ɇɚɭɤɨɜɢɣ ɜɿɫɧɢɤ ɍɠɝɨɪɨɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɭ ɁȺȽȺɅɖɇȺ ȻȱɈɅɈȽȱə ɋɟɪɿɹ Ȼɿɨɥɨɝɿɹ, ȼɢɩɭɫɤ 16 (2005): 5–21 © Ɂɚɝɨɪɨɞɧɸɤ ȱ., Ƚɨɥɨɜɚɱɨɜ Ɉ., 2005

ɍȾɄ 575.86+57.065 ɉɚɦ’ɹɬɿ Ɉɥɟɤɫɿɹ Ʉɨɪɧɸɲɢɧɚ

ɄɅȺȾɈȽȿɇȿɁ ɏɈɊȾɈȼɂɏ ɌȼȺɊɂɇ (CHORDOZOA). ɑȺɋɌɂɇȺ 1. ɉɈɇəɌɌə ɌȺ ɈɁɇȺɄɂ Ɍɂɉɍ, ȼɁȺȯɆɂɇɂ Ɂ ȱɇɒɂɆɂ ȽɊɍɉȺɆɂ ȱ. Ɂɚɝɨɪɨɞɧɸɤ, Ɉ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɚɱɨɜ

Ʉɥɚɞɨɝɟɧɟɡ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ (Chordozoa). ɑɚɫɬɢɧɚ 1. ɉɨɧɹɬɬɹ ɬɚ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ ɬɢɩɭ, ɜɡɚɽɦɢɧɢ ɡ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɚɦɢ. — ȱ. Ɂɚɝɨɪɨɞɧɸɤ1, Ɉ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɚɱɨɜ2. — Ɋɨɡɝɥɹɧɭɬɨ ɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ “ɬɢɩ” ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɰɿ ɬɚ ɮɿɥɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɰɿ. ɉɨɤɚ- ɡɚɧɨ, ɳɨ ɿɫɧɭɽ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɚ ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿɹ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɭɹɜɥɟɧɶ ɩɪɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɪɟɱɟɣ ɿ ɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɬɹ, ɩɪɢ ɹɤɿɣ ɩɪɨɬɢɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɚɬɟ- ɝɨɪɿɣ “ɥɸɞɢɧɚ“ ɬɚ “ɮɚɭɧɚ” ɩɨɫɬɭɩɨɜɨ ɿ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɿɪɧɨ ɡɦɿɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤ, ɳɨ ɪɚɧɝ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ ɧɚ ɲɤɚɥɿ ɛɿɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨʀ ɞɢɮɟ- ɪɟɧɰɿɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɨɜɨ ɡɧɢɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ, ɧɚɬɨɦɿɫɬɶ ɪɚɧɝ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ ɮɚɭɧɢ ɿ ɫɬɭɩɿɧɶ ʀɯ ɩɨɞɪɿɛɧɟɧɧɹ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɸɬɶ. ɍɤɥɚ- ɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɿ ɬɢɩ — ɰɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɝɪɭɩ ɤɥɚɫɿɜ; ɬɢɩ ɦɚɽ ɜɥɚɫɧɿ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ ɬɚ ʀɯ ɤɨɦɛɿɧɚɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧ ɛɭɞɨɜɢ, ɿ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɟ (ɞɨ 30 ɩɥɚɧɿɜ ɛɭɞɨɜɢ). Ɉɡɧɚɤɢ ɬɢɩɭ ɽ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɿɲɢɦɢ ɿ ɞɚɜɧɿɲɢɦɢ ɡɚ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɧɢɠɱɢɯ ɪɿɜɧɿɜ ɪɨɞɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ (ɤɥɚɫɿɜ ... ɪɨɞɿɜ). Ɍɢɩɢ ɧɟ ɽ ɪɿɜɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɢɦɢ ɿ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɟɜɧɿɣ ɿɽɪɚɪɯɿʀ, ɹɤɚ ɜɿɞɬɜɨɪɸɽ ɽɞɧɿɫɬɶ ʀɯ ɩɨɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɪɨɞɢɧɧɢɯ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɿɜ. ɏɪɟɛɟɬɧɿ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɭ ɧɚɞɪɚɯ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ, ɿ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɪɨɞɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɫɜɿɞɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɨ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɟɬɚɩɧɿɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ. Ɉɡɧɚɤɢ ɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɹɤ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɿ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɢ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɯɨɪɞɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɭ ɛɭɞɨɜɢ. “ɉɪɨɦɿɠ- ɧɿ” ɝɪɭɩɢ — ɧɟ ɜɢɧɹɬɨɤ, ɚ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɟ ɹɜɢɳɟ; “ɩɪɨɦɿɠɧɢɦɢ” ɽ ɝɪɭɩɢ, ɞɥɹ ɹɤɢɯ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɨ ɦɿɫɰɹ ɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹɯ; ɩɪɨɦɿɠɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɝɪɭɩ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɹɫɤɪɚɜɢɯ ɩɥɟɡɿɨɦɨɪɮɿɣ. Ʉɥɸɱɨɜɿ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿɹ, ɤɥɚɞɨɝɟɧɟɡ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɬɢɩ, ɯɨɪɞɨɜɿ, Chordozoa. Ⱥɞɪɟɫɚ: 1 — ɍɠɝɨɪɨɞɫɶɤɢɣ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ, ɜɭɥ. ȼɨɥɨɲɢɧɚ 32, 88000, ɍɠɝɨɪɨɞ, ɍɤɪɚʀɧɚ; e-mail: [email protected] . 2 — Ʌɶɜɿɜɫɶɤɢɣ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɿɦɟɧɿ ȱɜɚɧɚ Ɏɪɚɧɤɚ, ɜɭɥ. Ƚɪɭɲɟɜɫɶɤɨɝɨ 4, Ʌɶɜɿɜ, 79005, ɍɤɪɚʀɧɚ; e-mail: [email protected].

Cladogenesis in chordate animals (Chordozoa). Part 1. Concept and features of the phylum, relations with other groups. — I. Zagorodniuk1, O. Holovachov2. — The essence of a category “phylum” in a systematics and phylogenetics is consid- ered. It is shown, that there is an obvious evolution of our imagination about the nature of things and diversity. During this evolution, opposition of categories “man” and “fauna” gradually and naturally changes so, that the rank of the “man” on a scale of biological differentiation is gradually reduced, whereas a rank of some groups of a fauna as well as degree of their splitting, on the contrary, increase. In classification understanding, the phylum is a category for a designation of the groups of classes; the type has own attributes and their combinations, which make his bodyplan, and the number of possible phylums of animals is limited (up to 30 plans). Attributes of phylum are more essential and ancient in comparison with at- tributes of other lower levels of relationship (class ... genus). The phylums are not equivalent, and they are in the certain hierarchy, which reflects unity of their origin and structure of the relations. Vertebrate were formed within other phylums, and the structure of their relationship testifies to many-stage formation of this phylum. The attributes of vertebrate were formed as adaptive variants within chordate bodyplan. «Intermediate» groups are not exception, and they are widespread phenomenon. “Intermediate” groups are the groups, for which the place in traditional classifications is not stipulated; and the intermediate character of groups is determined by preservation of bright plesiomorphies. Key words: chordates, Chordozoa, cladogenesis, evolution, phylum, systematics. Address: 1 — Uzhgorod National University, 32 Woloszyn str., 88000, Uzhgorod, Ukraine; e-mail: [email protected]. 2 — Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 4 Hrushevsky str., Lviv, 79005, Ukraine; e-mail: [email protected].

ȼɫɬɭɩ ɋɭɱɚɫɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟ- ɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɿɹ, ɳɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɢɥɚɫɹ ɭ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɣ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɨɤ – ɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɿɜ "ɮɿɥɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ" – ɩɿɫɥɹ ɩɪɚɰɶ ȼ. Ƚɟɧ- ɞɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɞɢɧɧɢɯ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɿɜ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ ɧɿɝɚ [57]. ɉɪɨɬɟ, ɛɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɰɢɬɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɰɿɣ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɠɢɜɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɦɿɜ. ɇɚ ɡɦɿɧɭ (ɜ ɤɪɚɳɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɿ ɭ ɞɨ- ɚɜɬɨɪɿɜ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɰɿ ɬɚɤ ɡɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ) ɬɪɚɞɢɰɿɣɧɢɦ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɿʀ, ɟɦɛɪɿɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɿ "ɩɚɬɬɟɪɧ-ɤɥɚɞɢɡɦ", ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨ ɩɚɥɟɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɩɪɢɣɲɥɢ “ɬɨɧɤɚ” ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɬɚ ɰɢ- ɞɟɳɨ ɩɿɡɧɿɲɟ [75]. ɐɿ ɞɜɿ ɪɟɱɿ ɫɥɿɞ ɱɿɬɤɨ ɪɨɡɪɿɡɧɹ- ɬɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɤɚ, ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ȾɇɄ ɿ ɧɭɤɥɟɨɬɢɞɧɢɯ ɬɢ. ɇɨɜɿ ɿ ɧɚɞɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɨ ɰɿɤɚɜɿ ɮɚɤɬɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɫɬɪɭɤ- ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ [28, 55, 56, 80, 84, 98, 102], ɚɬɚ- ɬɭɪɢ ɪɨɞɢɧɧɢɯ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɿɜ ɜɢɳɢɯ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɿɜ ɬɚ ʀʀ ɬɚɤ- ɤɨɠ ɧɨɜɿ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢ ɞɨ ɿɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɿʀ ɞɚɧɢɯ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɫɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɿɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɢɡɜɟɥɢ ɞɨ ɩɨɹɜɢ ɱɢɫ- ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɯ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɧɟ ɦɿɫɰɟ ɩɨɫɿɞɚɽ ɤɥɚɞɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɦɟ- ɥɟɧɧɢɯ ɪɟɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣ.

ɇɚɭɤɨɜɢɣ ɜɿɫɧɢɤ ɍɠɝɨɪɨɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɭ: Ȼɿɨɥɨɝɿɹ 5 Ɋɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɬɹ ɬɨɱɨɤ ɡɨɪɭ ɧɚ ɪɨɞɢɧɧɿ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɢ Ɂɜɨɪɨɬɧɿɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ ɩɿɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧ- ɬɢɩɿɜ ɞɨɫɹɝɥɢ ɬɿɽʀ ɠ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɢ, ɹɤɭ ɞɚɽ ɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɚ ɧɹ ɪɚɧɝɿɜ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ, ɹɤ ɪɨɫɥɢɧ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ. ɍ ɤɨɦɛɿɧɚɬɨɪɢɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ, ɩɿɡɧɚɧɧɿ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ ɦɢ ɩɪɨɣɲɥɢ ɲɥɹɯ ɜɿɞ ɧɚɣɩɪɨɫɬɿ- ɳɨ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ. ɇɟ ɦɢɧɭɥɨ ɰɟ ɿ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ, ɞɥɹ ɲɨɝɨ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɬɟɥɿɜɫɶɤɨɝɨ “ɤɪɨɜɧɿ–ɛɟɡɤɪɨɜɧɿ” ɿɡɚ- ɹɤɢɯ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɟɡɧɭ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɝɚɥɶɧɨɜɠɢɜɚɧɢɯ “ɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɿ–ɛɟɡɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɿ” ɞɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɧ- ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣ. ɉɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɥɟɝɤɿɫɬɶ, ɡ ɹɤɨɸ ɜɨɧɢ ɧɹ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ ɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɬɹ ɬɢɩɿɜ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɞɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ- ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶɫɹ, ɽ ɜɪɚɠɚɸɱɨɸ (ɞɢɜ.: [12]). ȼɿɞ ɤɥɚ- ɨɛɫɹɠɧɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ, ɹɤɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɫɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɝɥɹɞɿɜ ɡɚɥɢɲɢɥɨɫɹ ɦɚɥɨ ɳɨ. ɪɿɡɧɢɦ ɩɥɚɧɚɦ ɛɭɞɨɜɢ. ɐɹ ɩɪɚɰɹ ɽ ɫɬɚɬɟɣɧɢɦ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɨɦ ɞɨɩɨɜɿɞɿ ɧɚ ɉɪɨɰɟɫ ɰɟɣ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɨ, ɿ ɡɚɪɚɡ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɳɨ ɞɪɭɝɿɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɿʀ ɡ ɰɢɤɥɭ “ȿɜɨɥɸɰɿɨɧɿɡɦ ɬɚ ɤɪɟ- ɰɿ ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɛɭɞɭɬɶ ɭɬɨɱɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ. Ɂɚ ɫɭɬ- ɚɰɿɨɧɿɡɦ” (Ʉɢʀɜ, 24.05.2002). Ɋɨɛɨɬɚ ɜɢɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɽɜɢɦɢ ɨɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɿʀ, ɨɧɬɨɝɟɧɟɡɭ ɿ ɮɿɡɿɨ- ɞɜɨɦɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚɦɢ. ɉɟɪɲɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ ɩɪɢɫɜɹɱɟɧɚ ɩɪɨ- ɥɨɝɿʀ (ɡ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɞɚɧɢɯ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɤɢ) ɜɠɟ ɡɚɪɚɡ ɛɥɟɦɿ ɨɤɪɟɫɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹ ɬɢɩ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɭ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ “ɛɟɡɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɢɯ” ɜɢɡɧɚɸɬɶ ɳɨɧɚɣ- ɞɨ ɜɢɨɤɪɟɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɢɩɭ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɭ ɝɿɥɤɭ ɦɟɧɲɟ 20–25 ɬɢɩɿɜ; ɥɢɲɟ ɧɚɣɩɪɨɫɬɿɲɢɯ ɬɟɩɟɪ ɩɨ- ɬɜɚɪɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɿɬɭ, ɿɦɨɜɿɪɧɢɦ ɮɿɥɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɧɢɦ ɜɡɚ- ɞɿɥɹɸɬɶ ɧɚ 4–5 ɬɢɩɿɜ, ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɿɠ ɹɤɢɦɢ ɽ ɫɭɬ- ɽɦɢɧɚɦ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɡ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɬɢɩɚɦɢ. Ⱦɪɭɝɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ ɬɽɜɿɲɢɦɢ, ɧɿɠ, ɧɚɩɪ., ɦɿɠ ɧɚɦɢ ɿ ɪɢɛɚɦɢ. ɬɨɪɤɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɿɜ ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿʀ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ, ɪɨɡɝɥɹ- Ɂ ɰɿɽʀ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɡɪɨɛɢɬɢ ɬɚɤɿ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɢ: ɧɭɬɢɯ ɤɪɿɡɶ ɩɪɢɡɦɭ ɤɥɚɞɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɝɿɩɨɬɟɡɢ. ȼ x ɿɫɧɭɽ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɚ ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿɹ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɭɹɜɥɟɧɶ ɩɪɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɨɛɨɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚɯ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɚ ɭɜɚɝɚ ɩɪɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ- ɪɟɱɟɣ ɿ ɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɬɹ ɠɢɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɚɥɨɦ, ɫɬɭɩɨɜɨɫɬɿ ɡɦɿɧ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɧɚ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɟɬɚɩɚɯ x ɪɚɧɝ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ ɭ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɡɧɚɧɧɹɯ ɩɪɨ ɠɢɜɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɩɨ- ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɬɢɩɭ Chordata ɬɚ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɭ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ ɬɚɤ ɫɬɭɩɨɜɨ ɿ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɿɪɧɨ ɡɧɢɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ, ɡɜɚɧɢɯ “ɩɪɨɦɿɠɧɢɯ” ɝɪɭɩ. x ɪɚɧɝ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ ɿ ɫɬɭɩɿɧɶ ʀɯ ɩɨɞɪɿɛɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɨɜɨ ɿ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɿɪɧɨ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɸɬɶ. ɉɟɪɲɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɬɚ ʀʀ ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿɹ Ɍɢɩ ɹɤ ɨɞɢɧɢɰɹ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɿ ɩɥɚɧ ɛɭɞɨɜɢ ȼɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ ɥɸɞɢɧɨɸ ɧɚɜɤɨɥɢɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɫɜɿɬɭ ɜɿɞ- ɛɭɜɚɥɨɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɨɜɨ, ɿ ɜɟɫɶ ɰɟɣ ɱɚɫ ɥɸɞɢɧɚ ɲɭɤɚɥɚ ɍ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɰɿ ɬɢɩ – ɰɟ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨ- ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɫɜɨɝɨ ɦɿɫɰɹ ɿ ɫɜɨɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɿ: “ɥɸ- ɪɿɹ, ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ (ɧɚɦɢ!) ɞɥɹ ɩɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɝɪɭɩ ɤɥɚɫɿɜ ɞɢɧɚ–ɮɚɭɧɚ–ɮɥɨɪɚ” – ɰɟ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɿ ɛɭɥɚ ɩɟɪɲɚ ɛɿɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ. ɍ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɬɢɩ – ɰɟ ɩɥɚɧ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɠɢɜɨʀ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ. ɛɭɞɨɜɢ. Ƚɪɟɰɶɤɨɸ “typus” ɨɡɧɚɱɚɽ “ɮɨɪɦɚ, ɡɪɚɡɨɤ” ɍ ɩɨɞɚɥɶɲɨɦɭ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɨɞɢ- ɿ ɡɚ ɡɨɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɦ ɫɥɨɜɧɢɤɨɦ [13] ɬɥɭɦɚɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ɧɢɰɶ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɥɚ, ɿ ɦɢ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɧɟɦɨ ɰɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɿ “ɜɢɳɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚ [ɤɭɪɫɢɜ ɧɚɲ!] ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɚ ɤɚɬɟ- ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɢɯ ɞɨ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ: ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ. ɝɨɪɿɹ, ɹɤɚ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɭɽ ɪɨɞɢɧɧɿ ɤɥɚɫɢ”. Ʌɸɞɢɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɡɦɿɧɸɜɚɥɚ ɫɜɨɽ ɭɹɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɓɨɞɨ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ. ɉɨ-ɩɟɪɲɟ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɞɿɣ- ɫɜɿɣ “ɪɚɧɝ” ɭ ɫɜɿɬɿ. Ɉɧɬɨɝɟɧɟɡ ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɿɪɧɨ ɫɧɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ ɧɚɦɢ (ɥɸɞɢɧɨɸ), ɹɤ ɿ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɿ ɧɚɦɢ ɜɿɜ ɞɨ ɡɧɢɠɟɧɧɹ ɪɚɧɝɭ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ. ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɛɿɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɟ ɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɬɹ. ɍ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɿɣ Ɉɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɞɪɿɛɧɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɥɿɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɿ ɧɿɯɬɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɽ ɬɢɩ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɚɥɿɽɸ (ɯɨɱɚ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ, ɡ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹɦ ɪɚ- ɫɚɦɟ ɰɟ ɿ ɦɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɜɚɡɿ). Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ ɥɸɞɢɧɚ ɧɝɭ ʀɯɧɿɯ ɝɪɭɩ. ɍ ɡɝɚɞɚɧɿɣ ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɿɣ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɜɚɥɚ ɡɜɟɪɯɭ ɜɧɢɡ, ɜɿɞ ɫɟɛɟ ɿ ɜɿɞ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɜɿ- ʀʀ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɿ (ɥɸɞɢɧɚ, ɮɚɭɧɚ, ɮɥɨɪɚ) ɡɚɝɚɥɨɦ ɜɿɞɩɨ- ɞɨɦɢɯ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ ɜɧɢɡ, ɡɚ ɳɚɛɥɹɦɢ “ɞɪɚɛɢɧɢ ɩɪɢɪɨ- ɜɿɞɚɥɢ ɬɨɞɿɲɧɶɨɦɭ ɩɨɧɹɬɬɸ ɰɚɪɫɬɜ. ɞɢ” (ɩɪɨ ɰɟ ɞɚɥɿ). ȿɜɨɥɸɰɿɹ ɠɟ, ɿ ɰɟ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɜɢɡ- ɉɨɞɚɥɶɲɿ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɪɚɧɝɭ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ ɣɲɥɢ ɭ ɛɿɤ ɡɧɢ- ɧɚɧɨ, ɣɲɥɚ ɭ ɡɜɨɪɨɬɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɭ, ɜɿɞ ɩɪɨɫɬɿ- ɠɟɧɧɹ ɪɚɧɝɭ Homo. ɍ 18 ɫɬ. ɥɸɞɢɧɭ ɜɢɨɤɪɟɦɥɸ- ɲɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɨɝɨ: ɫɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɛɭɥɢ ɬɪɚɜɢ ɿ ɪɢɛɢ, ɚ ɜɚɥɢ ɭ “ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɣ” ɪɹɞ Bimanus, ɩɨɬɿɦ – ɭ ɥɢɲɟ ɜɠɟ ɩɨɬɿɦ – ɩɬɚɯɢ ɬɚ ɡɜɿɪɿ [20]. Ɍɢɩɢ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ (ɧɭ ɪɨɞɢɧɭ Hominidae ɪɹɞɭ Primates, ɬɟɩɟɪ ɰɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɡ ɯɨɱɚ ɛ ɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɿ!) ɫɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɥɢɫɹ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ɪɚɧɿɲɟ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɪɨɞɿɜ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨʀɞɿɜ, ɹɤɢɣ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɟ- ɡɚ ɥɸɞɢɧɭ, ɿ ɩɿɡɧɚɬɢ ɧɚɦ ʀɯɧɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɬɚɤ ɫɚɦɨ ɰɟɧɬɧɢɣ (Homo sapiens) ɬɚ ɜɿɫɿɦ ɜɢɤɨɩɧɢɯ (H. ne- ɫɤɥɚɞɧɨ, ɹɤ ɿ ɞɿɬɹɦ ɛɚɬɶɤɿɜ. anderthalensis, erectus, heidelbergiensis, habilis, er- Ɍɟ, ɳɨ ɡɚɪɚɡ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɬɢɩɨɦ, ɡɚɝɚɥɨɦ ɜɿɞɩɨ- gaster, rudolfensis, anteceffor ɬɚ floresiensis) ɜɢɞɿɜ ɜɿɞɚɽ ɤɨɥɢɲɧɿɦ (ɩɨɫɬ-ɥɿɧɟʀɜɫɶɤɢɦ) ɭɹɜɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɨ [36, 46]1. Ɉɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɰɢɯ ɜɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɞɨɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɤɥɚɫɢ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɜɿɞɛɭɥɚɫɶ ɩɟɜɧɚ ɿɧɮɥɹɰɿɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ. ɩɪɚɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɧɢɤɿɜ ɞɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɨɞɧɨɦɚɫɲ- ɉɪɨɬɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɽɞɢɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨʀ ɤɥɚ- ɬɚɛɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ [3] ɡ ɩɟɜɧɨɸ ɿɽɪɚɪɯɿɽɸ ɝɪɭɩ (ɪɢɫ. ɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɹɤ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɜɢɳɟ, ɜɟɥɚ ɞɨ ɡɧɢɠɟɧɧɹ 2 1). ȼ ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹ “ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ” (=”ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨʀ ɪɚɧɝɿɜ ɧɚɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɯ ɞɨ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɿɜ , ɡɛɿɥɶ- ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ”) ɜɤɥɚɞɚɥɢ ɿɞɟɸ ɜɿɞɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɲɟɧɧɹ ɪɚɧɝɿɜ “ɧɢɠɱɢɯ” ɬɜɚɪɢɧ (ɧɚɪɚɡɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɸɬɶ ɡɧɚɧɧɹɯ ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ. ɍɹɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɨ 30 ɬɢɩɿɜ). Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɚ ɭɦɨɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɪɚɧɝɭ, ɨɫ- ɰɟɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɢɦɚɝɚɥɢ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɪɚɡɨɜɢɯ ɿ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɢɯ ɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɿ ɿɫɧɭɽ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɯɿɞ- ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɶ [27], ɭɬ. ɱ. ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɭ ɧɚɲɭ ɨɛɦɟ- ɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ, ɹɤɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɸɬɶ “ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ” ɜɢɡɧɚɧɿ ɧɚɦɢ ɠɟɧɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɿ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ. ɬɢɩɢ (ɩɪɨɳɨɩɢɫɚɜɉ. ɉɭɱɤɨɜ [24]).

1 Ⱦɨ ɪɟɱɿ, ɭ Ʌɿɧɧɟɹ ɪɿɞ Homo (“ɨɞɢɧɚɤ”) ɜɤɥɸɱɚɜ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɢ: ɥɸ- 2 ɍ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɚɧɧɿ ɇɟɥɶɫɨɧɚ ɬɟɬɪɚɩɨɞɢ – ɝɪɭɩɚ ɪɚɧɝɭ ɪɹɞɭ ɞɢɧɭ ɪɨɡɭɦɧɭ (ɧɚɫ?) ɿ ɥɸɞɢɧɭ ɥɿɫɨɜɭ (ɨɪɚɧɝɭɬɚɧɝɚ). ɪɢɛ, ʀɯ ɛɿɱɧɚ ɝɿɥɨɱɤɚ, ɳɨ ɜɢɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɭ 3-ɦɭ [74].

ɇɚɭɤɨɜɢɣ ɜɿɫɧɢɤ ɍɠɝɨɪɨɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɭ: Ȼɿɨɥɨɝɿɹ 6 Ɋɢɫ. 1. Ⱦɜɚ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɢ ɿɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɿʀ ɞɪɚɛɢɧɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ: ɥɿɜɨɪɭɱ — ɚɧɚɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɧɢɣ, ɩɪɚɜɨɪɭɱ — ɤɥɚɞɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɳɚɛɥɿɜ (ɝɪɚɞ) ɥɿɜɨɪɭɱ ɡɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɯɿɞɧɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɧɧɹɦɢ, ɱɢɫɥɨ ɳɚɛɥɿɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɪɭɱ (ɤɥɚɞ) ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬ- ɪɭɤɰɿʀ ɤɥɚɞɨɝɟɧɟɡɭ, ɳɨ ɫɬɚɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɸ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɤɥɚɞɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɝɿɩɨɬɟɡɢ.

ɓɨɞɨ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɿʀ. Ɍɢɩ – ɰɟ ɧɟɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɢɣ ɤɨɦ- ɬɢɩɿɜ ɧɟ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤɢɦɢɫɶ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɧɢɦɢ ɩɨ- 3 ɩɥɟɤɫ ɨɡɧɚɤ ɿ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ. ȼɿɫɿ ɬɿɥɚ, ɬɢɩɢ ɪɭɯɭ, ɤɚɡɧɢɤɚɦɢ . ɐɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɬɪɨɯɢ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɜɢɡɧɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ- ɠɢɜɥɟɧɧɹ, ɧɟɪɜɨɜɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɬ. ɿ. ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɩɥɚɧ ɪɚɡ ɬɢɩɿɜ (28 ɬɢɩɿɜ ɛɿɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɿɣ ɡɚ ɪɢɫ. 2), ɩɪɨɬɟ ɡɚ- ɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɬɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɡɚɫɚɞɢ ɠɢɬɬɽɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ. ɉɿɞ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɨɜɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɜɢɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɥɢɲɟ ɩɥɚɧɨɦ ɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɹɤ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɦ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɤɨɦ ɡ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɧɚɦ ɨɡɧɚɤ ɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ. Ɂɜɢɱɚɣɧɨ, ɿɫɧɭɸɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹ “ɬɢɩ” ɪɨɡɭɦɿɸɬɶ ɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɩɟɜɧɿ ɮɿɡɢɱɧɿ, ɨɧɬɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɧɿ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ: ɚɛɨ ɰɟ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɿ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ ɜɫɿɯ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɧɚ ɿɫɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɤɨɦɛɿɧɚɰɿɸ ɨɡɧɚɤ (ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɭɛɬɚɤɫɨɧɿɜ (ɫɢɧɚɩɨɦɨɪɮɿʀ), ɚɛɨ ɰɟ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ ɜɢɯɿɞ- ɫɥɨɧɨɩɨɞɿɛɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɚɪɚ, ɯɨɪɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɫɚɯ ɚɛɨ ɧɨʀ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɿʀ (ɬɨɞɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɽɦɨ, ɳɨ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɿɹ ɿ ɬɢɩ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɭɸɱɢɯ ɦɨɥɸɫɤɿɜ, ɚɛɨ ɞɠɝɭɬɢɤɨɜɢɯ ɝɭ- ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɿ ɬɢɦ ɠɟ). Ɂɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɜɢɡɧɚɧɢɦ ɽ ɦɚɧɨʀɞɿɜ, ɚɛɨ ɠ ɨɞɧɨɤɥɿɬɢɧɧɢɯ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɦɧɨɠɭɸɬɶ- ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɩɥɚɧɭ ɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɭɧɿɤɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤ, ɹɤɿ ɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɿɣ ɠɟ ɞɠɝɭɬɢɤɨɜɿɣ ɫɬɚɞɿʀ. ɩɪɢɬɚɦɚɧɧɿ ɭɫɿɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚɦ ɬɢɩɭ. ȱ ɜɫɟ ɠ ɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɬɹ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɱɢɦɚɥɟ: 30 – ɰɟ ɡɨ- ɉɪɨɬɟ ɞɚɥɿ ɫɭɰɿɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ. ȯ ɥɢɱɢɧɤɨɜɿ ɬɚ ɜɫɿɦ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɟ “ɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɿ–ɛɟɡɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɿ”. ɞɟɮɿɧɿɬɢɜɧɿ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ, ɿ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦɭ ɥɢɱɢɧɤɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ- ɑɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ? Ɇɚɛɭɬɶ, ɰɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɣɦɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɿ ɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɿɯ ɝɪɭɩ. ȯ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɿ ɩɥɟɡɿɨɦɨɪɮɿʀ (ɨɡ- ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɢɤɢ ɿɞɟʀ “ɛɚɪɚɦɿɧɚ”, ɭ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɬɥɭɦɚ- ɧɚɤɢ, ɜɢɯɿɞɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɬɢɩɭ ɿ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɿ ɿɧɲɢɦ ɝɪɭɩɚɦ), ɚ ɱɿ Ȼɿɛɥɿʀ ɹɤ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɨɝɨ (ɚ ɧɟ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ) ɞɠɟɪɟɥɚ ɽ ɿ ɝɨɦɨɩɥɚɡɿʀ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜ ɪɿɡ- [21]. Ɍɢɩ – ɥɢɲɟ ɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɜɚɤɚɧɫɿɣ, ɹɤɿ ɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɚɯ ɹɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɝɟɧɬɧɨʀ ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿʀ. ɫɬɜɨɪɸɽ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ. ɍ ɬɪɢɜɢɦɿɪɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɿ ɡ Ɂɧɚɣɨɦɥɹɱɢɫɶ ɡ ɩɿɞɪɭɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɡɜɟɪɲɚɽɲ ɭɜɚɝɭ, ɬɪɶɨɦɚ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɚɦɢ ɿɫɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɡ ɨɞɧɢɦɢ ɿ ɬɢɦɢ ɳɨ ɭ ɨɩɢɫ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ, ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɿ ɠ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɚɦɢ, ɩɪɨɬɟʀɧɚɦɢ ɿ ɤɥɿɬɢɧɚɦɢ, ɜɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɥɢɲɟ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɪɨɫɭɧɭɬɢɦ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚɦ ɿ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɿ ɬɢɯ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɫɨɧɹɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɿɬɥɚ, ɮɨɬɨɩɟɪɿɨɞɭ ɿ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿ ɭ ɩɪɢɦɿɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ. ɓɨ, ɡɞɚɜɚɥɨɫɶ, ɫɩɿ- ɝɪɚɜɿɬɚɰɿʀ – ɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɠɢɬɬɽɡɞɚɬɧɢɯ ɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭ ɧɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɨʀ ɜɨɞɨɸ ɚɫɰɢɞɿʀ (Tunicata) ɿ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɿɜ? Ȼɿɥɶɲɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ ɦɿɝ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ Ȼɨɝ. Ⱥɥɟ ɫɩɪɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɣɨɬɚ (Mammalia). Ⱥɥɟ ɠ ɦɢ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢ- ɳɨɫɶ ɡɭɩɢɧɢɥɨ ɣɨɝɨ! ɑɢ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɲɿ ɞɿɩɥɟɜɪɭɥɨʀɞɢ, ɦɨ ʀɯ ɞɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ, ɯɨɱ ɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɽɦɨ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɜ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɿɧ ɩɨɛɚɱɢɜ ɿɞɟɸ Ⱥɞɚɦɚ? ʀɯɧɶɨʀ “ɩɪɨɫɭɧɭɬɨɫɬɿ” (ɪɢɫ. 1). ɑɢɫɥɨ ɬɢɩɿɜ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɳɨ ɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɟ ɦɨ- 3 ɍ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɯ ɪɟɜɿɡɿɹɯ [43, 102] ɱɢɫɥɨ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɫɹɝɚɽ 37, ɩɪɨɬɟ, ɹɤ ɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɛɟɡɤɿɧɟɱɧɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɠɟ ɡɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ. ɡɚɡɧɚɱɚɽ Ɉ. Ʉɨɪɧɸɲɢɧ [12], ɭ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹɯ ɪɚɧɝ ɬɢɩɿɜ ȼɢɯɨɞɹɱɢ ɡ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɿɜ ɩɥɚɧɭ ɛɭɞɨɜɢ, ɤɿ- ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɝɪɭɩɚɦ, ɹɤɢɯ ɪɚɧɿɲɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɥɢ ɜ ɦɟɠɿ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɿɮɿɥɟɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ Plathelminthes, ɚ ɬɟɩɟɪ ɩɟɪɟɧɨ- ɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ ɫɹɬɶ ɜ ɿɧɲɿ ɮɿɥɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɧɿ ɝɿɥɤɢ Metazoa (ɧɚɩɪ., Acoela, Nemer- ɡɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɞɨ 30 [5] ɯɨɱɚ ɭ ɡɚɯɿɞɧɿɣ ɥɿɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɿ ɱɢɫɥɨ todermatida, Gnathostomulida, Xenoturbellida ɬɚ Catenulida ɡɿ ɫɤɥɚ- ɞɭ Plathelminthes s. l.) (ɞɢɜ. ɪɢɫ. 2).

ɇɚɭɤɨɜɢɣ ɜɿɫɧɢɤ ɍɠɝɨɪɨɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɭ: Ȼɿɨɥɨɝɿɹ 7 Ɂ ɰɿɽʀ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ ɦɚɽɦɨ ɬɚɤɿ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɢ: ɠɟɦɨ ɩɨɞɭɦɚɬɢ, ɳɨ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ ɬɢɩɿɜ, ɚɛɨ ɩɥɚɧɿɜ ɛɭ- x ɬɢɩ – ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɨɞɢɧɢɰɹ, ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɡɧɚ- ɞɨɜɢ, ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ, ɚɛɨ ɜɨɧɢ ɡ ɱɟɧɧɹ ɝɪɭɩ ɤɥɚɫɿɜ; ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɜɠɟ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɟɧɿ ɭ ɹɣɰɿ. x ɰɹ ɨɞɢɧɢɰɹ ɦɚɽ ɜɥɚɫɧɿ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ ɬɚ ʀɯ ɤɨɦɛɿɧɚɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɉɪɨɬɟ ɬɚɤɢɣ ɲɥɹɯ ɦɿɪɤɭɜɚɧɶ ɯɢɛɧɢɣ. ɉɨ-ɩɟɪ- ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɩɥɚɧ ɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɬɢɩɭ; ɲɟ, ɦɢ ɜ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɪɚɡ, ɹɤ ɿ ɩɪɢ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɿ, x ɱɢɫɥɨ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɟ 30-ɦɚ ɨɫɧɨ- ɪɭɯɚɽɦɨɫɹ ɭ ɡɜɨɪɨɬɧɨɦɭ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ ɜɧɢɦɢ ɩɥɚɧɚɦɢ ɛɭɞɨɜɢ. ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɭ. ɉɨ-ɞɪɭɝɟ, ɬɚɤɢɣ ɲɥɹɯ ɦɿɪɤɭɜɚɧɶ ɩɪɢ- ɦɭɲɭɽ ɧɚɫ ɜɢɡɧɚɬɢ ɿɫɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ (ɧɚɩɪ., 30-ɬɢ Ɍɢɩ ɹɤ ɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɹɤ ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿɣɧɚ ɨɞɢɧɢɰɹ ɡɝɚɞɚɧɢɯ) ɬɢɩɿɜ ɹɽɰɶ, ɧɚɫɿɹɧɢɯ ɩɨ Ɂɟɦɥɿ, ɳɨ ɜɯɨ- Ɍɪɢ ɡɦɿɫɬɢ. ɍ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɨɝɥɹɞɚɯ ɳɨɞɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨ- ɞɢɬɶ ɭ ɧɟɡɞɨɥɚɧɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɪɿɱɱɹ ɡ ɽɞɢɧɢɦ ɩɥɚɧɨɦ ɪɿʀ “ɜɢɞ” ɹɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɟɭɤɚɪɿɨɬɧɢɯ ɤɥɿɬɢɧ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɱɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɫɤɥɚɥɚɫɶ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿɹ ɞɨ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɹ ɹɤ ɫɭɬɧɨɫ- ɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɹɞɪɚ, ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɤɨɞ ɿ ɰɢɤɥ Ʉɪɟɛɫɚ, ɤɥɿ- ɬɿ, ɳɨ ɞɨ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɦɿɪɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɣɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɧɶɨɦɭ ɬɢɧɧɭ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɿ ɛɭɞɨɜɭ ɞɠɝɭɬɢɤɿɜ [5]. ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɸ ɹɤ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɚɥɿʀ. Ɍɚɤɿ ɠ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿʀ ɜɢɹɜɢ- ɐɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɪɿɱɱɹ ɭɧɢɤɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɥɢɫɶ ɿ ɜ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɿ ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹ “ɪɿɞ” [48]. ȼɢɡɧɚɧɿ ɡɚ- ɳɨ ɬɢɩɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɭ ɽɞɢɧɨɦɭ “ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɨɦɭ ɛɭ- ɪɚɡ ɬɪɢ ɡɦɿɫɬɢ ɜɢɞɭ – ɫɭɤɭɩɧɿɫɬɶ, ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ, ɥɶɣɨɧɿ” ɿ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɩɟɜɧɭ ɿɽɪɚɪɯɿɸ (ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɪɨɞɢɧ- ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɚ ɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ [52, 101] – ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚ- ɧɢɯ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɿɜ), ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɢɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɲɥɹɯɢ ɿɫɬɨ- ɫɬɨɫɨɜɚɧɿ ɬɚɤ ɫɚɦɨ ɿ ɞɨ ɬɢɩɭ. ɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ. ȼɨɧɢ ɽ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɬɭɛɟɪɚɧ- Ɍɢɩ – ɰɟ ɬɚɤɢ ɫɭɤɭɩɧɿɫɬɶ (ɤɥɚɫɿɜ, ɪɹɞɿɜ, ɪɨɞɢɧ), ɰɹɦɢ ɽɞɢɧɨʀ ɠɢɜɨʀ ɩɥɚɡɦɢ, ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ʀʀ ɿɫɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɽ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞ- Ɍɢɩ ɹɤ ɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹɦ “ɩɥɚɧ ɛɭɞɨ- ɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ ɧɢɠɱɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɝɭ ɿ ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿɹ ɜɢ” ɿ “ɬɢɩ ɠɢɬɬɽɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ”. Ɍɢɩ ɹɤ ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿɣɧɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɢɯ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚ, ɧɟɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɚ. Ⱥ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɨɞɢɧɢɰɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɭ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɠɢɜɨɝɨ ɜ ɬɨɦɭ, ɳɨ ɧɚɲɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ (ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ) ɩɪɢɦɿɬɢɜ- ɦɟɠɚɯ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɟɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɮɨɬɢɩɭ. ɧɚ, ɚ ɞɟɹɤɿ ɧɚɲɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɿ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɽ ɡɚɡɞɚ- ȼ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɭ ɿ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜ- ɥɟɝɿɞɶ ɲɬɭɱɧɢɦɢ ɿ ɜɢɦɚɝɚɸɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɞɭ. ɧɚ ɨɡɧɚɤɚ ɠɢɜɨɝɨ: ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɧɹ ɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɬɨɛɬɨ Ɍɢɩ – ɰɟ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɚ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ. ȼɨɧɚ ɦɚɽ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɱɢɫɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɛɿɨɦɚɫɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɫɜɨʀ ɜɥɚɫɧɿ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ, ɫɜɨɸ ɞɨɥɸ, ɫɜɨɽ ɧɚɪɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɨɡɧɚɤ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɜɢɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɳɚɞɤɿɜ, ɩɪɢ- ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ, ɦɚɽ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɿɜ ɿ ɡɚɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɪɿɫɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɟɧɟɪɝɿʀ, ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɭ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ. ɇɚɪɨɞɠɟɧɢɣ ɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɢɦ ɧɟ ɫɬɚ- ɧɨɜɢɯ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɢɯ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɿɣ. Ɉɫɬɚɧɧɿɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɧɟ ɚɧɧɟɥɿɞɨɸ, ɦɨɥɸɫɤ ɧɟ ɦɚɽ ɲɚɧɫɿɜ ɫɬɚɬɢ ɩɚɜɭ- ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽ ɫɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɨʀ ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿʀ. ɤɨɦ. ɐɟ ɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ. Ɂ ɰɿɽʀ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɡɪɨɛɢɬɢ ɬɚɤɿ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɢ: Ɂ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɠ ɛɨɤɭ, ɬɢɩ – ɰɟ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɚ ɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ. x ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹ ɬɢɩɭ ɦɚɽ ɬɪɢ ɡɦɿɫɬɢ – ɬɢɩ ɹɤ ɫɭɤɭɩɧɿɫɬɶ, ɹɤ ȼɚɠɤɨ ɭɹɜɢɬɢ ɭɝɪɭɩɨɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɬɪɨɮɿɜ ɛɟɡ ɝɟɬɟɪɨ- ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ, ɹɤ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɚ ɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ; ɬɪɨɮɿɜ ɬɚ ɪɟɞɭɰɟɧɬɿɜ. Ɋɨɫɥɢɧɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɪɨ- x ɨɡɧɚɤɢ ɬɢɩɭ ɽ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɿɲɢɦɢ ɿ ɞɚɜɧɿɲɢɦɢ ɡɚ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ ɞɢɬɢ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ. Ɍɢɩ – ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɳɨ ɫɚɦɨɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ, ɤɥɚɫɿɜ, ɪɹɞɿɜ, ɪɨɞɢɧ, ɪɨɞɿɜ, ɜɢɞɿɜ; ɦɚɽ ɫɜɿɣ ɨɧɬɨɝɟɧɟɡ. Ɂɧɚɸɱɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɿɪɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɧɬɨ- x ɬɢɩɢ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɟɜɧɿɣ ɿɽɪɚɪɯɿʀ, ɹɤɚ ɜɿɞɬɜɨɪɸɽ ʀɯ ɝɟɧɟɡɭ, ɜɚɠɤɨ ɭɹɜɢɬɢ, ɳɨɛ ɪɢɛɨɩɨɞɿɛɧɿ ɩɪɚɳɭɪɿ ɽɞɢɧɟ ɩɨɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɪɨɞɢɧɧɢɯ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɿɜ. ɧɚɪɨɞɢɥɢ ɳɨɫɶ ɿɧɲɟ, ɧɿɠ ɫɚɥɚɦɚɧɞɪɭ, ɧɚ ɬɟ ɜɨɧɢ ɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɿ, ɳɟɥɟɩɧɨɪɨɬɿ, ɳɟ ɣ ɩɭɡɢɪɧɿ. ɍ ɥɚɧɰɟɬɧɢ- Ⱦɪɚɛɢɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ ɬɚ ɦɿɫɰɟ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ , ɤɭ ɜɠɟ ɛɭɜ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɟɧɢɣ ɫɫɚɜɟɰɶ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɥɨɫɶ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ȿɜɨɥɸɰɿɨɧɿɡɦ ɜɢɧɢɤ ɹɤ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪ ɞɨ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɬɟɥɿɜɫɶɤɨʀ ɞɪɚ- ɡɛɿɥɶɲɢɬɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɢ ɬɚ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɪɭɯɚɬɢɫɶ, ɿ ɦɨɪɮɨɝɟ- ɛɢɧɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ ɿ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɧɟɩɟɪɟɪɜɧɨɫɬɿ (Ʉɪɚɫɢɥɨɜ, 1988: 14) ɧɟɡ ɫɜɨɽ ɧɚɞɨɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɿ ɛɟɡ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ ɜɢɳɢɯ ɫɢɥ. Ɉɡɧɚɤɢ ɬɢɩɭ4. ɇɚɞɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɨ ɰɿɤɚɜɿ ɞɚɧɿ ɞɥɹ Ɍɢɩ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ 130 ɪ. ɬɨɦɭ: Ȼɟɥɥɨɦ 1878 ɪ. ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɹ ɬɢɩɭ ɞɚɽ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɥɶɧɚ ɟɦɛɪɿɨɥɨɝɿɹ. Ɉɱɟ- ɹɤ Chordata ɬɚ Ƚɟɤɤɟɥɟɦ 1874 ɪ. – ɹɤ Chordonia. ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɳɨ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ ɬɢɩɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɿɥɶɲ ȱɫɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɢɩɭ ɭ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɦɟɠ ɪɚɧɧɿɯ ɫɬɚɞɿɹɯ ɨɧɬɨɝɟɧɟɡɭ, ɧɿɠ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ ɪɨɞɭ ɱɢ ɿɧ- ɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɨɜɚɧɟ Ɉ. Ʉɨɜɚɥɟɜɫɶɤɢɦ, ɹɤɢɣ, ɜɢɜɱɚɸɱɢ ɲɢɯ ɧɢɠɱɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ. əɤɳɨ ɩɨɞɭɦɤɢ ɪɭɯɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɨɧɬɨɝɟɧɟɡ ɩɨɤɪɢɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɿ ɥɚɧɰɟɬɧɢɤɿɜ, ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜ ɫɜɨɽɦɭ ɩɿɡɧɚɧɧɿ ɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɧɬɨɝɟɧɟɡɭ (ɬɨɛɬɨ ɿɧɞɢ- ʀɯɧɸ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜɭ ɫɯɨɠɿɫɬɶ ɡ ɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɢɦɢ, ɳɨ ɫɬɚ- ɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ) ɜɿɞ ɜɢɞɢɦɢɯ ɿ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɢɯ ɥɨ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɜɢɡɧɚɧɢɦ [38, 100]. ɞɟɮɿɧɿɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤ ɞɨ ɧɟɩɨɞɿɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɹɣɰɹ, ɦɢ ɦɨ- Ɋɿɡɧɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɨɫɬɿ (ɞɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɚ ɦɿɪ- ɤɚɦɢ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ) ɬɜɚɪɢɧ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɧ- , - 4 ɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɞɪɚɛɢɧɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ ɜɿɞɨɦɨʀ ɡ ɱɚɫɿɜ Ⱥɪɢɫɬɨ ȱɫɧɭɽ ɿ ɫɭɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɿɞɯɿɞ [31], ɩɪɢ ɹɤɨɦɭ ɜ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɬɟɥɹ. ȼɧɢɡɭ ʀʀ – ɧɟɜɢɪɚɡɧɿ “ɱɟɪɜ’ɹɤɢ”, ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɿ ɽɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿɸ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽ ɱɚɫ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɭ (ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɪɨɡɞɿɥɟɧɧɹ ɽɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ – “ɛɨɝɨɩɨɞɿɛɧɚ ɥɸɞɢɧɚ”, ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɿ, ɹɤ ɿ ɧɚ ɤɥɚ- ɩɪɟɞɤɚ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɭ ɧɚ ɧɚɳɚɞɤɿɜ). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, "ɬɢɩɚɦɢ", ɞɨɝɪɚɦɿ, – ɛɟɡɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɿ, ɪɢɛɢ, ɝɚɞɢ ɿ, ɡɜɿɫɧɨ, ɩɬɚɯɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɰɢɬɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɫɥɿɞ ɜɜɚɠɚɬɢ ɬɚɤɿ ɫɭɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɿ ɡɜɿɪɚɦɢ). ɐɹ ɿɞɟɹ ɜɿɞɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ “Ȼɭɬɬɿ” [20] ɿɭɪɿɡ- ɠɢɜɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɦɿɜ, ɱɚɫ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɹɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɽ ɧɚ Ʉɟɦɛ- ɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɪɭɱɧɢɤɚɯ (ɧɚɩɪ., [25]); ɰɟɣ ɫɚɦɢɣ ɪɿɣɫɶɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ. Ⱥɥɟ ɳɨ ɪɨɛɢɬɢ ɡ ɬɢɦɢ ɬɢɩɚɦɢ, ɧɚɣɞɚɜɧɿɲɿ ɡɧɚɯɿɞɤɢ ɹɤɢɯ ɞɚɬɭɸɬɶɫɹ Ʉɚɣɧɨɡɨɽɦ (ɧɟɦɚɬɨɞɢ, ɜɨɥɨɫɚɬɢɤɢ) ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɪɭɩ (ɯɨɱɚ ɣ ɭ “ɬɪɨɯɢ” ɿɧɲɨ- ɚɛɨ "ɉɿɫɥɹɥɟɜɟɧɝɭɤɿɜɫɶɤɨɸ ɟɪɨɸ" (ɱɟɪɟɜɨɜɿɣɱɚɫɬɿ, ɝɧɚɬɨɫɬɨɦɭ- ɦɭ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɦɭ ɦɿɪɢɥɿ) ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɸɬɶ ɿ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɿ ɝɟ- ɥɿɞɢ, ɤɨɥɨɜɟɪɬɤɢ). Ɍɭɬ ɽɞɢɧɢɦ ɜɢɯɨɞɨɦ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧ- ɧɟɬɢɱɧɿ ɞɚɧɿ [28, 56]. ɧɹ ɞɨɫɢɬɶ ɫɭɦɧɿɜɧɨɝɨ "ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɧɢɤɚ".

ɇɚɭɤɨɜɢɣ ɜɿɫɧɢɤ ɍɠɝɨɪɨɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɭ: Ȼɿɨɥɨɝɿɹ 8 ɏɨɪɞɨɜɚ ɦɨɬɪɿɣɤɚ. ȼɫɟ ɛɭɥɨ ɫɩɨɤɿɣɧɨ, ɩɨɤɢ ɥɟɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɞɚɧɢɯ ɳɨɞɨ ɦ’ɹɤɨɬɿɥɢɯ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ. ɍ ɛɿɨɥɨɝɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɜɚɥɢ ɞɜɿ ɝɪɭɩɢ – ɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɢɯ ɿ ɛɟɡɯɪɟ- ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ɰɢɦ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɶɨɜɚɧɨ ɱɢɦɚɥɨ ɝɿɩɨɬɟɡ (ɡɨ- ɛɟɬɧɢɯ. ɏɨɱɚ ɿ ɬɨɞɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɜɚɥɢɫɹ ɬɚɤɿ ɡɚɛɚɜɧɿ ɤɨɧ- ɤɪɟɦɚ, ɝɿɩɨɬɟɡɢ Ƚɚɪɫɬɚɧɝɚ, ȯɧɫɟɧɚ, ɍɚɣɬɟɪ, Ȼɟɪ- ɰɟɩɰɿʀ, ɹɤ “ɯɨɪɞɨɜɿ ɹɤ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɪɧɭɬɿ ɪɚɤɨɩɨɞɿɛɧɿ”, ɪɢɥɥɚ, Ⱦɠɨɥɥɿ, Ɇɚɥɚɯɨɜɚ, Ⱦɨɝɟɥɹ) ɿ ɧɢɡɤɭ ɛɿɥɶɲ “ɯɨɪɞɨɜɿ ɹɤ ɧɚɳɚɞɤɢ ɩɚɜɭɤɿɜ” ɬɨɳɨ [17, 25]. Ⱦɨ- ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɣ [7, 25, 33, 53, 61, 62, 89, ɫɥɿɞɢ Ʉɨɜɚɥɟɜɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɥɢ ɫɭɦɧɿɜɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɪɿɜ- 91, 99, 100], ɚɧɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɞɚɥɿ. ɉɨɩɪɢ ɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬ- ɧɨɜɿɞɞɚɥɟɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɿ ɫɩɨɧɭɤɚɥɢ ɞɨ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞ- ɬɹ ɬɨɱɨɤ ɡɨɪɭ, ɫɩɿɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɫɯɟɦ ɽ ɬɚɤɿ ɠɟɧɶ. Ɍɚɤ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɥɢɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɰɟɥɨɦɧɢɯ ɬɜɚ- ɪɿɜɧɿ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɢɯ ɡ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɚɦɢ (ɜɫɿ ɪɢɧ ɿ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ ɬɚ ɭɹɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɬɪɢ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɜɨɧɢ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɤɥɿɬɢɧɧɿ, ɛɿɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɿ, ɰɟɥɨɦɧɿ): ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɦɟɠ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ (Chordata) [7]: x ɪɿɜɟɧɶ 1 – “ɮɨɪɨɧɨɡɨɣɧɢɣ” (ɝɪɭɩɚ ɬɢɩɿɜ, ɳɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ x 1 – ɧɚɣɲɢɪɲɢɣ (Chordata s. l.) – ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɭɽ ɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɨɧɿɞ ɿ ɩɥɟɱɨɧɨɝɢɯ ɬɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ 2), ɡ ɝɨɥɨɜɨɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɦɢ, ɩɨɤɪɢɜɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɿ ɧɚɩɿɜɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɦɢ5, x ɪɿɜɟɧɶ 2 – ɞɟɭɬɟɪɨɫɬɨɦɧɢɣ (ɝɪɭɩɚ, ɳɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ ɝɨɥ- x 2 – ɧɚɣɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɿɲɢɣ “ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɣ” (Chordata vera), ɳɨ ɤɨɲɤɿɪɢɯ ɿ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ 3), ɨɛɿɣɦɚɽ ɩɟɪɲɿ ɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɢ, x ɪɿɜɟɧɶ 3 – ɮɚɪɢɧɝɨɬɪɟɦɚɬɧɢɣ (ɝɪɭɩɚ, ɳɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ x 3 – ɜɭɡɶɤɢɣ (Chordata s. str. = Notochordata sensu Niel- ɧɚɩɿɜɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɿ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ 4), sen [79]), ɳɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ ɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɢɯ ɿ ɥɚɧɰɟɬɧɢɤɿɜ. x ɪɿɜɟɧɶ 4 – ɯɨɪɞɚɬɧɢɣ (ɝɪɭɩɚ, ɳɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ ɩɨɤɪɢɜɧɢ- ɤɿɜ ɿ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ 5), Ɂ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ, ɩɨɝɥɢɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ ɞɚɥɶ- x ɪɿɜɟɧɶ 5 – ɟɭɯɨɪɞɚɬɧɢɣ (ɝɪɭɩɚ, ɳɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ ɥɚɧɰɟɬ- ɧɿɯ ɝɪɭɩ ɰɟɥɨɦɧɢɯ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ – ɩɥɟɱɨɧɨɝɢɯ, ɦɨɯɨɜɚ- ɧɢɤɿɜ, ɩɿɤɚɣ ɿ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ 6), ɬɨɤ, ɳɟɬɢɧɤɨɳɟɥɟɩɧɢɯ, ɩɨɝɨɧɨɮɨɪ [17, 42] – ɞɨ- x ɪɿɜɟɧɶ 6 – ɜɟɪɬɟɛɪɚɬɧɢɣ =ɤɪɿɫɬɨɡɨɣɧɢɣ (ɝɪɭɩɚ, ɳɨ ɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɜɿɞɧɟɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ ɞɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɪɨɬɢɯ ɬɚ ɜɫɿɯ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɢɯ). ɬɚɤɨɠ ɞɜɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɬɢɩɢ, ɿ ɜɫɿɯ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ ɪɨɡ- ɉɚɥɟɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɿɹ. Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ “ɧɨɜɢɯ” ɝɥɹɞɚɬɢ ɹɤ ɽɞɢɧɭ ɡ ɦɨɯɨɜɚɬɤɚɦɢ ɿ ɩɥɟɱɨɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɝɪɭɩ, ɳɨ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɧɿ ɡɚ ɧɨɫɿʀɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɭ ɥɨɮɨɮɨɪɧɢɯ (Lophophorata). Ⱦɥɹ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɯ ɩɥɚɧɿɜ ɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɬɚ ɹɤɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɥɢɬɢ ɫɜɿɬɥɨ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɿ ɧɚɜɤɨɥɨɪɨɬɨɜɢɣ ɳɭɩɚɥɶɰɟɜɢɣ ɚɩɚɪɚɬ ɿ ɪɚɧɧɸ ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿɸ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ, ɡɚɜɞɹɤɢ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɩɚ- ɜɿɣɱɚɫɬɚ ɥɢɱɢɧɤɚ. Cɮɨɪɦɭɥɶɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɭ ɝɿɩɨɬɟɡ ɥɟɨɡɨɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ ɡɪɨɫɥɚ [15]. ȼɿɞɩɨ- ɮɿɥɨɝɟɧɟɡɭ ɞɟɭɬɟɪɨɫɬɨɦɚɬ. ɍ ɜɫɿɯ ɧɢɯ ɜɢɡɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɧɨ, ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɩɪɨ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɚɥɟɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɨɜɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɟɬɚɩɧɿɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɡ- ɞɚɧɢɯ, ɹɤɿ ɫɜɿɞɱɚɬɶ ɩɪɨ ɮɿɥɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɧɿ ɜɡɚɽɦɢɧɢ ɧɚɤ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɿ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɬɹ ɜɬɨ- ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ, ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜ ɜɫɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ ɡɚɝɚɥɨɦ [7, 59, 90]. ɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɬɹ ɮɨɪɦ, ɭɬ. ɱ. ɧɟɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɧɢɧɿ ɜɬɨɪɢɧ- , , , ȼɫɿ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɧɢɤɢ ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɫɯɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɨɦɭ ɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ, ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɭɸɬɶ ɡɪɚɡɤɢ ɤɟɦɛɪɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɜɿɤɭ - ɳɨ ɫɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɥɢɫɹ ɝɨɥɤɨɲɤɿɪɿ ɬɚ ɧɚɩɿɜ [97]. ɇɚɪɚɡɿ ɹɤ ɧɚɣɛɥɢɠɱɢɯ ɞɨ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ (ɚɛɨ ɣ ɭ , – ( - ɯɨɪɞɨɜɿ ɚ ɜɠɟ ɩɨɬɿɦ ɧɢɠɱɿ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɿ ɯɜɨɫɬɨɯɨɪ ʀɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɿ) ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɸɬɶ ɳɨɧɚɣɦɟɧɲɟ ɬɪɢ ɜɢɤɨɩɧɿ ) ( . 2), - ɞɨɜɿ ɬɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɨɯɨɪɞɨɜɿ ɪɢɫ ɜɠɟ ɜɿɞ ɹɤɢɯ ɩɿɲ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ: Vitulicolia, Graptolitha, Cal- ɥɢ ɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɧɿ ɿ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɿ ɚɝɧɚɬɢ ɿ ɬɢɩɨɜɿ ɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɿ cichordata (=?Mitrata) [45, 83, 87, 89]. ɡ ʀɯ ɭɧɿɤɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɢɦɢ ɿ ɥɨɤɨɦɨɬɨɪɧɢɦɢ Ɍɚɤ, ɩɚɥɟɨɡɨɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɩɬɨɥɿɬɿɜ (Graptolithina) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ, ɭɬ. ɱ. ɧɟɪɜɨɜɢɦ ɝɪɟɛɟɧɟɦ, ɟɤɬɨɞɟɪɦɚ- ɬɟɩɟɪ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɸɬɶ ɹɤ ɜɢɯɿɞɧɭ ɝɪɭɩɭ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɜɟɥɢ- ɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɩɥɚɤɨɞɚɦɢ, ɦ’ɹɡɨɜɢɦ ɝɿɩɨɦɟɪɨɦ, ɯɜɨɫɬɨ- ɤɨɝɨ ɡɚ ɨɛɫɹɝɨɦ (25 ɜɢɞɿɜ) “ɧɚɩɿɜɯɨɪɞɨɜɨɝɨ” ɤɥɚɫɭ ɜɢɦ ɫɬɟɛɥɨɦ [4, 15, 81, 82]. ɤɪɢɥɨɡɹɛɪɨɜɢɯ (ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɮɚɪɢɧɝɨɬɪɟɦɚɬ), ɳɨ ɭ ɫɭ- - Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɢɦ ɽ ɩɨɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɜɿɞ ɥɨɮɨ ɱɚɫɧɿɣ ɮɚɭɧɿ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɿ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɠɧɨ ɜ Ⱥɧɬɚɪɤɬɢɰɿ ɿ ɽ , ’ - ɮɨɪɚɬɧɨʀ ɝɿɥɤɢ ɡ ɹɤɨɸ ʀɯ ɨɛ ɽɞɧɭɽ ɥɢɱɢɧɤɨɜɚ ɫɬɚ ɞɭɠɟ ɞɪɿɛɧɢɦɢ (0,2–3 ɦɦ) ɫɢɞɹɱɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɦɚɦɢ, ( " " [77]). ɞɿɹ ɤɢɲɤɨɜɨɞɢɲɧɢɯ ɬɢɩ ɞɢɩɥɟɜɪɭɥɚ Ɂ ɦɚɥɨ ɫɯɨɠɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ. ɉɟɪɲɢɦ , - ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ ɬɿ ɫɚɦɿ ɤɢɲɤɨɜɨɞɢɲɧɿ ɡɚ ɩɥɚɧɨɦ ɛɭ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɨɦ ɯɜɨɫɬɨɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɽ ɧɢɠ- ( , , - ɞɨɜɢ ɬɿɥɚ ɡɚɱɚɬɤɢ ɯɨɪɞɢ ɬɪɢɱɥɟɧɧɚ ɛɭɞɨɜɚ ɮɚ ɧɶɨ-(ɪɚɧɧɶɨ)ɤɟɦɛɪɿɣɫɶɤɚ Shankouclava shankouen- ) / - ɪɢɧɝɨɬɪɟɦɿɹ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɤɥɚɞɢ ɯɨɪɞɨ se [41]. Ⱦɨ ɝɪɭɩɢ Vetulicolia [89], ɹɤɿɣ ɚɜɬɨɪɢ ɧɚ- . - ɜɢɯ ɭ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɿ ɍ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɰɿɽʀ ɝɿɥɤɢ ɯɨ ɞɚɥɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɨɤɪɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ, ɜɿɞɧɨɫɹɬɶɫɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɦɚ- - ɪɞɨɜɿ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɭɸɬɶ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɭ ɪɨɞɢɧɧɿɫɬɶ ɿɡ ɝɨɥ ɥɨɡɧɚɧɢɯ ɜɢɤɨɩɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɿɜ, ɪɟɲɬɤɢ ɹɤɢɯ ɡ . , , - ɤɨɲɤɿɪɢɦɢ ɬɚ ɧɚɩɿɜɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɦɢ ɐɟ ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɜɢɹɜ ɜɩɟɜɧɟɧɿɫɬɸ ɫɜɿɞɱɚɬɶ ɥɢɲɟ ɩɪɨ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɿɫɬɶ ʀɯ ɞɨ , ɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɧɿɤɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤɚɯ ɹɤ ɬɢɩ ɩɨɞɿɥɭ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ [65]. ɹɣɰɟɤɥɿɬɢɧ (ɫɩɿɪɚɥɶɧɢɣ), ɪɚɧɧɹ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɿɧɚɰɿɹ ɟɦɛ- Ⱥ ɳɟ ɬɟɩɟɪ ɜɿɞɨɦɿ ɥɚɧɰɟɬɧɢɤɨɩɨɞɿɛɧɿ ɉɿɤɚʀ ɪɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ (ɽ, ɳɨɩɪɚɜɞɚ, ɿ ɭ ɧɟɦɚɬɨɞ), (ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɝɨɥɨɜɨɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ) [44], ɤɨɥɢɫɶ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɨɜɿ, ɚ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɨɜɚɧɿɫɬɶ ɰɟɥɨɦɭ, ɟɧɬɟɪɨɰɟɥɶɧɚ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɬɟɩɟɪ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɿ ɤɨɧɨɞɨɧɬɢ (ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɛɟɡɳɟɥɟɩ- ɦɟɡɨɞɟɪɦɢ ɬɨɳɨ [5, 11, 17] (ɬɚɛɥ. 1). ɧɢɯ) [29, 47, 58, 85]. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɦɢ ɽ ɭɫɩɿɯɢ ȯ ɩɟɜɧɿ ɪɨɡɛɿɠɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɿ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɩɚɥɟɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɿɜ ɭ ɩɨɲɭɤɭ ɪɚɧɧɿɯ ɟɭɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ, ɡɨ- , ’ - ɪɨɞɢɧɧɢɯ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɿɜ ɩɨɜ ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɸ ɞɨɫ ɤɪɟɦɚ ɪɚɧɧɶɨɤɟɦɛɪɿɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɤɪɿɫɬɨɡɨɣɧɢɯ ɯɨɪɞɨ- - ɬɚɬɧɶɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɿɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɚ ɜɢɯ Yunnanozoon ɿ Haikouella, ɹɤɢɯ ɿɧɨɞɿ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɭ- ɸɬɶ ɡ ɜɟɬɭɥɿɤɨɥɿɹɦɢ [40, 49, 68, 90]. ȼɫɿ ɰɿ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɭɸɬɶ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɿ ɫɢɧɚɩɨɦɨɪɮɿʀ ɡ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢ- 5 Nielsen [79] ɩɨɞɿɥɹɽ Hemichordata ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɢ Pterobranchia ɬɚ Enteropneusta ɿ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɽ Pterobranchia ɹɤ ɫɟɫɬɪɢɧɫɶɤɭ ɝɪɭɩɭ ɞɨ ɦɢ ɬɜɚɪɢɧɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɪɿɜɧɹɯ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɬɚɤɫɨ- Echinodermata ɬɚ ɤɥɚɞɢ Cyrtotreta (ɜ ɬɪɢɯɨɬɨɦɿʀ), ɚ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɧɨɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɿɽɪɚɪɯɿʀ. Cyrtotreta ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɭɽ Enteropneusta ɬɚ Chordata vera.

ɇɚɭɤɨɜɢɣ ɜɿɫɧɢɤ ɍɠɝɨɪɨɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɭ: Ȼɿɨɥɨɝɿɹ 9 Ɋɢɫ. 2. Ⱦɜɚ ɩɨɝɥɹɞɢ ɧɚ ɮɿɥɨɝɟɧɿɸ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɤɥɿɬɢɧɧɢɯ (Metazoa) ɬɚ ɦɿɫɰɟ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɬɜɚɪɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɿɬɭ. (A) — ɬɪɚɞɢɰɿɣɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɿʀ, ɜ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɿʀ Ƚɿɦɚɧɚ; (B) — ɮɿɥɨɝɟɧɿɹ ɡɚ ɞɚɧɢɦɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨʀ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɤɢ (ɡɚ: [28], “ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɢɣ” ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɬɭɬ ɡɦɿɧɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɥɿɜɨɝɨ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɿɜ).

Ƚɟɧɟɬɢɤɚ. ȼɚɝɨɦɿ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɭ ɩɨɝɥɹɞɢ ɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɉɨɧɹɬɬɹ ɿ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɩɪɨɦɿɠɧɢɯ ɬɜɚɪɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɿɬɭ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɦɢ ɪɨɤɚɦɢ ɜɧɟɫɥɚ ɝɟɧɟɬɢ- ɬɚ ɫɬɨɜɛɭɪɨɜɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ ɤɚ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ 18s ɪɢɛɨɫɨɦɧɨʀ ȾɇɄ [28, 54, 84, 100, 102 ɬɚ ɛɚɝɚɬɨ ɿɧ.]. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ “ɉɪɨɦɿɠɧɿ” ɝɪɭɩɢ ɧɟ ɞɚɸɬɶ ɫɩɨɤɨɸ ɿ ɤɪɟɚɰɿɨ- ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɿɣɧɢɯ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨ- ɧɿɫɬɚɦ, ɿ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɬɨɪɚɦ (ɬɟɠ ɬɜɨɪɰɹɦ). Ⱦɨ ɩɪɨ- ɝɿʀ, ɫɯɟɦ ɪɨɞɨɜɨɞɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ ɬɚ ɫɭɱɚɫ- ɦɿɠɧɢɯ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɹɬɶ ɬɿ ɝɪɭɩɢ, ɨɩɢɫɢ ɹɤɢɯ ɧɟ ɜɤɥɚɞɚ- ɧɢɯ ɫɯɟɦ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɞɚɧɢɯ, ɩɪɟɞ- ɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɞɿɚɝɧɨɡ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɿɜ. Ɋɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɦɨɪɟ- ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2. ɩɥɚɜɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɜ ɫɭɦɧɿɜɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɧɟɡɦɿɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɫɩɢɫ- . - əɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɦɿɠ ɰɢɦɢ ɞɜɨɦɚ ɫɯɟɦɚɦɢ ɿɫɧɭɸɬɶ ɤɭ ɿ ɨɛɫɹɝɭ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɿɜ ɇɨɜɢɦ ɝɪɭɩɚɦ ɧɟ ɛɭ . [66] ɫɭɬɬɽɜɿ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɨɫɬɿ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɿ ɨɛɫɹɝɭ ɥɨ ɦɿɫɰɹ ɭ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɜɿɬɫɶɤɿɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ Ʌɿɧɟɣ ɞɥɹ “ ” , : ɬɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɪɨɞɢɧɧɢɯ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɿɜ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɢɯ ɞɨ ɯɨ- ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɜ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɢ ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫ , “ ”, ( - ɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ – ɬɢɩɨɜɢɯ ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ, ɩɫɟɜɞɨɰɟ- ɚɦɮɿɛɿɣ ɤɭɞɢ ɜɿɞɧɿɫ ɭɫɿɯ ɝɚɞɿɜ ɿ ɪɹɞ ɛɟɫɬɿɣ ɫɫɚ ), , ɥɨɦɧɢɯ, ɥɢɧɹɸɱɢɯ ɬɨɳɨ. ɉɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɜɬɨ- ɜɰɿ ɤɭɞɢ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡɿ ɫɜɢɧɹɦɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɜ ɛɪɨɧɟɧɨɫɰɹ , , , . ɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ (ɭ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨʀ ɮɚɭɧɢ) ɫɤɨɪɨɬɢɜɫɹ ʀɠɚɤɚ ɤɪɨɬɚ ɡɟɦɥɟɪɢɣɤɭ ɨɩɨɫɭɦɚ ɞɨ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ, ɝɨɥɤɨɲɤɿɪɢɯ ɿ ɧɚɩɿɜɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ, ɡ ɹɤɢɯ əɤɳɨ ɩɨɞɢɜɢɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɞɨɝɪɚɦɭ, ɹɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɽ ɫɨ- ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɞɜɿ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶ ɤɥɚɞɭ “Ambulacralia”. ɛɨɸ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɢɣ ɜɢɤɥɚɞ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɧɚ- ɐɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɭ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɪɢɫɚɯ ɽ ɭɫɬɚɥɟɧɨɸ, ɿ ɲɢɯ ɡɧɚɧɶ ɩɪɨ ɛɿɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɟ (ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɟ ɿ ɪɿɡɧɨɱɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɲɟ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɟ) ɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɬɹ ɠɢɜɨɝɨ, ɦɢ ɩɨɛɚɱɢɦɨ ɝɪɭɩ (ɞɥɹ ɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɞɢɜ.: [12, 54]). ɞɢɜɧɭ ɪɿɱ. ȼɫɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɿ ɝɪɭɩɢ, ɨɤɪɿɦ ɥɢɲɟ , , Ɂ ɰɿɽʀ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɡɪɨɛɢɬɢ ɬɚɤɿ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɢ: ɬɢɯ ɳɨ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɠɢɬɬɹ ɽ ɩɪɨɦɿɠɧɢɦɢ ɩɨ ɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɸ ɞɨ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨʀ ɫɭɦɿɠ- x ɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɿ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɭ ɧɚɞɪɚɯ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɬɢ- ɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ (ɪɢɫ. 1). ɩɿɜ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɥɚɧɿɜ ɛɭɞɨɜɢ, ȱ ɰɟ ɧɟ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɨɜɨ. Ɇɢ, ɩɨɩɪɢ ɫɜɨʀ ɲɪɚɦɢ, ɥɢ- x ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɪɨɞɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɫɜɿɞɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɨ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɟɬɚ- , - ɩɧɿɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɢɯ, ɫɢɧɢ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɚɩɨɦɨɪɮɿʀ ɡ ɝɨɦɨɩɥɚɡɿɹɦɢ ɽ ɩɪɨɦɿɠ ɧɢɦɢ ɦɿɠ ɩɪɚɳɭɪɚɦɢ-ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨʀɞɚɦɢ ɿ ɧɚɳɚɞɤɚɦɢ- x ɨɡɧɚɤɢ ɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɹɤ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɿ ɜɚɪɿɚɧ- ɬɢ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɯɨɪɞɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ. ɝɭɦɚɧɨʀɞɚɦɢ. ɇɟɦɚɽ ɫɭɦɧɿɜɭ, ɳɨ ɥɚɧɰɟɬɧɢɤ ɡɛɟɪɿ- ɝɚɽ ɭ ɫɜɨʀɣ ɛɭɞɨɜɿ ɧɢɡɤɭ “ɭɧɿɤɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɯɪɟɛɟɬ-

ɇɚɭɤɨɜɢɣ ɜɿɫɧɢɤ ɍɠɝɨɪɨɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɭ: Ȼɿɨɥɨɝɿɹ 10 ɧɢɯ ɩɥɟɡɿɨɦɨɪɮɿɣ” [ɩɟɪɟɩɪɨɲɭɽɦɨ ɡɚ ɤɚɥɚɦɛɭɪ]. ɨɞɧɢɦ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɢɦ ɧɢɧɿ ɿɫɧɭɸɱɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɤɨɦ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɉɪɨɬɟ ɡɚ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɢɦɢ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɣ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɿɱ- ɧɢɠɧɹ ɦɟɠɚ ɤɪɨɧɨɜɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ʀʀ ɧɚɣ- ɧɢɦɢ ɨɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ (ɯɨɪɞɚ, ɧɟɪɜɨɜɚ ɬɪɭɛɤɚ, ɦɿɨɦɟɪɢ ɿ ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɿɲɢɦ ɪɟɰɟɧɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɨɦ. ɋɬɨɜɛɭ- ɡɹɛɪɨɜɿ ɳɿɥɢɧɢ, ɟɧɞɨɫɬɢɥɶ ɿ ɩɟɱɿɧɤɨɜɢɣ ɜɢɪɿɫɬ, ɪɨɜɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɭɽ ɰɿɥɤɨɦ ɜɢɦɟɪɥɿ ɤɥɚɞɢ, ɩɟɜɧɿ ɧɟɮɪɢɞɿʀ ɿ ɧɚɩɪɹɦ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤɭ) ɜɿɧ – ɛɟɡɫɭɦɧɿɜɧɢɣ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɢ ɹɤɢɯ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɤɚɦɢ ɤɪɨɧɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ɟɭɯɨɪɞɚɬ. Ɍɨɛɬɨ ɜɥɚɫɧɟ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɿɹ ɤɪɨɧɨɜɨʀ ɬɚ ɫɬɨɜɛɭɪɨɜɨʀ ɝɪɭɩ ɜɚ- (Euchordata), ɛɟɡ ɩɨɤɪɢɜɧɢɤɿɜ [7]. ɠɥɢɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɹ ɦɟɠ ɩɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɭ (ɜɞɚ- Ɇɨɠɧɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ, ɳɨ ɦɿɤɫɢɧɢ – ɬɟ, ɳɨ “ɜɬɟɤɥɨ ɧɨɦɭ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɿ – ɬɢɩɭ) ɬɚ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ ɜɿɞ ɥɚɧɰɟɬɧɢɤɿɜ, ɚɥɟ ɧɟ ɞɨɛɿɝɥɨ ɞɨ ɚɤɭɥ”, ɚ ɚɤɭɥɢ ɜɢɤɨɩɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ (ɪɢɫ. 3). “ɡɚɫɬɪɹɝɥɢ” ɞɟɫɶ ɦɿɠ ɦɿɧɨɝɚɦɢ ɿ ɤɚɪɚɫɹɦɢ. Ⱥɦɮɿ- ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɫɬɨɜɛɭɪɨɜɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ ɧɟ ɯɜɢɥɸɽ ɧɟɨɧɬɨ- ɛɿʀ – ɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɩɿɫɧɹ, ɫɩɿɜɚɧɚ ɳɟ Ʌɿɧɟɽɦ (ɞɢɜ. ɜɢɳɟ), ɥɨɝɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɣɦɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɲɟ ɪɟɰɟɧɬɧɢɦɢ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɚ- ɹɤɢɣ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɜ ɭ ɬɚɤɢɣ ɤɥɚɫ (ɤɥɚɫ!) ɜɫɿɯ ɧɟ-ɪɢɛ, ɧɟ- ɦɢ. ɉɪɨɬɟ, ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɨɠɧɢɦ ɮɿɥɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɤɨɦ, ɳɨ ɩɨ- ɩɬɚɯɿɜ ɿ ɧɟ-ɡɜɿɪɿɜ, ɬɨɛɬɨ “ɝɚɞɿɜ”. ȱ ɬɚɤ ɩɨ ɜɫɶɨɦɭ ɱɢɧɚɽ ɲɭɤɚɬɢ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɫɜɨʀɦ ɤɥɚɞɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɦ ɞɟɪɟɜɭ ɠɢɬɬɹ. ɋɭɰɿɥɶɧɿ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢ. ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɦ ɭ ɩɚɥɟɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɥɿɬɨɩɢɫɿ, ɩɨɫɬɚɽ Ɇɨɠɧɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɞɨɜɨɞɢɬɢ, ɳɨ ɤɚɱɤɨɧɿɫ – ɰɟ ɪɿɞ- ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ – ɹɤɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ (ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ- ɤɿɫɧɢɣ ɩɥɚɡɭɧ (ɽ ɧɢɡɤɚ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɩɥɟɡɿɨɦɨɪɮɿɣ) ɚɛɨ ɝɨ) ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɜɢɤɨɩɧɢɦ ɡɪɚɡɤɚɦ, ɳɨ ɭɬɜɨ- ɡɛɨɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɬɚɯ (ɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɝɨɦɨɩɥɚ- ɪɸɸɬɶ ɫɬɨɜɛɭɪɨɜɿ ɝɪɭɩɢ? əɤɳɨ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɢ, ɫɯɟɦɚ- ɡɿɣ), ɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɜɚɠɚɬɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɳɟ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɬɢɱɧɨ ɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɿ ɧɚɦɢ ɹɤ ɫɬɨɜɛɭɪɨɜɿ ɝɪɭɩɢ Ɍɢɩɭ 1 ɤɥɚɫɨɦ (ɳɨ ɬɟɠ ɛɭɥɨ) [16]. ɉɪɨɬɟ ɣɨɝɨ ɦɿɫɰɟ ɧɚ (ɝɪɭɩɚ II ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3) ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɭɧɿ- ɤɥɚɞɨɝɪɚɦɿ ɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɢɯ – ɭ ɤɨɪɟɧɿ ɫɬɨɜɛɭɪɚ ɫɫɚɜɰɿɜ ɤɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɢɧɚɩɨɦɨɪɮɿɣ (ɤɥɸɱɨɜɚ ɨɡɧɚɤɚ) ɬɚ ɚɜɬɨ- – ɜɿɞ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɡɦɿɧɢɬɶɫɹ. ɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɠɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ, ɬɨ ɹɤ ɋɬɨɜɛɭɪɨɜɿ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɬɚ ɦɟɠɿ ɬɢɩɭ. ȼɫɟ ɜɿɞɨɦɟ ɬɪɚɤɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɬɨɜɛɭɪɨɜɿ ɜɢɞɢ, ɳɨ ɧɟ ɩɿɞɩɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɩɿɞ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɟ ɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɬɹ, ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɟ ɧɚ ɮɿɥɨɝɟɧɟ- ɣɨɝɨ ɞɿɚɝɧɨɡ, ɯɨɱ ɽ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɤɚɦɢ (ɝɪɭɩɚ I)? ȼɛɚ- ɬɢɱɧɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɨ, ɦɨɠɧɚ ɪɨɡɞɿɥɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɢ ɝɪɭɩ: ɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ʀɦ ɧɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɬɢ- ɤɪɨɧɨɜɿ ɬɚ ɫɬɨɜɛɭɪɨɜɿ. ɐɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɿɹ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɚ Ⱦɠɟ- ɩɿɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ Vetulicolia, Lobopodia), ɬɚ ɧɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɮɟɪɿɫɨɦ [59]. Ⱦɨ ɤɪɨɧɨɜɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɬɨɣ ɭɧɿɤɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɛɭɞɨɜɢ, ɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɮɿɥɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ, ɳɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɿ ɱɿɬɤɨ ʀɯ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɭɜɚɬɢ… ɿɡ ɪɟɰɟɧɬɧɢɯ ɿ ɜɢɦɟɪɥɢɯ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɜɫɿ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɿ

Ɋɢɫ. 3. Ƚɪɚɮɿɱɧɢɣ ɡɦɿɫɬ ɬɚ ɫɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɤɪɨɧɨɜɢɯ ɿ ɫɬɨɜɛɭɪɨɜɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɿ ɮɿɥɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɜɡɚɽ- ɦɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɞɜɨɯ ɝɿɩɨɬɟɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ (ɬɢɩ–1 ɿ ɬɢɩ–2); Ⱥ...Ƚ — ɤɥɸɱɨɜɿ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɢ, ɳɨ ɽ ɜɢɯɿɞɧɢɦɢ ɜ ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿʀ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɤɪɨɧɨɜɢɯ ɿ ɫɬɨɜɛɭɪɨɜɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ (ɡɚ [37, 96], ɡɿ ɡɦɿɧɚɦɢ).

ɇɚɭɤɨɜɢɣ ɜɿɫɧɢɤ ɍɠɝɨɪɨɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɭ: Ȼɿɨɥɨɝɿɹ 11 ɏɨɪɞɨɜɿ ɛɟɡɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɿ ɉɨɧɹɬɬɹ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ. Ɂɚɝɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɧɨ, ɳɨ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɿ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ, Deuterostomia. ȼ ʀʀ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɿɡ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɦɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɬɢɩɢ ɧɚɩɿɜɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ (Hemichor- data) ɿ ɝɨɥɤɨɲɤɿɪɢɯ (Echinodermata), ɮɨɪɨɧɿɞ (Pho- ronida) ɬɚ ɛɪɚɯɿɨɩɨɞ (Brachiopoda), ɹɤɿ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɭɬɜɨ- ɪɸɸɬɶ ɝɪɭɩɭ Phoronozoa [79]. ȼɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɲɢɯ Ɋɢɫ. 4. ȱɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɭ ɹɤ ɦɨɧɨɮɿɥɟɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩ ɞɨ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɧɚɞɬɢɩɭ ɫɭɩɟɪɟɱɥɢɜɟ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɧɟɪɿɞɤɨ ɝɪɭɩɢ. Ʌɿɜɨɪɭɱ – ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɢ ɩɚɪɚɮɿɥɟɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɩɨɥɿɮɿɥɟ- ɫɸɞɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɨɝɨɧɨɮɨɪ (Pogonophora) ɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ, ɹɤɿ ɧɟ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɿ ɳɟɬɢɧɤɨɳɟɥɟɩɧɢɯ (Chaetognatha), ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɱɭ- (ɚɩɨɦɨɪɮɿɣ). ɉɪɚɜɨɪɭɱ – ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿ ɦɨɧɨɮɿɥɟɬɢɱɧɿ ɝɪɭɩɢ: ɞɟɪɧɚɰɶɤɭ ɿ ɧɚɞɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɭ Xeno- ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ʀɯ – 5 (ɨɤɪɿɦ 3’=3), ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɫɭɦɿ ɡ ɱɢɫɥɚ turbella ɜ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɬɢɩɭ Xenoturbellida. ɤɿɧɰɟɜɢɯ ɝɿɥɨɤ ɤɥɚɞɨɝɪɚɦɢ (ɬɚɤɢɯ 3) ɬɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɬɨɱɨɤ ʀɯ ɪɨɡɝɚɥɭɠɟɧɧɹ, ɚɛɨ ɧɨɞ (ɬɚɤɢɯ 2). Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɿɹ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɬɢ Pogonophora ɬɚ Chaetogna- tha ɞɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɜɢɪɚɡɧɚ ɭ ɩɪɚɰɹɯ Ⱦɨɝɟɥɹ ɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɢɤɿɜ [6, 9, 19]. ɇɟɳɨɞɚɜɧɨ ɉɨɧɹɬɬɹ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɭ ɭ ɮɿɥɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɰɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɝɨɧɨɮɨɪ (ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡ ɜɟɫɬɿɦɟɧɬɿɮɟɪɚɦɢ) “ɩɨɜɟɪɧɭ- : – , - ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɨɧɨɮɿɥɿɸ ɬɚɤɫɨɧ ɰɟ ɤɥɚɞɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɱɟ ɥɢ” ɭ ɥɨɧɨ ɚɧɧɟɥɿɞ (Annelida) ɚɠ ɞɨ ɡɧɢɠɟɧɧɹ ʀɯ- [23, 30]. - ɪɟɡ ɚɩɨɦɨɪɮɿʀ ɍ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹɯ ɿɫɧɭɽ ɱɢ ɧɶɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɝɭ ɞɨ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɡ ɪɨɞɢɧ ɩɨɥɿɯɟɬ [70, 84]. , , ɦɚɥɨ ɝɪɭɩ ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɭ ɚ ɩɟɜɧɨɦɭ ɓɟɬɢɧɤɨɳɟɥɟɩɧɢɯ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɜɢɤɥɸɱɢɥɢ ɡ Deutero- ( ., “ ”) - ɟɤɨɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɬɢɩɭ ɧɚɩɪ ɪɢɛɢ ɚɛɨ ɟɜɨ stomia: ɩɟɪɲɿ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɿ ɮɿɥɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɧɿ ɩɨɛɭɞɨ- (“ ”). ɥɸɰɿɣɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɸ ɧɢɠɱɿ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɿ Ⱦɿɚɝɧɨɡɨɦ ɜɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɳɨ ɳɟɬɢɧɤɨɳɟɥɟɩɧɿ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɝɿ- - - ɛɭɞɶ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɭ ɽ ɧɚɛɿɪ ɭɧɿɤɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤ ɫɩɟ ɥɤɢ “ɥɢɧɹɸɱɢɯ” (Ecdysozoa) [95] ɿ ɩɨɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɜɿɞ ( ), - ɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɚɩɨɦɨɪɮɿɣ ɿ ɜɠɟ ɩɨɬɿɦ ɞɨ ɞɿɚɝɧɨɡɭ ɬɚ ɧɟɰɟɥɨɦɧɢɯ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ, ɳɨ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ( - ɤɫɨɧɭ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɢ ɩɥɟɡɿɨɦɨɪɮɿʀ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɨɜɛɭ ɿɡ ɩɪɢɩɭɳɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɨ ʀɯɧɸ ɩɟɜɧɭ ɫɯɨɠɿɫɬɶ ɡ ɰɟɮɚ- ). , ɪɨɜɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ ɰɟ ɱɚɫɨɦ ɽ ɧɨɪɦɨɸ Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ɳɨ ɥɨɪɢɧɯɚɦɢ [18]. ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹ “ɪɢɛɚ”, ɹɤɟ ɨɛɿɣɦɚɽ ɜɫɿɯ ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɨɜɨɞɧɢɯ Ɉɫɬɚɧɧɽ – ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɬɚɤ ɡɜɚɧɨʀ "long branch at- ɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɢɯ, ɧɟ ɦɚɽ ɠɨɞɧɨʀ ɭɧɿɤɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ, ɹɤɚ ɛ traction", ɜɢɤɥɢɤɚɧɢɣ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɢɯ ɭɧɿɤɚ- ɜɿɞɪɿɡɧɹɥɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɿɞ, ɫɤɚɠɿɦɨ, ɬɟɬɪɚɩɨɞ. ɥɶɧɢɯ ɚɥɟ ɧɟɝɨɦɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ȾɇɄ Ɍɚɤɢɦɢ ɠ ɡɛɿɪɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɣ ɿɧɲɿ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɨɛɨɯ ɝɪɭɩ (Chaetognatha ɿ Ecdysozoa), ɳɨ ɧɟ ɫɜɿɞ- , - ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɹɤɢɦ ɬɭɬ ɧɚɞɚɧɨ ɪɚɧɝ ɧɚɞɤɥɚɫɿɜ ɱɢ ɤɥɚ ɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɨ ʀɯɧɸ ɮɿɥɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɧɭ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɿɫɬɶ. ɉɚɥɟɨɧ- : (Anamnia), (Ag- ɫɿɜ ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɨɜɨɞɧɿ ɛɟɡɳɟɥɟɩɧɿ ɬɨɥɨɝɢ [93] ɡɛɥɢɠɭɸɬɶ ɳɟɬɢɧɤɨɳɟɥɟɩɧɢɯ ɡ ɤɟɦɛ- natha), (Chondrichthyes), ɯɪɹɳɨɜɿ ɪɢɛɢ ɡɟɦɧɨɜɨɞɧɿ ɪɿɣɫɶɤɢɦɢ ɿ ɪɚɧɧɶɨɨɪɞɨɜɢɰɶɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɧɨɞɨɧ- (Amphibia) [15], - ɬɨɳɨ ɝɨɞɿ ɜɠɟ ɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɩɪɨ ɩɥɚ ɬɚɦɢ (ɹɤɿ ɧɟ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɧɿɱɨɝɨ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɿɡ ɫɩɪɚɜɠɧɿɦɢ (Reptilia) “ ” (Protochor- ɡɭɧɿɜ ɬɚ ɧɢɠɱɢɯ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɤɨɧɨɞɨɧɬɚɦɢ, ɨɤɪɿɦ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɶɨʀ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɨɫɬɿ ʀɯ ɪɟɲ- data). , ȼɚɪɬɨ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɳɨ ɪɨɞɢɧɧɿ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɢ ɜ ɬɨɤ), ɬɨɞɿ ɹɤ ɧɟɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɭɩɟɪɟɱ- - ɦɟɠɚɯ ɰɢɯ ɿ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɢɯ ʀɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ ɞɨ ɥɢɜɢɦɢ ɭ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɩɪɢɩɭɳɟɧɧɹɯ: ɱɢ ɬɨ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɭɸɱɢ , ɬɟɩɟɪ ɞɢɫɤɭɬɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɭ ɰɿɣ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɞɟɹɤɿ ɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɳɟɬɢɧɤɨɳɟɥɟɩɧɢɯ "ɞɟɫɶ" ɫɟɪɟɞ ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ ( ., “ ”) - ɝɪɭɩ ɧɚɩɪ ɛɟɡɳɟɥɟɩɧɿ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨ ɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɿɣ [73], ɱɢ ɬɨ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɭɸɱɢ ʀɯ ɜ ɦɟɠɿ ɝɪɭɩɢ Gnathifera . ɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɿ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɹɝɭ [79], ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡ Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, Ro- ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞɢ ɡɛɿɪɧɢɯ ɿ ɦɨɧɨɮɿɥɟɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ ɩɨ- tifera ɬɚ Acanthocephala. . 4. “ ”, “ ”, ɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ Ȼɟɡɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɿ ɧɢɠɱɿ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɿ ɓɨ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ Xenoturbella, ɬɨ ʀʀ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɞɨ “ ” - ɹɤ ɿ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɧɭɬɿ ɞɚɥɿ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɿ ɛɟɡɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɿ ɬɚ ɛɚɝɚ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɯ ɱɟɪɜɿɜ [10], ɦɨɥɸɫɤɿɜ [63], ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɪɨ- ( , ) ɬɨ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ ɪɢɛɚ ɮɚɭɧɚ ɧɟ ɽ ɬɢɯ [34]. Ɉɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɰɹ ɧɚ ɰɸ ɬɟɦɭ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽ ɩɢ- - ɦɨɧɨɮɿɥɟɬɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɿ ɧɟ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɭɧɿɤɚ ɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɩɪɢɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɞɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɭ ɞɨ (= ). ɥɶɧɿ ɨɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɚɩɨɦɨɪɮɿʀ ɇɟ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤ ɩɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɢɦ [64]. ɿ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɿ ɫɬɨɜɛɭɪɨɜɿ (ɫɬɟɦɨɜɿ) ɝɪɭɩɢ, ɹɤɿ, ɧɚ ɜɿɞ- Ɉɬɠɟ, ɨɛɫɹɝ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɭ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ ɿ, ɡɜɿɫɧɨ, ɦɿɧɭ ɜɿɞ ɤɪɨɧɨɜɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ, ɞɨɛɪɟ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɲɟ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɧɚɣɛɥɢɠɱɢɯ ɪɨɞɢɱɿɜ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɨɩɢɫɨɜɨ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɽ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɧɢɦɢ ɤɥɚɞɚɦɢ, ɚ ɥɢɲɟ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɢɣ ɥɢɲɟ ɞɜɨɦɚ ɝɪɭɩɚɦɢ (ɬɢɩɚɦɢ) – ɧɚɩɿɜ- ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɞ (ɧɚɩɪ., ɧɢɠɱɿ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɿ)6. ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɦɢ (Hemichordata) ɬɚ ɝɨɥɤɨɲɤɿɪɢɦɢ (Echi- : Ɂ ɰɿɽʀ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɡɪɨɛɢɬɢ ɬɚɤɿ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɢ nodermata). Ɋɚɡɨɦ ɰɿ ɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ x “ɩɪɨɦɿɠɧɿ” ɝɪɭɩɢ – ɧɟ ɜɢɧɹɬɨɤ, ɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɞɭ- ɩɟɜɧɢɦ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɨɡɧɚɤ, ɹɤɿ ɜɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɞɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫ- ɠɟ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɿ ɹɜɢɳɟ; ɬɢɤɢ Deuterostomia, ɯɨɱɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɿ ɧɟ ɜɫɿɦ ʀɯ ɫɭɱɚɫ- x ɩɪɨɦɿɠɧɢɦɢ ɽ ɝɪɭɩɢ, ɞɥɹ ɹɤɢɯ ɧɚɦɢ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɨ ɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚɦ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ ɡ ɧɢɯ ɛɭɥɚ ; ɦɿɫɰɟ ɭ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹɯ ɡɦɿɧɟɧɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɩɨɞɚɥɶɲɨʀ ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿʀ. ȼɿɞɦɿɧɧɨɫ- x ɩɪɨɦɿɠɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɝɪɭɩ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɬɿ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ ɜɿɞ ɿɧɲɢɯ (ɡɨɤɪ., ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɨɪɨ- ɭ ɰɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ ɹɫɤɪɚɜɢɯ ɩɥɟɡɿɨɦɨɪɮɿɣ. ɬɢɯ) ɽ ɞɭɠɟ ɝɥɢɛɨɤɢɦɢ, ɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɥɸɱɨɜɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤ ɛɭɥɚ ɡɦɿɳɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɿ ɫɬɚɞɿʀ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɹɣɰɹ ɿ 6 Ⱦɨɜɨɥɿ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɥɢɲɟ ɩɪɢ ɥɢɱɢɧɤɢ (ɬɚɛɥ. 1). ɚɪɢɮɦɟɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɜɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɬɢɩɭ: Pisces = Vertebrata – Tetrapoda.

ɇɚɭɤɨɜɢɣ ɜɿɫɧɢɤ ɍɠɝɨɪɨɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɭ: Ȼɿɨɥɨɝɿɹ 12 Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɹ 1. ȼɿɞɦɿɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧo- ɜɿɞ ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ ɉɪɨɬɟ ɰɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɡɨɪɭ ɧɟ ɽɞɢɧɚ. Ɍɚɤ, Ⱦɠɟɮɟɪɿ Ɉɡɧɚɤɚ ɉɟɪɜɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɿ ȼɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɿ [59] ɧɚɣɛɥɢɠɱɢɦɢ ɞɨ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɜɜɚɠɚɽ ɝɨɥɤɨɲɤɿ- , - - Ⱦɪɨɛɿɧɧɹ ɹɣɰɹ ɫɩɿɪɚɥɶɧɟ ɪɚɞɿɚɥɶɧɟ ɪɢɯ ɿ ɜɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ʀɯ ɿɡ ɩɫɟɜɞɨ ɤɨɥɨɧɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɳɭɩɚɥɶ Ⱦɟɬɟɪɦɿɧɚɰɿɹ ɪɚɧɧɹ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɿɧɚɰɿɹ ɡɞɚɬɧɿ ɞɨ ɰɟɜɢɯ ɧɚɩɿɜɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ. Ɇɚɥɚɯɨɜ [17], ɧɚɜɩɚɤɢ, ɪɨɡ- ɛɥɚɫɬɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɿʀ ɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɝɨɥɤɨɲɤɿɪɢɯ ɿ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɭ ɞɜɿ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɝɿɥɤɢ Ʌɢɱɢɧɤɚ ɬɪɨɯɨɮɨɪɚ ɬɨɪɧɚɪɿɹ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ: ɩɟɪɲɢɯ ɜɿɧ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɭɽ ɡ ɧɚɩɿɜɯɨɪ- Ɋɨɬ ɧɚ ɦɿɫɰɿ ɛɥɚɫɬɨɩɨɪɚ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɢɣ ɞɨɜɢɦɢ, ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɸɱɢ ɦɨɧɨɮɿɥɿɸ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɐɟɥɨɦ ɫɯɿɡɨɰɟɥɶɧɚ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɟɧɬɟɪɨɰɟɥɶɧɢɣ Ambulacralia (sensu Nielsen: ɞɢɜ. ɪɢɫ. 6), ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ Ɇɟɡɨɞɟɪɦɚ ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɚ ɦɟɡɨɞɟɪ- ɫɬɿɧɤɢ ɰɟɥɨɦ- (ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ) ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɭɽ ɿɡ ɩɨɝɨɧɨɮɨɪɚɦɢ, ɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɨ- ɦɚɥɶɧɚ ɤɥɿɬɢɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɦɿɲɤɿɜ ɜɭɸɱɢ ʀɯɧɿ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɿ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɢ. ȼɚɪɬɨ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ, ɳɨ ɜɫɿ ɬɚɤɿ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿʀ ɛɚ- ɋɟɫɬɪɢɧɫɶɤɿ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ. Ɋɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɬɹ ɡɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɿ ɥɢɲɟ ɨɞɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɨɡɧɚɤ: ɩɟ- ɬɨɱɨɤ ɡɨɪɭ ɳɨɞɨ ɦɿɫɰɹ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɜɬɨ- ɪɟɜɚɠɧɨ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɥɢɱɢɧɤɨ- ɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ ɜɿɞɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5. Ɂɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿ- ɜɢɯ ɫɬɚɞɿɣ ɬɚ ʀɯ ɨɧɬɨɝɟɧɟɡɭ, ɧɟ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɤɨɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɹɦɢ, ɳɨ ɛɚɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɿʀ, ɧɚɣɛɥɢɠɱɨɸ ɞɨ ɩɨɞɚɧɢɯ ɡ ɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɧɚ ɡɚɫɚɞɢ ɤɥɚɞɢɫɬɢɤɢ. Ɍɚɤ, Ȼɚ- ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɨɸ ɽ ɧɚɩɿɜɯɨɪɞɨɜɿ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɤɥɚɫ ɪɢɧɝɬɨɧ [32], ɩɨɞɚɸɱɢ ɝɿɩɨɬɟɡɭ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɥɢɱɢɧ- ɤɢɲɤɨɜɨɞɢɲɧɢɯ (Enteropneusta). Ɍɚɤɚ ɠ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɡɨ- ɤɨɜɢɯ ɫɬɚɞɿɣ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɧɟɨɬɟɧɿʀ ɬɚ ɪɭ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɹ ɭ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣ (ɭɬ. ɱ. ɜ 4-ɯ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɠɢɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɪɨɫɥɢɯ, ɩɪɢɩɭɫɤɚɜ ɛɚɝɚ- ɿɡ 6-ɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5), ɿ ɇɿɥɶɫɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɩɚ- ɬɨɪɚɡɨɜɭ ɡɦɿɧɭ ɩɥɟɡɿɨɦɨɪɮɧɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤ ɚɩɨɦɨɪɮɧɢ- ɪɢ Enteropneusta + Chordata [76, 80] ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɜɢ- ɦɢ ɿ ɧɚɜɩɚɤɢ. Ⱦɨɝɟɥɶ [6] ɩɪɢɣɦɚɜ ɬɭ ɫɚɦɭ ɝɿɩɨɬɟɡɭ, ɡɧɚɬɢ ɝɪɭɩɭ Cyrtotreta. ɩɨɫɢɥɸɸɱɢ ʀʀ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɨɦ ɰɟɥɨɦɿɜ.

Ɋɢɫ. 5. Ɇɿɫɰɟ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ (Chordozoa) ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɪɿɡɧɢɦɢ ɮɿɥɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɫɯɟɦɚɦɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚ- ɧɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɹɯ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ. ɋɢɧɨɧɿɦɿɹ ɜɠɢɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚɡɜ: Acrania = Cephalochordata, Tunicata = Uro- chordata, Hemichordata = Enteropneusta + Pterobranchia (ɡɚ: [7], ɡɿ ɡɦɿɧɚɦɢ; ɬɚɤɨɠ ɞɢɜ.: [100]).

ɇɚɭɤɨɜɢɣ ɜɿɫɧɢɤ ɍɠɝɨɪɨɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɭ: Ȼɿɨɥɨɝɿɹ 13 Ɋɢɫ. 6. Ɍɪɢ ɝɿɩɨɬɟɡɢ ɪɨɞɢɧɧɢɯ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɿɜ ɧɚɩɿɜɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ (Enteropneusta & Pterobranchia) ɜɿɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɬɚ ɬɢɩɭ ɝɨɥɤɨɲɤɿɪɢɯ. Ⱥ — ɬɪɚɞɢɰɿɣɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ [6 ɬɚ ɿɧ.], ɳɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɬɚ ɦɨɪɮɨɝɟɧɟɡɿ ɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɽ ɝɪɭɩɭ ɮɚɪɢɧɝɨɬɪɟɦɚɬ, Ȼ — ɦɨɞɢɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɹɤɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤɚɯ ɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɽ ɡɛɿɪɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɢɩɭ ɧɚɩɿɜ- ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɬɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɰɢɪɬɨɬɪɟɬɿɜ (ɡɚ: [76, 102]; ȼ — ɫɯɟɦɚ, ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɪɢɛɨɫɨɦɧɨʀ ȾɇɄ, ɿ ɜ ɹɤɿɣ ɜɢɡɧɚɸɬɶ ɤɥɚɞɭ ɚɦɛɭɥɚɤɪɚɥɿɜ [28, 102]; ɭ ɜɟɪɫɿʀ Ʉɚɦɟɪɨɧɚ [38] Enteropneusta ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ɚɧɰɟɫɬ- ɪɚɥɢ ɜɫɿɯ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ ɿ ɹɤ ɝɪɭɩɚ, ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɹɤɨʀ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɥɢɫɹ Pterobranchia.

ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɟɤɫɬɪɚɜɚɝɚɧɬɧɢɦɢ ɽ ɝɿɩɨɬɟɡɢ Ɇɚɥɚ- ɥɨɮɨɮɨɪɚɬɚɦɢ, ɹɤɢɯ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɸɬɶ ɹɤ ɨɞɧɭ ɿɡ ɫɟɫɬ- ɯɨɜɚ [17] (post Cuvier) ɩɪɨ ɩɨɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɪɢɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ [28, 84]. Ɂɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɸ ɜɿɞ ɚɧɧɟɥɿɞ (ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɩɨɝɨɧɨɮɨɪ) ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɞɨɪɡɨ- ɫɭɬɬɽɜɢɯ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤ ɰɹ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɚɽ ɜɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɿɧɜɟɪɫɿʀ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ȯɧɫɟɧɚ ɩɪɨ ɜɢɧɢɤ- ɛɥɢɠɱɨɸ ɞɨ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ, ɧɿɠ ɝɨɥɤɨɲɤɿɪɿ, ɚ ɬɢɦ ɩɚɱɟ ɧɟɧɧɹ ɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɢɯ ɜɿɞ ɧɟɦɟɪɬɢɧ [60, 61]. ȱ, ɯɨɱɚ ɝɿ- – ɩɨɝɨɧɨɮɨɪɢ [6, 7]. ɩɨɬɟɡɚ Ɇɚɥɚɯɨɜɚ ɩɪɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɿɞ ɜɿɞ ɩɥɚɧɭ ɛɭɞɨɜɢ Ɂɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɽɸ, ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨɸ ɬɭɬ, ɰɟɣ ɬɢɩ ɪɚ- ɞɨɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ ɞɨ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɨɦ ɿɡ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɽ ɝɪɭɩɭ Pharingotremata, ɨɫɟɣ ɬɿɥɚ ɿ ɞɨɬɟɩɟɪ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɽɬɶɫɹ [86], ɦɨɠɥɢɜɚ ɣ ɯɨɱɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɦ ɱɚɫɨɦ ɧɚɛɭɥɢ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɳɟ ɞɜɿ ɝɿ- ɿɧɲɚ ɿɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɿɹ: ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɟɪɟɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥ ɩɨɬɟɡɢ: “ɰɢɪɬɨɬɪɟɬɧɚ” ɿ “ɚɦɛɭɥɚɤɪɚɥɶɧɚ” (ɪɢɫ. 6). ɧɟɪɜɨɜɨʀ ɬɤɚɧɢɧɢ ɬɚ ɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɰɹ [51], ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ Ɂɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɶɨɸ, ɧɚɩɿɜɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɜɢɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɶ ɡ ɿɦɨ- ɱɟɪɟɡ ɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɬɿɥɚ ɞɨ ɜɿɪɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɳɭɪɿɜ ɯɨɪɞɚɬ ɿ ɡɛɥɢɠɭɸɬɶ ɿɡ ɝɨɥɤɨɲɤɿ- ɯɜɨɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɛɥɚ ɭ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɨɦ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɶɨ- ɪɢɦɢ [17, 35, 38, 100], ɜɢɡɧɚɸɱɢ ɬɢɦ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɤɥɚɞɭ ɝɨ [7]. ɉɨɩɪɢ ɜɫɿ ɡɚɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɧɹ [92], ɝɿɩɨɬɟɡɭ ȯɧɫɟ- Ambulacralia [28, 102]7. ɧɚ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɽ Ⱦɡɿɤ [50], ɹɤɢɣ, ɩɨɽɞɧɭɸɱɢ ɜɟɧɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɞɿɩɥɟɜɪɨɡɨɣ Dickinsonia, ɧɟɦɟɪɬɢɧ ɿ ɤɟɦɛɪɿɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ Yunnanozoon, ɩɨɹɫɧɸɽ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɩɨɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɟɪɜɨɜɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɬɚ ɧɚ- «ɑɨɦɭ ɲɚɤɚɥ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɫɯɨɠɢɣ ɧɚ ɥɢɫɢɰɸ, ɧɿɠ ɧɚ ɤɿɲɤɭ, ɧɚ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɝɨ ɡɜɿɪɚ – ɛɿɥɶɲɟ, ɧɿɠ ɧɚ ɦɭɯɭ, ɧɚ ɦɭɯɭ – ɛɿɥɶɲɟ, ɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɯ ɡɹɛɟɪ ɭ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ. ɧɿɠ ɧɚ ɦɭɯɨɦɨɪ? ... ɡɜɿɞɤɢ ɰɹ ɭɛɭɬɧɚ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɿɫɬɶ, ɳɨ ɞɨɡɜɨ- Ɉɞɧɿɽɸ ɡ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɢɜɚɠɟɧɢɯ ɽ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɬɚɤɫɨ- ɥɹɽ ɨɛ'ɽɞɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɿ ɜɢɞɢ ɜ ɪɨɞɢ, ɪɨɞɢ ɜ ɪɨɞɢɧɢ ɿ ɬɚɤ ɞɨ ɧɨɦɿʀ, ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɇɿɥɶɫɟɧɨɦ [76, 79] ɿ ɪɨɡɜɢ- ɰɚɪɫɬɜ?» (ɉ. ɉɭɱɤɨɜ, 2001). ɧɭɬɚ Ɂɪɠɚɜɢɦ ɿɡ ɤɨɥɟɝɚɦɢ [102] ɧɚ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɿ ɤɥɚɞɢ- Ȼɭɞɶ-ɹɤɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɽ ɫɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɹɦ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ 276 ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɭɹɜɥɟɧɶ ɩɪɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɪɨɞɢɧɧɢɯ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɿɜ ɚɧɚɥɿ- ɜ ɰɿɣ ɬɚ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɢɯ ɫɭɬɨ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɫɯɟɦɚɯ ɦɚɣ- ɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ [69]. Ʉɨɠɧɟ ɬɚɤɟ ɫɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɨɬɜɨ- ɠɟ ɧɟ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɫɿ ɬɿɥɚ ɿ ɩɥɚɧɢ ɛɭɞɨɜɢ. ɪɸɽ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɭ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɸ, ɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɽɞɢɧɨɸ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɨɸ ɽ Ƚɟɦɿɯɨɪɞɚɬɢ (Hemichordata). Ȳɯ ɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɨ ɪɨɡ- ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɜɿɞɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ (ɿ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɹ) ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɝɥɹɞɚɸɬɶ ɡɚ ɦɟɠɚɦɢ ɬɢɩɭ Chordozoa ɿ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɪɿɜɧɿɜ ɿɽɪɚɪɯɿʀ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɿɜ. Ʉɪɿɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ “ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɦɢ ɛɟɡɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɢɦɢ” [11, 15]. Ⱦɨ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɬɢ- ɩɨɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɢ ɪɨɞɢɧɧɿ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨ- ɩɭ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɤɥɚɫɢ ɦɨɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ: ɤɢɲɤɨɜɨ- ɝɨɸ "ɥɿɧɧɟʀɜɫɶɤɢɯ" ɬɚɤɫɨɧɿɜ ɩɪɢɡɜɟɥɚ ɞɨ ɜɢɧɢɤ- ɞɢɲɧɿ (Enteropneusta) ɿ ɤɪɢɥɨɡɹɛɪɨɜɿ (Pterobran- ɧɟɧɧɹ ɬ. ɡɜ. ɮɿɥɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɪɨ- chia). ɉɟɪɲɿ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɶ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɜɿɥɶɧɨɠɢɜɭɱɢɯ ɛɤɢ ɎɿɥɨKɨɞɭ [39]. ɱɟɪɜɨɩɨɞɿɛɧɢɯ ɿɫɬɨɬ, ɳɨ ɦɟɲɤɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɧɨɪɤɚɯ, ɞɪɭ- ɋɭɬɶ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɶɨɝɨ, ɹɤɳɨ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨ, ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɭ ɛɟɡ- ɝɿ – ɞɪɿɛɧɿ ɤɨɥɨɧɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɬɜɚɪɢɧɢ, ɳɨ ɠɢɜɭɬɶ ɭ ɫɬɜɨ- ɪɚɧɝɨɜɨɦɭ ɧɚɣɦɟɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɤɨɠɧɨʀ ɤɥɚɞɢ ɮɿɥɨɝɟɧɟ- ɪɟɧɢɯ ɧɢɦɢ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɚɯ-ɬɪɭɛɤɚɯ. ɐɿ ɞɜɚ ɤɥɚɫɢ ɫɢɥɶ- ɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ. Ɉɫɬɚɧɧɽ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽ ɭɧɢɤɧɭɬɢ ɩɪɨ- ɧɨ ɜɿɞɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɞɢɧ ɜɿɞ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ, ɿ ɫɯɨɠɿɫɬɶ ɦɿɠ ɛɥɟɦɭ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɪɚɧɝɿɜ ɬɚ ɧɢɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɠɧɨ – ɩɥɟɡɿɨɦɨɪɮɧɚ (ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɡɚ ɛɭ- ɧɟ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɭɜɚɬɢ ɲɬɭɱɧɨ ɪɚɧɝɢ ɜɢɤɨɩɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɞɨɜɨɸ ɥɢɱɢɧɤɢ ɬɨɪɧɚɪɿʀ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɡɚ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɸ (ɧɚɩɪ., ɜ ɞɟɹɤɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɜɨɽʀ ɿɫɬɨɪɿʀ ɜɢɞ ɛɭɜ ɫɟɫɬ- ɞɜɨɯ ɧɟɪɜɨɜɢɯ ɬɹɠɿɜ). ɪɢɧɫɶɤɢɦ ɞɨ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɭ ɬɨɝɨ ɠ ɪɨɞɭ ɿ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ɐɹ ɩɥɟɡɿɨɦɨɪɮɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɬɢ ɝɟɦɿ- ɪɨɞɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɦ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ). ɯɨɪɞɚɬ (ɚ ɫɚɦɟ ɤɢɲɤɨɜɨɞɢɲɧɢɯ) ɹɤ ɚɧɰɟɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɭ ɝɪɭɩɭ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɿɯ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ [38]. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɥɢ- 7 ɱɢɧɤɚ ɧɚɩɿɜɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɧɟ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɚ ɜɿɞ ɥɢɱɢɧɨɤ ɿɧ- ȼɡɚɝɚɥɿ ɽ ɩɪɨɬɢɪɿɱɱɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɢɯ (ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɿɹ ɤɪɨɧɨɜɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ) ɿ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɞɚɧɢɯ (ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɹ ɩɥɚɧɭ ɛɭɞɨɜɢ), ɲɢɯ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ (ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɜɿɞ ɥɢɱɢɧɨɤ ɝɨɥɤɨ- ɹɤɟ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɭɧɢɤɧɭɬɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɳɨ ɪɚɧɧɿ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɿ ɡɚ ɲɤɿɪɢɯ), ɚ ɡɞɚɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɤɪɢɥɨɡɹɛɪɨɜɢɯ ɞɨ ɠɢɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɥɚɧɨɦ ɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɛɭɥɢ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɢɦɢ ɞɨ ɤɢɲɤɨɜɨɞɢɲɧɢɯ. ɇɚ ɰɟ “ɨɪɝɚɧɿɱɧɢɦ ɞɨɳɟɦ” ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɳɭɩɚɥɟɰɶ-ɥɨ- ɩɪɹɦɨ ɜɤɚɡɭɸɬɶ ɒɭ ɡ ɤɨɥ. [89]: “Ɂɹɛɪɨɜɿ ɳɿɥɢɧɢ ɛɭɥɢ ɜɬɪɚɱɟɧɿ ɮɨɮɨɪɿɜ ɫɜɿɞɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɨ ʀɯ ɫɩɨɪɿɞɧɟɧɿɫɬɶ ɡ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɜɫɿɦɚ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɦɢ ɟɯɿɧɨɞɟɪɦɚɬɚɦɢ, ɿ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɧɟɦɚɽ ɠɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɹɫɧɨ- ɝɨ ɫɥɿɞɭ ɟɧɞɨɫɬɢɥɹ ɜ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɬɢɩɿ”.

ɇɚɭɤɨɜɢɣ ɜɿɫɧɢɤ ɍɠɝɨɪɨɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɭ: Ȼɿɨɥɨɝɿɹ 14 Ɋɢɫ. 7. Ɋɨɞɢɧɧɿ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɢ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɪɚɧɝɭ ɤɥɚɫɭ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɿɡ ɪɨɡɝɨɪɧɭɬɨɸ ɫɯɟɦɨɸ ʀɯ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ (ɡɚ: [8], ɡɿ ɡɦɿɧɚɦɢ). ɇɚɡɜɢ ɤɥɚɫɿɜ (ɩɿɞɤɥɚɫɿɜ) ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɤɿɧɰɟɜɢɯ ɝɿɥɤɚɯ, ɧɚɡɜɢ ɧɚɞɤɥɚɫɿɜ ɩɨɞɚɧɨ ɭ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ. Ɍɪɢ ɜɢɞɿɥɟɧɿ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɨɦ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɤɥɚɫɿɜ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɬɪɶɨɦ ɳɚɛɥɹɦ ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɚɰɿʀ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ: ɧɢɠɱɿ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɿ (Protochor- data), ɪɢɛɨɩɨɞɿɛɧɿ (Pisces) ɿ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɿ ɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɿ (Tetrapoda).

Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɿɣɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ. Ɂɚ ɧɚɣɩɪɨɫɬɿɲɢɦɢ ɉɪɢɣɧɹɬɚ ɬɭɬ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɪɨɞɢɧɧɢɯ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɿɜ ɤɪɨ- ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹɦɢ ɬɢɩ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɨɛɿɣɦɚɽ ɬɪɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɿ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɧɚ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɤɥɚɫɿɜ ɿ ɩɿɞɤɥɚɫɿɜ ɝɪɭɩɢ: ɧɢɠɱɢɯ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ (Protochordata), ɪɢɛɨɩɨ- ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 7. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɩɨɞɨɥɚɧɧɹ ɧɟ- ɞɿɛɧɢɯ (Pisces) ɿ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɢɯ (Tetrapoda). ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɢɯ (ɚɥɟ ɭɫɬɚɥɟɧɢɯ!) ɩɨɝɥɹɞɿɜ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭ- ɉɟɪɲɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɩɿɞɬɢɩɚɦɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɩɨɤɪɢɜ- ɪɭ ɪɨɞɢɧɧɢɯ ɜɡɚɽɦɢɧ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ, ɧɢɤɿɜ (Tunicata) ɿ ɛɟɡɱɟɪɟɩɧɢɯ (Acrania), ɡ ɹɤɢɯ ɽ ɿɫɧɭɽ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɿɱ- ɩɟɪɟɯɿɞɧɨɸ ɥɚɧɤɨɸ ɞɨ “ɪɢɛ”. ɐɹ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ – ɧɢɯ ɪɚɧɝɿɜ. Ʉɥɚɫ ɭ ɬɟɬɪɚɩɨɞ – ɧɟ ɬɟ, ɳɨ ɤɥɚɫ ɭ ɝɨɥ- “ɪɢɛɢ” – ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɪɨɬɢɦɢ (Cyclosto- ɤɨɲɤɿɪɢɯ, ɝɨɞɿ ɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɩɪɨ ɱɥɟɧɢɫɬɨɧɨɝɢɯ. ɍɧɚ- mata), ɯɪɹɳɨɜɢɦɢ (Chondrichthyes) ɿ ɤɿɫɬɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɲɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ (ɞɢɜ. ɪɢɫ. 7) ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹ “ɧɚɞɤɥɚɫ” ɜɿɞ- ɪɢɛɚɦɢ (Osteichthyes), ɚ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɯ ɪɨɡɪɿɡ- ɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɫɟɦɢ (!) ɪɿɡɧɢɦ ɪɿɜɧɹɦ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɿɽ- ɧɹɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟɩɟɪɢɯ (Actinopterygies) ɿ ɥɨɩɚɬɟɩɟ- ɪɚɪɯɿʀ, ɹɤɚ ɜɟɞɟ ɞɨ ɩɬɚɯɿɜ. ɪɢɯ (Sarcopterygies). Ɉɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɽ ɩɟɪɟɯɿɞɧɨɸ ɥɚɧɤɨɸ Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɢ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɝɭ ɞɨ ɬɪɟɬɶɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ – ɬɟɬɪɚɩɨɞ. Ɂɚɝɚɥɨɦ ɰɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɬɚ- ɩɟɜɧɿɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɿɣ ɝɪɭɩɿ – ɞɚɧɢɧɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɿʀ. ɓɟ ɤɫɨɧɨɦɿʀ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ 3 ɩɿɞɬɢɩɢ ɿ 15 ɤɥɚɫɿɜ (ɜɤɥ. 4 ɜɢ- ɭ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ Ʉ. Ʌɿɧɧɟɹ ɛɭɥɨ ɜɠɢɬɨ ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɿ ɩɨ- ɦɟɪɥɿ ɤɥɚɫɢ) [22]. ɧɹɬɬɹ “ɡɜɿɪ”, ɩɬɢɰɹ”, “ɪɢɛɚ”, “ɝɚɞ”, ɳɨ ɦɚɥɢ ɪɚɧɝ

ɇɚɭɤɨɜɢɣ ɜɿɫɧɢɤ ɍɠɝɨɪɨɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɭ: Ȼɿɨɥɨɝɿɹ 15 ɤɥɚɫɿɜ [66], ɡɜɿɞɤɢ ɜɨɧɢ ɭ ɬɨɦɭ ɠ ɨɛɫɹɡɿ ɩɟɪɟɣɲɥɢ x ɧɨɬɨɯɨɪɞɚ, ɚɛɨ ɫɬɨɦɨɯɨɪɞ – ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩ ɨɫɶɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɤɟ- ɭ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɿ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ. ɉɨɩɪɢ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞ- ɥɟɬɭ, ɹɤɢɣ ɡɚɦɿɧɸɽ “ɝɿɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɫɤɟɥɟɬ” ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɞɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɭ, ɰɟɥɨɦɭ. Ɏɨɪɦɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ɧɟɩɚɪɧɢɣ ɜɢɪɿɫɬ ɫɩɢɧɧɨʀ ɱɚɫɬɢ- ɧɚɪɚɡɿ ɧɿɯɬɨ ɧɟ ɛɟɪɟɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɬɢ ɩɬɚɯɿɜ ɩɿɞɤɥɚ- ɧɢ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ, ɭ ɝɟɦɿɯɨɪɞɚɬ – ɹɤ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɿɥɢɣ ɜɢɪɿɫɬ ɝɥɨ- , . - ɫɨɦ ɩɥɚɡɭɧɿɜ (ɚɛɨ ɥɢɲɟ ɚɪɯɨɡɚɜɪɿɜ), ɧɚɬɨɦɿɫɬɶ ɫɚ- ɬɤɢ ɭ ɤɨɦɿɪɰɟɜɨɦɭ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɿ ɳɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɽ ɜ ɯɨɛɨɬɨɤ Ɏɭ ɧɤɰɿɹ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɭ ɨɩɨɪɿ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ ɬɿɥɚ. ɦɢɯ ɩɥɚɡɭɧɿɜ ɜɫɟ ɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɶ ɹɤ ɝɪɭɩɭ ɤɥɚɫɿɜ, ɭ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɱɟɪɟɩɚɯ (Parareptilia), ɥɟɩɿɞɨ- Ɋɿɜɟɧɶ 2. Chordozoa (Chordata vera). ȼɫɿ ɨɡɧɚ- ɡɚɜɪɿɜ (Lepidosauria, ɜɤɥ. Squamata) ɬɚ ɚɪɯɨɡɚɜɪɿɜ ɤɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɟ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɿ ɥɢɲɟ ɧɚ (Archosauria) [8, 67]. ɥɢɱɢɧɤɨɜɢɯ ɫɬɚɞɿɹɯ, ɩɨɡɚɹɤ ɭ ɞɨɪɨɫɥɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ ɫɬɭ- ȱɽɪɚɪɯɿɹ ɨɡɧɚɤ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ. ɏɨɪɞɨɜɿ ɜɿɞɪɿɡɧɹ- ɩɿɧɶ ʀɯ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɞɭɠɟ ɪɿɡɧɢɣ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɨɸ ɥɢɱɢɧɤɨ- ɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞ ɭɫɿɯ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɧɢɡɤɨɸ ɭɧɿɤɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɨɡ- ɜɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤ ɽ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɯɜɨɫɬɚɬɨɝɨ ɩɭɝɨɥɨɜɤɚ, ɚ ɧɚɤ (ɪɢɫ. 8), ɹɤɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ʀɦ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɧɟ- ɨɡɧɚɤ ɞɨɪɨɫɥɢɯ – ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɬɚ ʀʀ ɩɨɯɿɞɧɢɯ. ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɝɪɭɩɢ. Ɂɚ ɤɥɚ- Ɉɡɧɚɤɢ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɭ ɧɚɣɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɿɲɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɿ ɫɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɫɯɟɦɚɦɢ [22], ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɿ 8 ɨɡɧɚɤ, ʀɯ ɨɛɫɹɝɭ (Tunicata + Euchordata) ɬɚɤɿ: ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ 8. ɉɪɨɬɟ, ɰɟɣ ɧɚɛɿɪ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ ɹɤ x ɟɧɞɨɫɬɢɥɶ – ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ, ɪɨɡɦɿ- ɜɥɚɫɧɿ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɨɛɫɹɠɧɢɯ ɬɚɤ- ɳɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ʀʀ ɞɧɿ (Acrania, Tunicata, ɥɢɱɢɧɤɢ Agnatha), ɳɨ ɫɨɧɿɜ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɨ ɨɡɧɚɤ ɬɢɩɭ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɶ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɥɢɡɭ, ɬɪɚɜɧɢɯ ɮɟɪɦɟ- ɬɿ, ɳɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɝɪɭɩɭ ɭ ɮɿɥɨɝɟɧɟɡɿ, ɚɥɟ ɧɟ ɜɥɚ- ɧɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɞɟɹɤɢɯ (ɪɨɫɬɨɜɢɯ) ɝɨɪɦɨɧɿɜ ɿ ɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɨɪɝɚ- ɫɬɢɜɿ ɜɫɿɦ ʀʀ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚɦ (ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɧɨɦ ɬɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɮɿɥɶɬɪɚɬɨɪɿɜ. ɍ Craniota ɟɧɞɨɫɬɢɥɶ ɡɦɿ- ɡɹɛɪɚ ɿ ɯɨɪɞɚ). Ɍɨɦɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɧɚɛɿɪ ɨɡɧɚɤ ɯɨɪ- ɧɸɽ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɸ ɬɪɚɜɧɨʀ ɡɚɥɨɡɢ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚɥɶɧɭ; ɞɨɜɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɸɜɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɦɢ x ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚ ɧɟɪɜɨɜɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɿ ɫɩɢɧɧɨʀ ɬɪɭ- ɪɿɜɧɹɦɢ (ɦɿɪɢɥɚɦɢ). ɛɤɢ ɟɤɬɨɞɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ. Ɍɪɭɛɤɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɱɚɫ ɟɦɛɪɿɨɝɟɧɟɡɭ ɡ ɟɤɬɨɞɟɪɦɢ ɿ ɦɚɽ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɿ ɩɨɪɨɠ- əɤ ɣɲɥɨɫɹ ɜɢɳɟ, ɿɫɧɭɽ ɬɪɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɨɛɫɹɝɭ ɧɢɧɭ – ɧɟɜɪɨɰɟɥɶ, ɜɢɩɨɜɧɟɧɭ ɪɿɞɢɧɨɸ. ɍ ɧɢɠɱɢɯ ɯɨɪ- ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ. ɍ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɿ (Pharingotrema- ɞɨɜɢɯ (Tunicata) ɜɨɧɚ ɫɩɪɨɳɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ 1–2 ɝɚɧɝɥɿʀɜ, ɭ ta) ɰɟɣ ɬɢɩ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ 4 ɝɪɭɩɢ – Vertebrata, Tunicata, ɜɢɳɢɯ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɦɨɡɨɤ (Vertebrata)8; Acrania Hemichordata. “ - ɬɚ ɍ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨɦɭ ɬɭɬ ɫɟɪɟ x ɯɨɪɞɚ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɪɭɲɿɣɧɨɝɨ (ɯɜɨɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ) ɜɿɞɞɿ- ɞɧɶɨɦɭ” ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɿ – ɧɚɡɜɚɧɿ ɝɪɭɩɢ, ɨɤɪɿɦ Hemi- ɥɭ ɬɿɥɚ, ɩɪɨɞɨɜɠɭɸɱɢɫɶ ɜɡɞɨɜɠ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɬɭɥɭɛɧɢɣ chordata; ɭ ɧɚɣɜɭɠɱɨɦɭ (Craniota) – ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɩɨɜɧɨ- ɜɿɞɞɿɥ; ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɿɪɧɨ ɥɢɲɟ ɧɚ ɥɢɱɢɧɤɨɜɢɯ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ (Euchordata = Acrania + Vertebrata). Ʉɨ- ɫɬɚɞɿɹɯ (ɹɤɳɨ ɬɚɤɿ ɧɟ ɜɬɪɚɱɟɧɿ); ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɠɧɢɣ ɡ ɬɪɶɨɯ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɞɚɥɿ ɛɥɨɤɿɜ ɨɡɧɚɤ ɦɚɪɤɭɽ ɬɪɿɚɞɚ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɡɚɥɟɠɧɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤ: ɯɨɪɞɚ, ɦ’ɹɡɢ (ɫɬɪɿɱɤɢ ɚɛɨ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɟɬɚɩ ɮɿɥɨɝɟɧɟɡɭ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ ɭ ɧɚɩɪɹɦ- ɦɿɨɦɟɪɢ) ɿ ɧɟɪɜɨɜɚ ɬɪɭɛɤɚ; ɤɭ ɜɟɪɬɟɛɪɚɬ (ɡɚ: [7], ɡɿ ɡɦɿɧɚɦɢ): x ɧɚɩɪɹɦ ɬɨɤɭ ɤɪɨɜɿ: ɤɪɨɜ ɬɟɱɟ ɩɨ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɯ ɫɭɞɢɧɚɯ (ɬɨɛɬɨ ɤɪɨɜɨɧɨɫɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚɦɤɧɟɧɚ) ɜɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɨ ɱɟɪɟɜ- Ɋɿɜɟɧɶ 1. Pharingotremata (Chordata s. lato). ɧɨɦɭ ɛɨɤɭ ɛɿɥɚ ɬɚ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɭ ɯɜɨɫɬɚ ɡɿ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ9; ɐɟɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɱɚɬɤɨɜɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɦ ɨɡɧɚɤ, ɭ Tunicata ɣɦɨɜɿɪɧɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɟ ɫɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɪɨɜɨɧɨɫɧɨʀ ɹɤɿ ɽ ɤɥɸɱɨɜɢɦɢ ɭ ɞɿɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɰɿ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ, ɭɬ. ɱ. ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɯɿɞ ɞɨ ɥɚɤɭɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɛɭɞɨɜɢ. ɡɦɿɧɨɸ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɶɨʀ ɮɿɥɶɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɧɚ ɝɥɨɬɤɨɜɭ. ɐɟ, ɧɚ- 3. Euchordata (Chordata s. str.). ɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ, ɬɚɤɿ 4 ɤɥɸɱɨɜɿ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ: Ɋɿɜɟɧɶ Ɉɡɧɚɤɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɟ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɝɨɥɨɜɨɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɿ ɯɪɟɛɟɬ- , . x ɽ ɨɫɶɨɜɢɣ ɫɤɟɥɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɯɨɪɞɨɸ Ɂɜɢɱɚɣɧɨ ɧɢɯ (Acraniata + Vertebrata), ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚ- ɭ ɞɨɪɨɫɥɢɯ ɯɨɪɞɚ ɪɟɞɭɤɨɜɚɧɚ (Tunicata) ɱɢ ɡɚɦɿɳɟɧɚ ɯɪɟɛɰɹɦɢ (Vertebrata): ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɨ (Pisces) ɱɢ ɩɨɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɰɿɽɸ ɬɿɥɚ (ɦɿɨɦɟɪɢ, ɧɟɮɪɢɞɿʀ) ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɦ ɪɨɡ- (Tetrapoda). ɏɨɪɞɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ɞɨɪɡɚɥɶɧɟ ɜɿɞɨɤɪɟɦ- ɜɢɬɤɨɦ ɯɜɨɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɛɥɚ (ɚ, ɨɬɠɟ, ɯɨɪɞɢ ɿ ɧɟɪɜɨ- ɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɢɲɤɨɜɨʀ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ, ɨɬɨɱɟɧɚ ɫɩɨɥɭɱɧɨɬɤɚɧɢɧɧɨɸ ɜɨʀ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ). ɉɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɪɭɯɨɦɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɰɿɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɧɤɨɸ ɿ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɨɩɨɪɧɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɥɢɲɟ ɭ ɧɢɠɱɢɯ ɯɨɪ- ɤɥɚɞɿ ɫɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɚɰɿɽɸ ɫɟɪɰɹ, ɞɨɜɢɯ. Ɉɫɶɨɜɢɣ ɫɤɟɥɟɬ ɥɟɝɲɢɣ ɡɚ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɣ, ɧɟ ɡɚɜɚɠɚɽ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɥɚɜɰɿɜ ɿ ɦɨɡɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɭɡɢɪɿɜ: ɪɨɫɬɭ, ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɡ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɨɪɭ ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɚɰɿʀ; x ɫɟɪɰɟ ɹɤ ɩɭɥɶɫɭɸɱɢɣ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ ɤɪɨɜɨɧɨɫɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɧɚ x ɽ ɝɥɨɬɤɚ (ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ ɤɢɲɤɢ), ɱɟɪɟɜɧɨɦɭ ɛɨɰɿ; ɭ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɛɭɞɨɜɚ ɫɟɪɰɹ ɳɨ ɩɟɪɮɨɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɡɹɛɪɨɜɢɦɢ ɨɬɜɨɪɚɦɢ. Ɂ ɝɥɨɬɤɨɸ ɩɨɜ’ɹ- ɭɫɤɥɚɞɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ 2–4-ɤɚɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ, ɳɨ ɧɟ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɡɚɧɿ ɬɚɤɿ ɬɪɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ, ɹɤ ɟɧɞɨɫɬɢɥɶ (ɞɢɜ. ɞɚɥɿ), ɡɹɛɪɚ ɿ ɲɬɨɜɯɚɽ ɤɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɭɞɢɧɚɯ, ɚɥɟ ɣ ɪɨɡɞɿɥɹɽ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɜɟɧɨɡ- ɜɿɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɫɤɟɥɟɬ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɤɥɸɱɨɜɿ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɟ ɯɨɪ- ɧɨʀ ɬɚ ɚɪɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɪɨɜɿ; ɞɨɜɢɯ, ɳɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɬɢɩɭ ɠɢɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɮɨ- x ɧɟɮɪɢɞɿɣɧɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɜɢɞɿɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ; ɣɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ- ɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ. ɍ ɩɨɞɚɥɶɲɨɦɭ ɝɥɨɬɤɚ ɫɬɚɽ ɦɿɫɰɟɦ ɦɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɽ ɬɪɭɛɱɚɫɬɿ ɧɟɮɪɢɞɿʀ, ɳɨ ɽ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɹɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɞɢɯɚɧɧɹ: ɡɹɛɟɪ ɬɚ ɥɟɝɟɧɶ; ɞɥɹ ɜɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɿɜ ɛɿɥɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɿɧɭ ɡ ɰɟɥɨɦɭ ɭ x ɡɹɛɪɨɜɿ ɳɿɥɢɧɢ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɪɿɡɧɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɸ ɬɚ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɿɸ. ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɟ. ɉɪɢɩɭɫɤɚɽɬɶɫɹ, ɳɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɸ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɍ ɧɢɠɱɢɯ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɮɪɢɞɿʀɜ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɰɟɞɨɦɨɞɭɤɬɢ (ɩɨɪɢ ɰɟɥɨɦɧɢɯ ɩɨ- ɮɿɥɶɬɪɚɰɿʀ, ɭ ɜɨɞɧɢɯ ɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɢɯ (ɚɧɚɦɧɿɣ) – ɹɤ ɞɢɯɚɥɶɧɚ ɪɨɠɧɢɧ); ɧɟɮɪɢɞɿʀ ɫɯɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɽɞɢɧɭ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɭ; ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɭ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɧɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɲɟ ɧɚ ɱɚɫ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɳɟɥɟɩ ɿ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɜɭɯɚ. Ɂɹɛɪɚ ɹɤ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɞɢɯɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɿ ɭ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɿ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɢɯ ɳɿɥɢɧ (Cephalo- 8 ɍ “ɛɟɡɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɢɯ” ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚ ɧɟɪɜɨɜɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɚ chordata), ɫɬɢɝɦ (Tunicata), ɦɿɯɭɪɿɜ (Agnatha), ɧɢɡɤɢ ɩɨ- ɩɟɪɟɜɚɠɧɨ ɧɚ ɱɟɪɟɜɧɨɦɭ ɛɨɰɿ ɬɿɥɚ ɿ ɽ ɝɚɧɝɥɿɨɡɧɨɸ. ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɯ (Chondrichthyes) ɚɛɨ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɩɪɢɤɪɢɬɢɯ ɤɪɢɲ- 9 ɐɹ ɨɡɧɚɤɚ – ɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɤɥɸɱɨɜɢɯ ɭ ɝɿɩɨɬɟɡɚɯ ɩɪɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɪɨɬ ɩɥɚɧɭ ɤɨɸ ɞɭɝ ɿɡ ɡɹɛɪɨɜɢɦɢ ɩɟɥɸɫɬɤɚɦɢ (Osteichthyes); ɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ [17]: ɩɟɪɢɤɚɪɞ – ɡɥɿɜɨɝɨɛɨɤɭ, ɰɟɥɨɦɨɞɭɤɬɢ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɿ ɧɚ ɱɟɪɟɜɿ, ɤɪɨɜ ɬɟɱɟ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ ɡ ɱɟɪɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ.

ɇɚɭɤɨɜɢɣ ɜɿɫɧɢɤ ɍɠɝɨɪɨɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɭ: Ȼɿɨɥɨɝɿɹ 16 Ɉɡɧɚɤɢ ɜɢɳɢɯ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɿɜ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɱɟɧɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤ, ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɿ ɣ ɿɧɲɿ ɪɢɫɢ, ɹɤɿ ɜɢɡɧɚ- ɱɚɸɬɶ ʀɯ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɨ ɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɨɛɫɹɠɧɢɯ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɹɤɿ ɧɟɪɿɞɤɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɞɿɚɝɧɨɡ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ. Ɍɚɤɢɦɢ ɨɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɢɩɭ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɽ [6, 7, 15, 17]: x ɛɚɝɚɬɨɤɥɿɬɢɧɧɿ, ɬɪɢɲɚɪɨɜɿ, ɞɜɨɛɿɱɧɿ, ɰɟɥɨɦɧɿ – ɰɿ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɿɫɬɶ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɞɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ ɬɜɚɪɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɿɬɭ ɿ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪɿɜ ɧɟ ɜɢɦɚɝɚɸɬɶ. Ⱦɜɨɛɿɱɧɿɫɬɶ (ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɿɥɨ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɥɢɲɟ ɨɞɧɭ ɩɥɨ- ɳɢɧɭ ɫɢɦɟɬɪɿʀ) ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɥɚ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɦ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɪɭɯɨɜɨʀ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ, ɚ ɰɟɥɨɦɧɿɫɬɶ (ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨʀ ɩɨɪɨɠɧɢ- ɧɢ ɬɿɥɚ) – ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɬɿɥɚ; x ɪɚɧɧɿ ɫɬɚɞɿʀ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɹɣɰɹ ɿ ɥɢɱɢɧɤɨɜɿ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ (ɬɨɪ- ɧɚɪɿɹ) ɽ ɞɭɠɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɿ ɪɚɧɧɿɯ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ: ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɥɚɫɬɭɥɢ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɪɚɞɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɪɨɛɿɧɧɹ (ɭ ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ – ɫɩɿɪɚɥɶɧɟ). Ɉɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ɭ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɹ ɪɚɧɧɹ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɿɧɚɰɿɹ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɛɥɚɫɬɨɦɟɪɿɜ (ɬɚɛɥ. 1), ɿ ɡ ɹɣɰɹ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɣɱɚɫɬɚ ɥɢ- ɱɢɧɤɚ (ɬɨɪɧɚɪɿɹ), ɩɪɨɬɟ ɭ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɦɿɧɚ ɰɿɽʀ ɥɢɱɢɧɤɢ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɪɨɡɜɢɧɟɧɢɦ ɩɭɝɨɥɨɜɤɨɦ10. Ɋɢɫ. 8. Ɋɨɡɩɨɞɿɥ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɞɿɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤ Chor- x ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɿɫɬɶ – ɨɡɧɚɤɚ, ɹɤɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɿɫɬɶ dozoa [22] ɧɚ ɪɨɞɨɜɨɞɿ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ: 1 – ɯɨɪɞɚ ɬɚ ʀʀ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɞɨ ɧɚɞɬɢɩɭ Deuterostomia. ɍ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ ɩɨɯɿɞɧɿ, 2 – ɧɟɪɜɨɜɚ ɬɪɭɛɤɚ, 3 – ɝɥɨɬɤɚ ɡ ɡɹɛɪɚɦɢ, 4 – ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɢɣ ɪɨɬ (ɛɥɚɫɬɨɩɨɪ) ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɸ ɚɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɰɟ ɡ ɱɟɪɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ, 5 – ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɢɣ ɪɨɬ, 6 – ɰɟɥɨɦ, 7 ɨɬɜɨɪɭ, ɚ ɞɟɮɿɧɿɬɢɜɧɢɣ ɪɨɬ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɥɟɠ- – ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɰɿɹ ɬɿɥɚ, 8 – ɞɜɨɛɿɱɧɚ ɫɢɦɟɬɪɿɹ (ɡɚ [7]). ɧɨɦɭ ɛɨɰɿ ɬɿɥɚ ɥɢɱɢɧɤɢ (ɚɛɨ ɡɚɪɨɞɤɚ). ȼɚɪɬɨ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ, ɳɨ ɫɯɨɠɿɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɿɜ ɡɚ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɸ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɨɫɬɿ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɝɨɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɸ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɬɢ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ; x ɦɟɬɚɦɟɪɿɹ: ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɧɢɦ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧ- x ɦɟɬɚɦɟɪɿɹ – ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɰɿɹ ɬɿɥɚ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɹɦ ɦ’ɹɡɿɜ, ɡɹɛɟɪ, ɯɪɟɛɰɿɜ, ɫɩɢɧɧɢɯ ɿ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɧɟɪɜɿɜ, ʀɯɧɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɢ ɬɚ ɞɨɫɹɝɚɬɢ ɩɨɞɚɥɶɲɨʀ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɨɤɪɟ- ɧɟɮɪɢɞɿʀɜ; ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɚ ɛɿɥɹ ɤɿɧɰɿɜɨɤ, ɳɟɥɟɩ ɬɨɳɨ; ɜɨɫ- ɦɢɯ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɿɜ. ɉɟɪɜɢɧɧɢɦɢ ɭ ɜɫɿɯ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ ɽ ɬɪɢ ɧɨɜɿ ɦɟɬɚɦɟɪɿʀ – ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɰɿɹ ɬɪɟɬɶɨɝɨ (ɬɭɥɭɛɧɨɝɨ) ɜɿɞ- ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɢ ɬɿɥɚ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɿɣ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ ɰɟ- ɞɿɥɭ ɰɟɥɨɦɭ: ɩɨɜɧɚ ɭ ɯɜɨɫɬɨɜɨɦɭ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɿ ɬɿɥɚ ɿ ɧɟɩɨɜɧɚ – 11 ɥɨɦɭ ɧɚ 3 ɜɿɞɞɿɥɢ . ɉɨɞɚɥɶɲɚ ɦɟɬɚɦɟɪɿɹ ɭ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɭ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɿ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɦɭ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɚɯ; ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɿɣɧɨʀ ɧɟɪɜɨɜɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟ- x ɧɟɪɜɨɜɚ ɬɪɭɛɤɚ ɽ ɤɥɸɱɨɜɢɦ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɭ ɛɭɞɨ- ɦɢ (ɫɩɢɧɧɨɦɨɡɤɨɜɿ ɧɟɪɜɢ), ɦɿɨɯɨɪɞɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ ɜɢ ɩɨɜɧɨɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ, ɜɨɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɡɞɨɜɠ ɜɫɿɽʀ (ɦ’ɹɡɢ, ɫɭɞɢɧɢ), ɜɢɞɿɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ (ɧɟɮɪɢɞɿʀ). ɯɨɪɞɢ ɿ ɦɿɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɱɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɣ x ɟɧɬɟɪɨɰɟɥɿɹ – ɭ ɜɭɡɶɤɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɿ – ɫɩɨɫɿɛ ɡɚɤɥɚɞ- ɿɧɧɟɪɜɚɰɿɽɸ (ɪɭɯɨɦɿ ɿ ɱɭɬɥɢɜɿ ɧɟɪɜɢ); ɤɢ ɦɟɡɨɞɟɪɦɢ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɪɶɨɯ ɩɚɪ ɜɢɩ’ɹɱɭ- x ɯɨɪɞɚ ɣɞɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɫɟ ɬɿɥɨ ɿ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ ɜɚɧɶ ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɨʀ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɭ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɿ ɤɢɲɟɧɶɨɤ, ɤɨɠɧɚ ɡ ɜɫɶɨɝɨ ɨɧɬɨɝɟɧɟɡɭ (ɜɿɞ ɥɢɱɢɧɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɬɚɞɿʀ ɞɨ ɞɨɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɹɤɢɯ ɦɚɽ ɩɨɪɭ, ɳɨ ɫɩɨɥɭɱɚɽ ɤɨɠɧɢɣ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɿɡ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɦ ɜɿɤɭ), ɚɥɟ ɭ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ Gnathostomata ɜɢɬɿɫɧɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɯɪɟɛ- ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɟɦ. ɐɟ ɬ. ɡɜ. ɟɧɬɟɪɨɰɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɫɩɨɫɿɛ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɰɹɦɢ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɩɨɥɭɱɧɨɬɤɚɧɢɧɧɿɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɧɰɿ ɰɟɥɨɦɭ. ɍ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɿ ɟɧɬɟɪɨɰɟɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɛɟɡ- ɯɨɪɞɢ ɡ ɦɟɡɨɞɟɪɦɢ; ɝɨɦɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɧɨɬɨɯɨɪɞɢ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɿ ɩɟɱɭɽ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɹɜɢɳɟ ɿɧɜɚɝɿɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɫɬɨɦɨɯɨɪɞɢ ɧɚɩɿɜɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɫɭɦɧɿɜɧɚ; ɬɨɛɬɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɤɢ (ɱɢ ɭɫɤɥɚɞɧɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ) ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɬɚ x ɯɜɨɫɬɨɜɟ ɫɬɟɛɥɨ, ɳɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɫɟɝɦɟɧ- ʀɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɪɿɡɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɭ ɜɢɩɢɧɚɧɶ [7]12. ɬɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɬɶɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ ɰɟɥɨɦɭ, ɧɚɛɭɜɚɽ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɪɭ- ɲɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ, ɹɤɢɣ ɭ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɚɧɚɦɧɿɣ ɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ Ⱦɨ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤɭ ɨɡɧɚɤ ɫɥɿɞ ɞɨɞɚɬɢ, ɳɨ ɬɿɥɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɪɭɯɭ, ɿ ɥɢɲɟ ɭ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɢɯ (Tetrapoda) ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ, ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟ ɛɭɜɚɽ ɜɤɪɢɬɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɲɚ- ɜɬɪɚɱɚɽ ɰɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɸ, ɜɢɞɨɡɦɿɧɸɽ ɫɜɨʀ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ (ɧɚɩɪ., ɪɨɜɢɦ ɜɿɣɱɚɫɬɢɦ ɟɩɿɬɟɥɿɽɦ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜɢɞɿɥɶɧɿ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪ ɱɢ ɯɚɩɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ) ɚɛɨ ɪɟɞɭɤɭɽɬɶɫɹ. ɨɪɝɚɧɢ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ (ɜɿɞ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɿɜ ɭ ɥɚɧɰɟɬɧɢɤɿɜ ɞɨ ɧɢɪɨɤ ɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɢɯ), ɩɨ- ɉɟɪɟɥɿɱɟɧɿ ɬɪɢ ɛɥɨɤɢ ɨɡɧɚɤ ɽ ɞɿɚɝɧɨɡɚɦɢ ɜɿɞ- ɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɿ ɡɚ ɽɞɢɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ ɦɟɬɚɧɟɮɪɢɞɿɣ, ɯɚ- ɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ ɬɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɸ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿ- ɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢɯ ɿ ɞɥɹ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɰɟɥɨɦɚɬ. ɞɧɢɯ ɤɥɚɞɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɣ. Ɋɨɡɩɨɞɿɥ ɤɥɸ- ɱɨɜɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤ ɧɚ ɪɨɞɨɜɨɞɿ Chordata ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 8. ȼɫɿ ɰɿ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ ɧɟ ɜɢɧɢɤɥɢ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ, ɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɥɢ- 10 ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɳɨ ɚɩɿɤɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɬɨɪɧɚɪɿʀ ɦɨɠɟ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɬɢɫɹ ɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɨɜɨ, ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ ɜɫɿɽʀ ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿʀ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨ- ɹɤ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɤ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɤɭ ɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɢɯ [78, 94]. ɪɨɬɢɯ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɭ ɧɚɣɛɥɢɠɱɨɦɭ ɞɨ 11 ȼɜɚɠɚɸɬɶ ɳɨ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɬɿɥɚ ɭ ɞɨɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɛɭɥɨ 4; ɩɪɢ ɜɢɯɿɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɡɛɟɪɟɝɥɢɫɹ ɭ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɚɥɶɲɭ ɦɟɬɚɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɿɸ 3-ɝɨ ɰɟɥɨɦɭ ɭ Chordata ɩɨɜ’ɹ- ɡɭɸɬɶ ɿɡ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹɦ 3-ɝɨ ɰɟɥɨɦɭ ɭ 4-ɣ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ, ɳɨ ɭ ɧɚɩɿɜ- ɤɢɲɤɨɜɨɞɢɲɧɢɯ (Enteropneusta). əɤ ɿ ɤɨɠɧɚ “ɩɟ- ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɜ ɪɨɥɶ ɥɢɱɢɧɤɨɜɨɝɨ “ɹɤɨɪɹ” (ɭ ɤɢɲɤɨɜɨ- ɪɟɯɿɞɧɚ” ɝɪɭɩɚ, ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɨɡɧɚɤ, ɳɨ ɞɢɲɧɿ) ɚɛɨ ɫɬɟɛɟɥɶɰɹ ɭ ɞɨɪɨɫɥɢɯ (ɤɪɢɥɨɡɹɛɪɨɜɿ) [17]. ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɶ ɹɤ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿɣɧɨ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨʀ 12 Ɉɫɬɚɧɧɽ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɿ ɞɥɹ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɝɪɭɩɢ (ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɿ ɡɚɝɚɥɨɦ), ɬɚɤ ɿ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ, ɳɨ ɰɢɦ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ (ɡ 2-ɝɨ ɥɿɜɨɝɨ ɰɟɥɨɦɭ) ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɳɭɩɚɥɶɰɹ- ɥɨɮɨɮɨɪɢ ɭ ɤɪɢɥɨɡɹɛɪɨɜɢɯ (Pterobranchia) ɬɚ ɚɦɛɭɥɚɤɪɚɥɶɧɚ ɭɜɿɣɲɥɢ ɞɨ ɩɥɚɧɭ ɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ. ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭ ɝɨɥɤɨɲɤɿɪɢɯ (Echinodermata).

ɇɚɭɤɨɜɢɣ ɜɿɫɧɢɤ ɍɠɝɨɪɨɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɭ: Ȼɿɨɥɨɝɿɹ 17 Ɋɢɫ. 9. ȱɦɨɜɿɪɧɿ ɪɨɞɢɧɧɿ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɢ ɞɨɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɿ ɪɚɧɧɿɯ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ ɧɚ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɿ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɭ ɤɥɸɱɨɜɢɯ ɞɿɚ- ɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ (ɨɩɢɫɢ ɨɡɧɚɤ ɿ ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɧɹ – ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɿ). Ʌɟɝɟɧɞɚ ɦɿɫɬɢɬɶ 9 ɝɪɭɩ ɨɡɧɚɤ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɿɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɿ ɤɥɚɞɨɝɪɚɦɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɿɪɧɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɲɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ ɰɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤ (ɞɢɜ. ɬɟɤɫɬ).

ɇɢɡɢ ɤɥɚɞɨɝɪɚɦɢ ɯɨɪɞɚɬ ɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɿ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɬɿ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ, ɹɤɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɶ ɩɥɚɧɢ ɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɬɚ ɟɤɨɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɬɢɩɢ. "ȱɫɧɭɸɬɶ ɞɟɹɤɿ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɿ ɮɿɥɨɫɨɮɫɶɤɿ ɣ ɟɦɩɿɪɢɱɧɿ əɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ (ɪɢɫ. 9), ɤɥɸɱɨɜɿ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɜ ɪɹɞɭ ɜɿɞ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɿɠ ɫɢɦɭɥɹɰɿɹɦɢ ɮɿɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɿɜ ɬɚ ɢ ʀɯ- ɩɥɚɧɭ ɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ ɞɨ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɬɨɪɤɚ- ɧɿɦɢ ȾɇɄ-ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ, ɿ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɿɫɧɭɸ- ( . ). - ɱɢɦɢ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɹɦɢ ʀɯɧɿɯ ɫɟɤɜɟɧɰɿɣ, ɡ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɸɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɲɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɞɢɜ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɭ Ɇɚɤ ɛɨɤɭ" (Miyamoto, Cracraft, 1991: 11). ɫɢɦɭɦ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɽ ɧɚ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ, ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜ’ɹ- ɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɬɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɹɦ, ɚ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɨ – ɡ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ Ɇɨɜɚ ɣɞɟ ɥɢɲɟ ɩɪɨ “ɤɪɨɧɨɜɿ ɝɪɭɩɢ” (sensu [59, (ɝɥɨɬɤɨɜɢɦ) ɜɿɞɞɿɥɨɦ ɬɿɥɚ. ɐɟ ɹɫɤɪɚɜɨ ɡɚɫɜɿɞɱɭɽ 71]), ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɿɡ ɭɫɿɦɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɫɚɞɚɦɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɟɬɚɩɭ ɤɥɚɞɨɝɟɧɟɡɭ: ɜɢ- ɤɥɚɞɢɫɬɢɤɢ [2, 23]. Ɋɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿʀ ɛɚɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɡ- ɞɨɡɦɿɧɚ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɠɢɜɥɟɧɧɹ. ȼɚɪɬɨ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ, ɳɨ ɬɚ- ɧɚɤɚɯ ɥɢɲɟ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɿɜ, ɛɟɡ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɫɬɟɦɨ- ɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɿɞ ɦɚɜ ɛɭɬɢ ɠɨɪɫɬɤɨ ɡɤɨɪɟɥɶɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɡ ɜɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ, ɩɨɜɧɚ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɹ ɨɡɧɚɤ ɹɤɢɯ ɽ ɧɟɦɨ- ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹɦ ɪɭɯɨɜɨʀ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɡɦɿɧɨɸ ɮɭɧɤ- ɠɥɢɜɨɸ (ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɨ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɜɿɞɨ- ɰɿɣ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɨɯɿɞɧɢɯ (ɡɨɤɪ., ɰɟɥɨɦɭ)13. ɦɢɦɢ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ ɨɧɬɨɝɟɧɟɡɭ, ɛɭɞɨɜɚ “ɦ’ɹɤɢɯ” ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɿ ɇɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɡɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɿɫɬɸ ɦɿɫɰɿ ɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ). Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞɧɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɤɥɚɞ ɿ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɹ ɪɿɡ- ɳɨ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɪɭɯɨɦ ɿ ɹɤɿ ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶ ɽɞɢɧɭ ɩɥɟɹɞɭ ɧɢɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɤɥɚɞɨɝɟɧɟɡɭ ɛɭɞɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɯ ɡ ɨɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɬɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ. ȼɪɟɲɬɿ, ɤɥɸɱɨɜɨɸ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɸ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɹɯ. ɫɬɚɥɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɥɚɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɪɭɯɨɦɢɯ ɫɬɚɞɿɣ, ɡɨ- Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɦɢ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɤɥɚɞɨɝɟ- ɤɪɟɦɚ, "ɩɭɝɨɥɨɜɤɿɜ". ȼɟɫɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɯɨɪɞɨ- ɧɟɡɭ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 9. ɇɚ ɫɯɟɦɿ ɧɚɜɟ- ɜɢɯ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɚɽ ɤɚɧɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɦ [1, 26], ɿ ɡɨɜɫɿɦ ɧɟ ɬɨ- ɞɟɧɨ ɞɚɧɿ ɳɨɞɨ ɪɿɜɧɿɜ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨʀ ɫɯɨɠɨɫɬɿ 5 ɦɭ, ɳɨ ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɜɟɞɟɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɭ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ. ȼɧɚ- ɤɪɨɧɨɜɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ: ɝɨɥɤɨɲɤɿɪɢɯ, ɨɛɨɯ ɝɪɭɩ ɝɟɦɿɯɨɪ- ɩɪɹɦɤɭ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɬ (ɤɢɲɤɨɜɨɞɢɲɧɿ ɿ ɤɪɢɥɨɡɹɛɪɨɜɿ) ɬɚ ɞɜɨɯ ɝɪɭɩ ɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɬɹ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ. ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ, ɚ ɫɚɦɟ ɯɜɨɫɬɨɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ (=ɩɨɤɪɢɜɧɢɤɢ) ɿ ɩɨɜɧɨɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ (ɝɨɥɨɜɨɯɨɪɞɨɜɿ ɿ ɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɿ). 13 ȼ ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ ɥɢɲɟ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɬɚ ɡɚɝɚ- Ɍɭɬ ɞɨɪɟɱɧɨɸ ɽ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɹ ɡ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɭ ɜɢɳɢɯ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ (Teleostomi) ɞɜɨɯ ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɝɿɥɨɤ: ɥɟɝɟɧɟɜɨɞɢɲɧɢɯ (Cho- ɥɶɧɨ-ɛɿɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ anata) ɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɧɟ ɦɿɯɭɪɧɢɯ (Actinopterygia), ɚ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɯ ɨɩɢɫɿ ɰɢɯ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɿɜ ɭ ɞɨɜɿɞɤɨɜɿɣ ɬɚ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɥɿ- – ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɨɦɿɯɭɪɧɢɯ ɿ ɡɚɤɪɢɬɨɦɿɯɭɪɧɢɯ ɪɢɛ.

ɇɚɭɤɨɜɢɣ ɜɿɫɧɢɤ ɍɠɝɨɪɨɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɭ: Ȼɿɨɥɨɝɿɹ 18 ɉɿɫɥɹɦɨɜɚ ɞɨ ɤɪɟɚɰɿɨɧɿɫɬɿɜ ɉɿɫɥɹɦɨɜɚ ɞɨ ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿɨɧɿɫɬɿɜ

ȼɜɚɠɚɽɦɨ ɡɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɟ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɬɢ ɞɟɹɤɿ ɜɢɫɥɨɜ- Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɿ ɮɿɥɨɝɟɧɿʀ ɧɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɭɸɬɶ, ɹɤ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɩɥɚɧɢ ɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɥɟɧɿ ɜɢɳɟ ɞɭɦɤɢ ɭ ɫɬɢɫɥɿɣ ɮɨɪɦɿ. Ɋɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɡ’ɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ, ɤɨɝɨ ɬɜɚɪɢɧɢ ɧɚɝɚɞɭɜɚɥɢ, ɹɤ ɜɨɧɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɥɢ ɭɫɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɢɬɶ ɧɚɦ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɢɬɢɫɶ ɿ ɜ ɹɤɢɯ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɜɨɧɢ ɦɟɲɤɚɥɢ (Shu et al., 2001: 419) ɜɿɞ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ ɞɨɝɦ, ɹɤɿ ɽ ɧɚɲɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɿɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɡɧɚɧ- ɧɹɦ, ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɧɢɦ ɧɚɦɢ ɠ ɜɢɳɿɣ ɫɢɥɿ (ɩɪɢɪɨɞɿ), ɿ Ɋɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɜɥɚɫɧɟ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɨʀ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ ɧɟ ɹɤɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶ ɲɬɭɱɧɿ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɧɢ ɧɚ ɲɥɹɯɭ ɞɨ ɪɨ- ɽ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɦ, ɿ ɡ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɨɦ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɝɿ- ɡɭɦɿɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ ɛɿɨɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɬɹ. ɩɨɬɟɡ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɩɪɢɩɭɳɟɧɶ, ɹɜɧɨ ɧɟ ɡɦɟɧɲɭɽɬɶɫɹ. 1. Ɇɢ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ “ɡɚɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜɚɧɿ” ɿɞɟɽɸ ɿɫɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ 1. Ɋɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɿɣɧɨʀ (ɨɩɢɫɨɜɨʀ) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɜɟɞɟ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɡɧɚɧɧɹɯ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɢɯ ɩɥɚɧɿɜ ɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɬɜɚ- ɞɨ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɧɟɬɢɩɿɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ, ɪɚɧɝ ɿ ɪɢɧ, ɿ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɬɚ ɧɟɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɦɨ ɧɚɲɿ ɩɨ- ɨɛɫɹɝ ɹɤɢɯ ɽ ɭɦɨɜɧɢɦɢ ɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɜɚɜɿɥɥɹɦ ɞɨ- ɛɭɬɨɜɿ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿ ɭɹɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɨɬɨɱɭɸɱɢɣ ɧɚɫ ɫɜɿɬ ɫɥɿɞɧɢɤɿɜ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɿɞ ɞɨ ɿɞɟʀ Ɏɿɥɨɤɨɞɿɜ ɧɟ ɽ ɜɢɯɨ- (ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɿ ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɿ ɤɥɚɫɢ ɧɚ ɤɲɬɚɥɬ “ɪɢɛɢ” ɱɢ ɞɨɦ ɡ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿʀ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɜ ɨɛɨɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɩɨɡɚ ɭɜɚɝɨɸ “ɧɚɣɩɪɨɫɬɿɲɿ”) ɭ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɿ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɿʀ. ɡɚɥɢɲɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɟɤɨɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɬɚ ɩɥɚɧɢ ɛɭɞɨɜɢ. 2. Ʉɨɠɧɭ ɫɜɨɸ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ ɠɢɜɢɯ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ ɥɸɞɢɧɚ 2. Ɂɦɿɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɢ – ɡ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨʀ ɧɚ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɜɚɥɚ ɡɜɟɪɯɭ ɜɧɢɡ, ɜɿɞ ɫɟɛɟ ɿ ɩɨɜɫɹɤɞɟɧɧɨ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿɣɧɭ – ɽ ɤɥɸɱɨɜɨɸ ɩɨɞɿɽɸ ɭ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɟɜɨɥɸ- ʀɣ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ – ɜɧɢɡ ɡɚ ɳɚɛɥɹɦɢ “ɞɪɚɛɢɧɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ”, ɞɨ ɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɛɿɨɥɨɝɿʀ, ɿ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɧɚɣɛɥɢɠɱɢɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɱɟɪɜ’ɹɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɝɿɞɪ. ȿɜɨɥɸɰɿɹ ɠɟ ɣɲɥɚ ɭ ɡɜɨɪɨɬɧɨɦɭ ɧɚ- ɰɶɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɜɚɠɚɬɢ “ɞɟɜɟɥɨɩɦɟɧɬɚɥɶ- ɩɪɹɦɤɭ, ɜɿɞ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɲɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɨɝɨ, ɳɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɧɨ ɿ ɭ ɧɭ” ɛɿɨɥɨɝɿɸ, ɹɤɚ ɛɚɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɲɭɤɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɿɪɧɨɫ- Ⱦɚɪɜɿɧɚ, ɿ ɜ Ȼɿɛɥɿʀ. ɉɨɞɿɥ ɫɜɿɬɭ ɧɚ ɥɸɞɢɧɭ ɿ ɮɚɭɧɭ, ɧɚ ɬɟɣ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɬɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɿɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɮɨɪ- ɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ (ɬɨɛɬɨ “ɛɟɡɯɪɟɛɟɬɧɢɯ”) – ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱ- ɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɡɧɚɤ ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ ɨɧɬɨɝɟɧɟɡɭ ɿ ɮɿɥɨɝɟɧɟɡɭ, ɳɨ ɜ ɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɦɿɬɢɜ, ɡɪɭɱɧɢɣ ɭ ɩɨɛɭɬɿ. ɧɚɲɿɣ ɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɦɚɣɠɟ ɧɟ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ. 3. “ɉɪɨɦɿɠɧɿ ɝɪɭɩɢ” – ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɧɚɲɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɨɡɭɦɧɨɝɨ 3. ȱɞɟɹ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɫɬɟɦɨɜɢɯ (ɫɬɨɜɛɭɪɨɜɢɯ) ɿ ɤɪɨɧɨɜɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ ɜɬɢɫɤɚɧɧɹ ɧɟɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɪɚɧɿɲɟ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ ɭ ɫɬɜɨ- ɽ ɧɚɞɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɨ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɸ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɿ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽ ɪɟɧɿ ɧɚɦɢ ɠ ɧɚ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɦɭ ɟɬɚɩɿ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɭɧɢɤɧɭɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɪɿɱ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɞɚɧɢɯ ɩɚɥɟɨɧɬɨɥɨ- ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ. Ʌɚɬɢɦɟɪɿɹ – ɬɚɤɢ ɪɢɛɚ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹ ɝɿɜ ɿ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɬɨɪɿɜ ɡ ɞɚɧɢɦɢ, ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɢɦɢ ɥɢɲɟ ɩɪɢ “ɪɢɛɚ” – ɧɟ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɟ, ɿ ɦɢ ɧɟɡɚɩɟɪɟɱɧɨ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢ- ɚɧɚɥɿɡɿ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɧɚɦ ɝɪɭɩ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ, ɭ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɞɚɧɢɯ ɦɨ ʀʀ ɞɨ ɤɥɚɞɢ ɯɨɚɧɨɜɢɯ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɡɨɜɫɿɦ ɧɟ ɞɨ ɤɚɪɚɫɿɜ. ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɥɶɧɢɯ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɬɚ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɤɢ. 4. Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ “ɞɨɡɜɨɥɟɧɢɯ” ɿ ɜɠɟ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɭɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨ- 4. ɉɟɪɿɨɞ ɿɫɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɡɧɚɱɧɢ- ɞɨɸ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɚ ɮɿɡɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɿ ɛɿɨɬɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɦɢ ɰɢɮɪɚɦɢ, ɿ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɳɨ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿʀ, ɩɨɞɿɛɧɿ ɞɨ ɤɟɦ- ɭɦɨɜɚɦɢ, ɿ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɩɥɚɧɿɜ ɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɜ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɛɪɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɜɢɛɭɯɭ, ɧɚɪɚɡɿ ɧɟ ɨɱɿɤɭɸɬɶɫɹ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɿ ɫɚɦ ɧɚɫɢɱɟɧɢɯ ɠɢɜɢɦ ɟɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɽ ɦɚɥɨɣɦɨɜɿɪɧɢɦ, ɳɨ ɿ ɜɢ- ɰɟɣ ɜɢɛɭɯ, ɹɤ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɪɚɡɨɜɨ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɚɜ Ƚɭɥɞ, ɛɭɜ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɿɫɧɭɸɱɢɯ ɧɚɪɚɡɿ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɥɢɲɟ ɡ ɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɞɚɥɶ ɭ ɱɚɫɿ, ɚ ɧɚɫɩɪɚɜɞɿ ɬɪɢɜɚɜ ɫɨɬ- ɹɤ ɩɥɚɧɿɜ ɛɭɞɨɜɢ. Ɍɢɩɿɜ ɧɚɫɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɠ ɦɟɧɲɟ, ɧɿɠ ɪɨɞɿɜ, ɧɿ ɦɿɥɶɣɨɧɿɜ ɪɨɤɿɜ – ɱɚɫ ɧɟ ɦɚɥɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɫ- ɧɚɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɨɫɨɛɢɧ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɨ ɡ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ. ɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɥɚɧɿɜ ɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɦɟɬɚɡɨʀɜ. 5. Ɍɢɩ – ɭɦɨɜɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ (ɚɧɟɨɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ), 5. ɉɨɲɢɪɟɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɦ ɱɚɫɨɦ ɡɚɯɨɩɥɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɧɢɤɿɜ ɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤ “ɬɢɩɭ” ɹɤ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɝɭ ɱɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɸ ɮɿɥɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɤɨɸ ɞɚɽ ɱɢɦɚɥɨ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɹɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɧɟ ɿɫɧɭɽ. ɉɬɚɯɿɜ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɢɡɧɚ- ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɿɜ ɳɨɞɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɪɨɞɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɜɚɬɢ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ, ɚ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɥɢɲɟ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɡ ɪɹɞɿɜ ɚɪɯɨ- ɧɟ ɞɚɽ ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿʀ ɩɥɚɧɭ ɛɭ- ɡɚɜɪɿɜ, ɳɨ ɤɨɥɢɫɶ (ɪɨɤɿɜ 50 ɦɥɧ. ɬɨɦɭ) ɿɛɭɥɨ, ɩɨɤɢ ɰɹ ɞɨɜɢ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ. ɀɨɞɧɿ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɧɟ ɝɿɥɤɚ ɠɢɜɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɹɝɥɚ ɫɜɨɝɨ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɤɜɿɬɭ. Ȳʀ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿʀ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨ- ɨɡɧɚɤɢ ɭ ɫɜɨɽɦɭ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɧɚɩɟɜɧɨ ɛɭɥɢ ɨɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɪɿɡɧɨ- ɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɩɪɚɳɭɪɿɜ ɿ ʀɯɧɿɯ ɟɤɨɧɿɲ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɿɜ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɱɢ ɧɚɜɿɬɶ ɜɿɤɨɜɢɯ ɫɬɚɞɿɣ ɚɪɯɨɡɚɜɪɿɜ. ɠɢɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɠɢɬɬɽɜɢɯ ɰɢɤɥɿɜ. 6. ɒɭɤɚɬɢ ɜ Ȼɿɛɥɿʀ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɭ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ ɿ ɧɟɸ ɨɛʉɪɭ- 6. Ɍɚɤ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɢɦ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɚɩɨ- ɧɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɟ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɹ (ɧɟɡɧɚɧɧɹ) ɫɜɿɬɭ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɶ ɦɨɪɮɿɣ ɭ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɞɨ ɫɬɟɦɨɜɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ, ɳɨ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɰɟ ɭɧɿɤɚɥɶɧɟ ɞɠɟɪɟɥɨ ɡɧɚɧɶ ɧɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɢ- ɹɫɤɪɚɜɨ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɿ ɨɡɧɚɤ ɤɢɲɤɨɜɨɞɢɲɧɢɯ: ɱɢ ɽ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ. ɀɨɞɧɚ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɿɹ ɧɟ ɽ ɞɿɽɡɞɚɬɧɨɸ, ɜɨɧɢ ɫɢɧɚɩɨɦɨɪɮɿɹɦɢ ɡ ɥɢɲɟ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɦɢ, ɱɢ ɛɭɥɢ ɜ ɨɫ- ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟ ɜɢɡɧɚɜɚɬɢɦɟ ɧɟɩɟɪɟɪɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɪɨɞɨɜɨɞɭ ɿ ɜɿɞɦɿɧ- ɧɨɜɿ ɤɥɚɞɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɪɨɬɢɯ ɿ ɜɬɪɚɱɟɧɿ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɨɸ ʀɯ (ɝɨɥ- ɧɿɫɬɶ ɧɚɳɚɞɤɿɜ ɜɿɞ ɩɪɚɳɭɪɿɜ. ɤɨɲɤɿɪɢɦɢ) – ɧɚɪɚɡɿ ɧɿɯɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɤɚɠɟ. 7. ȼɫɟ ɡɦɿɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ, ɿ ɧɟ ɜɚɪɬɨ ɞɭɦɚɬɢ, ɳɨ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɿ ɛɭɥɢ 7. Ɂɚɫɬɚɪɿɥɿɫɬɶ ɧɚɹɜɧɨʀ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɭɱɛɨɜɨʀ ɬɚ ɞɨɜɿɞɤɨɜɨʀ ɥɿɬɟ- ɡɚɜɠɞɢ, ɿ ɳɨ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɭ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ ɩɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɩɚɫɥɢ ɭɧɝɭɥɹɬ. ȱ ɪɚɬɭɪɢ ɡ ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɛɿɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɬɚ ɧɟɜɢɫɨɤɚ ɨɛɿɡɧɚɧɿɫɬɶ ɳɨ 10ɯ ɩɨɤɨɥɿɧɶ ɬɨɦɭ ɦɢ ɛɭɥɢ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ, ɹɤ ɡɚɪɚɡ, ɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɜɢɤɥɚɞɚɱɿɜ ɭ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɠɢɬɬɹ ɧɟ ɡɦɿɧɢɥɢɫɹ. Ȼɭɥɨ ɬɭɬ ɿ ɦɨɪɟ, ɿ ɜ ɧɶɨɦɭ ɠɢɥɚ ɜɢɤɨɩɧɢɯ ɿ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ (ɝɟɧɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɟɜɨɞɟɜɨ, ɦɨɯɨɜɚɬɤɚ, ɿ ɧɚɪɨɞɢɥɚ ɜɨɧɚ ɛɚɥɚɧɨɝɥɨɫɚ, ɹɤɢɣ ɧɚɪɨɞɢɥɚ ɮɿɥɨɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɿɹ ɬɨɳɨ) ɜɟɞɭɬɶ ɞɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɿɜ ɥɚɧɰɟɬɧɢɤɚ, ɹɤɢɣ ɧɚɪɨɞɢɜ ɦɿɧɨɝɭ, ɹɤɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɢɥɚ ɚɤɭɥɭ ɿ ɿ ɦɨɥɨɞɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɰɿɜ ɜɤɪɚɣ ɩɪɢɦɿɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɭɹɜɥɟɧɶ ɩɪɨ ... ɡɜɨɪɨɬɧɟ ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɟɦɨɠɥɢɜɨ. ȱɧɚɤɲɟ Ⱥɜɪɚɚɦ ɧɚɪɨ- ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿɸ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɢɯ ɧɚ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɡɧɚɧɶ ɡ “Ȼɭɬɬɹ” ɿ ɡɨɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɭ ɞɢɜ ɛɢ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ Ⱥɜɪɚɚɦɚ, ɧɿɹɤ ɧɟ ȱɫɚɚɤɚ. ɜɢɤɥɚɞɿ ɇɚɭɦɨɜɚ ɡ Ʉɚɪɬɚɲɨɜɢɦ. ɉɨɞɹɤɢ. ȼɢɫɥɨɜɥɸɽɦɨ ɳɢɪɭ ɩɨɞɹɤɭ ɜɫɿɦ ɭɱɚɫɧɢɤɚɦ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɿʀ ɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ Ⱦɚɪ’ʀ Ʉɨɪɨɥɶɨɜɿɣ, ɉɚɜɥɭ ɉɭɱɤɨɜɭ, Ɉɥɟɤ- ɫɿɸ Ʉɨɪɧɸɲɢɧɭ, Ⱥɧɚɬɨɥɿɸ Ʌɿɫɨɜɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɬɚ ȼɿɤɬɨɪɭ Ɍɭɪɨɜɭ ɡɚ ɰɿɤɚɜɿ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɿʀ ɬɚ ɰɿɧɧɿ ɡɚɭɜɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɶ ɰɿɽʀ ɩɪɚɰɿ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɘɥɿʀ Ɂɿɡɞɚ ɡɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɭ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɭ ɩɪɢ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɰɿ ɫɬɚɬɬɿ ɞɨ ɞɪɭɤɭ.

ɇɚɭɤɨɜɢɣ ɜɿɫɧɢɤ ɍɠɝɨɪɨɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɭ: Ȼɿɨɥɨɝɿɹ 19 ______

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