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COMMUNITY HERITAGE REGISTER Regional District of Central Kootenay

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COMMUNITY HERITAGE REGISTER Regional District of Central Kootenay COMMUNITY HERITAGE REGISTER Regional District of Central Kootenay Part 1 and 2 18 February 2020 Regional District of Community Heritage Register Central Kootenay 1 Road to Ainsworth Hot Springs 1975. Road to Consultant Team Denise Cook Design, BCAHP BCSLA Elana Zysblat, BCAHP Berdine Jonker, MPA Community Heritage Register Regional District of 2 Central Kootenay TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary . Introduction . Part 1: Heritage Context . 4 1.1 Thematic Framework . 4 1.2 Research and Engagement Summary . 17 1.3 Heritage Values in the RDCK . 18 Part 2: Heritage Resources in the RDCK . 22 2.1 Heritage Register Inclusion Process . 23 2.2 Identified Heritage Resources . 26 Part 3: Statements of Significance . 3.1 Preparing Statements of Significance . 3.2 Five Statements of Significance for the RDCK . Part 4: Managing the Community Heritage Register . 4.1 Regional Government Structure . 4.2 Heritage Commission Terms of Reference . 4.3 Heritage Register Management Policies . 4.4 Implementing the Community Heritage Register . Appendices . 28 Appendix A: Research Sources Appendix B: Communication and Engagement Plan Appendix C: Nominated Heritage Resources Appendix D: Heritage Register Inclusion Worksheet Regional District of Community Heritage Register Central Kootenay 3 1 HERITAGE CONTEXT 1.1 THEMATIC FRAMEWORK Introduction to the Thematic Framework Historical themes are defined as key ideas for describing a major historical force or process which has contributed to the history and evolution of a place. A thematic framework is a structure that uses themes to help conceptualize past events and to place sites, people and events into their historical context. Thematic frameworks have a number of interconnected uses in the identification and management of heritage resources. They are often considered to be a necessary tool for both a comprehensive contextual overview of heritage resources and for the comparative analysis of the relative significance of individual resources. Themes guide judgements about what types of heritage resources might exist on a site or in an area, and what assistance might be required to assess their heritage significance. The use of major themes can draw attention to gaps in existing histories. Aspects of the RDCK’s heritage are organized under the following eight themes, which together seek to succinctly encapsulate the history, physical character and central stories found in its community heritage, as well as connecting community heritage values and heritage resources. Each historic place,e sit or feature identified for the heritage register should find a place within one or more themes. A sample quote from the public survey is included on each theme page relating to that particular historic theme. Community Heritage Register Regional District of 4 Central Kootenay 1 Dominance of the Waterways The major lakes and their tributary rivers within the RDCK have been dominant ”As a result of the dams on the Lower physical forces in the area, impacting the historical development in the region. Kootenay River, the shelves of rock that Local Indigenous community identities, culture, ways of life and place names once formed the foaming waterfalls beside are inseparable from the local lakes, rivers and creeks used by the Sinixt, Coyote’s Rock sit today like bones chewed Ktunaxa, Syilx/Okanagan and Secwepemc to define regions, landscapes and bare. The falls are dry and inactive. They await Coyote’s return, when everything will territories. bet se right: for water, for fish and for the The Central Kootenay river systems are the result of the area’s glaciation beautiful mountain landscape the Sinixt call 13,000 years ago. The most prominent of these systems is the Columbia home.”1 River which stretches nearly 2,000 kilometres from its headwaters near Canal 1 Eileen Delahanty Pearkes Flats in eastern British Columbia to Oregon and the Pacific Ocean. Melting glaciers formed the Slocan River which flows south to join the Kootenay River “Our lakes and rivers, watersheds and system. The Kootenay River originates in the Rocky Mountains, flows south wetlands which carve the landscape, are the into Montana and through Kootenay Lake, eventually reaching the confluence routes back into our history” with the Columbia River at Castlegar. Kootenay Lake is also fed by the south- flowing Duncan and Lardeau rivers. The Upper and Lower Arrow Lakes are Sub-themes: formed by the widening of the Columbia River • Lakes and rivers as transportation The generally north-south alignment of the river valleys directed transportation, corridors settlement, trading and migration routes. The mountain ranges and steep • Determining places of settlement sided lakes made access to land difficult and gave the natural transportation • Creation of floodplains conducive to routes, from trails to ships to railways, their north-south configuration. farming • Fishing sites • Water supply • Electrical power sources • Infrastructure such as dams and bridges • Hazards, floods and shipwrecks (BCAR) River. Columbia Thousands of years before roads were introduced to the region, the Sinixt, Ktunaxa, Syilx/Okanagan and Secwepemc used the local waterways as a means of travel. From Indigenous routes in sturgeon-nosed canoes that allowed safe travel in unpredictable waves on large lakes and rushing creeks and rivers, to the Canadian Pacific Railway’s fleet of lakeboats, the region’s waterways have played an important role in transportation and settlement. With road building hampered by local geography, the lakes and rivers provided key transportation corridors. Regional District of Community Heritage Register Central Kootenay 5 BC Hydro dams constructed as part of the 1961 Columbia River Treaty reflect the dominance of central Kootenay waterways. A unique opportunity for B.C toe shar in hydroelectric power development, the terms of the treaty required Canadao t construct three dams - Mica, Libby, and Keenleyside - o t control floods and maximize U.S. power production. Canada also benefits from power production from the dams and reservoirs, particularly Koocanusa and Arrow Lakes reservoirs especially near Nakusp, with Kootenay Lake itself functioning as a partial reservoir. The storage reservoirs from these dams, along with one in the U.S., displaced 2,300 citizens from their homes and flooded 60,000 hectares of high-value, valley-bottom land. The altering of the waterways through the construction of local dams has had a significant impact on many communities. Places and resources were lost and people displaced throughout the region as a result of dam and reservoir construction under the Columbia River Treaty. Lost Indigenous heritage resources included village sites and culturally modified trees, along with the overall integrity of the pre and post-contact archaeological record. Today, the Slocan River is considered important as one of the last non-dammed rivers in the Upper Columbia system. Fish from the area’s rivers and lakes was a staple for many people living in the Central Kootenay region, providing a food source for Indigenous communities and newcomer settlers, who harvested ocean-going salmon—chinook and coho, along with trout, bull trout, white fish and sturgeon. virtualmuseum.ca/sgc-cms/expositions-exhibitions/ hydro/en/dams/brilliantdam Community Heritage Register Regional District of 6 Central Kootenay 2 Governance, Social Activism and Resistance Different government policies have had an impact on the history and physical “My heritage helps define who I am. It development of the RDCK, while a context and culture of community activism, informsy m place in a group with those resistance and refuge has long been part of the area. whose heritage I share. The heritage of each RDCK resident, when recognized and valued, The 1846 International Boundary Treaty between Canada and the United makes the RDCK a great place to live.” States, followed by Indian Reserves created by the BC Gold Commissioner and the American and Canadian governments, had negative impacts on local Sub-themes: Indigenous communities’ land use, rights and access. • B.C.’s system of Regional Districts Governments responsible for infrastructure realized that with the arrival of • Government policy and legislation American prospectors into the Slocan, Columbia and Kootenay river valleys • Japanese internment after the discovery of rich lead, zinc and silver deposits, railways, roads, towns • Public infrastructure and communication facilities were required to maintain control of resources. • City and town halls Regulations adopted under the 1941 Enemy Alien Act enabled the evacuation • Non-participation of minority of Japanese Canadians from the west coast to interior camps, road camps groups and sugar beet farms in Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. This legacy is • Unions protecting the rights and seen in the locations of former internment camps in the Slocan Valley, Kaslo safety of workers. and elsewhere in the region. Today, this legacy is revisited through tours to • Resource extraction vs. internment sites. environmentalism The RDCK has also been the location of local protests. Dam construction under • Privacy and personal freedom the Columbia River Treaty was met with protests by the community as land was • Pacifism, American war resisters expropriated and people forced to abandon their homes. The logging industry caused the development of social activism in the region, as the environmental movement began protesting the logging of ecologically important areas. Doukhobors, who settled
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