The of Phi Sigma Iota Forum International Foreign Language Honor Society

Spring 2003 Year 25. No.1

The Forum, Spring 2003 • 1 The President’s Page

By the time you read this, the U.S. may be at war with Iraq. Public debate on questions surrounding the possibility of war has increased dramatically in the last few weeks. Citizens in a free society are obliged to engage in such debates. It is all the more important that young people enrolled in our colleges and universities, ostensibly to learn to think and to analyze the myriad of information around them, should be so engaged. How great it would be if this current generation of young men and women could begin to reverse the trend into mindlessness that has tightened its grip on mainstream American culture over the past couple of decades.

When you hear our leaders talk of preemptive strikes, the possible use of nuclear weapons, the moral imperatives for war, what goes through your mind? Do you accept the notion that there is such a Dr. C. Eugene Scruggs, 2002 thing as a just war? Can there be a just war which is begun preemptively? If a war can be considered “just”, what are the principles that make it just?

Over the years, moralists and ethicists have laid out many such “principles.” Here are a few: • A just war can only be waged as a last resort. • All non-violent options must be exhausted before the use of force can be justified. • A just war can only be fought to redress wrongs suffered. • The violence used in a war must be proportional to the injury suffered. • A war can be just only if it is fought with a reasonable chance of success. Deaths and injuries incurred in a hopeless cause are not morally justifiable. • The ultimate goal of a just war is to re-establish peace. • The weapons used in war must discriminate between combatants and non-combatants (i.e., citizens).

This list can be used to stimulate thought. Can you think of other principles? How can we make sure that our nation’s leaders fully consider the principles of just war while their rhetoric seems only to be concerned with national security? We need to make sure that we know and understand the meaning of “national security” and how this notion can be related and supported by “world security.”

Heavy thoughts, but ones which must not be ignored while we prepare for jobs and monetary security!

Front Cover: Conversation by Üzeyir Lokman ÇAYCI For an interview with the poet, architect, and artist: http://www.poetrylifeandtimes.com/poetnewsSep02.html See a sample of his free verse on p. 21. 2 • The Forum, Spring 2003 THE FORUM Spring, 2003

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Les dimensions du regard chez J.-J. Rousseau : National and Regional Officers de la passion au voyeurisme. PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Dr. C. Eugene Scruggs By Lucia Flórido……….…. 6 World Language Education, CPR 107 University of South Florida Tampa, Florida 33620 The Humor in Language: A Linguistics Lecture (813) 974-8286 [email protected] By C. Eugene Scruggs….... 10 VICE-PRESIDENT Dr. Christine Probes Parody in the Género Chico by Patricia Bentivegna World Language Education, CPR 107 University of South Florida Book review by Christopher Webber..…. 14 Tampa, Florida 33620 (813) 974-2743 [email protected] The Enduring Value of Literature The Forum EDITOR By Gaëtan Brulotte.……18 Dr. Lizz Caplan-Carbin Modern Foreign Languages, HU427 University of Tennessee-Martin Martin, Tennessee 38238 What is Written in the Darkness by War (731) 588-0193 [email protected] By Üzeyir Lokman ÇAYCI.……21 IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT Dr. Marie-France Hilgar University of Nevada. Las Vegas DEPARTMENTS Las Vegas. Nevada 89154

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The Forum, Spring 2003 • 5 Les dimensions du regard chez J.-J. Rousseau : de la passion au voyeurisme. Lucia Flórido, Ph.D. University of Tennessee at Martin

Dans le premier chapitre de L'Œil vivant, consacré à l'étude de la vision dans le théâtre racinien, Jean Starobinski analyse les différentes significations attribuées au verbe voir, qui "veut dire tantôt: savoir, connaître... mais que d'autres fois... désigne un élan affectif incontrôlé, [gardant ainsi] ce battement sémantique entre... le savoir et l'égarement."i Comme on analysera ensuite, ce passage pourrait aussi bien s'appliquer au rôle joué par la vision et le regard dans La Nouvelle Héloïse et les Confessions de Jean-Jacques Rousseau.ii

Saint-Preux, dans La Nouvelle Héloïse, et excès d'une imagination débordante et, au Rousseau narrateur des Confessions y moment de cette fusion de l'objet et du sujet, il établissent des relations presque ne nous est plus possible de distinguer l'œil exclusivement visuelles avec le monde qui regarde de l'être qui désire ou de l'objet extérieur : c’est à dire la vue n'est pas désiré. De voyeur, l'œil finit par s'abîmer en uniquement un des cinq sens, mais y soi-même et devient son propre spectateur. demeure la source d'une sensualité déviée qui Avant de passer à l'étude de quelques commence et finit passages choisis, par les yeux. Dans il faut expliquer les textes en brièvement question, les l'acception des facultés attribuées termes voyeur et à l'œil se trouvent voyeurisme ou, tellement dans la multipliées que nomenclature celui-ci cesse alors freudienne, d'être un simple scopophilie. Un instrument épisode de d'appréhension de voyeurisme la réalité tangible. présuppose le Par conséquent, remplacement du l'action de plaisir provenant regarder--ou d'être de l'acte sexuel regardé par par le plaisir quelqu'un--y provenant de la dépasse le champ vision. Les yeux

conventionnel de l'optique Fragonard (1732-1806) The Swing prennent alors la place pour se caractériser surtout en auparavant attribuée aux tant qu'activité intellectuelle ou plutôt, au organes génitaux. Du point de vue niveau métaphorique, en tant qu'activité psychanalytique, cette permutation ne sexuelle. On verra que les yeux peuvent constitue un dérèglement qu'au moment où donc, en plus de voir, espionner et goûter, "instead of being preparatory to the normal toucher et pénétrer jusqu'aux pensées les plus sexual aim, it supplants it." iii Comme on le intimes pour enfanter tout un monde à partir verra par la suite, Saint-Preux et Rousseau de ce contact visuel/virtuel. La cible du narrateur semblent fixés sur une phase regard se mêle aux images créées par les essentiellement visuelle qui devrait constituer 6 • The Forum, Spring 2003 en effet un moment transitoire de leurs demande: "Faut-il qu'incessamment mes yeux expériences érotiques. Mais, si on considère dévorent des charmes dont jamais ma bouche en revanche le point de vue développé par n'ose approcher?" (VIII, 22). Merleau-Ponty dans son texte intitulé "Le Conscient des barrières qui les corps comme être sexué," il apparaît séparent, le jeune homme essaie de vivre en indubitablement que l'érotisme dépasse rêves le contact physique alors impossible. l'aspect génital chez le voyeur, voyeur dont Cela dit, pour que cette transposition ait lieu, l'intelligence provient de la sensation l'imagination doit opérer comme médiateur subjective des choses plutôt que de leur entre l'œil et le désir: il lui faut donc compréhension à un niveau plus intellectuel transformer le regard aveuglé par les et objectif. iv Ainsi, deux lectures distinctes se vêtements qui couvrent le corps de la femme superposent et, dans une certaine mesure, en une main qui le touche et qui puisse ainsi le finissent même par être complémentaires. dévoiler. De cette sorte, malgré des Dans le cas de Saint-Preux et du narrateur des contrariétés réelles, il se procure quand même Confessions, le voyeurisme demeure, selon la tout un univers de délices imaginaires psychanalyse, une activité réductrice qui produits par "l'œil avide et téméraire [qui] empêche le sujet de franchir un échelon de sa s'insinue impunément sous les fleurs d'un vie sexuelle. Ce voyeurisme, en revanche, ne bouquet, erre sous la chenille et la gaze, et cesse pas cependant d'être en même temps [qui] fait sentir à la main la résistance hyperbolique, car il produit aussi la élastique qu'elle n'oserait éprouver" (XXIII, multiplication du plaisir grâce au 48). déplacement virtuel des zones érogènes, Le rôle des rêveries dans l'amplification auparavant limitées au pénis. Jouir par la vue des pouvoirs de la vue s'affirme plus encore peut avoir alors ses avantages et devenir une quand Saint-Preux, d'une esplanade lointaine, expérience enrichissante pour le voyeur, essaie d'espionner Julie chez elle. Il s'efforce comme on va l'examiner ci-après. d'abord de tout voir à l'œil nu. Mais, se Dans La Nouvelle Héloïse, par exemple, rendant bientôt compte que "[son] Saint-Preux jouit par le regard des plaisirs imagination donnait le change à [ses] yeux inaccessibles au toucher. En effet, quoiqu'il fatigués" (XXVI, 54), il part à la recherche d'un ait "la vue trop courte pour le service télescope. C'est précisément quand les formes [militaire]" (XXXIV, 68), il a en contrepartie concrètes du monde extérieur se trouvent les yeux puissants et pénétrants du voyeur. perfectionnées à l'aide de cet instrument Comme s'il s'agissait de compenser un d'optique, que Saint-Preux les remplace peu à handicap naturel--et d'abolir du même coup peu par les images factices de ses rêves. v Sans la distance imposée au couple par les jamais arriver à apercevoir Julie (il passe contraintes sociales--le jeune homme décuple "[d]es jours entiers... à contempler" les murs les pouvoirs virtuels de la vision. Alors, de sa maison) (XXVI, 54), Saint-Preux, "forcé séparé de Julie, Saint-Preux va convertir l'œil de rentrer en [lui]-même" (XXVI, 55) se met à en bouche et en main, ramenant les parcourir un trajet imaginaire à l'intérieur de impressions produites auparavant par le goût chez elle. Ainsi, quoique dirigé vers le et le toucher uniquement aux impressions dehors--la maison de Julie--le télescope finit visuelles, dans la mesure où "un sens peut au contraire par rapprocher le jeune homme quelquefois instruire un autre" (XXIII, 48). Un de ses souvenirs et par éveiller ses fantasmes, peu plus loin, Saint-Preux soutient encore favorisant donc un regard qui se déplace vers cette hypothèse en écrivant que "la vue opère le dedans. Saint-Preux devient tout d'un coup l'effet du toucher" (XXIII, 48). Dans une des omniscient/omnivoyant: il voit Julie se premières lettres à Julie, il attribue déjà au réveiller, la voit consulter le pasteur, la voit regard des pouvoirs carnivores lorsqu'il lire des lettres. En somme, la femme, The Forum, Spring 2003 • 7 physiquement éloignée, se transforme en une objet" (III, 101). Ce passage réitère la valeur image chimérique créée "par une âme agitée octroyée à la puissance des facultés qui s'égare dans ses désirs" (XXVI, 55). imaginaires sur les impressions du monde La transformation de Julie en image extérieur, impressions fournies s'accompagne d'un changement de pronoms. principalement par la vision. Ainsi, il n'est Si auparavant Saint-Preux lui parlait à la pas surprenant que le narrateur des deuxième personne, maintenant il parle d'elle Confessions donne souvent priorité au rêve au à la troisième personne. Julie, écartée par une détriment des affaires réelles. La distance réelle, est--par un essai de prépondérance des rêveries sur la réalité compensation--assimilée au discours du jeune tangible y est telle que, lorsque, au moment de homme, qui la fait sienne au moment où il l'écriture, il repense la façon dont il a parfois s'approprie sa voix et ses actions. Absorbé vécu sa vie, il en arrive à s'étonner "qu'on par les yeux qui le regardent, l'objet (Julie) est puisse fonder sur une fiole vide la subsistance ainsi confondu avec le sujet (Saint-Preux), du reste de ses jours" (III, 101). dans une forme de possession indirecte de ce L'exemple tiré des Confessions qui qui reste interdit à ce dernier. Lorsque illustre le mieux comment le regard indirect l'assimilation verbale de Julie par Saint-Preux réussit à devenir source première de plaisir et réussit à éliminer la distance qui l'instant forme efficace d'autoprotection apparaît d'avant les séparait, le verbe voir (qui pourtant dans le Livre II. Il est question alors présuppose un écart entre le sujet et l'objet des amours cachées du jeune Jean-Jacques regardé) devient, dans le passage du pour Mme Basile et de leur éventuelle mise à télescope, synonyme d'imaginer, ce qui nu. Le jeune Rousseau, victime d'une timidité suggère le rapprochement intellectuel des maladive et persécuté par une culpabilité amants. Le verbe voir acquiert encore "originelle," préfère contempler l'objet de son d'autres nuances subtiles au fur et à mesure désir en cachette, éprouvant par le biais du que Saint-Preux décrit sa bizarre expérience fantasme les joies d'une liaison qui fuit toutes de voyeur. Voir correspond d'abord à les frustrations, sauf peut-être la frustration de apercevoir, devient ensuite synonyme de la chair. Cependant, au contraire de ce qui a représenter, et quelques lignes plus tard, Saint- lieu dans La Nouvelle Héloïse, les problèmes Preux semble attribuer à la vision les d'ordre psychiques remplacent ici les pouvoirs de l'audition: "je vois que c'est de lui contraintes sociales. Le narrateur se voit donc que tu parles à ta cousine avec une si tendre immobilisé plutôt par des obstacles subjectifs émotion" (XVI, 55). De cette façon, c'est grâce que par des barrières extérieures palpables, aux pouvoirs d'une imagination surexcitée comme la famille ou la fortune. que Saint-Preux arrive à beaucoup enrichir les Quoique Jean-Jacques n'ose jamais attributs de la vision dans ses lettres. Le s'approcher de Mme Basile à l'occasion de voyeurisme du jeune homme, qui voulait leurs tête-à-tête journaliers, il "dévorai[t rétablir par le regard un contact alors quand même] d'un œil avide tout ce qu'[il] impossible, se manifeste toutefois d'une façon pouvai[t] regarder sans être aperçu" (II, 74). très particulière: muni de son télescope, prêt à Source de "délices," mais aussi d'angoisse, envahir l'intimité de Julie, Saint-Preux cette relation qui s'établit uniquement dans le n'arrive à être, sans s'y attendre, qu'un champ visuel semble en revanche lui suffire spectateur de soi-même. pleinement. En plus, à la différence de Saint- Dans les Confessions, Rousseau Preux dans le passage du télescope, Jean- narrateur écrit à son tour qu"il faudrait Jacques n'a pas besoin de reproduire une connaître... avec quelle force [son cœur] se image mentale de Mme Basile pour pouvoir plonge dans l'imagination de l'objet qui arriver par les yeux à une sorte de jouissance l'attire, quelque vain que soit quelquefois cet sexuelle. Toujours auprès d'elle, il peut 8 • The Forum, Spring 2003 profiter librement de sa compagnie. La présence chambre de Mme Basile. Dans un jeu d'images effective de Mme Basile n'exclut pourtant pas le reflétées et de regards qui par hasard se croisent, besoin toujours éprouvé par Jean-Jacques de se Saint-Preux est surpris en flagrant délit de créer des fantasmes à partir de l'objet qu'il concupiscence. contemple. Comme ce que les yeux voient ne On a voulu dépeindre, par cette analyse, suffit pas à satisfaire pleinement le désir du sujet comment la vision et l'imagination produisent et qui regarde, il faut ajouter le rêve de possession à soutiennent les univers subjectifs de Saint-Preux l'image qui échappe, transformant le réel en idée dans La Nouvelle Héloïse et de Jean-Jacques dans les et l'idée en idéal. C'est ainsi que le jeune homme, Confessions. La vision, en même temps illuminée tout en épiant celle qui se trouve à portée de sa et aveuglée par le fantasme, y dépasse les limites main, réussit en jouir sans la toucher, comme étroites de la vue pour se convertir en un sens semble le suggérer cette description assez dont l'amplitude garantit une extraordinaire ambiguë: sensibilité à celui qui voit. Il faut ici réitérer et A force de regarder ce que je pouvais et s'accorder avec Starobinski pour dire que: même au-delà, mes yeux se troublaient, l'imagination est beaucoup plus qu'une ma poitrine s'oppressait, ma respiration faculté d'évoquer des images qui d'instant en instant plus embarrassée me doubleraient le monde de nos perceptions donnait beaucoup de peine à gouverner, directes: c'est un pouvoir d'écart grâce et tout ce que je pouvais faire était de filer auquel nous nous représentons les choses sans bruit des soupirs fort incommodes distantes et nous nous distançons des dans le silence où nous étions assez réalités présentes. vi souvent. (II, 74) Saint-Preux et Jean-Jacques arrivent ainsi à Bien que la conduite de Jean-Jacques dans transposer la réalité tangible pour ensuite se ce morceau cité plus haut nous fasse d'abord retrouver (et s'égarer) dans leur univers de rêves, croire qu'il a accompli un acte de voyeurisme, il fruit d'une réclusion volontaire, mais aussi du faut pourtant considérer le contexte dans lequel le bannissement qui leur est imposé. Transformés passage s'insère avant d'en tirer des conclusions. par leur sensibilité extraordinaire, les yeux Peut-on dire en effet que le jeune homme se deviennent corps, et c'est avec ce corps immatériel comporte ici en voyeur quand Mme Basile sait que le voyeur entre en contact, touche et qu'il est là et qu'elle semble même deviner qu'il la finalement pénètre l'objet de son désir. regarde? Comme le texte le communique d'ailleurs de façon très subtile, Mme Basile ignorait-elle vraiment les perturbations de Jean- Jacques? Le narrateur lui-même paraît en douter, car, comme il écrit, "heureusement Mme Basile ... ne s'en apercevait pas à ce qu'il me semblait. Cependant je voyais quelquefois... son fichu se renfler" (II, 74), ou encore "il paraissait que ces The Meeting (detail) i petits tête-à-tête ne lui déplaisaient pas... soin bien Jean Starobinski, L'Œil Vivant (Paris: Gallimard, 1961) 76. ii Toutes les notes proviennent des éditions ci-après: Jean-Jacques gratuit assurément de sa part pour l'usage qu'elle Rousseau, Julie ou La Nouvelle Héloïse (Paris: Garnier-Flammarion, en faisait, et qu'elle m'en laissait faire" (II, 75). Ce 1967) et "Confessions," Oeuvres Complètes de Jean-Jacques Rousseau rapport platonique, volontairement laissé dans vol. 1 (Paris: Gallimard, 1959). l'équivoque, ne représente donc pas exactement iii Sigmund Freud, "Three Essays in Sexuality," Complete Psychological un acte de voyeurisme, du fait qu'il n'implique Works of Sigmund Freud vol.7 (London: Hogarth P, 1956) 157. iv M.Merleau-Ponty, Phénoménologie de la Perception (Paris: Gallimard, pas une relation où le sujet regarde un objet qui 1945) 180-202. ne se sait point regardé. La liaison visuelle entre v Dans le contexte du voyeurisme, le télescope peut être lu Mme Basile et Jean-Jacques satisfait plutôt aux métaphoriquement comme l'organe sexuel masculin, car les deux servent besoins du jeune homme timide et à ceux de la à pénétrer l'intimité de quelqu'un. Le contacte sexuel dévié à la vue, toutefois, transforme le regard du voyeur en viol (surtout parce que le femme mariée. La mise à nu de leur désir, télescope confère une super-puissance aux yeux). La personne jusqu'alors vécu au niveau du fantasme, a lieu espionnée (ici Julie), ignorante des yeux qui l'observent en cachette, est quand Jean-Jacques est enfin trahi par une glace ainsi victime de privautés non-autorisées. stratégiquement placée à la cheminée de la vi Jean Starobinski, La Relation critique, (Paris: Gallimard, 1970) 174.

The Forum, Spring 2003 • 9

THE HUMOR IN LANGUAGE: A LINGUISTICS LECTURE

By Eugene C. Scruggs, Ph.D.

“Owed” to Linguistics

A descriptive linguist is my teacher; I shall not want! He makes me lie down in strange syntax; He restores my stress; He lead me among the paths of phonology Til my brains ache! Yea, though I walk through the valley of morphemics I shall fear no intonation, For my teacher is with me. His allomorphs and his allophones They comfort me. He prepares an exam before me In the presence of my fellows. He fills my head with graphemics Til my class notes run over. Surely lapses in semantics shall follow me all the days of my life, And I shall dwell in linguistic bliss forever.

Linguists do indeed use some Another way to express the same of languages or of a particular rather “big” words to describe notion is “multi-syllable words of language. actions we know and do 1 and ½ feet long.” intuitively. Words such as We are all naïve experts in our phonetics, morphemics, This reminds me of another native languages. By the time we synchronic, diachronic, semiotics, rather eloquent caution about entered 1st grade, we had a good etc. (lots of icks!) using “big” words to express a command of the phonemic, simple concept. It goes like morphemic and syntactic However, using special or jargon something like this: patterns of our language. But, of words is a characteristic of most • Beware of platitudinous course we didn’t know we did, professions: take the theology ponderosity. nor did we know about those profession for instance: • Let your communications terms. We could do what is “heuristic” is used in lieu of “to possess coalescent called “deep” grammar, which is discover” or “learn”—“exegete” consistency and concatenated not to say that we “knew” the in lieu of “explain”— cogency. grammar being taught (or rather “eschatological” in lieu of “end • Eschew all flatulent garrulity attempted to be taught) in school, times”—“homiletics” in lieu of and asinine affectations. which is prescriptive or surface “the art of sermon writing,” etc. • Avoid bombastic pomposity grammar. and shrill rhodomontade. The excessive use of long words In other words: Use simple terms It takes diligence and many years is characterized by a word which to express your thoughts! to learn all the prescriptions of itself is purported to be the surface grammar. Some of us longest in the English language: The sum total of human existence never quite master it all. A high hyperpolysyllabicsesquipedalianism. is reflected in language and school student once wrote: “An A whopping 33 letters!! linguistics is the scientific study active verb shows action and a

10 • The Forum, Spring 2003 passive verb shows passion.” As mistress; Portuguese with his Or take the Latin capitalis > an example she wrote: “I have chamber maids; French with his capitale > captal > cattel > chattel been loved.” ministers; German with his (now this one word has yielded soldiers; English with his dogs; three forms in modern English: Language can be looked at from Swedish with his doves; capital, cattle, and chattel (the several facets: descriptive (i.e., an Hungarian with his horses; and latter rare but used in the legal examination of a single given Czech with the devil. term “chattel” mortgage). language at a specific point in time), comparative (i.e., looking On an historical level we can look Or consider the Latin word: at two or more languages in a at a given language at various hospitalum > hospitale > hostel > given time frame), historical (i.e., times in its existence. When a hotel > hospital (giving us three looking at a given language as it language evolves, one word may modern English words with evolves over time, or looking split into several words with considerably different meanings). back at a given stage in that drastically different meanings or Or the Latin word for a nag language’s development). the words may be pronounced horse: caballus > caballo > caval >

and spelled very differently over cheval which gives modern As a description of languages in several centuries. Anyone who English cavalry/chevalry and layman’s terms we often hear the has tried to read Beowulf will cavalier. following: Spanish is a know what I mean (there’s no Or take the evolution of the “phonetic” language. German is way to make it out without simple Latin word: caput (pl. a “guttural” language. French is studying Old English)—several capita) meaning head which “such a pretty” language. None of the written letters are quite gives > capo > cap > chief > chef of these descriptors are very different from Modern English— (also yields captain) By the way, helpful, seeing as how all or the Canterbury Tales. At least the modern term “caput” comes languages are phonetic (use with Chaucer we can make out from “caput mortuum”, an old sounds) and all are guttural (are most of what he is saying. And chemistry term meaning a useless made at least in part in the probably many of you had to residue. Well, here we have six throat). And why is French said memorize at some time the words in modern English from to sound pretty? What does that opening lines to the Prologue of one Latin word. Because we have really mean? No one can say for the Canterbury Tales: “When that borrowed at various points in the sure. But if you isolate individual Aprille with his shoures sote / word’s evolution. phonemes and place them in a the droghte of Marche hath special order, French can sound pierced to the rote, / and bathed Thus comes the richness of the pretty silly, rather than just every veyne in swich licour, / of English language!! pretty. Take for example a which vertue engendered is the couple of the nasal vowels in flour.” Staying with the historical facet isolation: /in/ and /en/ which for a moment: Why do the French are found in “inclination” and in Looking at the history of the use different numbers for 70, 80 “Angleterre.” Say those two French language, we learn that it and 90 than do the Belgium and phonemes together a couple of came from Latin--as though it one Swiss speakers of French? The times and you get something like: day popped forth fully formed. French say the equivalent of 20, “hee haw hee haw!!” Indeed, it is impossible to tell 30, 40, 50 and 60, but then switch when Latin stopped being Latin to 60 and 10 for 70 (soixante dix); A 17th century French comic and became French, or when four twenties for 80 (quatre playwright by the pen name of English stopped being Ango- vingt), and four twenties and 10 Molière got a lot of mileage out of Saxon, or when the citizens of for 90 (quatre vingt dix). This this sound play in a comedy he Rome stopped using Latin or the difference is due to the fact that titled: The Bourgeois Gentleman. Roman tongue and started using the Gallic tribes living in Gaul Some have always related Italian (a Romance tongue!). before the Roman conquest used languages to a particular Let me give a few illustrations of a base-20 counting system, function: King Carlos V of Spain historical evolution: Take Latin whereas the Romans introduced once said that he spoke Spanish castellum > castelo > castel > a base-10 system. French now with God; Italian with his castle > chateau mixes the two systems. The Forum, Spring 2003 • 11 In a way it is like the English mix speaking settlers, the words As a language evolves, if some of days for the week and months sounded closest to what they speakers are fairly isolated from of the year. We use all pagan interpreted as “Bob Ruly.” They others, the evolution will take terms for our days of the week— being discriminately deaf—in place differently and bring about Norse gods and goddesses or other words, listening through a what we call dialects. This Roman celestial bodies. For the phonetic grid that had spaces occured dramatically between months, we mix numbers (Seven, only for sounds of English. England and the United States in eight, nine and ten--Sept, Oct. the 19th century. The evolution in Well, now Smackover seemed a Nov. Dec.—from a time when England went its merry way rather weird word. What could there were only ten months.) with while most of the States retained be the origin? Again old maps names of Roman emperors 16th and 17th century English showed that early French settlers (Julius, Augustus—July and pronunciation and vocabulary. in the area had built a covered August); a Roman family name When the Brits snootily talk of bridge—which they called a (junius = June) and a planet the corruption of the Queen’s “chemin couvert.” Now how (Mars = March) Roman gods English in America, they are does that go through an English (January from Janus—god of totally incorrect. The speaker’s phonetic grid? --as beginnings and ending and May-- pronunciation of American smack over! (Editor’s note: you have to Maia, goddess of increase and English is much closer to the repeat it several times very fast.) growth) Roman festivals English of the 1700’s than is (februa—festival of purification), Well, now you can probably today’s Queen’s English. It is and finally from a season of the guess that Picketwire comes from British English that has made the growing cycle (aprilis from the a close sounding French word. It greatest changes. (using the back Latin word for the sprouting happens to be “Purgatoire” instead of front /a/ for have or season) meaning Purgatory. aunt or bath or banana for example. The dropping of final A look at comparative linguistics Sociolinguistics can offer /r/ for another.) yields some very interesting interesting insights into features. Words in one language humorous situations. It can An awful lot of what is now may evolve through simple illustrate the importance of social considered very poor speech was mispronunciation or context in expressing meaning: once very acceptable English at misinterpretation of the words in Two nuns enter a restaurant to the time of the settling of the another language. Take three have breakfast. The waiter comes colonies: Words such as heerd, U.S. geographical terms for over to the table and inquires of holped, strop, afeared, innards, instance: A town in Wisconsin one of them. “What’s your order, traipse, Edard (dropping the called “Bob Ruly,” town in sister?” To which she replied: /w/, sword (pronouncing the Arkansas called “Smackover,” “Benedictine.” To which the /w/), and hain’t giving modern and a river in Iowa called startled waiter could only aint. (which is the only logical “Picketwire.” exclaim: “Sister, so early in the way to contract “am not I” and morning!” (The nun and the makes more sense that the proper These at first were mysterious waiter are working from two “aren’t I” since I and are don’t go names to geographers. No one entirely separate contexts.) together.) named Bob Ruly had ever been heard of in that area of Another example of the English used to pronounce the Wisconsin. It wasn’t til someone importance of context is this: An /ed/ ending on adjectives. Now thought to look at an old map American was on a German about all we have is an occasional created by French trappers that cruise ship when he went up to blessed and beloved—and those the mystery was solved. It seems the bar and ordered: “Dry only in special social settings or if that the trappers hit upon the martini.” The German bartender, required for poetic meter. name because they had found quite naturally, brought the Consider the way the Amish and burned wood at the site. Now American three martinis. Because Mennonites talk. Thy/thine/ burned wood in French is “Bois of his frame of reference, instead thou/hast etc. These were all Brulé.” To the ear of newly of “dry” he heard “drei” which used at the time of the founding arrived mono-lingual English- means three. of the American colonies. 12 • The Forum, Spring 2003 Another phenomenon of speech, • Or the commercial for “Wonder by a combination of intonation on occasion, is anticipation of Bread for the breast in bed.” and pitch: What’s for supper, consonants or vowels yet to come And the one I like to use just to Mother? in a sentence. This produces a aggravate my children by calling What’s for supper—mother? one of the early grocery chains, lapse or a switching of sounds. It Take the simple phrase: “a • the A and Poo Feed Store. occurs because of anticipation of woman without her man is elements yet to come. Our minds Now, sometimes lapses involved nothing.” travel faster than our tongues. entire morphemes or entire With pauses in strategic places We inadvertently produce a words: and changes in pitch we can metathesis (or change in position) • Like the guest speaker who said: make drastic changes in meaning: of single phonemes or “Mr Priviledge, this is indeed a A woman, without her MAN, is morphemes (syllables) and Power.” nothing, but: A woman: without sometimes even whole words. • Or the host who introduced HER, man is nothing. This is the kind of thing that Julia Childs to the audience as Take these curious signs spotted in happened to an emotional radio the “homely friend maker.” England: announcer in the 1940’s in • Or the socialite who announced In a laundry mat. England who was recorded as that at last evening’s gala ball, “Automatic washing machine. saying the following: “Ladies and all the ladies were wearing Please remove all your clothes “gownless evening straps.” when the light goes out.” gentlemen, I am pleased to present to you the Duck and Although we all do these In a staff lounge: Douchess of Windsor.” switches occasionally, there was After tea break, staff should once a chap (the Rev. Spooner) empty the teapot and stand This phenomenon often happens who made such lapses so upside down on the draining when we are in a hurry, or frequently that we have coined board. excited. Take the time my young the term “spoonerisms.” An Outside a second-hand shop: daughter at about age five, came example was heard by a BBC-TV “We exchange anything. running into the house from commentator as the Royal Horse Bicycles, washing machines, etc. being outside playing in the Artillery passed by: “In front of Why not bring your wife along snow. In her excitement she the guards we can see the Royal and get a wonderful bargain?” exclaimed: “Mommy, Mommy, Arse Hortillery.” The Rev. Outside a parish cemetery: my chaps are lipped.” She would Spooner sometimes admonished “We must ask anyone with also frequently switch the t and the students at Oxford by saying: relatives buried in the graveyard the p sounds in catsup so that it “you’ve tasted two worms!” to do their best to keep them in came out capitch. order.” Language is more than just a In a safari park: When the lapse is a switch of a string of words. Communication Elephants please stay in your car. single phoneme you get such of meaning (semantics) occurs At a dry cleaners: things as: also through structure (how the “Anyone leaving their garments • “And now, ladies and words are strung together); here for more than 30 days will gentlemen, I present the Vice stress; intonation; pitch level; be disposed of.” President of the United States, periods of silence or pauses. Also And the following which was Mr. Houbert Heever.” of course in such things as facial sent to the Phi Sigma Iota • Or the case of the Methodist expressions, hand movements, National Office by Gail Guenther: minister, in a bit of a hurry, volume level, tone of voice; body She read the following in a local who announced the sermon language, etc. Change in meaning Shopping Guide. “Wanted: topic for the following week: is driven by stress and pitch. Person to take care of cow that “Cast thy broad upon the Compare the following: does not smoke or drink.”

waters.” The cómic book manufacturer • Or the tired radio announcer And finally, a notice outside a who signed off with the The comic bóok manufacturer. farm field: “The farmer allows words: “this is the National Think for a moment about the walkers to cross the field for free,

Breadcasting Company.” effects that can be brought about but the bull charges.” 

The Forum, Spring 2003 • 13 Book Review By Christopher Webber

PARODY IN THE GÉNERO CHICO Patricia Bentivegna, Ph.D.

Does Parody in the Género Chico José Echegaray, brother of parodies, with copious textual sound too narrowly specialised a zarzuelero Miguel. illustration - and in the case of the title to appeal to any but the El golfémio (an interesting José is indeed a lost luminary of diehard zarzuela* scholar? If so, parody of Puccini's La Boheme by his time, and it's little wonder let me say straight away that this Salvador María Granés and the that his features adorn the front is the most informed, informative composer Luis Arnedo Muñoz), a cover. This is a clue to the real and enjoyable book touching discussion of the parodistic value of the book, which slyly zarzuela I've had the pleasure of musical content as well. Although uses parody as a comedic side- reading, whether in Spanish or she does not provide English entry into the broad history of English. translations of the Spanish texts, 19th and early 20th century Bentivegna does comment in Every great theatre movement Spanish theatre. We make the detail on the puns, vernacular produces its parodists. The acquaintance not only of the idioms and word-plays which English stage has been fabled Echegaray, but make for good parody, all of particularly fortunate in them, playwrights of the quality of which makes life a lot easier for numbering expert wits of the Guttiérrez, author of the El those of us whose Spanish is ... calibre of Henry Fielding and trovador famously set by Verdi; well, less advanced than we W. S. Gilbert amongst its Zorilla, whose great verse drama, might wish. th practitioners. In Spain, the 19 Don Juan Tenorio, produced a century produced a rich and raft of parodies, not to mention a Echegaray emerges as a Grand varied theatre worthy of three-act zarzuela to his own Hero. The plots of his outrageous, comparison with any in Europe. libretto set to music by Nicolás moralistic, tragic melodramas Serious political and Manent; Adelardo López de such as En el puño de la espada philosophical drama vied in Ayala, Benito Pérez Galdós and and El gran Galeoto might seem popularity with zarzuela grande Jacinto Benevente. Nor did almost beyond parody, and and the one-act género chico, foreign operas escape parody, certainly critical opinion was not both in its musical and 'straight' and some of these - notably El universally positive about him formats, to say nothing of the dúo de la africana and La corte de even in his heyday. He was a gift revista and other lighter musical la Faraón - have classic zarzuela to género chico comedy, and forms deriving from French and status. hardly less so to Professor other operettas. Little wonder Bentivegna, who sets about him El dúo, remarkably, led to a that all this provided rich tillage with a sunny, infectious relish parody of a parody, in Los for the parodists. which is highly diverting. africanistas. Zarzuela grande and Patricia Bentivegna covers the even the género chico classics Yet the book stimulates a real field with thoroughness, wit, and themselves did not escape, and desire to read many of the other a catching enthusiasm for what Bentivegna throws some dramas discussed, such as José may seem at first to be something interesting light on works as Dicenta's grim social tragedy, of a by-way for most of us diverse as Chapí's La tempestad Juan José, inspiration for zarzuela aficionados. She points and El puñao de rosas, Vives' Sorozábal's still unperformed acutely to the diverse techniques Bohemios and Marqués' El anillo operatic magnum opus; and and tricks by which parodists de hierro, through examination of Benevente's commedia-inspired, down the ages have taken their the comic send-ups and topical Los intereses creados, which in scalpels to pretentious and political parodies which sprang turn provided source material for popular successes alike. Nothing up in the shadow of their Penella's, Don Gil de Alcalá. and no one was sacred, not even - successes.

or rather least of all - the solemn, We get helpful summaries of *Zarzuela is a form of Spanish opera that Nobel Prize-winning playwright original plots as well as their mixes spoken dialogue with music. 14 • The Forum, Spring 2003 The sections of this well-ordered showing precisely how such naughty in Spanish?!?) and book dealing with opera, operetta famous lines were used. doesn’t reveal its basis in a pre- and zarzuela parodies are of existent French skit, Madame obvious interest. Did you know Salvador María Granés crops up Putifar. that Torregrosa wrote music for a throughout the book as a leading In truth, though, these are very parody of El puñao de rosas practitioner of the tongue-in- minor quibbles. The depth and entitled El cuñao de Rosa? Or that cheek art, and more information breadth of her scholarship, the Penella's La perra chica was a on him and some of the other wit of her writing, and above all cheeky parody of Chapí's La parodists would have been her zest in conveying the feeling, patria chica? Indeed, zarzuela welcome. I'm surprised to find no not only of parody and the was rarely far from the parodists' mention of Miguel Echegaray's género chico, but also of the pens: familiar phrases such as and Amadeo Vives' Juegos whole, remarkable spectrum of "No me mires, no me mates; malabares (1910) along with other Spanish theatre of the time, make déjame vivir en paz" (La canción parodies of Benevente's Bentivegna's book a delight from de la Lola), "No cantes más La fashionable circus-drama, La cover to cover, and a real treasure Africana" (El dúo de la Africana) fuerza bruta (1908); and trove for anyone interested in and "¿Dónde vas con mantón de Bentivegna doesn't refer to putting the classic zarzuelas of Manila?" (La verbena de la Ricardo de la Vega's sharp political parody of La bruja in El the Golden Age in context. Paloma) could always be turned to humorous advantage, and año pasada por agua. She takes For more information on zarzuela: Bentivegna's book evokes a vivid an unexpectedly bashful line on http://www.zarzuela.net picture of the whole género chico Perrin and Palacios' coarse through a host of examples double-entendres in La corte de Faraón (please, why is Putifar so

Parody, the festive imitation of a literary work, genre or style, originated in ancient times and continues to the present day. A particularly delightful form flourished in Spain during the later years of the nineteenth century and the early part of the twentieth. This was the parody of the género chico or "small genre," a one-act theatrical work with or without music. Compositions with spoken dialogue as well as music afforded two dimensions to the art of the parodist, since both elements could be distorted in a comical way. Inspiration was drawn from Spanish and foreign plays, operas, operettas and zarzuelas. Parody in the Género chico describes the way in which this imitation was done; the text is in English with many illustrative quotations in Spanish and a few other languages. Parody in the Género Chico. Bentivegna, P. (2002). University of the South Press. (1-889431-68-0).

Patricia Bentivegna is Professor Emerita of Spanish in the Department of Foreign Languages at St. Francis College, Loretto, Pennsylvania. She was named to the Penn. State Beta Chapter of Phi Sigma Iota in 1950. In 1977, Dr. Bentivegna founded the Saint Francis College Chapter, Iota Iota, where she served as their faculty advisor for the next 20 years. Her service to Phi Sigma Iota included terms as Regional Vice-President and Treasurer.

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PHI SIGMA IOTA encourages and recognizes outstanding ability and attainments in the studying and teaching of foreign languages, stimulates advanced pursuits and individual research in this discipline, and promotes cultural enrichment and a sentiment of international amity derived from the knowledge and use of foreign languages. The Forum, Spring 2003 • 15

PSI Scholarships

Announcing – The “Year 2004 PSI Scholarships”

ELIGIBILITY: Only active members of Phi Sigma Iota, both undergraduate and graduate students, are eligible for an award.

HOW TO SUBMIT A NOMINATION: A PSI official form must be used, with the signed endorsement of the Faculty Advisor. Each chapter is entitled to submit only one nomination. The nomination shall include:

• A personal statement, written by the candidate in both English and the nominee's major Foreign Language, outlining qualifications and the purpose for which the award will be used.

• A statement from the Faculty Advisor outlining the candidate's service to the local Chapter, dedication to the study of foreign languages and specific commitment to pursue such dedication, as well as any other relevant information.

• A recommendation from another reference, to be sent directly to the Faculty Advisor.

• An official transcript addressed directly to the Faculty Advisor.

• A wallet-size photo

AWARDS: In the Spring of 2004, Phi Sigma Iota will grant several Scholarship Awards based on availability of funding. Scholarships ranging from $300 -1000 will be awarded. The following grand awards are made each year: The Founder’s scholarship in the name of Dr. Henry Church; The PSI Annual scholarship; The Cleon W. Capsas scholarship for study in Spain or Portugal; The Santiago Vilas scholarship; and The Marie-France Hilgar scholarship. In addition, PSI offers awards in the names of our National Officers, and thanks to member participation in the Visa Program (see p. 31), we are able to offer a grand VISA scholarship, as well.

DEADLINE FOR SUBMISSION OF NOMINATIONS: Postmarked no later than February 15, 2004. The deadline will be strictly observed. Incomplete submissions will not be considered. Faculty Advisors: Please send nominations, supporting documents and all other correspondence to: Dr. C. Eugene Scruggs Phi Sigma Iota World Language Education, CPR 107 University of South Florida 4202 E. Fowler Ave. Tampa, Florida 33620 16 • The Forum, Spring 2003 PSI Scholarship Nomination Form

1. GENERAL INFORMATION ON NOMINEE Name in full ______Student Birth Date ______Chapter and Institution ______

Date of Initiation into Phi Sigma Iota: ______

Permanent Address ______Social Security Number ______Phone ______E-mail ______Present Local Address ______

2. EDUCATION RECORD OF NOMINEE High School (Name and Location) ______

Graduation Date ______Class Rank ______

Undergraduate University (Location, Dates, Degree and Date of Degree) ______Graduate University (Location, Dates, Degree and Date of Degree) ______Fields of Concentration at College/University ______Grade Average: Cumulative ______Foreign Languages ______

Scholarships, Honors Received ______

3. PERSONAL STATEMENT: (in English and foreign language), 500-1500 words each

4. WALLET -SIZE PHOTO: Attach to nomination form

5. STATEMENT by FACULTY ADVISOR: Attach

6. OTHER REFERENCE (Recommendation to be sent to Faculty Advisor before deadline)

Name and Address ______

7. FACULTY ADVISOR SPONSORING THIS NOMINATION

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The Forum, Spring 2003 • 17

The Enduring Value of Literature by Gaëtan Brulotte, Ph.D. University of South Florida

Some may think, especially in America, that Literature is an outdated mode of communication. Both as a scholar and a creative writer, I believe it is, on the contrary, an outstanding tool for international understanding. Why Literature today? Why do we need it? What is its role or justification in our time? How can a writer still spend most of his life writing books? Is it worth it? Those are the questions that are frequently asked. It happens that I am among those who are very concerned that Literature, as an art form, especially national literatures, may one day disappear. Consequently I feel that we have to defend it all the more strongly.

I am not thinking of Literature as mere entertainment, of course. I perceive Literature, along with the Arts, as one of the finest instruments of civilization that we have. It provides us with lucidity and consciousness. To let it go would risk returning to barbaric times. Literature allows the creation of durable bridges between human beings and cultures.

Literature is an international communicator. Through a book, individuals from different horizons can become more deeply interested in each other, instead of misunderstanding each other, despising each other, repudiating or killing each other.

Literature helps mutual understanding and brings into new light the human condition in its past and current reality. It provides the means to reconcile cultures and unify our desire to clarify the world we live in. It confers meaning where there does not seem to be any. It shows the spiritual and cultural diversity of human kind, while lifting the frontiers within. It is the cement that holds this diversity together. Literature musters, glues us to each other because it provides us with clarification and compassion. It also makes us more intelligent in our relationship with the world and with each other because it educates our emotions.

Literature has a profound metaphorical vocation, i.e. it permanently creates relations and links through time. Thanks to it, we can analyze more deeply our commonalities and measure our differences. Beyond the numerous gaps existing between cultures, levels of education, sensitivities, political views or genders, we are comparable at an essential level, i.e. in what preoccupies us all as human beings: alienation, loss, tediousness, uncertainty, limitations, and finitude. Literature, even when it seems to describe the modest life of a neighbor or co-worker, is one of the best ways to show this general insight on the human side in each one of us. It is a handshake above the nothingness; a light, although fragile, that twinkles over the pauper’s grave of History.

We were always taught that science is more real than fiction. In fact today’s cosmology teaches us the reverse: that reality is not as sure as fiction. Being in continued expansion, the universe is constantly changing so that a 1000 years from now it won’t be the same space that some future generation will have the opportunity to see. Over the same period of time we may hope that a work such as The Remembrance of Past Things will stay what it is today and what it was at the beginning of the 20th century, even if it may be read differently. Literature proposes a more stable vision of the world. For instance, what a third person narrator says not be questioned: when we read in a novel that John is climbing the stairs, it never comes to mind to doubt what is said. On the other hand, historical or scientific views are constantly subject to revision and are much less stable than Literature. Literature provides us with a sense of permanency in a world that is changing constantly. Continued on page 24

18 • The Forum, Spring 2003 Introducing The 2003 Phi Sigma Iota Scholarship Recipients

The PSI Founder: Dr. Henry W. Church The Editor's Scholarship Scholarship Christy M. Frembes (Beta Marilyn S. Feke (Phi Omega) Epsilon) SUNY Oneonta Boston University Majoring in Majoring in French Education Hispanic Linguistics. (graduation May 2003)

The Secretary’s Scholarship The Dr. Cleon W. Capsas Memorial Sarah Beth Goodwill (Beta Pi) Scholarship Edinboro University of Maria T. Cabo (Sigma Sigma) Pennsylvania Majoring in Rutgers University majoring in Spanish and Journalism Spanish Literature The Annual Phi Sigma Iota Scholarships

Pascale Lahur-Hobaugh (Eta The Dr. Santiago Vilas Scholarship Eta) Mercer University La Sonia Clay (Sigma Omicron) Majoring in French Weslyan College Majoring in (graduation May 2003) Spanish and Psychology

Julie Anne Winnick (Beta Epsilon) SUNY Oneonta The Dr. Marie-France Hilgar Scholarship Majoring in Spanish Michael Wayne Paalz (Eta Eta) Mercer University majoring in French and Spanish Lamont George Hambrick (graduation May 2003) (Beta Zeta) University of South Florida Majoring in Spanish and French The VISA Scholarship Education Karene Miriam Tropen (Beta Omega) Binghamton University Phi Sigma Iota is proud to announce that we have Majoring in French and English increased the number and size of our scholarship Language and Literature awards. Thanks to our active chapters, membership recruitment has helped to provide more scholarship (gratuation May 2003) opportunities for our outstanding members. Alumni members have also helped to provide scholarship The President’s Scholarship awards through their contributions as life-time Elizabeth Lynn Macholan members. A significant contribution to our awards (Kappa Lambda) Butler funding is made through your membership in the VISA Platinum program. Help us to continue University Majoring in Spanish providing these valuable opportunities to our and Business Studies. members. See page 31 for details on the VISA (graduation May 2003) scholarship contribution plan.

See the Phi Sigma Iota website or the next issue of THE FORUM for more details on our talented scholarship winners. The Forum, Spring 2002 • 19 Hungry for Proverbs

If you are planning for a year, sow rice; if you are planning for a decade, plant trees; if you are planning for a lifetime, educate people. Chinese Proverb

A smiling face is half the meal. Latvian Proverb

Conversation is the food of the ears. Trinidadian Proverb

Fine words do not produce food. Nigerian Proverb

Flattery is sweet food for those who can swallow it. Danish Proverb The poor man looks for food and the rich man for appetite. Indian Proverb Puzzle: Match the proverbs on the left with their English equivalents on the right. Solution p. 30 a) Ikikizela lihlum’ esiqwini. 1. Do not eat your fingers (do not take Zulu advantage of your relatives).

b) Isisu somhambi asiqedi luto. 2. Eat at pleasure, drink by measure. Zulu

c) Elämä on epävarmaa, syö jälkiruoka ensin. 3. He who excuses himself, accuses himself. Finnish

d) Kun namla wa takul sukr. 4. If you attend to what is roasting, it will not Yemeni be burnt.

e) Kanen mu ava u kakamay mu. 5. It is not good to eat in the bath or your Ivatan stomach will grow that size.

f) Nya b’a’n tu’n twa’n toj chuj, ku’n b’e’x cy-elil chuj 6. Life is uncertain so eat your desert first. tc’u’ja. Mayan

g) Cine se scuzã, se acuzã. 7. One piece of food while hungry equals a big Romanian box of food while full.

h) La mâncare sã ai cumpãtare si la bãuturã sã fii cu 8. The bite to the hungry traveller will never mãsurã. Romanian be missed.

i) Mot mieng khi doi bang mot goi khi no. 9. The old corn is sprouting again. Vietnamese

j) Ohun ti atejumo ki ijona. 10. Work like an ant and you’ll eat sugar. Ashanti

The comics of the Swiss cartoonist, Johannes Borer appear throughout this issue with the permission of the artist. See more of his comics, cartoons, and puzzles at his website:

http://www.borer-cartoon.ch/

20 • The Forum, Spring 2003 Free verse by Üzeyir Lokman ÇAYCI

Ce Qui S’Ecrit Par La Guerre Dans Le Noir What Is Written in the Dark by War

Tu ne pourras plus te réchauffer, tes mains froidies You can no longer warm your cold hands ne pourront plus se tendre vers l’amitié ! Tu as le or offer them in friendship. You have time temps de regarder en arrière ne fût-ce qu’une to look back only once to view the life of fois…Revois encore une fois la durée de ton amitié your friendship with flowers, the pleasure avec les fleurs…le plaisir que tu prends à aimer…la you take in love, the light that beauty lumière que tu répands par la beauté de ton for ignites in your heart of hearts! intérieur! It is most unfortunate, but there are C’est malheureux Mais ce sont eux qui décideront de those who decide on your tomorrows. tes lendemains. Peut-être que le mois de mars ne Perhaps the month of March will not reviendra plus. Tes pieds d’enfant ne pourront plus return, and the feet of a child will not s’enfoncer dans la neige. Les traces de guerre ne break the snow. The marks left by war seront plus effacées dans les écoles après toi. Les will no longer retire with you, following livres parleront de toi. Jette-toi pour une dernière fois you from school. Books will speak of you. dans les bras de ta mère avant de voir les traces de Throw yourself once more into the arms sang, de ressentir les souffrances. Dis adieu aux of your mother, before the bloody marks fleurs à souffle coupé. Le temps se rétrécit au fur et à show, before the agonies. Bid adieu to the mesure que les souffrances piétinent tes sentiments. flowers, their breathing cut off. Time narrows as suffering tramples thoughts. Tu ne seras jamais oublié pendant que tes souvenirs se plantent dans les cœurs des vivants. Au lieu de You will never forget while memories sink laisser les colères là où elles sont pourquoi veulent-ils into living hearts. Who are those who faire la guerre ? As-tu jamais pensé à ce qu’ils want to make war instead of dicarding veulent de toi ? C’est leur ennemi interne qui les fears and resentments? Have you ever mobilise ! Je sais que tu te trouves face à la folie de wondered what they want from you? It is ceux qui ne peuvent même pas s’entendre avec eux- their internal enemy that mobilizes them! mêmes. Je n’y peux rien ! Je ne peux empêcher les I know you find yourself facing the folly of animosités qui font de toi une cible par des guerres those who cannot hear themselves. I can dont l’essence est de tuer et de provoquer des larmes. do nothing! I cannot prevent your being a Tu es tout petit…Je t’aime très fort ! Demain les faux target of suffering and death. You are a sentiments contenus dans les recettes de ceux qui tiny tot - I love you dearly! Tomorrow the cherchent une ombre pour la peur et un matériau poison in the recipes of those who aux complaintes seront étalés les uns après les camouflage their fears will autres… Les passions feront trembler les mains de weaken...meanwhile, passion will surely certains pendant qu’ils dessinent les tâches de sang cause the hands to tremble that design avec leur encre. Tu peux en être sûr, mon enfant ! using blood for ink. You can be sure of it!

Si à table ta mère affamée tombe sur toi en larmes If your starving mother falls on her tears avant de manger une seule bouchée de pain, n’oublie at the table before she can eat a morsel of pas de lui faire un sourire, mon enfant ! A présent, tu bread, do not forget to give her a smile, vis sous les menaces de guerre qui sentent le pétrole. my child! Behind the present menacings L’Irak vibre devant tes fenêtres. Les lignes vieilles se of war, you can smell the oil. Iraq and old mettent à te suivre également ! Je sais que les fleurs lives vibrate before your windows. I know ne vivent pas aux bouts des canons…La guerre porte flowers do not live in the mouths of des chagrins et non des joies dans les foyers ! Jette- canons...war holds grief, not joy, in its toi pour une dernière fois dans les bras de ta mère foyers! Throw yourself once more into the avant de voir les traces de sang, de ressentir les arms of your mother before blood and souffrances. Dis adieu aux fleurs à souffle coupé. Le sorrows flow. Say goodbye to the flowers, temps se rétrécit au fur et à mesure que les their breathing cut off. Time narrows as souffrances piétinent tes sentiments. suffering tramples your thoughts.

Translated from original Turkish by Yakup Yurt French free verse translated into English free verse by Joneve McCormick The Forum, Spring 2002 • 21

Chapter News: Indiana The Epsilon Beta Chapter of Phi Sigma Iota at the University of Evansville, Evansville, Indiana enjoyed a semester filled with presentations, dinners and a holiday event. The chapter elected its new officers in September and they are as follows: Robert Rutherford, President; Samantha Simmons, Vice-President; Lauren Heather, Secretary- Treasurer; and Lauren DeBell, Social/Program Director. In October, the members met at a local Mexican restaurant and in November at an area Chinese restaurant. Ivan Rodriguez, lecturer in Spanish, spoke about his native country of Venezuela and also gave an account of his past trip to China. In December, the chapter hosted its second "Holiday Celebration" for all students in foreign language classes. A Dr. Yoshiko Nagaoka, assistant professor of Japanese, and Dr. Marie-Lise Charue, record-breaking crowd of over 125 students enjoyed a variety assistant professor of French, sample the of foods and lively conversation with faculty and friends. caviar at the Holiday Celebration.

Both students and faculty provided the afternoon entertainment, singing Christmas songs in French, German, Greek, Japanese, Italian, Latin, Russian and Spanish. Dr. William Hemminger, an accomplished pianist and professor of English and French, accompanied the eight groups. Although students were preparing for upcoming final exams, the event was a welcome study break. Ann Baker, professor of Spanish, is the faculty advisor of the Epsilon Beta Chapter.

Students and faculty in Spanish entertain the crowd with Venid Fieles Todos. Chapter News: New Jersey The Sigma Sigma Chapter of Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ., is one of Phi Sigma Iota’s most active chapters. Faculty advisors, Dr. Phyllis Zatlin and Dr. Gloria Álvarez-Hesse, have always encouraged their chapter members to strive for excellence and acheivement. Their success is evident in the numerable awards received by their members and by their visible presence at Rutgers and on the Sigma Sigma PSI chapter website. (see p. 26)

Pictured left to right: Paola Batacchi, vice president; Zhenya Kalacheva, secretary; Dr. Eve Sachs, guest speaker; Romina Spinnickie, president; and Dr. Gloria Álvarez-Hesse, chapter coordinator. 22 • The Forum, Spring 2003

Chapter News: Oklahoma Delta Rho Chapter #175 at Cameron University in Lawton, Oklahoma sends greetings. This year Delta Rho members have been participating in a continuous canned food drive to help the Lawton Food Bank. Delta Rho members also served as ushers for a lecture by Dr. Oscar Arias, the Nobel Laureate and Former President of Costa Rica on Thursday, September 19, 2002 at 7:00 p.m. in the Cameron University Theatre. The lecture was the first event of Academic Festival V 2002-2003 Beyond Borders: Globalization & The Human Experience. Delta Rho members also hosted a reception for Dr. Arias after the lecture. The culmination of Academic Festival V was the Academic Conference taking place March 27-29, 2003.

Left to Right Foreground: Misael Santiago, Happy Aniversary Dr. Oscar Arias, Phi Sigma Iota Chapters José Olivera st Left to Right Happy 1 Year Background: Sara Epsilon Pi Coker College 240 Janda, Dr. Lance Janda, Dr. Happy 10th Anniversary Teresa Lubrano, Beta Rho Missouri Southern State College 198 Delta Rho chapter 199 advisor. Beta Upsilon Dowling College Beta Phi University of Missouri 200 More information regarding the Academic Beta Chi Keene State College 201 Festival may be found at our Festival Web site Beta Omega Binghamton University 202 [www.cameron.edu/festival5]. Gamma Delta University of Michigan-Dearborn 205

Phi Sigma Iota International Happy 20th Anniversary welcomes our newest chapter, Delta Alpha Ursinus College 131 Delta Beta Providence College 132 at Epsilon Pi Coker College Delta Kappa Sacred Heart University 133

Chapter Advisor: Dr. Cathleen Cuppett Delta Iota Holy Family College 134 Inaugural Delta Lambda Moravian College 135 members Delta Sigma Southern Oregon State College 136 pictured left to Delta Gamma University of Alaska 137 right: Kimberly Happy 40th Anniversary Sigma Zeta Iowa State University 35 Ackerman,

Trixi DeRosa, Donna Grice, Happy 70th Anniversary Lambda Lambda New Mexico Highlands University 17 Katie Hines, Phi Otterbein College 18 Terie Watkins

The Forum, Spring 2002 • 23

Suggestions for Chapter Activities Literature Continued from page 18

SCHOOL PAPER. Publish articles about your chapter Literature is a human peculiarity. It has a initiation and other activities. deeply humanistic dimension, i.e. it favors HONORS PROGRAM. If your school has one, establish all the social and psychological processes by relations and offer the services of your organization. which human kind develops its highest You can help each other recruit. potentialities. One function of the writer is to LIBRARY. Investigate the possibility of helping with be the consciousness of time and place; to see book donation drives and sales to benefit collections. differently, sometimes against the grain, problems that social groups are living. TUTORIAL SERVICE. Many students need help with language study. Your enthusiasm can be contagious, Literature helps us keep ourselves at a and your experience can help other students overcome distance from what we experience in our difficulties. daily life, to track stupidity everywhere it is PIZZA WITH PROFESSORS. Or paella or punch or hiding, to foreshadow the dangers that whatever! Get to know professors on a social basis and threaten a community, as well as to see the show your appreciation by treating them. powerful poetry of ordinary people. It FOOD FAIR. Have students prepare foods from suggests social changes that may become different countries for members and guests to sample. political ones. It is not only a way of storing Try to involve foreign students. certitudes and artistic eternity; it is also open SPONSORED LECTURES AND SEMINARS. Invite to constant renewal, as is any society. students and professors to speak on topics related to Literature is one of the rare areas left for us language and cultural awareness. to dream about life. CONVERSATION GROUPS. Sponsor regular meetings for informal chats in languages studied by chapter Today I can better understand the thought of members. Invite native speakers of other languages, my mentor, Roland Barthes, about and offer to help them with their English in exchange Literature. When he was asked: “Should we for their help with their language. continue to teach Literature?” His QUIZ BOWL. Utilize research expertise and stimulate provocative answer was: “We should teach quick thinking by sponsoring a contest. only that.” Since it contains everything that PROFESSIONAL PROMOTION. Invite people from the is human. All the cultural aspects are in it, community to speak on ways in which second numerous links to other disciplines can be language knowledge and awareness of other countries found as well, but more importantly, I is important in various professions. should add, Literature is fundamentally (Compiled by Juan Barroso VIII, from materials “dialogic” in nature, i.e. it’s deeply oriented distributed at the ACHS conference.) toward the other. ❀

Washington D.C.’s National Gallery of Art offers free tours conducted in foreign languages by native speakers. Intended for high school language students who are conversant at an advanced level, the 60- minute tours are tailored to meet specific learning objectives and may be requested in Dutch, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Russian, or Spanish. http://www.nga.gov/education/school.htm

24 • The Forum, Spring 2003 Chapters of Phi Sigma Iota by States, as of March, 2003

State University Chapter Year No. State University Chapter Year No.

ALABAMA CONNECTICUT Birmingham Southern College Upsilon 1931 16 University of Hartford Sigma 1969 63 Birmingham, AL West Hartford, CT Phi Prof. Judy Cox Prof. Matthew Hoch University of Alabama-Huntsville Gamma 1979 91 Albertus Magnus College Pi 1979 98 Huntsville, AL Gamma New Haven, CT Pi Prof. Sharon Abernethy Prof. Sharon Magnarelli University of North Alabama Delta 1987 169 University of Bridgeport Alpha 1980 108 Florence, AL Theta Bridgeport, CT Epsilon Prof. Claudia Polo Vance Prof. Wilfred Garcia University of Alabama Beta 1992 195 Sacred Heart University Delta 1983 133 Birmingham, AL Sigma Fairfield, CT Kappa Prof.Catherine Danielou Prof. Claire Marrone ALASKA FLORIDA University of Alaska Delta 1983 137 Rollins College Sigma 1961 47 Fairbanks, AL Gamma Winter Park, FL Epsilon Prof Daniel Villa Prof. Nancy Decker ARKANSAS Jacksonville University Kappa 1986 149 University of Central Arkansas Alpha 1981 118 Jacksonville, FL Delta Conway, AR Omicron Prof. Therese Vitrant-O'Connell Prof. Nicole Hatfield University of South Florida Beta 1990 186 ARIZONA Tampa, FL Zeta Northern Arizona University Kappa 1931 159 Prof. Christine Probes Flagstaff, AZ Pi University of Florida Beta 1992 199 Prof. Patricia Frederick Gainesville, FL Tau Thunderbird American Grad School Beta 1991 191 Prof. Judith Shoaf of International Management Mu Florida State University Epsilon 1998 226 Glendale, AZ Tallahassee, FL Alpha Prof.Salvatore Federico Prof. Antoine Spacagna University of Arizona Gamma 1994 206 GEORGIA Tucson, AZ Epsilon Agnes Scott College Kappa 1925 146 Decatur, GA Alpha CALIFORNIA Emory University Sigma 1930 14 University of California Tau 1979 100 Atlanta, GA Riverside, CA Tau Prof. Annick Davis Santa Clara University Beta 1982 129 Wesleyan College Sigma 1966 54 Santa Clara, CA Delta Macon, GA Omicron Prof. Rose Marie Beebe Prof. Saralyn DeSmet Ca. State University At Fresno Eta 1984 143 Mercer University Eta 1979 92 Fresno, CA Gamma Macon, GA Eta Prof. Jacinta Amaral Prof. Jerry Winfield San Francisco State University Eta 1984 142 Morris Brown College Alpha 1980 116 San Francisco, CA Alpha Atlanta, GA Nu Prof. Ilona Vandergriff & Prof. Wen-Chao Li Prof. Earlene Frazier San Jose State University Kappa 1986 155 State University of West Georgia Alpha 1982 127 San Jose, CA Mu Carrollton, GA Omega Prof. Keach Inaba Prof. John Blair California State University-Chico Beta 1992 197 ILLINOIS Chico, CA Tau Illinois Wesleyan University Eta-I 1926 301 Prof. Rony Garrido Bloomington, IL COLORADO Prof. Patricia Klingenberg University of Denver Alpha 1917 1 Lake Forest College Mu 1929 12 Denver, CO Alpha Lake Forest, IL Prof. Terri Jo Woellner Prof. Clayton Gray, Jr University of Northern Colorado Zeta 1928 3 Northwestern University Phi 1936 20 Greeley, CO Zeta Evanston, IL Epsilon Prof. Marie-Laure Marecaux Prof. Rainer Rumold University of Colorado Epsilon 1928 305 North Central College Phi 1955 40 Boulder, CO Epsilon-I Naperville, IL Chi Prof. Mildred Mortimer Prof. Bernard Lebeau Colorado State University Sigma 1965 52 Northern Illinois University Delta 1978 82 Fort Collins, CO Theta De Kalb, IL Prof. José Carrasquel Colorado College Sigma 1967 57 Milikin University Alpha 1980 106 Colorado Springs, CO Pi Decatur, IL Beta Prof. Kevin J. O'Connor Prof. Cheryl Toman University of Colorado at Co. Springs Epsilon 2001 233 Bradley University Kappa 1987 161 Colorado Springs, CO Theta Peoria, IL Rho Prof. Robert von Dassanowsky Prof. William Walker Adams State College Iota 1978 78 Illinois College Alpha 1987 113 Alamosa, CO Omicron Jacksonville, IL Kappa Prof. Luis M. Trujillo Prof. Jose Arce Fort Lewis College Chi 1978 89 Illinois-Benedictine College Sigma 1989 179 Durango, CO Lisle, IL Nu Prof. Isabelle Pertant Prof Beth Joan Vinkler Metropolitan St Col of Denver Iota 1989 181 Rockford College Beta 1990 185 Denver, CO Kappa Rockford, IL Eta Profs. Alain Ranwez , Lawrence Glatz, and Rodolfo García Dr. Joseph Kobylas

The Forum, Spring 2003 • 25 State University Chapter Year No. State University Chapter Year No.

INDIANA MASSACHUSETTS Depauw University Pi-I 1939 308 Boston University Phi 1956 42 Greencastle, IN Boston, MA Omega Prof. James Rambo Prof. Hallie White Indiana University Phi 1952 35 College of The Holy Cross Sigma 1971 65 Bloomington, IN Rho Worcester, MA Psi Prof. Louis Beltran Prof. C. Fulginit Indiana State University Phi 1955 37 Northeastern University Iota 1976 72 Terre Haute, IN Tau Boston, MA Zeta Prof. Angelo Disalvo Prof. Holbrook Robinson Wabash College Iota 1978 85 Gordon College Zeta 1978 83 Crawfordsville, IN Wenham, MA Prof. Thomas Stokes Prof. Leasa Lutes Butler University Kappa 1986 154 MARYLAND Indianapolis, IN Lambda College of Notre Dame of Maryland Epsilon 2000 232 Prof. Sylvie Vanbaelen Baltimore, MD Zeta University of Indianapolis Iota 1990 183 Profs. Fern Babkes and Ann Hughes Indianapolis, IN Omega University of Maryland Alpha 1980 117 Prof. Daniel Briere College Park, MD Xi University of Evansville Epsilon 1998 227 Prof. Brett Wells Evansville, IN Beta United States Naval Academy Delta 1988 170 Prof. Ann Baker Annapolis, MD Eta Hanover College Epsilon 1999 229 Prof. Robert Stone Hanover, IN Delta Western Maryland McDaniel College Beta 1990 184 Prof. Ann S. Kirkland Westminster, MD Alpha IOWA Prof. Martina Motard-Noar University of Iowa Delta-I 1926 302 Loyola College In Maryland Gamma 1995 210 Iowa City, IA Baltimore, MD Iota Prof. John T. Nothnagle Prof. Leslie Z. Morgan Coe College Zeta-I 1926 303 MAINE Cedar Rapids, IA Bates College Kappa 1928 7 Lewiston, ME Drake University Epsilon 1926 6 Prof. Richard Williamson Des Moines, IA Colby College Omicron-I 1929 307 Prof. Virginia Lewis Waterville, ME Morningside College Nu-I 1929 306 Prof. Adriana Paliyenko Sioux City, IA University of Maine Iota 1975 71 Prof. Patricia Doolen Orono, ME Delta Iowa State University Sigma 1963 48 Prof. James Troiano Ames, IA Zeta University of Southern Maine Kappa 1987 156 Portland, ME Nu Central College Epsilon 2001 236 Prof. Mara Ubans Pella, IA Lambda MICHIGAN Prof. Patricia Westphal Michigan State University Sigma 1964 51 KANSAS East Lansing, MI Kappa Washburn University of Topeka Kappa 1987 166 University of Michigan Sigma 1964 50 Topeka, KS Psi Ann Arbor, MI Iota Prof. Marie Luce Parker Prof. Frank Casa Fort Hays State University Sigma 1988 172 University of Michigan-Flint Rho 1979 99 Hays, KS Nu Flint, MI Rho Prof. Ernst Ralf Hintz Prof. Jamiel Lawand KENTUCKY Northern Michigan University Mu 1979 94 University of Kentucky Phi 1950 33 Marquette, MI Mu Lexington, KY Lambda Prof. George Jover Prof. Roger Anderson University of Michigan-Dearbor Gamma 1993 205 Centre College Iota 1976 73 Dearborn, MI Delta Danville, KY Eta Prof. Cathy Collins Prof. Werner Klimke MISSOURI Kentucky Christian College Alpha 1981 121 University of Missouri Beta 1922 2 Grayson, KY Sigma Kansas City, MO Beta Prof. Donald A Nash Prof. Rafael E Saavedra Northern Kentucky University Gamma 1997 222 Washington University Gamma 1925 300 Highland Heights, KY Phi St. Louis, MO Gamma-I Prof. Hilary Landwehr William Jewell College Phi 1945 26 LOUISIANA Liberty, MO Theta Louisiana State University Phi 1936 19 Baton Rouge, LA Alpha Saint Louis University Phi 1950 34 Prof. Margaret Parker Saint Louis, MO Xi Tulane University Pi 1947 28 Prof. Robert D Herron New Orleans, LA Kappa University of Missouri Beta 1993 200 Prof. Elizabeth Poe Columbia, MO Phi Centenary College Phi 1950 32 Prof. Margaret Sommers Shreveport, LA Pi Missouri Southern St College Beta 1993 198 Prof. Arnold M Penuel Joplin, MO Rho Southern University- N.O. Pi 1978 87 Prof. Sabine Cramer New Orleans, LA Northwest Missouri State Univ. Gamma 1996 216 Prof. Linda Lasseter Maryville, MO Omicron Louisiana St. Univ./Shreveport Delta 1984 140 Prof. Louise Horner Shreveport, LA Pi MONTANA Prof. Megan Conway Carroll College Gamma 1996 218 Southern University Beta 1992 193 Helena, MT Rho Baton Rouge, LA Xi Prof. Valerie Gager Mcneese State University Gamma 1997 221 Lake Charles, LA Epsilon Prof. Scott Goins 2 6 • The Forum, Spring 2003 State University Chapter Year No. State University Chapter Year No.

NORTH CAROLINA NEW YORK cont. Wake Forest University Sigma 1958 46 St. University-NY-Stony Brook Sigma 1967 56 Winston-Salem, NC Delta Stony Brook, NY Mu Prof. Byron Wells Prof. Izabela Kalinowski East Carolina University Sigma 1969 62 Alfred University - Box 806 Sigma 1969 61 Greenville, NC Upsilon Alfred, NY Tau Prof. Brian L. Harris Prof. Zakia Robana North Carolina State University Alpha 1980 114 Pace University Sigma 1970 64 Raleigh, NC Lambda New York, NY Chi Profs. Wright And Lioret Prof. Iride Lamartina-Lens High Point College Delta 1984 139 Mercy College Iota 1974 68 High Point, NC Zeta Dobbs Ferry, NY Beta Prof. Carole A Head Prof. Maria Enrico Methodist College Kappa 1985 148 Hamilton College Iota 1977 77 Fayetteville, NC Gamma Clinton, NY Nu Prof. J. Elain Porter Prof. Roberta Krueger Salem College Delta 1989 180 Skidmore College Omicron 1979 97 Winston-Salem, NC Psi Saratoga Springs, NY Alpha Prof. Gary L. Jungquist Prof. Grace Burton Wingate College Beta 1991 190 College of New Rochelle Omega 1980 105 Wingate, NC Lamda New Rochelle, NY Omega Prof. Carmen Rivera Prof. Joan C. Diaferia Catawba College Gamma 1993 204 St.University of NY At Buffalo Alpha 1980 112 Salisbury, NC Beta Buffalo, NY Iota Prof. Andrew Vance, Jr. Prof. Henry J. Richards Western Caroline University Gamma 1995 209 Niagara University Alpha 1981 123 Cullowhee, NC Theta Niagara, NY Upsilon Prof. Suzanne Moore Dr. Henrik Borgstrom NORTH DAKOTA St. University-NY At Geneseo Alpha 1981 124 Valley City State College Iota 1989 182 Geneseo, NY Phi Valley City, ND Lambda Prof. Gerard M Gouvernet Prof. Kay K. Smith St. Univ of N.Y. At Oneonta Beta 1982 130 NEBRASKA Oneonta, NY Epsilon University of Nebraska Phi 1938 23 Profs. DeWaal & Kaufman Lincoln, NE Delta Pace University in Pleasantville Delta 1984 138 Prof. Jorge E. Porras Pleasantville, NY Epsilon Hastings College Delta 1989 177 Prof. Andre Villagra Hastings, NE Upsilon St University of NY/Oswego Kappa 1986 152 Prof. Michael Johnson Oswego, NY Eta NEW HAMPSHIRE Prof. Virginia Fichera Plymouth State College Alpha 1981 119 St University of NY/New Paltz Kappa 1987 168 Plymouth, NH Pi New Paltz, NY Omega Prof. Virginia Garlitz Prof. Louis Saraceno University of New Hampshire Alpha 1981 115 St. Thomas Aquinas College Delta 1988 171 Durham, NH Mu Sparkhill, NY Mu Prof. Grover E Marshall Prof. Gonzalo Plasencia Keene State College Beta 1993 201 US Military Academy Beta 1992 192 Keene, NH Chi West Point, NY Nu Prof. Lourdes Mallis Capts. Smith & Larocca NEW JERSEY Binghamton University Beta 1993 202 Rutgers University Sigma 1969 60 Binghamton, NY Omega New Brunswick, Nj Sigma Prof. Dora Polachek Profs. Zatlin and Alvarez-Hesse Dowling College Beta 1993 199 Caldwell College Kappa 1987 165 Oakdale, NY Upsilon Caldwell, NJ Chi Prof. Susan Rosenstreich Prof. Sally Jo Weber CW Post Campus of Long Island. U. Epsilon 2001 235 College of Saint Elizabeth Gamma 1997 225 Brookville, NY Kappa Morristown, NJ Omega Prof. Richard Auletta Prof. Hannelore Hahn Union College Gamma 1997 224 Saint Peter's College Gamma 1997 223 Schenectady, NY Chi Jersey City, NJ Psi Prof. Anton Warde Prof. Patricia Santoro OHIO NEW MEXICO The College of Wooster Gamma 1926 5 New Mexico Highlands Univ. Lambda 1933 17 Wooster, OH Las Vegas, NM Lambda Prof. Sharon Shelly Prof. Jose P. Garcia Otterbein College Phi 1933 18 University of New Mexico Phi 1948 29 Westerville, OH Albuquerque, NM Mu Prof. Marjorie Cornell Prof. Carolyn Simmons Wittenberg University Phi 1936 21 NEVADA Springfield, OH Beta University of Nevada-Las Vegas Omega 1979 90 Prof. Eric M. Steinle Las Vegas, NV Muskingum College Phi 1948 30 Prof. Julie Lirot New Concord, OH Nu NEW YORK Prof. Russell Brown University of Rochester Rho 1930 58 Hiram College Phi 1954 36 Rochester, Ny Hiram, OH Sigma Prof. David Pollack Prof. Ella Kirk Hobart & William Smith College Phi 1940 25 Case Western Reserve University Phi 1956 41 Geneva, Ny Eta Cleveland, OH Psi Prof. George Joseph Profs. Christine Cano and Jutta Ittner Syracuse University Phi 1946 27 Ohio University Sigma 1966 55 Syracuse, Ny Iota Athens, OH Xi Prof. Gail A. Bulman Prof. Christopher Coski

The Forum, Spring 2003 • 27

State University Chapter Year No. State University Chapter Year No.

OHIO cont. PENNSYLVANIA cont. Ohio Wesleyan University Iota 1978 79 Holy Family College Delta 1983 134 Delaware, OH Xi Torresdale, Pa Iota Prof. Susanne Bellocq Prof. Marlene Smith Central State University Alpha 1979 104 Moravian College Delta 1983 135 Wilberforce, OH Gamma Bethlehem, Pa Lambda Prof. William Felker Prof. Joanne Dangelmajer Heidelberg College Sigma 1965 53 Ursinus College Delta 1983 131 Tiffin, OH Lambda Collegeville, Pa Alpha Cleveland State University of Ohio Epsilon 2001 231 Prof. Douglas Cameron Cleveland, OH Eta Lehigh University Delta 1984 141 Prof. Gabriela Olivares-Cuhat Bethlehem, Pa Phi Capital University Beta 1991 188 Prof. John Van Erle Columbus, OH Theta La Salle University Kappa 1986 153 Prof. Barbara Keller Philadelphia, Pa Iota Marietta College Beta 1991 189 Prof. Glenn A. Morocco Marietta, OH Kappa Susquehanna University Kappa 1987 158 Prof. Leo Daniels Selinsgrove, Pa Omicron Kent State University Gamma 1996 217 Prof. Wanda L. Cordero-Ponce Kent, OH Pi Rosemont College Kappa 1987 157 Prof. Hildegard Rossoll Bryn Mawr, Pa Xi Ashland University Gamma 1997 220 Prof. Marilyn Conwell Ashland, OH Tau Saint Joseph University Kappa 1987 163 Prof. William Cummins Philadelphia, Pa Phi OKLAHOMA Prof. Richard Kipphorn, Jr. Cameron University Delta 1988 175 Kutztown University Kappa 1987 164 Lawton, OK Rho Kutztown, Pa Upsilon Prof. Teresa M Lubrano Prof. Michael Paulson University of Tulsa Gamma 1995 211 Gannon University Delta 1988 174 Tulsa, OK Kappa Erie, Pa Omicron Prof. Reginald Hyatte Prof. Kathleen M. Olson OREGON Lycoming College Delta 1989 178 Williamette University Phi 1955 38 Williamsport, Pa Chi Salem, Or Upsilon Prof. Amy Cartal-Falk Prof. Christin Gentzkow Edinboro University of Pennsylvania Beta 1992 196 Portland State University Nu 1979 95 Edinboro, Pa Pi Portland, Or Nu Prof. Judith Gramley Prof. Suwako Watanabe Marywood College Gamma 1994 203 Southern Oregon State College Delta 1983 136 Scranton, Pa Alpha Ashland, Or Sigma Prof. José Reyes Prof. Dan Morris Chatham College Gamma 1995 212 Western Oregon State University Eta 1985 144 Pittsburgh, Pa Lambda Mommouth, Or Delta Prof. Janet Walker Prof. Ruth E. Thurston-Taylor University of Pennsylvania Gamma 1995 208 PENNSYLVANIA East Stroudsburg, Pa Eta Allegheny College Alpha 1922 0 Prof. Ralph Vitello Meadville, PA (Founder) Cabrini College Gamma 1995 215 Prof. Laura Reeck Radnor, Pa Xi DeSales University Kappa 1925 147 Prof. Cynthia Halpern Center Valley, PA Beta Mercyhurst College Gamma 1996 219 Prof. Maria Schantz Erie, Pa Sigma Pennsylvania State University Beta 1925 4 Prof. Alice Edwards University Park, PA Carnegie Mellon University Epsilon 1999 230 Prof. Alex Borys Pittsburgh, Pa Epsilon Muhlenberg College Lambda 1928 11 Prof. Sono Takano Hayes Allentown, PA RHODE ISLAND Prof. Joseph Brown University of Rhode Island Chi 1979 102 Gettysburg College Tau 1931 15 Kingston, RI Chi Gettysburg, PA Prof. Kenneth Rodgers Prof. Ronald D Burgess Rhode Island College Beta 1982 128 Duquesne University Sigma 1971 66 Providence, RI Gamma Pittsburgh, PA Omega Prof. Calvin Tillotson Prof. Carla Lucente Providence College Delta 1983 132 Bloomsburg University Iota 1976 74 Providence, RI Beta Bloomsburg, PA Theta Prof. Raymond Lavalle Prof. Patricia Dorame-Holoviak SOUTH CAROLINA Saint Francis College Iota 1977 75 Furman University Sigma 1958 45 Loretto, Pa Iota Greenville, SC Gamma Prof. Vincent Remillard Prof.C Maurice Cherry Lincoln University Nu 1978 86 University of South Carolina Iota 1974 69 Lincoln University, Pa Columbia, SC Gamma Prof. Celia Esplugas Prof. T. Bruce Fryer Eastern University Iota 1978 80 Converse College Alpha 1981 120 Saint Davis, Pa Pi Spartanburg, SC Rho Prof. Elvira Ramirez Prof. B. Brant Bynum University of Pittsburgh Xi 1979 96 Coker College Epsilon 2003 240 Pittsburgh, Pa Xi Hartsville, SC Pi Prof. Pamela Bacarisse Prof. Cathleen Cuppett Lebanon Valley College Alpha 1980 111 SOUTH DAKOTA Annville, Pa Theta University of South Dakota Xi 1929 13 Prof. Rosa Tezanos-Pinto Vermillion, SD Millersville University Alpha 1981 126 Prof. Gervais Hittle Millersville, Pa Psi Prof. Ana Börger-Greco

2 8 • The Forum, Spring 2003 State University Chapter Year No. State University Chapter Year No.

TENNESSEE VIRGINIA Vanderbilt University Phi 1938 22 Mary Washington College Phi 1950 31 Nashville, TN Gamma Fredericksburg, Va Omicron Prof. Patricia Ward Prof. Elizabeth Lewis Union University Omicron 1978 81 James Madison University Sigma 1964 49 Jackson, TN Harrisonburg, Va Eta Prof. Cynthia Jayne Prof. Virginia Aliotti Middle Tennessee State University Kappa 1986 151 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Iota 1972 67 Murfreesboro, TN Zeta Blacksburg, Va Alpha Prof. Oscar Diaz University of Richmond Iota 1975 70 Belmont University Gamma 1995 214 Richmond, Va Epsilon Nashville, TN Nu Prof. Kapanga Kasongo Prof. Kim Jackson and Prof. Cheryl Brown Hampden-Syndey College Kappa 1979 93 TEXAS Hampden-Syndey, Va Kappa Sul Ross State University Epsilon 2001 234 Prof. Renée Severin Alpine, TX Iota University of Virginia Alpha 1980 109 Prof. Jesus Tafoya Charlottesville, Va Zeta Texas Christian University Delta 1927 9 Prof. Elisabeth Ladenson Fort Worth, TX Delta Radford University Alpha 1980 107 Radford, Va Delta Texas Women's University Phi 1955 39 Prof. Janet Walker Denton, TX Phi Lynchburg College Kappa 1987 162 Prof. Ninfa Nik Lynchburg, Va Tau University of Texas-Arlington Iota 1977 76 Prof. Kern L. Lunsford Arlington, TX Mu Emory & Henry College Delta 1988 173 Prof. Kimberly Van Noort Emory, Va Xi Southwest Texas State University Eta 1978 84 Prof. Helen Miseuheimer San Marcos, TX VIRGIN ISLANDS Austin College Upsilon 1979 101 University of The Virgin Islands Delta 1988 176 Sherman, TX Upsilon Saint Thomas, Vi Tau Prof. Cynthia Manley Prof. Gilbert Sprauve University of North Texas Psi 1979 103 WASHINGTON Denton, TX Psi Prof. Pierina Beckman University of Washington Phi 1939 24 Seattle, Wa Zeta West Texas A & M University Alpha 1981 125 Prof. Farris Anderson Canyon, TX Chi Prof. Courtney Harrison Washington State University Beta 1992 194 Pullman, Wa Omicron Texas Southern University Eta 1985 145 Prof. Rachel Halverson Houston, TX Epsilon Prof. Faride Reyes WASHINGTON, D.C. St. Mary's University Kappa 1987 167 Gallaudet University Alpha 1980 110 San Antonio, TX Theta Washington, Dc Eta Brother Terrence O’Connor Prof. Constantina Mitchell University of Texas-El Paso Beta 1990 187 WISCONSIN El Paso, TX Iota Beloit College Theta 1926 8 Prof. Joan Manley Beloit, Wi University-Texas San Antonio Gamma 1995 213 Prof. Olga Ogurtsova San Antonio, TX Mu Lawrence College Iota-I 1927 304 Prof.Christopher J. Wickham Appleton, Wi Abilene Christian University Epsilon 1998 228 Prof. Judith Sarnecki Abilene, TX Gamma Ripon College Sigma 1957 43 Prof. Mark Jones Ripon, Wi Alpha UTAH Prof. Jennifer Redmann University of Utah Sigma 1967 59 St. Norbert College Psi 1979 88 Salt Lake City, Ut Rho De Pere, Wi Prof. Eduardo Elias Profs. Sands and Day Weber State College Kappa 1986 150 WYOMING Ogden, Ut Epsilon University of Wyoming Theta 1928 10 Prof. Craig Bergeson Laramie, Wy Theta Southern Utah University Gamma 1994 207 Prof. Martha Hanscum Cedar City, Ut Zeta MEXICO Prof. Dick Carlson Universidad Regiomontana Alpha 1981 122 Utah State University Epsilon 2001 239 Monterrey, Mx Tau Logan, Ut Xi FRANCE Prof. Alfred N. Smith The American University In Paris Kappa 1987 160 Paris, Fr Sigma Prof. Roy Rosenstein

Need pictures for foreign language instruction?

Here is a sample of the hundreds of images available through the: Royalty-Free Clip Art Collection for Foreign/Second Language Instruction http://www.sla.purdue.edu/fll/JapanProj/FLClipart/ The Forum, Spring 2003 • 29 WHAT'S MORE... Syntax Anyone?

Phi Sigma Iota Chapters Online Iota Pi member, Gail Guenther, sent in this great example of syntactic humor. In the help wanted National Headquarters, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida section of her local “Shopper's Guide,” there was an http://www.phisigmaiota.org/ ad that read: Alpha Beta Chapter, Millikin University, Decatur, Illinois http://www.millikin.edu/studentorgs/honorary/psi/PSI.html Alpha Lambda Chapter, North Carolina State University "WANTED: Person to take care of http://www4.ncsu.edu/~kent/PhiSigmaIota.html cow that does not smoke or drink." Alpha Upsilon Chapter, Niagara University, Niagara, New York http://www.niagara.edu/fl/psi.html Beta Alpha Chapter, Western Maryland College, Westminister, Maryland Gail graduated from Eastern College (now Eastern http://wwwfac.wmdc.edu/ForLang/PhiSigmaIota.htm University) in St. Davids, PA in 2001 with a BA in Beta Epsilon Chapter, Oneonta State, Oneonta, New York Spanish. She also studied Italian at Cabrini College http://webserver1.oneonta.edu/departments/forlang/phisig.html Beta Omicron Chapter, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (just for fun) and hopes to improve her Italian as well http://www.wsu.edu/~psi/ as learn French. She has traveled to England, Beta Zeta Chapter, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida Ireland, Peru and twice to Spain (her favorite http://www.phisigmaiota.org/betazeta country). She currently does part-time translation Delta Eta Chapter, U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland http://www.nadn.navy.mil/LangStudy/PhiSigmaIota.html work (Spanish-English) and hopes to one day teach Delta Rho Chapter, Cameron University, Lawton, Oklahoma high-school Spanish. Thanks, Gail, for your http://www.cameron.edu/~teresal/PhiSigma.html contribution to THE FORUM of PHI SIGMA IOTA. Epsilon Epsilon, Carnegie Mellon, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania http://ml.hss.cmu.edu/ml/studentservices/psi.html Epsilon Lambda Chapter, Central College, Pella, IA Are you LINGUISTICALLY OBSERVANT? Keep your http://www.central.edu/modlang/phi_sigma_iota.htm eye out for humorous examples of linguistic Epsilon Pi Chapter, Coker College, Hartsville, South Carolina ambiguity and send them to THE FORUM editor. http://courses.coker.edu/ccuppett/studentactivities/Phi_Sigma_Iota/ [email protected] Eta Eta Chapter, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia http://www.mercer.edu/fll/phisigmaiota.htm Gamma Chapter, Ashland University, Ashland, Ohio Learn a new language and gain a new soul. http://www.ashland.edu/colleges/arts_sci/language/foreignl/psi_01.html Nigerian proverb Gamma Nu Chapter, Belmont University, Nashville, Tennessee http://www.belmont.edu/Humanities/languages/PhiSigmaIota.html Iota Xi Chapter, Ohio Weslyan University, Delaware, Ohio http://www.owu.edu/~psi/default.htm Kappa Gamma Chapter, Methodist College, Fayetteville, North Carolina http://www.methodist.edu/studentlife/clubs/phisigmaiota.html Kappa Theta Chapter, St. Mary's University, San Antonio, Texas http://www.stmarytx.edu/acad/languages/kappa.html Nu Nu Chapter, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon http://www-adm.pdx.edu/user/fll-psi/phi.htm Omega Chapter, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada http://www.unlv.edu/Foreign_Lang/psi.html Phi Nu Chapter, Muskingum College, New Concord, Ohio http:// munkingum.edu/~modern/phisigma/induction.html Sigma Nu Chapter, Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas http://www.fhsu.edu/mlng/psi.html Sigma Sigma Chapter, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey http://www.eden.rutgers.edu/~psihs Foreign Language & Humanities Listservs http://www-adm.pdx.edu/user/fll-psi/lnk.htm

Tell us about it! Send THE FORUM news about your own or your PSI chapter activities. We are interested in your pictures, stories, articles, poetry, etc. for print in THE FORUM and for publishing on our website: http://phisigmaiota.org

Puzzle solution from page 20 a-9, b-8, c-6, d-10, e-1, f-5, g-3, h-2, i-7, j-4

30 • The Forum, Spring 2003

Phi Sigma Iota

is a vibrant, dynamic association ...with your help ! Some members have yet to send the membership renewal. To ascertain how current you are, note that the first line of the mailing label on this magazine has two numbers with two digits each. The lower number (e.g. 82) indicates the year when you were initiated and rewarded by PSI for your excellence in foreign language studies, while the higher number (e.g. 97) reveals the last year for which YOU have paid your Association dues. If the lower number is 01 it means that you enjoy the distinction of being a Life Member, and as such, you are exempt from paying dues for life; and if 02, it means you are a subscriber for life to The Forum. If you are not current, PSI would certainly appreciate your bringing your Active status and your contribution up to date.

WHO WE ARE The Benefits are Many

Phi Sigma Iota was founded in 1917/1922 PSI is the foreign language honor society you will be honored with special rates and will and recognizes outstanding ability and high fully admitted to the ACHS since 1949. It will also help PSI because Alamo and National standards of excellence in the field of foreign be to your advantage, therefore, to include contribute financially to our Scholarship Fund. languages, literatures, and cultures, including your membership in PSI when filing an Classics, Linguistics, Philology, Comparative application. Polo and T -Shirts - We have beautiful Polo Literature, and Bilingual Education. It is the and T-Shirts with the PSI logo. 50% cotton/50% highest academic honor in the field of foreign The Forum -- Praised as one of the most polyester. languages. It promotes international dynamic publications of its kind and with a communication and understanding, fosters the readership estimated at over 50,000, this Tax Benefits -Contributions to PSI are tax spirit of liberal culture, and stands for freedom outstanding magazine of national circulation deductible to the extent allowed by law. Have of mind and democracy of learning. Within is published two times per year. It welcomes you thought of increasing your shelter by PSI, excellence is not only a goal but an literary contributions and advertisements becoming a Life Member or by making a attitude as well. from members as well as from non-members donation to our Association (i.e., real estate, an who wish to help PSI. insurance policy making PSI the beneficiary, WHO YOU ARE donation of unsold securities)? Contact our Car Rental - We have entered into Executive Director for details. PHI SIGMA IOTA rewarded your agreements with two national companies to excellence in the pursuit of foreign grant special rates to our members. When In summary -By helping to attain Phi Sigma languages. You and another 50,000+ men you need to rent a car, please favor Alamo Iota aims, you will have the satisfaction of and women have been distinguished for Renta-Car (PSI Association profiting from, as well as contributing to understanding among peoples. interest in and care for other cultures and ID#BY:93883) and National Car people. Regardless of your present And if you would like to have other services occupation and place of residence, PSI Rental (PSI Association or benefits through PHI SIGMA IOTA, write our wants to be in contact with you; share with us ID#6100772), and indicate that you are a Executive Director. We will make our best effort your current endeavors; let us share with you current member of PSI in good standing. to satisfy you! the remarkable achievements of international When you rent from these two companies, awareness. Keep in touch with us. BENEFITS OF MEMBERSHIP PHI SIGMA IOTA Besides the honor granted by PSI to its Introduces the members, we also strive to maintain, and constantly add, other "tangible" benefits. We PLATINUM PLUS structure a number of special programs Credit Card depending on availability o funds, that is, on all members' cooperation by paying the annual dues on a timely basis. Following is a Phi Sigma Iota is proud to offer the Platinum Plussm credit card, a no annual fee Visa credit card summary; please, take advantage of them. program that provides peerless benefits, service, worldwide acceptance, and convenience. Issued Thousands already do! by MBNA America® Bank, the leading issuer of affinity credit cards, this program offers our Phi Scholarships - We make constant efforts Sigma Iota members a low introductory annual percentage rate on cash advance checks and to generate funds to create and award more balance transfers*. Platinum Plus Customers may also take advantage of numerous superior scholarships to help outstanding foreign benefits such as fraud-protection services, a free year-end summary of charges, supplemental language students to help themselves in auto-rental collision deductible coverage, and $1 million Common Carrier Travel Accident achieving excellence. The sources include Insurance. members' dues, donations, advertisements, etc. If you, or someone you know, are The Phi Sigma Iota credit card, which proudly displays our organization's name, offers privileges of presently studying foreign languages, please particular value to our members. Credit lines are individually established to ensure qualified read the application data in this issue of The applicants receive the maximum in purchasing power-up to $100,000 of available credit. Phi Sigma Forum. Iota Platinum Plus cardholders are invited to take advantage of credit-line increase decisions within Civil Service Rank -The U.S. Civil 15 minutes, 24-hour Customer service, emergency-card replacement, and cash-advance access at Service Commission determined a few years more than 300,000 automated teller machines worldwide that display the Cirrus® network logo. ago that a bachelor's degree holder or To request our Phi Sigma Iota Platinum Plus card, call (800) 523-7666. Please be sure to mention candidate can qualify for-grade "GS- 7" rather Priority Code RJ97 when speaking with an MBNA representative about this program. than "GS-5" (that is, higher rank and salary) if the applicant for Government Career *There are costs associated with the use of this credit card. You may contact the issuer and administrator of Examination has been-elected to this program, c/o MBNA America Bank. N.A., to request specific information about the costs by calling 1-800- membership in a college honor society which 523-7666, or by writing to PO Box 15020. Wilmington. DE 19850. TTY users, please call 1-800-833-6262 meets the requirements of the Association of MBNA America and Platinum Plus are service mark of MBNA America Bank, N.A. MasterCard and Visa are federally registered service marks of MasterCard International Inc. and Visa U.S.A. Inc., respectively; each is College Honor Societies. used pursuant to license.

The Forum, Spring 2003 • 31 GGeett IInnvvoollvveedd

Phi Sigma Iota strives to continue its pursuit of excellence in the fields of foreign languages through its scholarships, scholarly publications, news and information, faculty advisor awards, chapter awards, campus programs, and tours. With your support we make it happen. We can’t make it without you.

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The Forum of Phi Sigma Iota International Foreign Language Honor Society International Affairs Center, CPR 107 University of South Florida Tampa, Florida 33620

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