Análisis AFLP Del Género Agave Refleja La Clasificación Taxonómica Basada En Caracteres Morfológicos Y Otros Métodos Moleculares

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Análisis AFLP Del Género Agave Refleja La Clasificación Taxonómica Basada En Caracteres Morfológicos Y Otros Métodos Moleculares Análisis AFLP del género Agave refleja la clasificación taxonómica basada en caracteres morfológicos y otros métodos moleculares Katia C. Gil-Vega1, Corina E. Díaz–Quezada1, Alejandro Nava-Cedillo2, Abisaí García-Mendoza3 y June Simpson1 1Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, CINVESTAV, Unidad Irapuato. A.P. 629, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México. [email protected]. 2Instituto Tec- nológico Agropecuario de Aguascalientes. 3Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biolo- gía, UNAM. Resumen La utilidad de los marcadores moleculares AFLP para determinar las relaciones taxonómicas en el género Agave y otros miembros de la familia Agavaceae fue explorada. Con este objetivo, 71 especies del género Agave fueron analizadas y comparadas con otros seis géneros de la misma familia. Una muestra de Dasyli- rion sereke de la familia relacionada Nolinaceae fue incluida como un control ex- terno. Todas las muestras fueron obtenidas del Jardín Botánico de la Universi- dad Nacional Autónoma de México. Un total de 355 marcadores AFLP fueron analizados, y con estos datos, la similitud genética entre las muestras fue de- terminada usando el índice de Jaccard. Se construyó un dendrograma basado en estos datos usando el método UPGMA. El dendrograma muestra la separa- ción de los diferentes géneros y dentro del género Agave, los subgéneros Littaea y Agave aparecen como grupos bien definidos. En algunos casos, miembros de las secciones previamente definidos dentro de los subgéneros Agave y Littaea: (Rigidae, Striatae, Polycephalae y Sisalanae) se encontraron también cercana- mente asociados. Estos resultados confirman la utilidad de los marcadores AFLP como una herramienta de apoyo para la clasificación taxonómica del gé- nero Agave y la familia Agavaceae y serán útiles para obtener una rápida orien- tación taxonómica aun en materiales que no están en una etapa adecuada de desarrollo para una precisa caracterización morfológica. Abstract The usefulness of AFLP markers in determining taxonomical relationships in the genus Agave was explored. With this aim 71 species of this genus were analyzed and compared with six other genera of the Agavaceae family. A sample of Dasy- lirion sereke from the related Nolinaceae family was also included as an outlying 23 En lo ancestral hay futuro: control. A total of 355 AFLP markers were analyzed and with this data the ge- netic similarity between the samples was determined using the Jaccard index from which a dendrogram was constructed using the UPGMA method. The den- drogram shows the separation of the different genera and within the genus Agave the sub-genera, Littaea and Agave are well defined. In certain cases members of previously defined sections within the subgenera Agave and Littaea: (Rigidae, Striatae, Polycephalae and Sisalanae) were also found to be closely associated. These results confirm the usefulness of AFLP markers as tools to support the taxonomic classification of the Agavaceae and suggests that they will be useful for providing a rapid taxonomic orientation even for materials which are not at an adequate developmental stage for a precise morphological characterization. Introducción Los avances en la metodología para analizar variabilidad genética a nivel mole- cular han permitido avances paralelos en los campos de mejoramiento, análisis de diversidad, análisis de filogenias, análisis taxonómicos y en la medicina fo- rense. Avise (2004) comenta de manera exhaustiva respecto a las ventajas de utilizar técnicas moleculares para estudiar la variabilidad genética, y sobre la concordancia general entre los resultados obtenidos con base en métodos mor- fológicos y los basados en técnicas moleculares. Las desventajas más importan- tes del uso de las técnicas moleculares como herramientas para estudiar variabi- lidad genética son el costo y la experiencia necesaria para implementar estas metodologías. Actualmente existe un gran número de métodos moleculares para identifi- car y analizar variabilidad genética (Avise 2004). En general, los métodos más ampliamente utilizados en estudios taxonómicos y de filogenia están basados en la secuenciación de genes o secuencias específicas o en patrones producidos por enzimas de restricción sobre los ADN (ácido desoxirribonucleico) de los cloro- plastos o mitocondrias. Estos métodos tienen la ventaja de poder estimar la va- riabilidad genética con relación al tiempo y permiten determinar relaciones filo- genéticas y evolutivas. Sin embargo, estos métodos están restringidos a analizar una pequeña porción del genoma de un organismo (hasta un solo gen) o los ge- nomas de los organelos del organismo. Además, la secuenciación masiva de muestras obtenidas de un gran número de individuos es laboriosa y costosa. Los marcadores tipo polimorfismos en longitud de fragmentos amplifica- dos (AFLP) ofrecen una buena alternativa para estudiar la variabilidad genética. Estos marcadores son altamente reproducibles, la metodología es relativamente sencilla, proveen información completa a través del genoma y es factible anali- zar un gran número de muestras rápidamente por un costo moderado. Hasta la fecha no se han desarrollado métodos ampliamente aceptados pa- ra estimar cambios en patrones de AFLP con relación al tiempo, y la crítica más fuerte es la suposición que los fragmentos observados del mismo tamaño en distintos individuos, efectivamente, pertenecen a fragmentos con secuencias homólogas. Aunque existen muy pocos reportes de investigación conclusivos sobre este último punto, en general los AFLPs han sido utilizados para llevar a 24 Análisis AFLP del género Agave refleja la clasificación taxonómica… del tequila, los mezcales y otros agaves cabo estudios dentro de poblaciones o entre especies estrechamente relaciona- das, pero no a niveles taxonómicos más altos. Sin embargo, los marcadores AFLP son ahora ampliamente usados a nivel de especie y sub-especie para es- tudios de diversidad y filogenia y están siendo cada vez más aceptados como herramientas para la clasificación taxonómica (Marhold et al., 2004; Sasanuma et al., 2004; Furini y Wunder, 2004). El uso de los métodos moleculares es especialmente útil en estudios de es- pecies con ciclos de vida longevos, perennes y en donde los episodios de flora- ción y reproducción sexual son únicos o escasos. En general, la mayoría de las especies de la familia Agavaceae son de este tipo. Las plantas de la familia Agavaceae se caracterizan por tener hojas fibro- sas formando una densa roseta con dientes laterales y una espina terminal pi- cuda e inflorescencias en el tallo con flores organizadas en estructuras panicu- ladas o espigadas (Bogler y Simpson, 1996). Dahlgren et al., (1985) describieron dos sub-familias de la familia Agavaceae: La Yuccoideae, que contiene dos gé- neros y la Agavoideae, que contiene seis géneros. Esta clasificación se hizo utili- zando caracteres morfológicos y es apoyada por estudios realizados usando se- cuencias de ADN del cloroplasto (Eguiarte et al., 1994; Eguiarte, 1995; Bogler y Simpson, 1995). Dentro de la familia Agavaceae, Agave es el género con mayor número de especies, se estiman alrededor de 200 con aproximadamente 247 taxa. De éstos, alrededor de 150 especies y 186 taxa se encuentran en México (García-Mendoza, 2002). Este género se divide en dos subgéneros, Littaea y Agave, los cuales se dis- tinguen por presentar una estructura floral espigada o paniculada, respectiva- mente. Dentro de cada subgénero, Gentry (1982) describió 12 grupos de espe- cies para el subgénero Agave y 8 para el subgénero Littaea. (Fig. 1). Los taxónomos de Agave han reconocido ampliamente las dificultades en la clasificación exacta de este género (Gentry, 1982; Granados, 1993), dado que los primeros estudios a este respecto se realizaron utilizando plantas fuera de su hábitat nativo y sin considerar las estructuras florales (Irish e Irish, 2000). La clasificación basada solamente en características morfológicas se complica, de- bido tanto a factores ambientales como al largo ciclo de vida, y la característica de ser monocárpicos, semelparos, esto es, que sólo tienen una floración al cabo de la cual la planta muere (Granados, 1993). Análisis citogenéticos, y más recientemente, análisis de algunos genes del cloroplasto usando secuencias específicas han ayudado a dilucidar algunas de las complejidades taxonómicas en Agave (Gentry, 1982; Eguiarte et al., 1994; Bo- gler y Simpson, 1995, 1996; Eguiarte et al., 2000; Palomino et al., 2003). Otros es- tudios basados en métodos moleculares se han concentrado en determinar di- versidad, para hacer filogenias o diferenciar complejos dentro de una sola o unas pocas especies cercanas (Martínez-Palacios et al., 1999; Colunga- GarcíaMarín et al. 1999; Gil-Vega et al., 2001; Infante et al., 2003; Navarro- Quezada et al., 2003). 25 Katia C. Gil-Vega, Corina E. Díaz-Quezada et al. En lo ancestral hay futuro: Familia Agavaceae sub-familia Yuccoideae sub-familia Agavoideae Beschorneria Yucca Hesperaloë Furcraea Manfreda Polianthes Prochnyanthes Agave subgénero Littaea subgénero Agave Grupo Amolae Grupo Americanae Grupo Campaniflorae Grupo Choritepalae Grupo Crenatae Grupo Filiferae Grupo Deserticolae Grupo Ditepalae Grupo Marginatae Grupo Hiemiflorae Grupo Parviflorae Grupo Marmoratae Grupo Polycephalae Grupo Parryanae Grupo Rigidae Grupo Striatae Grupo Salmianae Grupo Urceolatae Grupo Sisalanae Grupo Umbelliflorae Figura 1. Representación esquemática de la clasificación taxonómica de la familia Agavaceae (Gentry, 1982, Dahlgren et al., 1985). 26 Análisis AFLP del género Agave refleja la clasificación
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