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Economic Valuation on Mangrove Ecosystem in Mempawah Regency, West Kalimantan Province: the Determination of Area for Optimizing Intensive Vannamei Shrimp Ponds

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Economic Valuation on Mangrove Ecosystem in Mempawah Regency, West Kalimantan Province: the Determination of Area for Optimizing Intensive Vannamei Shrimp Ponds ECONOMIC VALUATION ON MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM IN MEMPAWAH REGENCY, WEST KALIMANTAN PROVINCE: THE DETERMINATION OF AREA FOR OPTIMIZING INTENSIVE VANNAMEI SHRIMP PONDS. Muhammad Husnul Aini ([email protected]) Absctract Mangrove ecosystem is an ecosystem that buffering the coastal area that need to be protect and conserve due to its function, however mangrove ecosystem in the coastal area can be utilize for economic use for development. That why an economic valuation for mangrove ecosystem and its utility need to be done with more comprehenship and complited. The valuation on mangrove ecosystem must include Financial, environtmental and social economic with assurance concept and futurevalue. This research are aiming to: 1) To find up and analyze Net Present Value (NPV) of vannamei aquaculture in Mempawah Regency if the vannamei aquaculture is open with conversion on mangrove if the valuation count with assurance concept and analyze with Head to Head Comparative Analysis (HHCA). 2) To find and Anaylize NPV to conserve mangrove ecosystem if the conversion to be a vannamei shrimp pond is denied. 3) To find and Analyzed how many area that can be used as vannamei shrimp ponds in Mempawah Regency if that activity is done with mangrove conversion. The result of this research show that the aquaculture activity for intensive vannamei shrimp ponds with mangrove conversion is not feasible to be done, because it has B/C ratio <1, If this activity is force to be done it will be contribute to a negative impact to environtment and social economic with a negative NPV Rp. (350,761,634,627)/Ha for 10 years. In the other hand if mangrove is conserve it will contribute to a posistive NPV Rp 68,893,201,352 /Ha for 10 years with B/C ratio >1. Conversion mangrove ecosystem to be vannamei shrimp ponds is still possible to be done in particular area. Based on Social Economic Environtment Indeks (SEECI) analyzed on ecosystem mangrove in Mempawah regency conclude that an area with large 109.09 Ha is possible to converse into vannamei shrimps ponds and area with 555.42 Ha is must be conserve. With this composition the impact from the shrimp ponds to environtment and social economic can be reduced from the benefit of mangrove conserve area so that the development in coastal area can be done with sustainable principt on environtment and social economic. Keywords: Mangrove ecosytem, Economic valuation, Development, Assurance concept, Shrimp ponds, Coastal area, Sustainable. 1 VALUASI EKONOMI EKOSISTEM MANGROVE DI KABUPATEN MEMPAWAH PROVINSI KALIMANTAN BARAT: PENENTUAN LUAS OPTIMAL KEGIATAN BUDIDAYA TAMBAK UDANG VANNAMEI INTENSIF Muhammad Husnul Aini ([email protected]) Abstrak. Ekosistem mangrove merupakan ekosistem penyangga wilayah pesisir yang harus dijaga dan dilestarikan, namun demikian ekosistem mangrove di wilayah pesisir juga dapat dimanfaatkan guna kepentingan pembangunan. Untuk itu perlu dilakukan valuasi ekonomi yang komprehensip terhadap ekosistem mangrove dan pemanfaatannya ditinjau dari aspek finansial, lingkungan dan sosial ekonomi dengan menggunakan konsep asuransi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk 1) Mengetahui dan menganalisis berapa besar nilai manfaat bersih kegiatan budidaya Tambak udang di Kabupaten Mempawah, jika dilakukan dengan mengkonversi kawasan hutan mangrove, apabila valuasinya dilakukan berdasarkan konsep nilai asuransi dengan pendekatan HHCA. 2) Mengetahui dan menganalisis berapa besar nilai manfaat bersih mempertahankan ekosistem hutan mangrove di Kabupaten Mempawah jika tidak dikonversi menjadi tambak udang, apabila valuasinya dilakukan berdasarkan konsep nilai asuransi dengan pendekatan HHCA.3) Mengetahui dan menganalisis kelayakan luas kawasan budidaya tambak udang di Kabupaten Mempawah apabila kegiatan tersebut dilakukan dengan mengkonversi kawasan hutan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan budidaya tambak udang vannamei intensif tidak layak untuk dilakukan dengan jalan mengkonversi ekosistem mangrove. Jika hal ini dilakukan, maka kan menimbulkan kerugian terhadap lingkungan dan sosial ekonomi dengan Net Present Value (NPV) sebesar Rp. (350,761,634,627)/Ha selama 10 tahun. Sementara jika mempertahankan ekosistem mangrove maka akan diperoleh manfaat bersih sebesar Rp. 68,893,201,352 /Ha selama 10 tahun. Konversi ekosistem mangrove menjadi tambak udang vannamei masih dimungkinkan dengan batas luasan tertentu. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dengan menggunakan pendekatan Social Economi Environtment Indeks (SEECI) maka total luas ekosistem mangrove yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai tambak udang di Kabupaten Mempawah adalah seluas 109.09 Ha dan luas ekosistem yang harus di pertahankan adalah seluas 555.42 Ha. Dengan menggunakan komposisi luasan ini, dampak kerusakan lingkungan dapat diimbangi dengan luasan ekosistem mangrove yang dipertahankan, sehingga pembangunan dapat dijalankan dengan tetap memperhatikan asas sustainabilitas bagi lingkungan dan sosial. Kata Kunci: Ekosistem mangrove, Valuasi ekonomi, Pembangunan, Konsep asuransi, Tambak udang, Wilayah pesisir, Keberlanjutan. 2 PENDAHULUAN Tingkat produksi barang dan jasa yang dihasilkan dunia, pada tahun 2000 meningkat tujuh kali lipat bila dibandingkan dengan tahun 1950. Meskipun demikian, pembangunan sosial sangat tertinggal, pada tahun 2002 tercatat 2,2 Miliar dari 6 Miliar manusia di muka bumi menderita kelaparan dan hidup dibawah garis kemiskinan, selain itu kondisi Lingkungan juga menurun, akibat dari eksploitasi sumberdaya alam yang berlebihan. (Salim dalam Azis dkk, 2010:21-22). Salah satu wilayah yang memiliki fungsi penting, dan selalu bersinggungan dengan aktivitas perekonomian manusia adalah wilayah pesisir. Wilayah pesisir dikenal memiliki kekayaan sumberdaya alam, dan sejak dulu di manfaatkan untuk kepentingan ekonomi, salah satunya adalah ekosistem hutan mangrove. Secara ekologis, mangrove berfungsi sebagai pelindung pantai dari abrasi akibat arus dan gelombang, (coastal protection) serta penyuplai nutrient (nutrient source) bagi lingkungan. Secara ekonomis, mangrove berfungsi sebagai penyedia material dan pangan bagi manusia. Secara estetika, ekosistem mangrove dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai ekowisata bahari (marine ecotourism). Luas mangrove di Indonesia sekitar 3,244,018.46 Ha. (Hartini, S dkk, 2010). Mangrove di Indonesia terdiri dari 43 spesies mangrove sejati, yang mewakili keanekaragaman mangrove di Indonesia dan dunia. Ekosistem Mangrove di Indonesia dapat ditemukan di seluruh penjuru wilayahnya, baik di daerah dengan tingkat kepadatan ekosistem mangrove yang rendah, maupun di daerah dengan tingkat kepadatan ekosistem mangrove yang tinggi seperti Irian Jaya, Pesisir timur Kalimantan dan Pesisir timur Sumatra. (FAO, 2007). Menurut Menteri Lingkungan Hidup periode 2011-2014, Balthasar Kambuaya, hampir 40 persen hutan mangrove di berbagai wilayah Indonesia kondisinya rusak. (Antaranews.com). Kalimantan Barat sendiri memiliki hutan mangrove seluas 149,344.189 Ha. (Hartini, S. dkk, 2010). Ekosistem hutan mangrove tersebut tersebar di 7 Kabupaten/Kota Pesisir yang ada di Kalimantan Barat, antara lain Kabupaten Kubu Raya, Kabupaten Mempawah, Kota Singkawang, Kabupaten Bengkayang, Kabupaten Sambas dan Kabupaten Ketapang. Ekosistem mangrove di Kalimantan Barat, dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat untuk menjadi areal pertambakan, pemukiman, perkebunan dan tempat usaha. Menurut hasil penelitian WWF Indonesia, sekitar 2,137.203 Ha Ekosistem mangrove yang berada di Kalimantan Barat kondisinya rusak. (www.wwf.or.id). Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran dan intepretasi luas ekosistem mangrove yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan citra Alos Avnir tanggal 18 Mei tahun 2010, maka diperoleh luasan Ekosistem mangrove di Pesisir Kabupaten Pontianak yaitu seluas 1,521.39 ha. Kerapatan vegetasi pohon mangrove di Pesisir Kabupaten Pontianak adalah 648,09 btg/ha untuk pohon, Jika kerapatan vegetasi pohon mangrove di Pesisir Kabupaten Pontianak dibandingkan dengan Kriteria Baku Kerusakan Mangrove dari Kementerian 3 Lingkungan Hidup, maka untuk tingkatan pohon dapat dikategorikan jarang/rusak karena kerapatannya dibawah 1000 batang/ha. (BPSPL Pontianak, 2011). Udang merupakan salah satu komoditas perikanan yang memiliki nilai jual yang tinggi, sedangkan usaha tambak udang, dapat membuka lapangan pekerjaan, meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat serta menambah devisa Negara melalui export. Usaha budidaya udang vannamae secara finansial bila dihitung dengan menggunakan pendekatan Cost Benefit Analysis memiliki B/C ratio yang tinggi, yakni dapat mencapai 1.83 per siklus budidaya (DJPB, 2012). Pada tanggal 12 Juli 2001 melalui Surat Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Republik Indonesia No.41/2001, pemerintah secara resmi melepas udang vanamei (Litopeneaus Vannamei) sebagai varietas unggul untuk dibudidayakan petambak di Indonesia. Usaha untuk meningkatkan produksi udang terus digalakkan, baik dengan mengaktifkan kembali tambak-tambak yang tidur, maupun dengan membuka tambak baru di kawasan hutan mangrove. Statistik Produksi udang vannamei nasional dari tahun 2009-2013 menunjukkan trend yang meningkat. Nilainya dapat dilihat pada tabel 2 . Tabel 2. Statistik produksi udang vannamei nasional. Tahun Produksi (Ton) 2009 170,969 2010 206,578 2011 246,420 2012 251,763 2013 386,314 Sumber: DJPB, Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (2014) Sedangkan Total luas lahan yang digunakan untuk usaha tambak dan produksi udang di Kabupaten Mempawah, dapat dilihat pada tabel 3. Tabel 3. Luas, jumlah unit dan produksi tambak di Kabupaten Mempawah Tahun Luas Unit Produksi (ha) (ton) 2008 215,60 85 732,40 2009 215,60
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