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Moğolistan Göçebe Kültürlerinin Etnoarkeolojik Açıdan Incelemesi

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Moğolistan Göçebe Kültürlerinin Etnoarkeolojik Açıdan Incelemesi T.C İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ARKEOLOJİ ANABİLİM DALI TARİH ÖNCESİ BİLİM DALI DOKTORA TEZİ MOĞOLİSTAN GÖÇEBE KÜLTÜRLERİNİN ETNOARKEOLOJİK AÇIDAN İNCELEMESİ SHİNESARAN DALKHAA 2502130604 TEZ DANIŞMANLARI: PROF. DR. MEHMET ÖZDOĞAN DOÇ. DR. ERKAN KOYNAR İSTANBUL- 2019 Bu çalışma, İstanbul Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından desteklenmiştir. Proje №: 55692 ÖZ MOĞOLİSTAN GÖÇEBE KÜLTÜRLERİNİN ETNOARKEOLOJİK AÇIDAN İNCELEMESİ SHINESARAN DALKHAA Bu çalışmanın amacı, Moğolistanda seçilen bölgede bu günkü göçebe yaşam biçimleri etnografik bakımda araştırarak göçebe yaşam biçimlerinin sosyo-kültürel yapıları ve konaklama biçimleri üzerinde araştırmalar yapıp, belgelenmesi ve eski göçebelerin bıraktığı bazi arkeolojik kalıntıları belgelenmesidir. Her iki araştırmadan veriler ile tarih öncesi dönem göçebe topluluklarının bıraktığı kalıntıları anlamak ve etnoarkeolojinin açıdan yorumlamakta ve etnagrafya çalışmalar ağırlıklı içermektedir . Çalışmanın giriş bölümünden sonraki birinci bölümünde Moğolistan’ın tanım belgiler, Moğolistan arkeolocjisının gelişimi, tarihçesi ve başlıça tarih önce kültürleri, İkinici bölümünde göçebelik tanımıyla, Avrasya steplerindeki göçebeliği üzerinde hafıf incelerek, Moğolistan’da günümüz göçebe yaşam ve yaşam tarzı ele alınmıştır. Üçüncü bölümünde ise ana konusu olan günümüz Moğolistan’da yaşayan göçebe yaşam biçimin üzerinde yapılıdığı enografya çalışmayı ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın dördüncü bölümünde Kuragan mezarı’nın tanımı ile arkeoloji bazı bultular ile etnografya çalışmanın yorum ile karşlaştırma konuyu elde alınmıştır. Moğolistan yer oluşum yüzünden karasal iklimli, sert bir hava germesinden dolayı tarım gelişmek uygun olmadığı ve yer oluşum tek bir açık mera otlak göçebe hayvancılığına uygum sağladığını göstermektedir. Neolitik dönemde kendi şekliğine bulunduğu açık mera göçebe hayvancılığı Tunç Çağında klassik bir şekliğine dönüşerek zaman boyunca hakım olarak devam ederek günümüze geldiğini izlenmektedir. Göçebe hayvancılığına takip ederek insanların hayat tarzi, doğaya ilişki durum ve inanç sistemi ii de değişlik olamadığınını gözlenmiştir. Göçebe insanların yaşam tarzın, geleneksel kültürünün en eski şekli saklaması özelliği açık mera otlak hayvancılık olduğunu da gözlenmiktedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Moğolista, Göçebelik, Kültürü, Hayvancılık iii ABSTRACT THE ANALYSIS OF THE MONGOLIAN NOMADIC CULTURE ACCORDING TO THE ETHNOARCHEOLOGY SHINESARAN DALKHAA The aim of this study is to investigate the sociocultural structures of the nomadic lifestyles and forms of accommodation and documenting some archaeological remains that old nomads left behind by researching the current nomadic lifestyles in the selected region of Mongolia in ethnographic care. The data from both researches included the understanding of the remains left by the prehistoric period nomadic communities, interpreting ethnoarchaeology and ethnography studies. After the introduction, in the first chapter the definition Mongolia, the development of Mongolia archaeology, his history and the prehistoric cultures, in the second chapter with the definition of nomadism nomadic life and lifestyle in Mongolia were discussed by examining the light on the nomadism of Eurasian steppes. In the third chapter, the main subject was discussed the ethnography study on the nomadic life in Mongolia nowadays. In the fourth chapter of the study, the definition of the Kuragan’s and some clouds of archaeology and the comment of the study on ethnographers were discussed the comparison topic. Due to the terrestrial climate in Mongolia and a hard air stretch, it is not suitable for cultivation devlopped and the formation of a single open pasture grazing is suitable for nomadic livestock breeding. In the Neolithic period, the open pasture nomad animal breeding is observed by turning into a classical form in the Bronze Age and by continuing as dominant survived over time. It was observed that people's life style, relationship with nature and belief system could not be changed by following the iv nomadic livestock. It is also observed that the nomadic people's lifestyle, the oldest form of hiding from the traditional culture is the open pasture grassland livestock. Keywords: Mongolia, Nomadism, culture, farming v ÖNSÖZ “Moğolistan Göçebe Kültürlerinin Etnoarkeolojik Açıdan İncelemesi” başlıklı çalışma, insanların geçmişten bu yana göçebe bir yaşam sürdüğü Moğolistan’daki göçebe toplumları inceleyerek toplanan verinin arkeolojik kayıtlarla kaşılaştırılmasını ele almaktadır. Moğolistan’da çoğunlukla yabancı bilim insanlarının gerçekleştirdiği tarih, etnograyfa ve arkeoloji alanında çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte etnografik verinin etnoarkeolojik açıdan değerlendirildiği bir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu tez çalışması etnoarkeolojik yöntemi ve bakış açısı nedeniyle özgündür. Tez çalışmasında konu seçiminden itibaren her türlü bilgisini paylaşan, farklı bir bakış açısı kazandırmaya yeni yöntemleri ve belgelemeyi öğretmeye çalışan danışmanım Prof. Dr. Mehmet Özdoğan’a sonsuz teşekkür ederim. Ayrıca, Anadolu arkeolojisi ve yerleşik kültürü hakkında temel bilgim olmadığı halde, beni Aşağı Pınar Höyüğü kazılarına kabul ederek Türkiye arkeolojisini daha iyi anlamam katkı sağladığı için, her konuda az bir bilgim ve temelim olduğu halde her zaman destek olduğu için kendisine minnettarım. Bu çalışmanın gerçekleştirilmesinde, bilgilerini benimle paylaşan, metin düzenlemelerinde bana gerekli desteği veren, kendisine her danıştığımda bana kıymetli zamanını ayırıp sabırla ve büyük bir ilgiyle faydalı olabilmek için elinden gelenin fazlasını sunan hem öğretmenim hem dostum, güler yüzlü Doç. Dr. Eylem Özdoğan’a ne kadar teşekkür etsem azdır. Araştırmayı yaptığım zamanda önüme çıkan bir soru, göçebelerin ahır ve çadırlarının mimarı açıdan çizilmiş olmasıydı. Bunu ele alıp mimarlık derslerine katlamamı sağlayarak bana mimarlik temel bilgilerini öğrettiği için ve kendi kıymetli bilgileri benimle paylaşan Doç. Dr. Zeynep Eres’e teşekkür ederim. Tez çalışmam sırasında bana güvenerek gerekli maddi destek için aldığım BAP projesini gerçekleştire bilmem için ikinci danışmanım olmayı kabul eden Doç. Dr. Erkan vi Koynar’a minnettarım. Yine proje sorularımı anlatmaya ve çözmekte yardım ettiği için Öğr. Gör. Can Avcı’ya da teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. İlk Prehistorya bölüme geldiğim zamandan itibaren beni her zaman güzel karşılayan bana doğuru yolu göstermeye yardım etmeye çalışan ve ne zaman olursa olsun benim derdimi dinleyen, sorunumu çözmeye çalışan Prof. Dr. Necmi Karul’a ayrıca teşekkür ederim. Bu süreçte değerli zamanını harcayarak metin okumaları ve düzeltmeleri ile yardımcı olan Zeynep Sunal’a teşekkür ederim. Bazı resimleri düzeltmelerinde yardımcı olan Erge Yurtdaş’a teşekkür ederim. Türkiye’de okuma fikrimi destekleyip, elinden gelen her konuda yardımcı olduğu, ve uzantan verdiği destekler için Moğolistan Milli Müzesi’nin müdür yardımcısı Arkeolog Dr. Bayarsaikhan Jamsranjav’a minnettarım. Türkiye’de okumamı sağladığı için İbni Haldun Sosyal Bilimler Burs Programı, Yurtdışı Türkler ve Akraba Topluluklar Başkanlığı (YTB)’ye, (Ekim 2012- Eylül 2018), teşekkür ederim. Bu doktora tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri tarafından desteklenmiştir (Proje №: 55692). Bu mali katkılarından dolayı İstanbul Üniversitesi, Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri koordinasyon birimine teşekür ederim. Shinesaran Dalkhaa İstanbul- 2019 vii İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZ ..............................................................................................................ii ABSTRACT .............................................................................................. iv ÖNSÖZ ..................................................................................................... vi RESİM LİSTESİ .....................................................................................xii HARITA LİSTESİ .................................................................................. xv ŞEKİL LİSTESİ ..................................................................................... xvi KISALTMALAR LİSTESİ ................................................................... xvii GİRİŞ ......................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM MOĞOLİSTAN ARKEOLOJİSİ 1.1. MOĞOLİSTAN HAKKINDA GENEL BİLGİLER ...................................................... 4 1.1.1. Doğal Çevre Ortamı ................................................................................... 4 1.1.2. Demografi ................................................................................................. 6 1.1.3. Ekonomi .................................................................................................... 7 1.2. MOĞOLİSTAN’IN TARİHSEL SÜRECİ ................................................................. 7 1.2.1. Moğolistan Arkeolijisinin Gelişimi ve Tarihçesi ........................................... 9 1.2.2. Başlıca Tarihöncesi Kültürler .................................................................... 14 viii İKİNCİ BÖLÜM GÖÇEBE YAŞAM BİÇİMLERİ 2.1. GÖÇEBELİK NEDİR VE TANIMI ....................................................................... 41 2.2. AVRASYA STEPLERİNDE GÖÇEBELİK TARİHİ ................................................... 43 2.3. MOĞOLİSTAN GÖÇEBE TOPLULUKLAR .......................................................... 46 2.4. GÜNÜMÜZ GÖÇEBE YAŞAMI VE YAŞAM TARZI .............................................. 49 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜMÜ MOĞOLİSTAN’DA GÖÇEBE YAŞAM VE KONAK
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