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De Wereld Door Benyowsky's Ogen DE WERELD DOOR BENYOWSKY’S OGEN EEN ONDERZOEK NAAR HET LAAT 18E-EEUWSE EXOTISME IN HONGARIJE Aantal woorden: 36 500 Wouter Van Cauwenberghe Studentennummer: 01407316 Promotor(en): Prof. dr. Michael Limberger Masterproef voorgelegd voor het behalen van de graad master in de geschiedenis Academiejaar: 2017 - 2018 Verklaring i.v.m. auterusrechten De auteur en de promotor(en) geven de toelating deze studie als geheel voor consultatie beschikbaar te stellen voorpersoonlijk gebruikt. Elk ander gebruik valt onder de beperkkingen van het auteursrecht, in het bijzonder met betrekking tot de verplichting de bron uitdrukkelijk te vermelden bij het aanhalen van gegevens uit deze studie. Het auteursrecht betreffende de gegevens vermeld in deze studie berust bij de promotor(en). Het auteursrecht beperkt zich tot de wijze waarop de auteur de problematiek van het onderwerp heeft benaderd en neergeschreven. De auteur respecteer daarbij het oorspronkelijke auteursrecht van de individueel geciteerde studie en eventueel bijhorende documentatie, zoals tabellen en figuren. Voorwoord Allereerst zou ik graag Prof. Dr. M. Limberger willen bedanken voor zijn begeleiding en ondersteuning bij deze masterproef. Daarnaast zou ik ook mijn dank willen betuigen aan Prof. Dr. P. Van Nuffelen en Prof. Dr. Vanhaute voor hun becommentariëring en kritieken. Ik wil ook Manuscript Division van de Library of Congress bedanken voor hun inspanningen, al mochten ze niet baten. Ten laatste wil ik nog een speciaal woord van dank uitsturen naar Guy Rynaerts en mijn moeder, Gudrun Gielen, voor hun hulp bij het schrijven van deze thesis. 1 Inhoud Verklaring i.v.m. auterusrechten .............................................................................................1 Voorwoord .............................................................................................................................1 Inleiding .................................................................................................................................3 Biografie .............................................................................................................................. 13 De Memoires uiteengezet ..................................................................................................... 17 De geschiedenis van de memoires ..................................................................................... 17 Het hedendaagse debat rond Benyowsky. ......................................................................... 26 De bron............................................................................................................................. 29 Het Exotisme in Benyowsky’s Memoires and Travels .......................................................... 31 De ander in het Russische rijk ........................................................................................... 31 De bevolking van de Noordelijke Stille Oceaan ................................................................ 34 De voorstelling van Japan ................................................................................................. 40 Het utopische Usmay ligon ............................................................................................... 47 Het barbaarse Formosa ..................................................................................................... 50 Het ontbreken van China .................................................................................................. 53 Exotisme in het Madagaskar relaas ................................................................................... 55 Vrouwen in de memoires .................................................................................................. 60 Het Exotisme van Oostenrijk-Hongarije ............................................................................... 62 Conclusie ............................................................................................................................. 69 Bibliografie .......................................................................................................................... 72 Bronnen ............................................................................................................................ 72 Literatuur .......................................................................................................................... 72 Bijlage .................................................................................................................................. 78 2 Inleiding Herodotos stelde zich al vragen over andere culturen en de verschillen met deze culturen. Het bewustzijn van verschillen was een gevolg van de Griekse handel en militair imperialisme.1 In de vroegmoderne tijd vormde Europa een eigen identiteit gebaseerd op deze verschillen. Een proces dat de naam exotisme kreeg.2 Exotisme kwam dan ook echt op samen met de ontdekkingsreizen. Deze ontdekkingsreizen en het exotisme dat er mee gepaard ging zorgden voor een nieuw concept van de wereld, de relatie tussen deze wereld en Europa en, het belangrijkste, het zorgde voor een nieuw concept over Europa zelf. Europa gaf zichzelf met het exotisme meer vorm, dan dat het de wereld vorm gaf. Exotisme zegt dan ook meer over Europa zelf dan over de rest van de wereld.3 Deze representatie kwam vooral voort uit de ontdekkingsreizen en de goederen, verhalen en kaarten die ze met zich mee brachten. Naar het eind van de 18e eeuw toe nam het exotisme vooral een vorm aan van eurocentrisme en superioriteit. Andere volkeren en culturen werden als minderwaardig aanzien.4 Dit had voor een groot deel te maken met de overmacht die de Europese koloniale mogendheden verkregen in de rest van de wereld. Hoe zat het dan met niet koloniale mogendheden?5 Was er bij hen ook sprake van een superioriteitsgevoel of juist niet? Wat voor exotisme hadden zij? Graaf Mauritius Augustus Benyowsky (1746–1786) was een burger van één van deze mogendheden, namelijk het Habsburgse rijk, meer bepaald Hongarije.6 Zijn controversiële memoires zijn dan ook een ideale bron voor het exotisme in het laat 18e-eeuwse Hongarije. Reisliteratuur kwam in de 15e eeuw voor het eerst in het publieke discours voor, maar werd pas echt populair in de 16e eeuw. In de 18e eeuw werd het zelfs het tweede populairste literaire genre, na de novelle.7 Het was echter geen onschuldig genre. Feiten en fictie werden vaak door elkaar heen gebruikt. De auteur schreef neer wat hij wou en wat hij wou neerschrijven was gebaseerd op wat hij wist. Zij werk was bedoeld om een antwoord te geven op vragen die zijn publiek had over de wereld. De werken gaven weer wat het publiek wou zien en niet zo zeer hoe het was.8 De literatuur bevatte vaak binaire tegenstellingen van ‘wij’ en ‘de ander’.9 De literatuur zegt dus eigenlijk meer over de schrijver en zijn achtergrond dan over het onderwerp van de literatuur.10 Het moest steeds voldoen aan de conventies. In de 18e 1 Bryan S. Turner, “From orientalism to global sociology,” Sociology 23, nr. 4 (1989): 629. 2 Michael Harbsmeier, “Character, identity, and the construction of Europe,” Ethnologia Europaea. Journal of European Ethnology 29, nr. 2 (1999): 5-12. 3 Benjamin Schmidt, Inventing exoticism: geography, globalism, and Europe's early modern world (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015), 1-11. 4 Schmidt, Inventing exoticism, 14-7. 5 Jhon Darwin, After Tamerlane: the global history of empire since 1405 (Londen: Penguin Group, 2007), 160- 62. 6 Voigt Vilmos, “Maurice Benyovszky and his “Madagascar protocolle ” (1772–1776),” Hungarian Studies 21, nr. 1-2 (2007): 205-6. 7 Judith Adler, “Travel as performed art,” American Journal of Sociology 94, nr. 6 (1989): 1367-74; Caroline B. Brettell, “Introduction: travel literature, ethnography, and ethnohistory,” Ethnohistory 33, nr. 2 (1986): 127-34; Chunjie Zhang, “Georg Forster in Tahiti: enlightenment, sentiment and the intrusion of the south seas,” Journal for Eighteenth‐Century Studies 36, nr. 2 (2013): 264. 8 Michael Harbsmeier, “Reisebeschreibungen als mentalitätsgeschichtliche Quellen: Überlegungen zu einer historisch-anthropologischen Untersuchung frühneuzeitlicher deutscher Reisebeschreibungen,” Reiseberichte als Quellen europäischer Kulturgeschichte, hg. v. A. Mączak, HJ Teuteberg (1982): 1-31; Brettell, “Introduction,” 127-134; Zhang, “Georg Forster in Tahiti,” 267. 9 Harbsmeier, “Reisebeschreibungen als mentalitätsgeschichtliche Quellen,” 4. 10 Brettell, “Introduction,” 134. 3 eeuw betekende dit waarheid en kennis, in tegenstelling tot de voorgaande eeuwen die volgens de 18e-eeuwse burger bestond uit leugens en fictie. Dit nam niet weg dat de reisliteratuur geen entertainment was, maar dit was een secundair aspect van de 18e-eeuwse reisliteratuur geworden. Onderzoek stond op de voorgrond. Hoewel dit veranderde in de laatste decennia van de 18e eeuw. Toen werd de reisliteratuur steeds meer poëtisch en autobiografisch. Of zo was het althans in Groot-Brittannië .11 In het algemeen was reisliteratuur niet echt waarheidsgetrouw. In de 18e eeuw werd oudere literatuur al afgeschreven als fictie.12 Maar dit betekende niet dat de 18e-eeuwse literatuur enkel feiten bevatte. Veel auteurs baseerden zich op meer dan enkel hun eigen ervaringen. Daarnaast droeg ook de fictie reisliteratuur bij aan het exotisme. Een voorbeeld hiervan is Daniel Defoe’s (1660-1731) Robinson Crusoe (1719). Contradictorisch genoeg werd hij dan weer gezien als een onderwijzer van zijn volk.13 Vele ‘leugens’ werden ook pas veel
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