614.846 13419.073 12170.948 11853.443 8517.760 2020-21 257.051 393.941 704.811 2988.549 4223.065 6719.000 8933.667 10614.846 13419.073 12170.948 11853.443 8517.760 2021-22 257.051 393.941 704.811 2988.549 4223.065 6719.000 8933.667 10614.846 13419.073 12170.948 11853.443 8517.760 2022-23 257.051 393.941 704.811 2988.549 4223.065 6719.000 8933.667 10614.846 13419.073 12170.948 11853.443 8517.760 2023-24 257.051 393.941 704.811 2988.549 4223.065 6719.000 8933.667 10614.846 13419.073 12170.948 11853.443 8517.760 2024-25 257.051 393.941 704.811 2988.549 4223.065 6719.000 8933.667 10614.846 13419.073 12170.948 11853.443 8517.760 2025-26 257.051 393.941 704.811 2988.549 4223.065 6719.000 8933.667 10614.846 13419.073 12170.948 11853.443 8517.760 2026-27 257.051 393.941 704.811 2988.549 4223.065 6719.000 8933.667 10614.846 13419.073 12170.948 11853.443 8517.760 2027-28 257.051 393.941 704.811 2988.549 4223.065 6719.000 8933.667 10614.846 13419.073 12170.948 11853.443 8517.760 2028-29 257.051 393.941 704.811 2988.549 4223.065 6719.000 8933.667 10614.846 13419.073 12170.948 11853.443 8517.760 2029-30 257.051 393.941 704.811 2988.549 4223.065 6719.000 8933.667 10614.846 13419.073 12170.948 11853.443 8517.760 2030-31 257.051 393.941 704.811 2988.549 4223.065 6719.000 8933.667 10614.846 13419.073 12170.948 11853.443 8517.760

Year October November December January Ten Daily Ten Ten Daily Ten Ten Daily Ten Daily Ten Ten Daily Ten Daily Ten Ten Daily Ten Daily I Daily II III Daily I II III Daily I II III Daily I II III 2011-12 5447.533 3100.377 2175.449 1432.290 1056.804 839.849 800.244 832.958 816.485 593.727 562.724 575.642 2012-13 5447.533 3100.377 2175.449 1432.290 1056.804 839.849 800.244 832.958 816.485 593.727 562.724 575.642 2013-14 5447.533 3100.377 2175.449 1432.290 1056.804 839.849 800.244 832.958 816.485 593.727 562.724 575.642 2014-15 5447.533 3100.377 2175.449 1432.290 1056.804 839.849 800.244 832.958 816.485 593.727 562.724 575.642 2015-16 5447.533 3100.377 2175.449 1432.290 1056.804 839.849 800.244 832.958 816.485 593.727 562.724 575.642 2016-17 5447.533 3100.377 2175.449 1432.290 1056.804 839.849 800.244 832.958 816.485 593.727 562.724 575.642 2017-18 5447.533 3100.377 2175.449 1432.290 1056.804 839.849 800.244 832.958 816.485 593.727 562.724 575.642 2018-19 5447.533 3100.377 2175.449 1432.290 1056.804 839.849 800.244 832.958 816.485 593.727 562.724 575.642 2019-20 5447.533 3100.377 2175.449 1432.290 1056.804 839.849 800.244 832.958 816.485 593.727 562.724 575.642 2020-21 5447.533 3100.377 2175.449 1432.290 1056.804 839.849 800.244 832.958 816.485 593.727 562.724 575.642 2021-22 5447.533 3100.377 2175.449 1432.290 1056.804 839.849 800.244 832.958 816.485 593.727 562.724 575.642 2022-23 5447.533 3100.377 2175.449 1432.290 1056.804 839.849 800.244 832.958 816.485 593.727 562.724 575.642 2023-24 5447.533 3100.377 2175.449 1432.290 1056.804 839.849 800.244 832.958 816.485 593.727 562.724 575.642 2024-25 5447.533 3100.377 2175.449 1432.290 1056.804 839.849 800.244 832.958 816.485 593.727 562.724 575.642 2025-26 5447.533 3100.377 2175.449 1432.290 1056.804 839.849 800.244 832.958 816.485 593.727 562.724 575.642 2026-27 5447.533 3100.377 2175.449 1432.290 1056.804 839.849 800.244 832.958 816.485 593.727 562.724 575.642 2027-28 5447.533 3100.377 2175.449 1432.290 1056.804 839.849 800.244 832.958 816.485 593.727 562.724 575.642 2028-29 5447.533 3100.377 2175.449 1432.290 1056.804 839.849 800.244 832.958 816.485 593.727 562.724 575.642 2029-30 5447.533 3100.377 2175.449 1432.290 1056.804 839.849 800.244 832.958 816.485 593.727 562.724 575.642 2030-31 5447.533 3100.377 2175.449 1432.290 1056.804 839.849 800.244 832.958 816.485 593.727 562.724 575.642

Year February March April May Ten Daily Ten Daily Ten Ten Daily Ten Daily Ten Daily Ten Daily Ten Ten Daily Ten Daily Ten Ten Daily I II Daily III I II III I Daily II III I Daily II III 2011-12 443.013 497.375 425.882 459.987 370.779 338.820 316.523 314.451 264.870 254.040 239.694 233.352 2012-13 443.013 497.375 425.882 459.987 370.779 338.820 316.523 314.451 264.870 254.040 239.694 233.352 2013-14 443.013 497.375 425.882 459.987 370.779 338.820 316.523 314.451 264.870 254.040 239.694 233.352 2014-15 443.013 497.375 425.882 459.987 370.779 338.820 316.523 314.451 264.870 254.040 239.694 233.352 2015-16 443.013 497.375 425.882 459.987 370.779 338.820 316.523 314.451 264.870 254.040 239.694 233.352 2016-17 443.013 497.375 425.882 459.987 370.779 338.820 316.523 314.451 264.870 254.040 239.694 233.352 2017-18 443.013 497.375 425.882 459.987 370.779 338.820 316.523 314.451 264.870 254.040 239.694 233.352 2018-19 443.013 497.375 425.882 459.987 370.779 338.820 316.523 314.451 264.870 254.040 239.694 233.352 2019-20 443.013 497.375 425.882 459.987 370.779 338.820 316.523 314.451 264.870 254.040 239.694 233.352 2020-21 443.013 497.375 425.882 459.987 370.779 338.820 316.523 314.451 264.870 254.040 239.694 233.352 2021-22 443.013 497.375 425.882 459.987 370.779 338.820 316.523 314.451 264.870 254.040 239.694 233.352 2022-23 443.013 497.375 425.882 459.987 370.779 338.820 316.523 314.451 264.870 254.040 239.694 233.352 2023-24 443.013 497.375 425.882 459.987 370.779 338.820 316.523 314.451 264.870 254.040 239.694 233.352 2024-25 443.013 497.375 425.882 459.987 370.779 338.820 316.523 314.451 264.870 254.040 239.694 233.352 2025-26 443.013 497.375 425.882 459.987 370.779 338.820 316.523 314.451 264.870 254.040 239.694 233.352 2026-27 443.013 497.375 425.882 459.987 370.779 338.820 316.523 314.451 264.870 254.040 239.694 233.352 2027-28 443.013 497.375 425.882 459.987 370.779 338.820 316.523 314.451 264.870 254.040 239.694 233.352 2028-29 443.013 497.375 425.882 459.987 370.779 338.820 316.523 314.451 264.870 254.040 239.694 233.352 2029-30 443.013 497.375 425.882 459.987 370.779 338.820 316.523 314.451 264.870 254.040 239.694 233.352 2030-31 443.013 497.375 425.882 459.987 370.779 338.820 316.523 314.451 264.870 254.040 239.694 233.352

Table 21: Ten daily Predicted depth of water (Water Level) Year Jun Jul Aug Sep Jun I Jun II JunI II Ten Ten Ten Jul I Ten Jul II Ten Jul III Ten Aug I Ten Aug II Ten Aug III Sep I Ten Sep II Ten Sep III Ten Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily TenDaily Daily Daily Daily 2011-12 63.399 63.510 64.105 65.910 67.019 68.928 70.332 71.061 72.014 71.593 71.082 69.570 2012-13 63.399 63.510 64.105 65.910 67.019 68.928 70.332 71.061 72.014 71.593 71.082 69.570 2013-14 63.399 63.510 64.105 65.910 67.019 68.928 70.332 71.061 72.014 71.593 71.082 69.570 2014-15 63.399 63.510 64.105 65.910 67.019 68.928 70.332 71.061 72.014 71.593 71.082 69.570 2015-16 63.399 63.510 64.105 65.910 67.019 68.928 70.332 71.061 72.014 71.593 71.082 69.570 2016-17 63.399 63.510 64.105 65.910 67.019 68.928 70.332 71.061 72.014 71.593 71.082 69.570 2017-18 63.399 63.510 64.105 65.910 67.019 68.928 70.332 71.061 72.014 71.593 71.082 69.570 2018-19 63.399 63.510 64.105 65.910 67.019 68.928 70.332 71.061 72.014 71.593 71.082 69.570 2019-20 63.399 63.510 64.105 65.910 67.019 68.928 70.332 71.061 72.014 71.593 71.082 69.570 2020-21 63.399 63.510 64.105 65.910 67.019 68.928 70.332 71.061 72.014 71.593 71.082 69.570 2021-22 63.399 63.510 64.105 65.910 67.019 68.928 70.332 71.061 72.014 71.593 71.082 69.570 2022-23 63.399 63.510 64.105 65.910 67.019 68.928 70.332 71.061 72.014 71.593 71.082 69.570 2023-24 63.399 63.510 64.105 65.910 67.019 68.928 70.332 71.061 72.014 71.593 71.082 69.570 2024-25 63.399 63.510 64.105 65.910 67.019 68.928 70.332 71.061 72.014 71.593 71.082 69.570 2025-26 63.399 63.510 64.105 65.910 67.019 68.928 70.332 71.061 72.014 71.593 71.082 69.570 2026-27 63.399 63.510 64.105 65.910 67.019 68.928 70.332 71.061 72.014 71.593 71.082 69.570 2027-28 63.399 63.510 64.105 65.910 67.019 68.928 70.332 71.061 72.014 71.593 71.082 69.570 2028-29 63.399 63.510 64.105 65.910 67.019 68.928 70.332 71.061 72.014 71.593 71.082 69.570 2029-30 63.399 63.510 64.105 65.910 67.019 68.928 70.332 71.061 72.014 71.593 71.082 69.570 2030-31 63.399 63.510 64.105 65.910 67.019 68.928 70.332 71.061 72.014 71.593 71.082 69.570

Year Oct Nov Dec Jan Oct I Oct II Ten Ten Oct III Nov I Ten Nov II Nov III Dec I Ten Dec II Ten Dec III Jan I Ten Jan II Ten Jan III Daily Daily Ten Daily Daily Ten Daily Ten Daily Daily Daily Ten Daily Daily Daily Ten Daily 2011-12 68.187 67.085 66.375 65.711 65.330 65.002 64.740 64.697 64.532 64.414 64.312 64.257 2012-13 68.187 67.085 66.375 65.711 65.330 65.002 64.740 64.697 64.532 64.414 64.312 64.257 2013-14 68.187 67.085 66.375 65.711 65.330 65.002 64.740 64.697 64.532 64.414 64.312 64.257 2014-15 68.187 67.085 66.375 65.711 65.330 65.002 64.740 64.697 64.532 64.414 64.312 64.257 2015-16 68.187 67.085 66.375 65.711 65.330 65.002 64.740 64.697 64.532 64.414 64.312 64.257 2016-17 68.187 67.085 66.375 65.711 65.330 65.002 64.740 64.697 64.532 64.414 64.312 64.257 2017-18 68.187 67.085 66.375 65.711 65.330 65.002 64.740 64.697 64.532 64.414 64.312 64.257 2018-19 68.187 67.085 66.375 65.711 65.330 65.002 64.740 64.697 64.532 64.414 64.312 64.257 2019-20 68.187 67.085 66.375 65.711 65.330 65.002 64.740 64.697 64.532 64.414 64.312 64.257 2020-21 68.187 67.085 66.375 65.711 65.330 65.002 64.740 64.697 64.532 64.414 64.312 64.257 2021-22 68.187 67.085 66.375 65.711 65.330 65.002 64.740 64.697 64.532 64.414 64.312 64.257 2022-23 68.187 67.085 66.375 65.711 65.330 65.002 64.740 64.697 64.532 64.414 64.312 64.257 2023-24 68.187 67.085 66.375 65.711 65.330 65.002 64.740 64.697 64.532 64.414 64.312 64.257 2024-25 68.187 67.085 66.375 65.711 65.330 65.002 64.740 64.697 64.532 64.414 64.312 64.257 2025-26 68.187 67.085 66.375 65.711 65.330 65.002 64.740 64.697 64.532 64.414 64.312 64.257 2026-27 68.187 67.085 66.375 65.711 65.330 65.002 64.740 64.697 64.532 64.414 64.312 64.257 2027-28 68.187 67.085 66.375 65.711 65.330 65.002 64.740 64.697 64.532 64.414 64.312 64.257 2028-29 68.187 67.085 66.375 65.711 65.330 65.002 64.740 64.697 64.532 64.414 64.312 64.257 2029-30 68.187 67.085 66.375 65.711 65.330 65.002 64.740 64.697 64.532 64.414 64.312 64.257 2030-31 68.187 67.085 66.375 65.711 65.330 65.002 64.740 64.697 64.532 64.414 64.312 64.257

Year Feb Mar April May Feb I Feb II Feb III Ten Ten Ten Mar I Ten Mar II Mar III Apr I Ten Apr II Ten Apr III May I May II May III Daily Daily Daily Daily Ten Daily Ten Daily Daily Daily Ten Daily Ten Daily Ten Daily Ten Daily 2011-12 64.111 64.019 63.964 63.866 63.760 63.675 63.602 63.519 63.488 63.396 63.404 63.280 2012-13 64.111 64.019 63.964 63.866 63.760 63.675 63.602 63.519 63.488 63.396 63.404 63.280 2013-14 64.111 64.019 63.964 63.866 63.760 63.675 63.602 63.519 63.488 63.396 63.404 63.280 2014-15 64.111 64.019 63.964 63.866 63.760 63.675 63.602 63.519 63.488 63.396 63.404 63.280 2015-16 64.111 64.019 63.964 63.866 63.760 63.675 63.602 63.519 63.488 63.396 63.404 63.280 2016-17 64.111 64.019 63.964 63.866 63.760 63.675 63.602 63.519 63.488 63.396 63.404 63.280 2017-18 64.111 64.019 63.964 63.866 63.760 63.675 63.602 63.519 63.488 63.396 63.404 63.280 2018-19 64.111 64.019 63.964 63.866 63.760 63.675 63.602 63.519 63.488 63.396 63.404 63.280 2019-20 64.111 64.019 63.964 63.866 63.760 63.675 63.602 63.519 63.488 63.396 63.404 63.280 2020-21 64.111 64.019 63.964 63.866 63.760 63.675 63.602 63.519 63.488 63.396 63.404 63.280 2021-22 64.111 64.019 63.964 63.866 63.760 63.675 63.602 63.519 63.488 63.396 63.404 63.280 2022-23 64.111 64.019 63.964 63.866 63.760 63.675 63.602 63.519 63.488 63.396 63.404 63.280 2023-24 64.111 64.019 63.964 63.866 63.760 63.675 63.602 63.519 63.488 63.396 63.404 63.280 2024-25 64.111 64.019 63.964 63.866 63.760 63.675 63.602 63.519 63.488 63.396 63.404 63.280 2025-26 64.111 64.019 63.964 63.866 63.760 63.675 63.602 63.519 63.488 63.396 63.404 63.280 2026-27 64.111 64.019 63.964 63.866 63.760 63.675 63.602 63.519 63.488 63.396 63.404 63.280 2027-28 64.111 64.019 63.964 63.866 63.760 63.675 63.602 63.519 63.488 63.396 63.404 63.280 2028-29 64.111 64.019 63.964 63.866 63.760 63.675 63.602 63.519 63.488 63.396 63.404 63.280 2029-30 64.111 64.019 63.964 63.866 63.760 63.675 63.602 63.519 63.488 63.396 63.404 63.280 2030-31 64.111 64.019 63.964 63.866 63.760 63.675 63.602 63.519 63.488 63.396 63.404 63.280

5.5 Stage-Discharge Relationship

The relationship between the amount of water flowing in a river or stream and stage at any particular point is usually known as stage discharge relationship. Stage discharge relationships for flow in rivers and channels are established by concurrent measurements of stage (y) and discharge (Q) (through velocity measurements, dilution methods, or other techniques) and the results are fitted graphically or statistically to yield the development of rating curves. The dynamic relationship between stage and discharge, which is unique to a particular selected station along the river, can be determined via mathematical relationships. The discharge rating curve transforms the continuous stage data to a continuous record of stream discharge, but it is also used to transform model forecasted flow hydrographs into stage hydrographs. This is needed, for instance, to estimate the inundated areas during a flood. Discharge rating curves may be simple or complex depending on the river reach and flow regime. These relations are typically developed empirically from periodic measurements of stage and discharge. These data are plotted versus the concurrent stage to define the rating curve for the stream.

A rating curve is established by making a number of concurrent observations of stage and discharge over a period of time covering the expected range of stages at the river gauging section. The rating relationship thus established is used to transform the observed stages into the corresponding discharges.

If Q and h are discharge and water level, then the relationship can be analytically expressed as: Q = f(h) Where; f(h) is an algebraic function of water level. A graphical stage discharge curve helps in visualising the relationship and to transform stages manually to discharges whereas an algebraic relationship can be advantageously used for analytical transformation. Fig.40 shows the Gauge Discharge (rating Curve) relationship of the river Ganga at Mirzapur site. Ten daily monthly discharge and gauge data has been taken for the rating curve. Coefficient of determination is 0.9574. This shows the good correlation.

Rating Curve of river Ganga at Mirzapur Site 73.00

72.00

71.00 y = 1.846ln(x) + 52.642 R² = 0.9574 70.00

69.00

68.00

67.00 66.00

65.00

64.00

63.00

62.00 0.000 2000.000 4000.000 6000.000 8000.000 10000.000 12000.000 14000.000 16000.000 18000.000 Discharge ten dailly in Cumec

Fig.40: Stage -Discharge relation of river Ganga at Mirzapur Site

5.6 Water availability and competing users in downstream Predicted discharge is observed to be minimum in month of May every year and it is 264.339 cumecs for year 2018-19 (Table 19a). The equivalent water quantity in million cubic meter for month of minimum discharge is 264.339*60*60*24*30 / 1000000 = 685.167 MCM for whole month. As annual requirement of water for proposed project is 36 MCM to be withdrawn during June to December from river Ganga. The total requirement is 5% of the minimum monthly discharge. Therefore, it is very safe to withdraw water in rainy season.

It is recommended that maximum water may be withdrawn in July, August and September i.e. during high discharge period. Further, comparing the annual required water for project (36 MCM) to the least monthly available water 685.167 MCM in month of May shows withdrawal of 36 MCM over a period of 07 months will not have any adverse impact in upstream and downstream of intake facility in Mirzapur

5.7 Water availability and Flow data including in lean season Assessment of dependable lean season flows along with their distribution in time is essential for planning and development of any project which is closely related to water consumption. Study of the lean season flow characteristics is important to determine the probability of the river system to prove adequate and assured water consumption for the meeting the 81

expected demand. But in this project, during lean period water withdrawal is not permitted so it is not affected the flow of river due to project production. In the analysis of low flow during lean season, it is mainly concerned with magnitude of low flow, its duration and the frequency of occurrences of low flows. From preliminary investigation of available data, it is observed that the flow in river Ganga decreases gradually from January to June, touching the lowest flow during the months of May. This may be mainly due to pre-monsoon showers. The figure 41 shows the monthly average discharge. The dependable flows shows less on the basis of monthly discharge data as shown in the following figure.

River Ganga discharge at Mirzapur site during lean months (Cumec) 600.000

500.000

400.000

300.000

200.000

100.000

0.000 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Month

Fig.41: Discharge of River Ganga at Mirzapur site during lean months in Cumecs

The water level of river Ganga at Mirzapur site is decreasing order during the lean period. In the month June it is increasing due to rainfall in upstream catchment. In this project water withdrawal is totally prohibited during the lean season. Therefore, due to operation of project nothing impact will be experience in the lean season. Following figure 42 shows the bar chart of water level during lean season.

Average monthly Water Level of river Ganga during lean months at Mirzapur Site 64.80 64.60 64.40 64.20 64.00 63.80 63.60 63.40 63.20 63.00 62.80 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Month

Fig. 42: Average monthly Water Level of river Ganga during lean months at Mirzapur Site

In the figure 43 given monthly average rainfall at Mirzapur site catchment from 2013 to 2017 during lean months. The bar graph shows that the rainfall trend is in decreasing order in lean period Jan to May and in the month of June it is increasing due to starting of Monsoon. Monthly average rainfall at mirzapur site catchment from 2013 to 2017 during lean months 25

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Months

Fig.43: Monthly average rainfall at Mirzapur site catchment from 2013 to 2017 during lean months

5.8 Interstate share and competing sources Regarding interstate water allocation of the river Ganga, a letter has been written to the chairman, Central Water Commission, Ministry of Water Resources, New Delhi. In response of this, reply has been received which is as under:

CONCLUSION

6.0 Concluding Remarks

For the water availability aspects, detailed studies have been carried out. Study of water withdrawal at source site, maximum peak of floods, runoff scenario, maximum and minimum water level status, future discharge and water level, rainfall during monsoon and non- monsoon period has been carried out through modeling. It has been observed that the water availability in view of present and future aspects for the running of project is sufficient. The salient features are as follows;

1. The plant make-up water requirement is approx. 36 MCM (million cubic meters) annually. This water requirement has to be withdrawn during 07 months i.e. June to December of the year. There shall not be any water withdrawal from river Ganga during the lean season i.e. 1st January to 31st May and there should be sufficient storage ensured in upper Khajuri dam for the make-up water requirement.

2. Hydrological status and water quality parameters indicate that the water body is supporting and sustaining the ecological habitat, which provide a good quality & quantity of fish. The sampled stretch is supporting a rich fish biodiversity in the existing situation with natural variation from location to location. The water body was also observed providing breeding grounds, space and course for migration of the fish species that inhibit in this environment.

3. Biodiversity study carried out in Pre and Post Monsoon season at 06 identified locations, 03 each upstream and downstream within 07 km of the intake location with the intake at center, shows that the selected/sampled stretches have rich aquatic biodiversity. Observations showed the presence of 22 fish species belonging to 09 families and 04 orders with Clarias magur species of Claridae family falling in endangered category, few species are observed to be in nearly threatened category.

4. Study suggests that river flow upstream of intake point will not be affected by proposed withdrawal and there will be no significant impact in downstream due to water withdrawal for the proposed Mirzapur TPP. However, proper management is required to make sustainable water utilization.

5. Post Monsoon study also confirms that intake of water for the power plant will not hamper the aquatic diversity because the water requirement for lean season will be met from Khajuri dam, as dam itself will be used to store adequate quantity of water.

6. The study on environment assessment due to withdrawal of water for proposed TPP from river Ganga in Mirzapur indicates that it will not have adverse impact on the ecosystem. .

REFERENCES

1. www.imd.gov.in

2. A review of methods of hydrological estimation at ungauged sites in India, working Paper No 130, IWMI.

3. Report of the groundwater Estimation Committee, Ministry of Water Resources, Govt of India, June 1997

Clarification Letter of Mining Officer

Clarification Letter of DM regarding PH

Office Memorandum (OM) of MoEF&CC

Details of STP within 50 km radius

ANNEXURE I

Gohithaha STP

Dinapur STP DLW STP Bhagwanpur STP Ramna STP

Vindhayachal STP Bisunderpur STP Pakka Pokhara STP Chunar Proposed STP

MTPP Plant

WELSPUN ENERGY UP PVT. LTD. TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY STUDY TO UTILIZE TREATED SEWAGE FROM STPs WITHIN 50 Km RADIUS OF PROPOSED 2X660 MW MIRZAPUR THERMAL POWER PROJECT, VILLAGE DADRI, DIST. MIRZAPUR, UTTAR PRADESH ANNEXURE III STPSLOCATED WITHIN 50 KM RADIUS OF MTPP PROCESS DETAILS, ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILSAND LOCATION DETAILS

Sr. No. Name of STP General Location STP PROCESS CAPACITY STP PROCESS Global Co ordinates of STP Aerial Distance Administrative Details Installed Capacity Proposed Total Northing Easting from MTPP At Plant Site Authority Augmentation capacity /New Proposal (MLD) (MLD) (MLD) (km) UTTAR PRADESH JAL NIGAM 1 Mirzapur Mirzapur City 14.0 8.5 22.5 U.A.S.B. 25° 8'43.48"N 82°35'21.71"E 20.00 Mr. Shashikant Kumar, JE Pakka Pokhara Mob. No. 8789150766 Mr. G. K. Chaudhari, Project Manager 2 Mirzapur Vindhyachal 4.0 3.0 7.0 W.S.P./S.B.R. 25° 9'35.47"N 82°30'39.46"E 26.00 Mr. Robin Kishor, JE Vindhyachal Mob. No. 9308229616 Mr. Sujit Kumar, Project Engineer 3 Mirzapur Bisunderpur, around 6 8.5 8.5 S.B.R. 25° 10'33.0"N 82°35'56.78"E 23.00 Mr. Shashikant Kumar, JE Mob. No. 9455943353 Bisunderpur km East of Mirzapur Mob. No. 8789150766 Town

4 Chunar Chunar 2 2.0 WetLand 25° 7'36.41"N 82°52'39.03"E 27.00 Constn. Tender in Office of the General Process Manager 5 Ramana, Varanasi Varanasi Town 50 (Under Construction) 50.0 S.B.R. 25°14'33.36"N 83° 0'19.90"E 44.00 Mr. Barman, Project (Mr. S. K. Rai) Manager Ganga Pollution 6 DLW, Varanasi Varanasi Town 12.0 12.0 25°17'24.56"N 82° 57'55.49"E 44.00 Diesel Locomotive Works, PSU Prevention Unit, Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam, 7 Bhagwanpur Varanasi Town 9.8 9.8 A.S.P. + Aeration 25°16'12.79"N 83° 0'18.92"E 45.00 Mr. Barman, Project @ Bhagwanpur STP, Varanasi 221 005 Manager

8 Dinapur Varanasi Town 80.0 140.0 220.0 ASP 25°20'51.35"N 83° 2'46.27"E 54.33 Mr. Vivek Singh, Executive Ganga Pollution Control Unit +Aeration/Sludge Engineer Mr. Barman, Project Beds/Digestor + Mob. No. 9811840290 Manager Roughing Filters

9 Goithaha North East of Varanasi 120.0 120.0 S.B.R. 25°23'15.65"N 82°59'52.19"E 54.61 Mr. Hemant Singh, Project Mr. G. K. Chaudhari, Project Town Engineer/Asst. Engineer Manager Mob. No. 9455943340 STP LOCATIONS & ITS DISTANCES FROM MTPP 5 Goithaha STP Conveyance Pipeline 0 K Aerial Alignment m Sr. No. STP Town Distance Red Route Length ius (Km) (Km) 1 Vindhyachal Mirzapur 26.0 34.8 2 Pakka Pokhara Mirzapur 20.0 26.5 3 Bisundarpur Mirzapur 23.0 32.8 4 Chunar Chunar 27.0 - 5 Ramana Varanasi 44.0 64.0 6 DLW Varanasi 44.0 - 7 Bhagwanpur Varanasi 45.0 - Dinapur STP 8 Dinapur Varanasi 54.3 - 9 Goithaha Varanasi 54.6 - GANGA RIVER

STP LOCATION DETAILS & ITS ELEVATIONS

Aerial Pipeline Route Global Co-ordinates of STP STP VARANASI Sr. No. STP Town Distance Distance GL Elevation (Km) (Km) Northing Easting (w.r.t. MSL)

1 Vindhyachal Mirzapur 26.0 34.8 78.0 5 0 K 2 Pakka Pokhara Mirzapur 20.0 26.5 84.0 m R DLW STP a 3 Bisundarpur Mirzapur 23.0 32.8 87.0 d i u s 4 Chunar Chunar 27.0 - 77.0 5 Ramana Varanasi 44.0 64.0 75.0 6 DLW Varanasi 44.0 - - 7 Bhagwanpur Varanasi 45.0 - 73.0 Bhagwanpur STP 8 Dinapur Varanasi 54.3 - - Ga ng a Rive r Cr os sing At C H 3 30 0 t o 4 60 0m 9 Goithaha Varanasi 54.6 - -

3Km 4

K 10 MTPP - - - 180.0 m

1Km 4 3 2 6 Km

K K

m m

6 Km Proposed Pipeline Proposed Pipeline 5 0 Km 0 7Km Route 2C (2A part ALT.) Route 2A K 7K m Ramana STP m

8 K R m 8 K a 9 m K d GANGA RIVER m iu s

9Km

1 1 K m Na lla C ro ssin g 1 1 0 Km 2K At C H 1 22 00 m m

11 Km 1 3Km

1 2 1 K 4 m K m

1 5 K m

1 6 K m

1 7 K m

Bisunderpur STP 1 8Km

19 Km Ro ad Cr oss ing Railway and 19Km 2 NH7 Cr os sing 2K At C H 1 15 0m 0 Vindhayachal STP m K m At C H 1 94 00 m

0 Km Ro ad Cr oss ing

2 2 0 Km 1 Ra ilway Cr ossin g At C H 2 20 0m K G m At C H 3 50 m AN GA Ro ad N 21Km o R r th I 2 Cr oss ing V 3 Ce E K nt r MIRZAPUR m At C H 9 50 m al R Ra ilw a y 0 K 22Km m Proposed Pipeline 24 Rive r Cro ssin g Na lla C ro ssin g Pakka Pokhara STP Km 5Km At C H 2 36 00 m At C H 3 40 0m Route 2C (2A part ALT.) NH7 Cr os sing 1 Proposed Pipeline At C H 1 30 0m Km 23Km Chunar Proposed STP 6Km NH7 Cr os sing

8 8Km Route 1A K Ga ng a Rive r Cr os sing m At C H 6 20 0m 0 K m At C H 2 35 00 to 24 30 0m Nor th 2 2 NH7 Cr os sing Ce ntr 5 2 al R ail 5 7 wa y .3 K K m

m At C H 7 70 0m K m Co llect ion T an k cu m Railway and Pum p Ho use Proposed Pipeline NH7 Cr os sing 2 At C H 2 77 00 m Proposed Pipeline Route 2B 9K m N Route 2A o r th 3 Ro ad Cr oss ing C e 3 3 n K t 3 4 3 r a 5 K m l 3 0 Ra ilway Cr ossin g At C H 2 45 0m R 7 K m K a i 3 K m m lw 4 a 1 3 8 m y 9 K At C H 3 04 00 m

K m

m 4 2 K 4 4 m K m

9 K

m 4 6 Rive r Cro ssin g K 5Km m Ch un ar Ce me nt At C H 4 31 00 m F act or y 51Km

Ro ad Cr oss ing Rive r Cro ssin g 5 At C H 5 85 0m 2Km At C H 4 70 00 m

5 3 K 7 m Km

54Km Proposed Pipeline Route 2A

5 For Treated STP effluent from 6Km 1 0 Km Ramana at Varanasi

5 7 Km Proposed Pipeline Route 1D Na lla C ro ssin g For Treated STP effluent from Mirzapur / Bisunderpur / Pakka Pokhara At C H 1 27 50 m 63K /15 63O /03 6 0 K Ro ad Cr oss ing m

At C H 1 52 00 m 6 1 K m Ro ad Cr oss ing At C H 1 65 30 m 6 2Km 63K /12 63K /16 63O /04

MTPP Plant

24 Km

Proposed Pipeline 23 Km 63L /09 Route 1D