Uréter Hallazgos En Tomografía Computarizada Multidetector

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Documento descargado de http://www.elsevier.es el 13/08/2010.ARTICLE Copia para uso personal, IN PRESS se prohíbe la transmisión de este documento por cualquier medio o formato. Radiologı´a. 2010;52(4):311–320 www.elsevier.es/rx ACTUALIZACIO´N Ure´ter: Hallazgos en Tomografı´a Computarizada Multidetector J.E. Lo´pez Amayaa,Ã, J. Mejı´a Restrepoa, C. Nicolau Molinab, A. Zuluaga Santamarı´a a y M. Mazzaroa aSeccio´n Imagen Corporal, Centro Avanzado de Diagno´stico Me´dico (CEDIMED), Medellı´n, Colombia bCentro de Diagno´stico por la Imagen, Hospital Clı´nic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Espan˜a Recibido el 1 de noviembre de 2009; aceptado el 21 de marzo de 2010 Disponible en Internet el 2 de junio de 2010 PALABRAS CLAVE Resumen Tomografı´a Con la aparicio´nde la tomografı´a computarizada multidetector (TCMD) y el perfecciona- computarizada miento en las te´cnicas de urotomografı´a (UT), la evaluacio´n del tracto urinario ha multidetector; adquirido otra dimensio´n,obteniendo cada vez una mejor representacio´ndel ure´ter. Urografı´a ; Cuando el ure´ter es evaluado podemos encontrar una gran variedad de entidades, que Ure´ter; incluyen anomalı´as conge´nitas y variantes anato´micas(alteracio´nen el origen, distribucio´n Tracto urinario e insercio´ndistal del ure´ter), todas las causas benignas y malignas de engrosamiento focal y difuso de la pared ureteral, incluyendo procesos inflamatorios e infecciosos, neoplasias, iatrogenia y cambios posquiru´rgicos. Otros procesos benignos, como el asa ureteral y la estenosis por compresio´nextrı´nseca de vasos iliacos, pueden ser bien caracterizados por TCMD. El objetivo de este artı´culo es mostrar el espectro de patologı´a y variantes ureterales diferentes a las entidades comunes relacionadas con ca´lculos. & 2009 SERAM. Publicado por Elsevier Espan˜a, S.L. Todos los derechos reservados. The Ureters: Findings at Multidetector Computed Tomography KEYWORDS Multidetector Abstract computed Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and advances in CT urography techniques tomography; have enabled vast improvements in the depiction of the ureter. Studies of the ureter can Urography; find a wide variety of conditions including congenital defects and anatomic variants Ureter; (anomalies in the origin, distribution, and distal insertion of the ureter) as well as all Urinary tract benign and malignant causes of focal and diffuse wall thickening (inflammatory and infectious processes, and neoplasms, as well as iatrogenic thickening and postsurgical changes). Other benign processes like ureteral kinking and stenosis due to extrinsic ÃAutor para correspondencia. Correo electro´nico: [email protected] (J.E. Lo´pezAmaya). 0033-8338/$ - see front matter & 2009 SERAM. Publicado por Elsevier Espan˜a, S.L. Todos los derechos reservados. doi:10.1016/j.rx.2010.03.007 Documento descargado de http://www.elsevier.es el 13/08/2010.ARTICLE Copia para uso personal, IN se PRESS prohíbe la transmisión de este documento por cualquier medio o formato. 312 J.E. Lo´pezAmaya et al compression of the iliac vessels are also well characterized by MDCT. The aim of this article is to show the spectrum of ureteral variants and disease apart from common entities related to stones. & 2009 SERAM. Published by Elsevier Espan˜a, S.L. All rights reserved. Introduccio´n anormal de la pared urotelial, especialmente en el caso de procesos inflamatorios y neoplasias. La fase excretora se En los u´ltimos an˜os la urotomografı´a (UT) se ha posicionado obtiene tras un retraso de al menos 180 segundos despue´s de como uno de los principales me´todos diagno´sticos de la inyeccio´ninicial de MD (aunque la tendencia habitual es a patologı´as del tracto urinario, permitiendo que el ure´ter realizarla entre 6–15 min) y es u´til para evaluar la sea mejor caracterizado y se puedan realizar diagno´sticos opacificacio´ncon contraste de los ure´teres, identificando mucho ma´sprecisos. La principal indicacio´nde la UT es el el trayecto ureteral en el caso de variantes anato´micasy estudio de paciente con alto riesgo de sospecha de anomalı´as conge´nitas, y los defectos de replecio´nsecunda- carcinoma de ce´lulas transicionales, es decir, pacientes rios a tumoracio´n,procesos inflamatorios e infecciosos. En mayores de 40 an˜os con hematuria macrosco´pica. Sin algunos casos, y en especial cuando se sospecha una embargo este me´todo diagno´sticoes usado cada vez ma´s anomalı´a de origen vascular se puede an˜adir al protocolo para la caracterizacio´n de condiciones benignas como una fase corticomedular obtenida entre 25–35 segundos 1,3,5–7 anomalı´as conge´nitas y variantes, el asa ureteral y estenosis posterior a la administracio´nde MC . Algunos centros ureteral por vasos iliacos entre otras1. La UT tiene varias prefieren la realizacio´n de la te´cnica en solo 2 fases, ) * ventajas que han relegado otros me´todos diagno´sticosa un tambie´n denominada split que une las fases nefrogra´ficay 1,3 segundo plano. Estas ventajas son la evaluacio´nintegral de excretora en el mismo tiempo para reducir la radiacio´n . las vı´as urinarias en un solo estudio, mayor sensibilidad para La realizacio´n de algunas te´cnicas adicionales como la detectar ca´lculos y lesiones focales renales, evaluacio´n administracio´n de furosemida intravenosa, cambios de tanto de la luz como de la pared de los ure´teres y vı´a renal posicio´ny el empleo de bandas compresivas son au´n en excretora, capacidad de estadificar con el mismo estudio las la actualidad muy debatidos y son usados de acuerdo a 4,8–10 lesiones tumorales detectadas, identificacio´nde patologı´a s la experiencia de cada centro . En nuestro centro externas al tracto urinario y mejor visualizacio´n de las preparamos al paciente con 1.000 cc de agua vı´a oral lesiones vesicales2. El mayor inconveniente de esta te´cnica durante una hora antes de la adquisicio´nde las ima´genes. es la alta dosis de radiacio´n,por lo que so´lodebe utilizarse Se adquiere una fase basal y posteriormente se inyectan en las indicaciones establecidas1,3. 100 cc de MC, obteniendo una fase nefrogra´fica80 segundos despue´s y una fase excretora a los 8 min de la inyeccio´n de MC. Te´cnica Los principales para´metros de adquisicio´n para TC multidetector son la colimacio´ndel corte y el pitch. Estos Se han propuesto diversos protocolos y te´cnicas para la datos en combinacio´ncon el voltaje del tubo (Kv) y la carga realizacio´nde la UT que se han ido modificando a trave´s del del tubo (mA) determinan los datos crudos. En todos los tiempo. Sin embargo existe consenso sobre 4 caracterı´sticas sistemas tomogra´ficos, el voltaje del tubo para pacientes de ba´sicas que debe tener la UT: 1. debe ser un examen talla y peso promedio es de 120 kV. Aunque se ha diagno´sticooptimizado para la evaluacio´nde los rin˜ones, recomendado el uso de kVp bajos para disminuir la dosis ure´teres y vejiga; 2. debe ser un estudio realizado con de radiacio´n, e´sto no se observa con frecuencia en la tomografı´a computarizada multidetector (TCMD), con ima´- pra´cticaclı´nica. La carga del tubo varı´a significativamente genes de alta resolucio´nespacial (cortes finos/baja colima- entre grupos, continentes y equipos, en un rango de 50– cio´n);3. requiere la administracio´nintravenosa de medio de 300 mA, en tomo´grafosde 4 detectores, y 65–200 mA en contraste y 4. debe incluir como requisito fundamental de tomo´grafosde 16 detectores1,4,6. una fase de excrecio´n, indispensable para evaluar el En tomo´grafos de 4 detectores, una colimacio´n de urotelio1. 2,5–3,75 mm ha sido utilizada para las fases basal y La UT fue descrita originalmente como una te´cnica de 3 nefrogra´fica y colimaciones tanto de 1,25 mm como de fases (trifa´sica) que utiliza un bolo u´nico de medio de 2,5 mm para las ima´genes de fase excretora. En tomo´grafos contraste (MC) intravenoso4. En primer lugar se realiza una de 16 detectores la colimacio´nes ma´s pequen˜a; usualmente fase sin contraste, que en el caso del ure´ter es valiosa para de 1,25 a 1,5 para la fase simple y nefrogra´fica y de visualizacio´n inicial de variantes anato´micas, deteccio´n 0,5–0,75 mm para la fase excretora. Con el uso de tomografı´a de ca´lculos en las vı´as urinarias, deteccio´nde hematomas de 64 detectores las colimaciones bajan en todas la fases a y alteraciones en la atenuacio´ny grosor de las paredes 0,5–0,625. Para evitar el exceso de ruido el miliamperaje ureterales. Luego se administra un bolo de MC puede ser incrementado. El uso de colimaciones finas (100–150 ml), inyectado a una velocidad de 2–3 ml/seg, requiere valores de pitch altos, de al menos 1,5, mientras momento a partir del cual son obtenidas 2 fases de ima´genes que los valores de pitch para colimaciones gruesas han adicionales. La fase nefrogra´fica se obtiene entre 70–120 variado desde 0,75 hasta 1,5. En tomo´grafos de 16 y 64 segundos despue´s de la administracio´n inicial de MC y detectores se continu´an usando pitch relativamente altos, pretende caracterizar mejor el realce y engrosamiento entre 1,2–1,41,2. Documento descargado de http://www.elsevier.es el 13/08/2010.ARTICLE Copia para uso personal, IN PRESS se prohíbe la transmisión de este documento por cualquier medio o formato. Ure´ter: Hallazgos en TC 313 La TMDC permite realizar reconstrucciones multiplanares (siendo las reconstrucciones coronales generalmente las preferidas), reconstrucciones curvas, proyecciones de intensi- dad promedio y de ma´xima intensidad (MIP), y demostraciones volume´tricas en 3D que pueden ofrecer en algunos casos informacio´n adicional a la obtenida con los cortes axiales y en otros la posibilidad de aclarar diagno´sticos2,4,6.
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  • Review of Techniques and Spectrum of the Ureteric Diseases

    Review of Techniques and Spectrum of the Ureteric Diseases

    Alexandria Journal of Medicine 54 (2018) 215–227 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Alexandria Journal of Medicine journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ajme Original Article 64 MS-CTU: Review of techniques and spectrum of the ureteric diseases ⇑ Mahmoud Agha a,b, , Ahmed Fathi Eid c a Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt b Almana General Hospital, Saudi Arabia c National Guard Hospital, Saudi Arabia article info abstract Article history: Objective: The study aims to clarify the sensitivity of the CTU, and if is it coast effective and time effective Received 15 March 2017 to be used as first and the one-stop shop imaging modality for the diagnosis of the different ureteric dis- Revised 4 June 2017 eases. Accepted 7 July 2017 Patients and methods: 400 patients with different urinary tract complaints (hematuria and/or renal colic) Available online 27 July 2017 did triphasic CTU examinations, for diagnosis of suspected obstructive or traumatic ureteric uropathy from January 2014 to October 2016. These patients were filtered from a larger number of patients – who were presented with urinary tract complaints by plain KUB X ray and US, which showed no explain- ing kidneys or urinary bladder pathology. Results: Ureteric duplication was detected in 5 (1.25%) patients, ectopic ureter in one patient (0.25%), UPJ stricture in 4 patients (1%), PUJ vascular impression in 2 patients (0.5%), ureteric calculus in 103 patients (25.75%), pyogenic ureteritis in 8 patients (2%), ureteritis cystica in one patient (0.25%) TCC in 3 patients (0.75%), PRPF in one patient (0.025%) and Trauma in one patient (0.025%).
  • Pediatric Ureteroceles: Diagnosis, Management and Treatment Options

    Pediatric Ureteroceles: Diagnosis, Management and Treatment Options

    Iran J Pediatr Original Article Dec 2010; Vol 20 (No 4), Pp: 413-419 Pediatric Ureteroceles: Diagnosis, Management and Treatment Options Cüneyt Günşar*1, MD; Erol Mir1, MD; Aydın Şencan1, MD; Pelin Ertan2, MD; Cansu Ünden Özcan1, MD 1. Department of Pediatric Surgery, Celal Bayar University, Medical Faculty, Manisa, Turkey 2. Department of Pediatrics,Nov 02,Celal 200 Bayar9 University, MedicalJun 05, 20 Faculty,10 Manisa,Jul Turkey30, 2010 Received: ; Final Revision: ; Accepted: Abstract Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate clinical characteristics of ureteroceles particularlyMethods: for diagnostic and treatment challenges. Data about patients treated for ureterocele in the two hospital clinics during 1996- 2009Findingsare :retrospectively evaluated. There were 12 girls and 7 boys. Symptomatic urinary tract infection was found in twelve cases. Ureterocele was associated with duplex systems in eleven cases. Vesicoureteral reflux was detected in 4 patients. Bladder diverticulum complicated with ureterocele in 1 patient. Ultrasonography diagnosed ureterocele in 12 patients. Renal scarring was detected in 6 patients at the side of ureterocele. Fifteen patients showed varying degrees of hydro- ureteronephrosis. Surgical therapy included upper pole nephrectomy in 3 cases. Bladder level reconstruction was performed in 11 cases. Five patients were treated only by endoscopic incision. In the follow up period 4 patients showed long term urinary tract infections whereas 3 of them were treated endoscopically. Postoperative reflux was still present in two patients who weConclusion:re treated by endoscopic incision. Ureterocele diagnosis and treatment show challenges. Urinary tract infection is important marker for urinary system evaluation. Preoperative management generally depends on a combination of diagnostic methods.