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Home , New Latin

“Филологические науки”/ Язык, речь, речевая коммуникация

Keishilova S.M. Senior tutor, Kazakh National Agrarian Kazakhstan, Almaty IN MODERN WORLD Latin, one of the most ancient Indo-European languages, belongs to the Latin-Falis subgroup of the Indo-European language family. Today it is the only one actively used Italian language, despite the fact that Latin language is considered a dead language. To the dead languages enumerate languages that have no living carriers. People for whom Latin was a native, no more than one and a half thousand years [1]. In the history of the development of the Latin language can select several stages: Archaic Latin. It covers a period up to 75 BC. At the beginning of the first millennium BC, Latin was used in Latin. This area was located in the middle of The Apennine Peninsula. People who inhabited this area was called "Latin", and the language they spoke was "Latin". The center of the Latin, the city of Rome, became the capital of a powerful state. . This stage covers the period from 75 BC. up to about 200. The concept of "Classical Latin" is applied, as a rule, to the literature cultural Latin language, which has reached a high level of its morphological and syntactic development. Considered to be a sample "Classical Latin" are works of , , , and . This is the period of turning Rome into the largest slave-owning state, which subjugated vast territories. Classical Latin is the language of the educated citizens of the . (300 - 1300). This medieval form of the Latin language was widespread in Western Europe in the workflow and education system, as well as the language of the liturgy. For many centuries this form of the Latin language was the main means of inter lingual communication in church life, government, school, science and diplomacy [2]. Latin (1300 - 1600.).The ideological basis of the Renaissance was humanism, the main content of which was the cult of man, placed in the center of the universe. According to this ideology, antiquity was the ideal the historical period in which science flourished and art, state and society. Writers sought to imitate antique patterns, especially the language of Cicero. Latin language in the era Renaissance became the most important means scientific and cultural communication [3]. New Latin (1600 - 1900). The term "new Latin" came into use at the end of the 19th century to indicate the form of the Latin language after the end of the Renaissance. During this period, Latin was a compulsory subject in all European schools, and demanded incoming obligatory knowledge of Latin. New Latin was the language of inter language communication in Catholic and Protestant countries. Legal, diplomatic, scientific and educational documents were written in Latin, because text written not in Latin could be understood only a few people at that time like the Latin text always and everywhere was possible translate. Modern Latin is a form of Latin, used from the beginning of the 20th century to the present. By the beginning of the 20th century, Latin had practically disappeared from everyday life, with the exception of some special areas where it is used as . The reasons for displacing Latin are varied: The growth of national identity, increased interest in the national culture and national language. Latin was supplanted by national languages; The priority role of the , starting from the beginning of the 19th century due to the leading role of France in the world political arena; The growing interest in the study of foreign languages, the understanding of the fact that the Latin language is nothing more than a mediator language, without which it is quite possible to do; The isolation of the learning process in the Latin language to anyone in schools from modern problems, since the learning process was based exclusively on the classical texts of the Roman period. The movement for the use of Latin in modern life emerged in the early 20th century as an attempt at cultural revival based on rich ancient traditions and in line with movements seeking to achieve a more integrated Europe. An example was the revival of Hebrew, a dead language, which was previously used exclusively as a language of liturgy and written sources. The language, which was considered extinct for 18 centuries, became the spoken language and the state language of the State of Israel. Lately, tendencies towards the activation of the Latin language have been increasing. This movement became known as “Latinitas viva” (“Live Latin”). Live Latin congresses are held in many countries. As an example, you can call Germany, where the society “Societas Latina” was created, the center of which is located in Saarbrucken. This society publishes the magazine “Vox Latina” with a frequency of 5 times a year. Every year in Germany, the so-called "Latin Weeks in Amoneburg" (Amoneburg - a town near Marburg) are held. Since 1984, a magazine in Latin, “Melissa”, has been published in Brussels. In Europe and South America, a movement emerged to use the Latin language as an international language of science. The 1st International Living Latin Congress was held in 1956 in Avignon in France and gathered more than 200 delegates from 22 countries. In 1969, the International Commission for the Promotion of Latin Education was established, which included representatives from 26 countries. There are many Latin-speaking sites on the Internet. An example of a great news site is, for example, http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/. The site promoting "live Latin": http: // linguaeterna.com/. Latin Language Center site in Europe: http://www.centrumlatinitatis.org/ and many others. There is also a Latin version of Google. Wikipedia contains a section in Latin. A lot of literature is currently published in Latin. Modern literature in Latin is represented by such famous writers and poets as Arrius Nurus, Geneviève Immi, Alanus Divutius, Anna Elissa Radke, Ianus Novak, Thomas Pekkanen. In the collection "Vita Camena" collected poems by authors from fifty countries. In addition, a large number of modern books have been translated into Latin, for example: “Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets”, “Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone” by JK Rowling, “Perfume”, “The Generous Tree” by S. Silverstein, “Alice in Wonderland” by L. Carroll, many children's stories and fairy tales. Movement “Latin viva” promotes the revival of colloquial Latin. There are a number of purely language problems here. If the Latin grammar remained virtually unchanged over the centuries, the phonetic appearance of the Latin-speaking speech, and, most importantly, the search for Latin equivalents for new concepts that were not, and could not be, during the Roman Empire, are not simple problems [4]. In the field of phonetics, the struggle goes between “Italian” and “classical” pronunciation. And although the positions of the first version are supported by the texts of classical music, the Catholic liturgy, the use of Latin as a state language in the Vatican, the “classical” pronunciation undoubtedly triumphs, since it is traditionally used in many countries. In the field of the introduction of new Latin vocabulary there are many different points of view. Priority here belongs to the Vatican - over the past seven years, 15 leading experts have translated into Latin more than 15,000 new words (for example, “car muffler” - tubulus emmissarius, “egg liqueur” - merum ovo infusum). But although the Vatican regularly publishes new vocabulary vocabulary, they are accepted and used far from unconditionally. Many Latin neologisms are rather cumbersome descriptions, for example: “basketball” - follis canistrique ludus (literally: playing with a ball and a basket). In recent years, there are phrasebooks in Latin, the purpose of which is to contribute to the revival of the living Latin language. The book by Latin for all occasions [5] by Henry Bird, in which an attempt is made to select Latin equivalents for everyday spoken phrases, is famous. Among European countries, Latin has a special distribution in . When Finland chaired the European Union in 1999, she set up her representative website in Latin. In Finland, one of the radio stations broadcasts in Latin (official site http://www.yleradio1.fi/nuntii/). In Germany, the rock band “Ista” appeared, which sings only in Latin. Let us now consider in which countries the Latin language is studied as an educational discipline: Germany. About 12.5% of all students study Latin. There is a growth of those who want to learn Latin, there are not enough teachers of classical languages in the country. A prerequisite for admission to a university for many specialties is “Latin” - a certificate of learning Latin at school. Italy. Latin is a compulsory subject in high school, almost a third of schoolchildren have been learning Latin for many years. Greece. Latin is a compulsory subject for those students who plan to enroll in humanitarian universities. Spain. Latin is a compulsory subject for students of 11-12 grades, studying in classes of the . In Denmark, Sweden, Iceland, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, , Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania Latin is studied in gymnasiums. Great Britain. Latin is studied only in a small number of public schools. . Latin is not a mandatory third foreign language. Canada, Ireland, France - Latin is an optional discipline [6]. To say that Latin may eventually regain the position of the international language of science and culture, today is hardly worth it. But the fact that the Latin language will live and develop in accordance with the needs of our time is an indisputable fact. We will do our best to help make Latin popular once again. We hope you enjoyed today’s linguistic journey and look forward to having you join us again.

LITERATURE

1. Боровский Я.М. Латинский язык как международный язык науки (к истории вопроса) / Я.М. Боровский // Проблемы международного вспомогательного языка. – М., 1991. – С. 70- 76. 2. Harrington K.P. Medieval Latin / K. P. Harrington, A. G. Elliott. – 2nd ed. – Univ. Chicago Pres, 1997. – 702 p. 3. Гончарова Н.А. Латинский язык: Учебник / Н.А. Гончарова. - М.: НИЦ ИНФРА-М, Нов. знание, 2013. - 408 c 4. Кацман Н.Л. Латинский язык: Учебник для студентов / Н.Л. Кацман З.А. Покровская. - М.: ВЛАДОС, 2013. - 455 с. 5. Beard H. Latin for All Occasions / H. Beard. – Villard Books, Reprinted 2004. – 112 p. 6. Солопов, А.И. Латинский язык: Учебное пособие для бакалавров / А.И. Солопов, Е.В. Антонец. - М.: Юрайт, 2013. - 447 c.