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Amigaos 3.2 FAQ 47.1 (09.04.2021) English
$VER: AmigaOS 3.2 FAQ 47.1 (09.04.2021) English Please note: This file contains a list of frequently asked questions along with answers, sorted by topics. Before trying to contact support, please read through this FAQ to determine whether or not it answers your question(s). Whilst this FAQ is focused on AmigaOS 3.2, it contains information regarding previous AmigaOS versions. Index of topics covered in this FAQ: 1. Installation 1.1 * What are the minimum hardware requirements for AmigaOS 3.2? 1.2 * Why won't AmigaOS 3.2 boot with 512 KB of RAM? 1.3 * Ok, I get it; 512 KB is not enough anymore, but can I get my way with less than 2 MB of RAM? 1.4 * How can I verify whether I correctly installed AmigaOS 3.2? 1.5 * Do you have any tips that can help me with 3.2 using my current hardware and software combination? 1.6 * The Help subsystem fails, it seems it is not available anymore. What happened? 1.7 * What are GlowIcons? Should I choose to install them? 1.8 * How can I verify the integrity of my AmigaOS 3.2 CD-ROM? 1.9 * My Greek/Russian/Polish/Turkish fonts are not being properly displayed. How can I fix this? 1.10 * When I boot from my AmigaOS 3.2 CD-ROM, I am being welcomed to the "AmigaOS Preinstallation Environment". What does this mean? 1.11 * What is the optimal ADF images/floppy disk ordering for a full AmigaOS 3.2 installation? 1.12 * LoadModule fails for some unknown reason when trying to update my ROM modules. -
Linux Boot Loaders Compared
Linux Boot Loaders Compared L.C. Benschop May 29, 2003 Copyright c 2002, 2003, L.C. Benschop, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. Per- mission is granted to make verbatim copies of this document. This is version 1.1 which has some minor corrections. Contents 1 introduction 2 2 How Boot Loaders Work 3 2.1 What BIOS does for us . 3 2.2 Parts of a boot loader . 6 2.2.1 boot sector program . 6 2.2.2 second stage of boot loader . 7 2.2.3 Boot loader installer . 8 2.3 Loading the operating system . 8 2.3.1 Loading the Linux kernel . 8 2.3.2 Chain loading . 10 2.4 Configuring the boot loader . 10 3 Example Installations 11 3.1 Example root file system and kernel . 11 3.2 Linux Boot Sector . 11 3.3 LILO . 14 3.4 GNU GRUB . 15 3.5 SYSLINUX . 18 3.6 LOADLIN . 19 3.7 Where Can Boot Loaders Live . 21 1 4 RAM Disks 22 4.1 Living without a RAM disk . 22 4.2 RAM disk devices . 23 4.3 Loading a RAM disk at boot time . 24 4.4 The initial RAM disk . 24 5 Making Diskette Images without Diskettes 25 6 Hard Disk Installation 26 7 CD-ROM Installation 29 8 Conclusions 31 1 introduction If you use Linux on a production system, you will only see it a few times a year. If you are a hobbyist who compiles many kernels or who uses many operating systems, you may see it several times per day. -
Dualbooting Amigaos 4 and Amigaos 3.5/3.9
Dualbooting AmigaOS 4 and AmigaOS 3.5/3.9 By Christoph Gutjahr. Licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License This tutorial explains how to turn a classic Amiga into a dualboot system that lets you choose the desired operating system - AmigaOS 4 or AmigaOS 3.5/3.9 - at every cold start. A "cold start" happens when... 1. the computer has just been switched on 2. you press the key combination Control-Amiga-Amiga for more than ten seconds while running AmigaOS 3 3. you press Control-Alt-Alt (instead of Control-Amiga-Amiga) under AmigaOS 4 During a "warm reboot" (e.g. by shortly pressing Control-Amiga-Amiga), the operating system that is currently used will be booted again. Requirements This tutorial is only useful for people using AmigaOS 3.5 or 3.9 in addition to AmigaOS 4. If you're using an older version of OS 3, you can not use the scripts described below. The Amiga in question should have two boot partitions - one for AmigaOS 4 and one for AmigaOS 3.5/3.9, both should be below the famous 4 GB barrier. The OS 4 partition must have a higher boot priority. Two different solutions There are two different approaches for dualbooting: the first one described below will display a simple 'boot menu' at every cold boot, asking the user to select the OS he wants to boot. The other solution explained afterwards will always boot into AmigaOS 4, unless the user enters the "Early Startup Menu" and selects the OS 3 partition as the boot drive. -
The Linux Startup Process
The Linux startup process Jerry Feldman <[email protected]> The Linux Expertise Center Hewlett-Packard Company Document produced via OpenOffice.org Overview ● The Linux boot process – GRUB. This is the default for X86/Linux – LILO – Other boot loaders ● The Linux Operating modes – Single-user mode – Multi-user mode. ● Run Levels – What are run levels – What are the Linux standard run levels – How Linux manages run levels 2 The Linux Boot process ● The PC boot process is a 3-stage boot process that begins with the BIOS executing a short program that is stored in the Master Boot Record (MBR) of the first physical drive. Since this stage 1 boot loader needs to fit in the MBR, it is limited to 512 bytes and is normally written in assembly language. There are a number of boot loaders that can load Linux. ● GRUB and LILO are the most commonly used ones on X86 hardware. ® ® ● EFI is used on the Intel Itanium family. 3 The GRand Unified Bootloader The GRand Unified Bootloader (GRUB) is default boot loader on most distributions today. It has the capability to load a number of different operating systems. 1.The stage 1 boot resides in the MBR and contains the sector number of the stage 2 boot that is usually located in the /boot/grub directory on Linux. 2.The stage 2 boot loader presents a boot menu to the user based on /boot/grub/grub.conf or menu.lst. This contains a boot script. It is the stage2 loader actually loads the Linux kernel or 4 other OS. -
Linux Booting Procedure How Linux Boot?
Linux Booting Procedure How Linux boot? 2 What is “boot”? • boot (n.) [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot 4 Brief etymology[2] • Phrase “pull oneself up by one’s bootstraps” • Misattributed (at latest in 1901!) to “The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen” (1781, Rudolf Erich Raspe) : The baron pulls himself out of a swamp by his hair (pigtail). • The use of this phrase is found in 1834 in the U.S. • “[S]omeone is attempting or has claimed some ludicrously far-fetched or impossible task” • In the 20th century, the “possible bootstrap[3] task” meaning has appeared • “To begin an enterprise or recover from a setback without any outside help; to succeed only on one's own effort or abilities” 5 [2] http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pull_oneself_up_by_one%27s_bootstraps [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrapping Bootstrapping (in Computer) • The process of loading the basic software (typically, operating systems) into the main memory from persistent memory (HDD, flash ROM, etc.) • “Boot” is an abbreviation for “bootstrap(ping)” Boostrapping Code 6 System startup Booting sequence 1. Tern on 2. CPU jump to address of BIOS (0xFFFF0) 3. BIOS runs POST (Power-On Self Test) 4. Find bootale devices 5. Loads and execute boot sector form MBR 6. Load OS 5 BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) BIOS refers to the software code run by a computer when first powered on The primary function of BIOS is code program embedded on a chip that recognises and controls various devices that make up the computer. BIOS on board BIOS on screen 6 How computer startup? Booting is a bootstrapping process that starts operating systems when the user turns on a computer system A boot sequence is the set of operations the computer performs when it is switched on that load an operating system 4 Boot loader MBR (Master Boot Record) OS is booted from a hard disk, where the Master Boot Record (MBR) contains the primary boot loader The MBR is a 512-byte sector, located in the first sector on the disk (sector 1 of cylinder 0, head 0) After the MBR is loaded into RAM, the BIOS yields control to it. -
Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide
Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide July 31, 2021 Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide Copyright © 2004 – 2021 the Debian Installer team This manual is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License. Please refer to the license in Appendix F. Build version of this manual: 20210730. i Contents 1 Welcome to Debian 1 1.1 What is Debian? . 1 1.2 What is GNU/Linux? . 1 1.3 What is Debian GNU/Linux? . 2 1.4 What is the Debian Installer? . 3 1.5 Getting Debian . 3 1.6 Getting the Newest Version of This Document . 3 1.7 Organization of This Document . 3 1.8 About Copyrights and Software Licenses . 4 2 System Requirements 5 2.1 Supported Hardware . 5 2.1.1 Supported Architectures . 5 2.1.2 CPU, Main Boards, and Video Support . 6 2.1.2.1 CPU . 6 2.1.2.2 I/O Bus . 6 2.1.3 Laptops . 6 2.1.4 Multiple Processors . 6 2.1.5 Graphics Hardware Support . 6 2.1.6 Network Connectivity Hardware . 7 2.1.6.1 Wireless Network Cards . 7 2.1.7 Braille Displays . 7 2.1.8 Hardware Speech Synthesis . 7 2.1.9 Peripherals and Other Hardware . 7 2.2 Devices Requiring Firmware . 7 2.3 Purchasing Hardware Specifically for GNU/Linux . 8 2.3.1 Avoid Proprietary or Closed Hardware . 8 2.4 Installation Media . 8 2.4.1 CD-ROM/DVD-ROM/BD-ROM . 9 2.4.2 USB Memory Stick . -
Das Problem Mit Den Pipes Copyright Christoph Gutjahr, Lizenziert Unter Der Creative Commons Zero Lizenz
Das Problem mit den Pipes Copyright Christoph Gutjahr, lizenziert unter der Creative Commons Zero Lizenz. Ursprünglich veröffentlicht in Amiga Magazin 02/2002 Großalarm? Anfang November wurde in einigen Web-Foren und auf verschiedenen News-Seiten im Internet auf eine schwerwiegende Sicherheitslücke in Amiga Internet Programmen aufmerksam gemacht. Dabei wurde mit teilweise recht reißerischen Schlagzeilen nicht gegeizt. Eine erste Bestandsaufnahme ergibt tatsächlich ein erschreckendes Bild: Unter gewissen Umstän- den wäre es einem potentiellen Angreifer möglich, auf einem Amiga Programme zu starten - und zwar ohne jegliches Zutun des Besitzers. Dabei stünden ihm sogar etliche verschiedene Möglichkei- ten offen, um das gewünschte Ziel zu erreichen. Welche unangenehmen Folgen das haben könnte, wird sehr schnell klar, wenn man an Shell-Befehle wie DELETE denkt: Die Befehlsfolge delete SYS:#? ALL FORCE QUIET würde beispielsweise praktisch den gesamten Inhalt Ihrer Bootpartition löschen. Es gibt jedoch keinen Grund, in Panik zu verfallen: Mit dem entsprechenden Wissen ist es relativ einfach, alle Lücken zu schließen - und viele von Ihnen sind von dem Problem wahrscheinlich gar nicht direkt betroffen. Beachtlich ist bei der ganzen Thematik viel eher die Tatsache, dass die im Folgenden erläuterten Sicherheitslücken bereits seit mehreren Jahren bekannt sind. Zumindest gibt Vaporware (Voyager, AmIRC, mFTP…) an, dass ihre Programme bereits seit längerem gegen die hier beschriebenen An- griffe immun sind. Wann ist ein Amiga angreifbar ? Zunächst einmal gilt: Angreifbar sind nur Rechner, auf denen neben dem Standard „Pipe“-Gerät zu- sätzlich in der Funktionalität erweiterte Clones installiert sind (s. Kasten „Was sind Pipes?“). Soll- ten solche Geräte bei ihnen nicht installiert sein, ist Ihr Rechner durch die im Folgenden beschriebe- nen Methoden grundsätzlich nicht aus der Ruhe zu bringen. -
Installing Fedora the Installation • Choosing How to Install Fedora
CHAPTER 3 IN THIS CHAPTER • Before You Begin Installing Fedora the Installation • Choosing How to Install Fedora This chapter shows you how to get a basic installation of • Step-by-Step Installation Fedora up and running. You will learn how to start installa- tion, as well as specify certain configuration options during • Logging In and Shutting the install. Before you even insert the disc, we will take a Down look at some considerations you need to think about that • Reference will affect how you install Fedora. It is impossible to take you through every single variation of the install, but you will get a step-by-step guide of a typical installation, includ- ing how to log in to your new system and shut down or reboot the system. Before You Begin the Installation Installing a new operating system is a major event and you should make sure that you have properly thought through what is going to take place. The first thing you should consider is how the hardware will be affected by the soft- ware that you propose to install. Although Fedora runs well on an extremely wide variety of hardware, it is worthwhile checking out your hardware components because there may be a banana peel waiting for you to slip up on. The following sections provide some areas for you to investigate and think about, and may even save you hours of frustra- tion when something goes wrong. The sections are designed to complement the ideas and checklists presented in Chapter 2, “Preparing to Install Fedora.” You start by researching and documenting your hardware. -
The Complete Amiga 500+ User Guide
The Complete Amiga 500+ User Guide By Peter Hutchison 8 2016 Revised: 23/10/2016 Contents Introduction Page 3 Setting up the Amiga for First Time Page 4 Guide to Workbench 2.04 Page 6 Menus Page 6 Mouse Page 8 Programs Page 9 Preferences Page 13 Workbench 2.1 Page 19 Beyond Workbench 2.x Page 19 Adding more Memory to the A500+ Page 20 Adding a CD or DVD ROM drive to the A500+ Page 20 Upgrading the Processor Page 21 Upgrading the Kickstart and Workbench Page 22 The Motherboard in details Page 23 Backward Compatibility Page 24 Adding a Hard Disk to A500+ Page 25 Installing Workbench onto a Hard Disk Page 27 2 Introduction Welcome to the Commodore Amiga A500+. The first replacement of the A500 Amiga. It was affordable and easy to use. It had a wide range of software, in particular, games which Jay Minor, the creator of the Amiga, had designed it for. The Amiga A500+ is based on the Motorola 68000 7.14MHz Processor with 1MbRAM, a single 880K floppy drive with support for three more floppy drives and a Custom Chipset that provides the Sound and Graphics. The new A500 Plus now supports the new Kickstart 2.0 and Workbench 2.0 upgrade from Kickstart/Workbench 1.3 and the new Enhanced Chipset (ESC) with up to 2MB of Chip RAM supported, and new high resolutions support for Productivity modes (640 x 470), Super HiRes (1280 x 200/256) and interlace modes. The Blitter can also now copy regions bigger than 1024x10124 pixels in one operation. -
Amġga Os 3.9 Kurulum Kġtabi
AMĠGA OS 3.9 KURULUM KĠTABI Hazırlayan: Serkan DURSUN Katkıda Bulunan: Alper SÖNMEZ VERSĠON 1.0 Sayın Amiga Kullanıcıları; Bu yazımda Amiga Os 3.9 Kurulumunu Sizlere pratik olarak göstermek ve benim bildiğim bir takım ip uçlarını sizler ile paylaşmak istiyorum. Kurulumu birkaç belli aşamada toplamak istiyorum; -Amiga OS 3.9 Emergency-Disk oluĢturulması -Harddiski Amiga’ya tanıtmak ve gerekli ayarların yapılması -Amiga OS 3.9 Kurulumunun gerçekleĢtirilmesi -Amiga OS 3.9 Internet için gerekli programların kurulması -BoingBag-1 ve BoingBag-2 Güncellemelerinin yapılması .:Emergency-Disk:. Bu iĢlemi bir kez gerçekleĢtireceğiz, elde ettiğimiz disketin daha sonra yedek bir kopyasını bulundurmanızı tavsiye ederim. İlk olarak Elimizde Amiga OS 3.1 veya Amiga OS 3.9 Hdd‟mize kurulmuş ve CD-ROM tanıtılmış olmalı ve “Df0:” sürücüsünde boş bir disket olmalıdır. Bu işlemi başka bir Amiga Üzerinde de gerçekleştirebilirsiniz. Başka bir Amiga OS 3.9 ekranında ilk aşama olan “Emergeny-Disk” oluşturma işlemini gerçekleştireceğiz. CD-ROM’umuzda bulunan ” OS-VERSİON3.9” Dizine gidiyoruz.ve “OS3.9Installation” ‘u çalıştırıyoruz. OS3.9 Install Çalıştı, İlk seçeneğimiz olan “Create emergency disk “ seçeneğini seçiyoruz ve “Proceed” butonuna basarak ilerliyoruz. İkinci aşamada herhangi bir seçeneği seçmeden “Proceed” butonuna basarak ilerliyoruz. Boş disketimizi uygun sürücüye yerleştiriyoruz ve disketin olduğu sürücüyü seçiyoruz. “Proceed” butonuna basıyoruz. Size boş disketin sürücüye yerleştirilmesi konusunda son bir uyarı geliyor. Disket sürücüde ise “Proceed” butonu ile devam ediyoruz. Bu aşamada Disketimiz Sıfırdan Format‟lanacaktır, bir müddet bekleyiniz. Disketin Format‟lanması bitti artık diskete gerekli dosyalar kopyalanacaktır. Disketimiz gördüğünüz gibi hazır durumdadır. Yukarıdaki aşamaları bitirdik ancak ufak bir ekmele yapmak istiyorum. Bu şimdi lazım olmasa da bir gün bu konuya hakim olmaya başladığınızda faydalı olacaktır. -
1.106.1 Boot the System Weight 3
1. Context 1.106.1 2 9 License Of This Document 5 1.106.1 1 Context Boot the system Topic 106 Boot, Initialization, Shutdown and Runlevels [6] Weight 3 1.106.1 Boot the system [3] 1.106.2 Change runlevels and shutdown or reboot system [3] Linux Professional Institute Certification — 102 Angus Lees [email protected] 2 Objective [email protected] Description of Objective Nick Urbanik Candidates should be able to guide the system through the booting process. This in- This document Licensed under GPL—see section 9 cludes giving commands to the boot loader and giving options to the kernel at boot time, and checking the events in the log files. 2005 July Key files, terms, and utilities include: Outline dmesg — command to show kernel message ring buffer /var/log/messages — main syslog file Contents /etc/conf.modules or /etc/modules.conf — modprobe configuration file 1 Context 2 LILO — older bootloader system, less used now 2 Objective 2 GRUB — newer, more flexible bootloader system 3 Boot Process 2 • Note that with Red Hat systems, 2.6 kernels use the file /etc/modprobe.conf, not /etc/modules.conf 4 How BIOS finds boot loader 3 • The name /etc/conf.modules has been out of favour for some years 5 Boot Loaders 3 5.1 LILO . 3 5.2 GRUB . 4 3 Boot Process 5.3 Other boot loaders . 4 Booting 6 Chaining Boot Loaders 4 • Machine powers up, BIOS POST, spin up SCSI drives, etc 7 dmesg 5 • BIOS boots boot loader 8 /etc/modules.conf 5 • (Boot loader may load its “second stage” from somewhere else) 4. -
Le Loadlin+Win95 Mini-HOWTO
Version fran¸caise, Eric Maisonobe [email protected] Le Loadlin+Win95 mini-HOWTO v1.4.3, 9 Novembre 1998 Ce document d´ecrit comment utiliser Loadlin avec Windows 95 pour lancer Linux. Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Copyright ............................................... 2 1.2 Nouvelles versions de ce document ................................. 2 1.3 R´eactions ............................................... 2 1.4 D´en´egation .............................................. 2 2 IMPORTANT: Information Pr´eliminaire et Setup 2 2.1 ATTENTION! pour les utilisateurs de Windows95 OSR2 (version 4.00.950b): ......... 2 2.2 Nous consid´ereronscomme acquis: ................................. 3 2.3 Ce dont vous avez besoin avant de commencer: .......................... 3 3 AVANT DE COMMENCER: 3 3.1 D´eterminez quelle version de Windows 95 vous poss´edez. ..................... 3 3.2 D´eterminez si vous utilisez le syst`eme de fichier FAT32. ..................... 4 3.3 Soyez certain que les extensions de vos fichiers sont visibles dans l’Explorateur Windows. .. 4 3.4 Renommez vos fichiers syst`eme. ................................... 4 3.5 Recommandation Importante. .................................... 4 3.6 Editez vos fichiers syst`eme. ..................................... 5 4 *** Ne consultez cette section QUE si vous utilisez une disquette de boot DOS 6.x. *** 5 4.1 Editez et renommez vos fichiers syst`eme DOS 6.x. ........................ 5 5 Etape finale 6 5.1 Bientˆotla fin ............................................. 6 5.2 Vous avez termin´e! .......................................... 6 5.3 Comment cela fonctionne. ...................................... 6 6 M´ethodes alternatives pour le d´emarrage automatique de Linux, sp´ecialement pour les Utilisateurs ayant un syst`eme de fichier FAT32. 6 6.1 Premi`ereM´ethode. .......................................... 6 6.2 Seconde M´ethode. .......................................... 7 7 Questions fr´equentes: 8 7.1 Ou puis-je trouver plus d’informations sur l’utilisation de Loadlin? ..............