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Environmental and Spatial Effects on Odonata Larvae Distribution (Insecta) Anais Da Academia Brasileira De Ciências, Vol Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências ISSN: 0001-3765 [email protected] Academia Brasileira de Ciências Brasil MENDES, THIAGO P; CABETTE, HELENA S. R.; JUEN, LEANDRO Setting boundaries: Environmental and spatial effects on Odonata larvae distribution (Insecta) Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, vol. 87, núm. 1, marzo, 2015, pp. 239-248 Academia Brasileira de Ciências Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=32738838022 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2015) 87(1): 239-248 (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences) Printed version ISSN 0001-3765 / Online version ISSN 1678-2690 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201520130477 www.scielo.br/aabc Setting boundaries: Environmental and spatial effects on Odonata larvae distribution (Insecta) THIAGO P. MENDES1,3, HELENA S. R. CABETTE2 and LEANDRO JUEN3 1Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia Aquática e Pesca, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correia, 1, Bairro Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brasil 2Laboratório de Entomologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, BR 158, Km 148, Caixa Postal 08, 78690-000 Nova Xavantina, MT, Brasil 3Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará/UFPA, Rua Augusto Correia, 1, Bairro Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brasil Manuscript received on November 25, 2013; accepted for publication on September 20, 2014 ABSTRACT Environmental characteristics and spatial distances between sites have been used to explain species distribution in the environment, through Neutral (space) and Niche theory (environment) predictions. We evaluated the effects of spatial and environmental factors on Odonata larvae distribution along the Suiá-Missú River Basin, state of Mato Grosso. We tested the hypotheses that (1) the environment is the main factor structuring the community due to its ecophysiological requirements; and (2) the pattern, if present, is clearer for Zygoptera. Samples were made in 12 sites on the Suiá-Missú River Basin in three seasons (2007/2008), with a total of 1.382 Odonata larvae, comprising 10 families, 51 genera and 100 morphospecies. The Anisoptera were more abundant than Zygoptera, comprising 81% of all specimens. The environment affected Zygoptera (R=0.291; p=0.007) and was the main factor structuring the assembly. Thus, Niche theory was confirmed. The absence of this effect on Anisoptera may be due to the ecophysiological adaptations that enable it to occupy different habitats. Zygoptera larvae are indicators of changes in habitat structure. The effects of environmental variables on larvae ecology emphasize the strong relationship between these organisms and environmental integrity. Key words: Anisoptera, Zygoptera, neutral theory, niche theory, transition Cerrado–Amazon. INTRODUCTION restrictions (Case and Gilpin 1974, Chesson and Habitat structural complexity is composed of Warner 1981, Pontin 1982, Ricklefs 1987). Niche environmental and spatial factors which act and neutral theory approaches have been involved as filters for migration and niche colonization in such debates. The Unified Neutral Theory processes (Poff 1997). For a long time, ecological of Biodiversity and Biogeography (NTBB) is researchers have relied on theories to discuss built from the perspective that assemblies are how composition and species richness may be formed through dispersal and species extinction influenced by such effects and its consequent processes. Therefore, diversity would be maintained only by ecological stochasticity, Corresponding author: Thiago Pereira Mendes E-mail: [email protected] in local and regional scales (Hubbell 2001). An Acad Bras Cienc (2015) 87 (1) 240 THIAGO P. MENDES, HELENA S. R. CABETTE AND LEANDRO JUEN According to the neutral theory, all species have Zygoptera would be more affected by ecological equivalents and the main structuring environmental characteristics and space than agent of faunal similarity in an ecological time Anisoptera, for being more habitat dependent scale, would be dispersal measured by geographic (Corbet 1999) and having less dispersal ability. distance between the communities (Chave 2004). Such effects are not as significant for Anisoptera, The most obvious consequence is that closer which have greater dispersal ability. Space would sites would share more species (Hubbell 2001, not be a barrier for these organisms, and sites with Scarano and Dias 2004). environmental conditions different from what Niche theory, on the other hand, argues that would be supported by its niche breadth, would the main factors affecting species distribution are act as environmental filters. This study aimed environmental characteristics, once each species to evaluate to what extent community structure would have a set of biotic and abiotic conditions and Odonata larvae distribution are influenced setting the limits in which species can persist (Case by distance between the sites (Neutral theory) and Gilpin 1974). Sites with similar environmental and environmental variables (Niche theory). characteristics would have an identical composition. We tested the following hypotheses: (1) the Ecological communities are assemblages of species environment is the main factor structuring the with a limited number of members coexisting in community due to the sensibility and ecological equilibrium, undergoing strict partitioning of niche demands of the Odonata order and its infraorder; and limiting resources. Thus, an increase in habitat (2) space has little structuring effects on the structural complexity (environmental heterogeneity) community, once sites of the Suiá-Missú River and in the partitioning of different niches and Basin area are connected. However, all clade micro-climates, can lead to balance through elements are not expected to uniformly respond to species coexistence (speciation or specialization), these effects (Hayes and Sewlal 2004) due to the minimizing the effects of competitive exclusion existence of differences in dispersal ability and (Taniguchi and Tokeshi 2004, Thomaz et al. 2008, in ecophysiological requirements among species Jankowski et al. 2009). of the studied suborders. If environmental and Environmental and spatial effects on the geographic distances are in fact responsible for distribution of organisms depend on species structuring the Odonata community, we expect the sensitivity to environmental heterogeneity and effects to be clearer for the suborder Zygoptera. dispersal ability. The Odonata suborders Anisoptera MATERIALS AND METHODS and Zygoptera have disparate morphological and ecophysiological characteristics. The Anisoptera The Odonata larvae were sampled on 12 sites are usually larger and have greater dispersal along the Suiá-Missú River Basin, in eastern ability, while the Zygoptera are overall smaller Mato Grosso, at the towns of Querência, Ribeirão and have more limited dispersal (Corbet 1999). Cascalheira and Canarana. Distance between sites Still, such attributes may have interspecific ranged from 130.69 km (closest sites) to 445.45 variations (Heckman 2006, Córdoba-Aguilar km (most distant sites). Sites were located from 2008). According to Heiser and Schmitt (2010) latitudes 11°49’ to 13°15’S and meridians 51°53’ to this difference in dispersal ability is related to 52°21’W. The region has a tropical climate, subtype the dependence on temperature, climate and the Savannah (Aw) with micro-regions of Monsoons environment. The temperature, climate and the (Am) and Tropical Rainy (A) subtypes, according environment are the main regulators of dispersal. to the Köppen classification. The dry season occurs An Acad Bras Cienc (2015) 87 (1) SPACE OR ENVIRONMENT STRUCTURING ASSEMBLIES 241 from May to October, and the rainy season from A Partial Redundancy Analysis (RDAp) November to April. Average precipitation is 1,370 (Legendre and Legendre 1998) was used to evaluate mm and temperature varied from 32.7 °C to 17.0 the hypothesis that environmental variables would be °C (Ratter et al. 1978). more important in structuring the Odonata larvae than The samples were collected in the River spatial variables. The response variables used were Basin Suiá-miçú in three seasons: dry season density and occurrence matrices (presence/absence) (September/2007), beginning of the rainy and the explanatory variables were the sets of season (December/2007) and draw down period standardized environmental variables (Environment). (May/2008), with the purpose of sampling a The matrix of spatial filters was created with the greater environmental variation. The following analysis of Principal Coordinates of Neighbor water bodies were sampled: Sucuri Stream, Brejão Matrices (PCNM) (Borcard and Legendre 2002, Stream, Darro River, Suiazinho River, Suiá-Missú Borcard et al. 2004, Diniz-Filho and Bini 2005, Dray River (sites 1, 2 and 3), Piabanha River, Lúcio et al. 2006, Griffith and Peres-Neto, 2006), used to Stream, Betis River (Forest), Betis River (dam), create a matrix of linear distance between the sampling and Brejo Transition Stream. sites. The eigenvectors with coefficients greater than The Odonata larvae were sampled on the 0.1 R Moran were included in the
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