Security, Regional Cooperation and Reforms
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SECURITY, REGIONAL COOPERATION AND REFORMS -Kosovo and Macedonia- SECURITY, REGIONAL COOPERATION AND REFORMS -Kosovo and Macedonia- IMPRESSUM Title: Security, Regional Cooperation and Reforms -Kosovo and Macedonia- Kosovo-Macedonian Security Forum 2018 Publisher: Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Republic of Kosovo Faculty of Security Skopje of St. Kliment Ohridski University, Republic of Macedonia AAB College, Republic of Kosovo For the publishers: Johannes D. Rey, Director of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation in the Republic of Kosovo and in the Republic of Macedonia Prof. D-r Nikola Dujovski, Dean of the Faculty of Security, Skopje Prof. D-r Lulzim Tafa, Rector of the AAB College, Pristina, Republic of Kosovo Chief and Responsible editor: D-r Marjan Gjurovski, Vicedean for science and development at the Faculty of Security, Skopje Translation: Tiina Fahrni Computer and printing: Vinsent Grafika - Skopje Edition: 100 copies The book can be downloaded free at: http://www.kas.de/mazedonien/en/ https://www.kas.de/web/kosovo With the decision no. 08-893 / dated 25.10.2018 of the Professional Council of the Faculty of Security of Skopje at the “St. Kliment Ohrid” - Bitola University, the project “Strengthening security through cooperation between Kosovo and Macedonia” and the Kosovo-Macedonian Security Forum 2018 were approved. All rights are protected. Note: The views and opinions expressed in the publication are those oft he authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, the Faculty of Security, Skopje and the AAB College, Pristina KONRAD ADENAUER FOUNDATION, PRISTINA REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO FACULTY OF SECURITY - SKOPJE OF ST. KLIMENT OHRIDSKI UNIVERSITY, REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA AAB COLLEGE, PRISTINA REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO SECURITY, REGIONAL COOPERATION AND REFORMS -Kosovo and Macedonia- KOSOVO-MACEDONIAN SECURITY FORUM 2018 Pristina 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD.........................................................................................................6 PART I REFORMS WITHIN THE SECURITY SYSTEM....................................12 Marjan Gjurovski, Reforms of the security system of the Republic of Macedonia...............................13 Mensut Ademi, Security sector reforms in the Republic of Kosovo 2000-2018.................................27 PART II THREATS FROM TERRORISM AND FOREIGN FIGHTERS VS. RESOCIALISATION AND DERADICALISATION..............................50 Zlate Dimovski, Violent extremism as an instrument for terrorism...................................................51 Oliver Bačanović, Bojan Hristovski, Deradicalisation of „foreign ftighters“ as a part of the process of resocialisation in penitentiary institutions in the Republic of Macedonia.............64 Armin Kržalić, Nedžad Korajlić, Terrorism as a global security threat..........................................................................72 4 PART III THE SECURITY DILEMMA: CHANGING STATE BORDERS IN ORDER TO CREATE ETHNICALLY „CLEAN“ STATES VS.MANAGEMENT OF MINORITY RIGHTS.....................................84 Zhidas Daskalovski, Security dilemma: border changes to achieve ethnically “pure” states or management of minority rights.................................................................................85 Fatmir Çollakaj, Security Dilemma, change borders to achieve ethnically “pure” states or manage minority rights.............................................................................100 5 FOREWORD 6 Preface to the publication Case Policies in the framework of the project Kosovo- Macedonian Security Forum 2018, organised by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation in the Republic of Kosovo, the Faculty for Security (Skopje) of St. Kliment Ohridski University, Republic of Macedonia, and AAB College, Republic of Kosovo. The security of a state, including its citizens, economy and institutions, besides being influenced by the actions of other states, can also be affected by actions of violent non-state actors. The term „security“, in general, relates to the security of a state in the face of threats, such as terrorism, war, or espionage. Potential causes for national insecurity include actions of other states (such as military or cyber attacks), violent non-state actors (such as terrorist attacks), organised crime, e.g. drug cartels, but also the consequences of natural disasters (such as floods or earthquakes). Strengthening the security of Kosovo and Macedonia will have a positive impact on good governance in both states and be crucial for overcoming the consequences of several armed conflicts in both countries, as well as prevent violent incidents and acts of terrorism from occurring in the future. Security and peace are public goods, and society as a whole, just as much as every individual within it, will profit from enhancing security. Otherwise, Kosovo and Macedonia will hardly succeed in establishing and sustaining the rule of law and ensuring the development of society, economic growth, and protection of their young democracies. Both states need to establish a functional security structure in order to achieve regional stability, to contribute to peacekeeping operations, and to be integrated into the Euro-Atlantic and European institutions. In the framework of the project, an analysis and study in three spheres related to the concept of security in both states was conducted: reform of the security sector; threats from terrorism and foreign fighters; resocialisation, deradicalisation and expanding security by means of policies in favour of the rights of minorities and the danger caused by changing territorial borders in the region. Our analyses will be presented at a joint conference during the Kosovo-Macedonian Security Forum 2018, which I suppose will be supported, as every year, by our partner, the Konrad Adenauer Foundation. In Kosovo, there will be an event for joint debates by the academic and professional public, at which the papers of this case study will be presented, in which professors from the Republic of Kosovo, the Republic of Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina have participated, who also cooperate with the institutions of those countries. 7 I would like to express my gratitude to the Representative of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation in the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Macedonia, Johannes Rey, and his colleagues in the Foundations`s Pristina and Skopje offices for the constructive support of all projects and activities by which they directly strengthen the stability, development and prosperity of the Republic of Macedonia, the Republic of Kosovo, as well as other countries of the region. Topic 1: Reforms within the security system A democratic and adequate management of the security system is crucial for the future of the Western Balkan. The reform of the security system cannot be considered as one single activity, but as a certain number of activities with the goal to create a reasonable operative framework for the security system within the state, in order to provide stability for the political system and the population. The main goal of the security system is to sustain peace and stability according to democratic standards. Democratic civil control over security forces is of vital importance for providing security in the interest of the citizens. Besides, a democratic decision-making process requires transparency and accountability, which implies involving the wider public. Hence, the reform of the security system includes the development of an effective civil control and building institutions which can facilitate security. The three main categories of activities related to the reform of the security system which relevant actors recommend and implement are: reorganisation of security institutions, with a main focus on developing transparent, efficient and affective security forces; strengthening the control mechanisms by promoting good governance within the security system and thereby providing efficient security forces; and the reconstruction of the security system by means of resolving urgent challenges which emerged during the period of conflict situations. During the last years, Kosovo and Macedonia have been trying to reform the sub-sectors of their security systems. We analysed the success of the reforms and the proposed new laws related to the three main categories of the security system reform. Topic 2: Threats from terrorism and foreign fighters In consequence of the actions of the so-called Islamic State (IS) in Iraq and Syria, the alarming global situation regarding migration has additionally deteriorated, and, at the same time, concern about violent radicalism and terrorism has increased. During the recent refugee and immigration crisis, it showed that migrants can 8 be terrorists, but terrorists can also be migrants in very different ways, at least one of which is relevant for Macedonia and Kosovo: namely, the danger of so- called returnees, i.e. foreign fighters who engage in acts of terrorism, including suicide attacks, after having returned to their home countries. Both countries have declared pursuing military activities in foreign countries as a criminal act. Kosovo and Macedonia have developed strategies for the prevention of terrorism and violent extremism, mainly focusing on what can be done by means of the law, the judiciary, and other official bodies. Nevertheless, there is a strong threat from terrorism in both states. In November 2016, for example, the Kosovo Police informed that they had prevented a terrorist attack on a football stadium