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Lech Wałęsa, Aleksander Hall Krzysztof Czyżewski, Shana Penn Mykola Riabchuk, Roman Kabachiy Milan Lelich, Anna Kotaleichuk Advertisement Advertisement

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Lech Wałęsa, Aleksander Hall Krzysztof Czyżewski, Shana Penn Mykola Riabchuk, Roman Kabachiy Milan Lelich, Anna Kotaleichuk Advertisement Advertisement ISSN 2083-7372 Bimonthly July-August Price 19 PLN (w tym 5% VAT) 10 EUR 12 USD 7 GBP No 3(XII)/2014 www.neweasterneurope.eu 3 (XII) / 14 / (XII) 3 ISSN 2083-7372 LECH WAŁĘSA, ALEKSANDER HALL KRZYSZTOF CZYŻEWSKI, SHANA PENN MYKOLA RIABCHUK, ROMAN KABACHIY MILAN LELICH, ANNA KOTALEICHUK ADVERTISEMENT ADVERTISEMENT Dear Reader, Recent events in Ukraine have showed that the benefi ts of freedom and stability enjoyed both by Western and Central European societies are still waiting for their recipients in Europe’s East. The crisis also shows that the chasm between Russia and the West has deepened, which further decreases chances for normalcy in the region. It took this brutal change and the fear of its geopolitical implications to draw the attention of western policy-makers to Eastern Europe. This magazine has covered the issue of western ignorance towards Eastern Europe on many occasions. We looked at it from different perspectives, including the misjudging of Vladimir Putin and his aspirations in the region. In this light, we believe that there is a deeper understanding of the problems of Eastern Europe in the countries which are geographically closer to the region and which in the past experienced the fears and the threats that Ukraine is experiencing right now. That is why this issue provides readers with a refl ection on the 25 years of the peaceful evolution that has taken place in Poland and links it with the revolution in Ukraine. In the opening pages, Poland’s former president, Lech Wałęsa, admits that he was a destroyer but failed at building. His confession is followed by a portrait of Tadeusz Mazowiecki, a builder of the new Poland. In his recollections from 1989, Aleksander Hall makes a realistic assessment, writing that “Mazowiecki started his mission to build democracy in a situation where practically the entire state apparatus was still rooted in the previous system.” Freedom prevailed in many of the countries of the former Soviet bloc after 1989. However, as Krzysztof Czyżewski observes, “We needed time to understand that without equality and fraternity, freedom brings enslavement.” His view is confi rmed by Shana Penn, who writes that in Poland: “The forestalled equal rights issues never got their fair due in the wake of Solidarity’s victory.” Symbolically, these lessons are being shared at a time when the Ukrainian state is seeking the path that Poland embarked on 25 years ago. Naturally, Ukraine’s context is very different. The bloody confrontations in the south-east show the division within the society whose reconciliation, as Mykola Riabchuk puts simply, will not be easy. Milan Lelich echoes these words writing that “even if the anti- terrorist operation succeeds and the armed separatists are defeated, the minds of hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of residents of the east of Ukraine will remain injured by Russian propaganda.” These and many other observations that have been made in regards to Eastern Europe, as well as the rewarding feedback we receive from our readers and reviewers, have convinced our publisher to turn New Eastern Europe to a bimonthly magazine. We welcome this change with enthusiasm, believing that from now on we will be able to engage in even deeper intellectual discussions on the future of Europe and the world. The Editors 4 Contents Opinion and Analysis 7 Only When Forced Do I Look to the Past 63 A Blessing in Disguise A Conversation with Lech Wałęsa Mykola Riabchuk “What has been happening in Eastern Europe Ukraine rid itself of the Viktor Yanukovych right now is a test of solidarity. Solidarity is regime at a very high cost. The human price nothing more than asking others to help you is well-known and carefully counted: lift up a burden when you can’t do it yourself. a hundred people killed, many more wounded, But we don’t need the same kind of solidarity dozens abducted by the regime’s security as we needed before, when we were working services or paramilitaries and some still in the opposition. Today we need to organise missing. The remaining damages – moral, ourselves in regards to Russia and Ukraine.” political and institutional – are yet to be fully measured and recognised. 15 The Prime Minister of Change Aleksander Hall 68 Shevchenko Rediscovered The major changes which took place in Roman Kabachiy Poland in 1989 contributed to the awaking of the “fall of nations” in other Central and 75 Victims of Russian Propaganda Eastern European countries. As prime minister, Milan Lelich Tadeusz Mazowiecki began the mission of building democracy in a situation where 81 Poroshenko’s Historic Opportunity practically the entire state apparatus was Jakub Parusinski rooted in the previous totalitarian system. After declaring victory with 54 per cent of the vote, Petro Poroshenko now faces the 26 Culture and Solidarity challenge of boldly reforming Ukraine, rooting Krzysztof Czyżewski out corruption while at the same time calming a separatist rebellion in the east. All of this will 35 Uncontainable Aspirations of Equality be done under the distrustful watch Shana Penn of Ukraine’s post-Maidan public. 42 Generation Freedom 87 The Contemporaries of Independence Ioana Burtea Igor Lyubashenko 48 Full Speed Westward? 93 What Have the Separatists Achieved? Ketevan Kantaria Paweł Pieniążek 57 Yes, We Can 99 Cautious Engagement Anna Kotaleichuk Liu Zuokui Within 23 years of independence, a new generation was born in Ukraine that is free 107 A 180-Degree Shift from Soviet myth and ideology. However, Marcin Kaczmarski this generation has to live in a society where the Soviet legacy remains and “the shadows 113 The Second Integration War of the past” impede a successful European- Wojciech Górecki style development for the country. 5 119 Europe in Alexey Miller’s Embrace 182 Rebellious Poets Versus the Tsar Grzegorz Kaliszuk Grzegorz Nurek A discussion on Szańce kultur. Szkice 123 The Two Per Cent That Matters z dziejów narodów Europy Wschodniej Evelyn Kaldoja (The Trenches of Cultures. Sketches from Despite a recent increase of international the histories of Eastern European nations). attention to Estonia’s cyber-security policies, By: Bohdan Cywiński there is something much more important that should be noticed. It is Estonia’s eagerness to allocate money on defence. Books and Reviews 130 Forrest Gump Recognises Mao 189 The First Step – Małgorzata Nocuń Zbigniew Rokita On Femen by Femen with Galia Ackerman Interviews 190 Cutting the Gordian Knot of Caucasia 138 Philosophy in the First Person Singular – Wojciech Wojtasiewicz A Conversation with Vladimir Varava On Europe’s Next Avoidable War: Nagorno- “The relation of politics and philosophy is quite Karabakh. Edited by Michael Kambeck and straightforward and clear – real philosophy Sargis Ghazaryan does not succumb to ideologisation.” 194 Uncovering Latvia’s Jewish History 143 The Dilemmas of a Ukrainian Writer – Tomasz Otocki A conversation with Oksana Zabuzhko On Svetlana Bogojavlenska’s Die jüdische Gesellschaft in Kurland und Riga Reports 1795-1915 (The Jewish Community 150 Notes from the Silk Road in Courland and Riga) Stuart Wadsworth 198 Who was Erich Honecker? 161 A Bazaar of Memories – Agnieszka Szymańska Juan M. del Nido On Jan N. Lorenzen’s Erich Honecker. A Political Biography History 201 Putin’s Favourite Playground 166 Tryzub and Crescent – Lana Ravel Adam Balcer On Régis Genté’s Poutine et le Caucase (Putin and the Caucasus) People, Ideas, Inspiration 203 The Man Who Discovered 176 The Long Process of Building Peace A conversation with Megi Bibiluri the Holocaust Becomes “When there is war, you do not think, you a Comic Book – Giacomo Manca just act and help. At that time, we tried to On Rizzo Marco and Bonaccorso Lelio’s organise aid together and help everyone, graphic novel Jan Karski. L’uomo che regardless of whether someone was scoprì l’Olocausto (Jan Karski. The man a Georgian or an Ossetian. Can a war have who discovered the Holocaust) a face other than killing, destruction and brutality? We believe that it can.” www.neweasterneurope.eu Content with the notation (CC) is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. EDITOR AND PUBLISHER All attempts are made to give proper The Jan Nowak-Jeziorański College and appropriate attribution of Eastern Europe in Wrocław to the author and source. offi [email protected] www.kew.org.pl The Editors do not return submitted texts unless requested. The Editors reserve the right to edit and shorten submitted texts. CO-EDITOR European Solidarity Centre [email protected] www.ecs.gda.pl New Eastern Europe is co-fi nanced by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education. EDITORIAL BOARD Leonidas Donskis, Yaroslav Hrytsak, Paweł Kowal, Ivan Krastev, Georges Mink, Zdzisław Najder, The project is co-fi nanced by the Department Cornelius Ochmann, Eugeniusz Smolar, of Public and Cultural Diplomacy of the Lilia Shevtsova, Roman Szporluk, Jan Zielonka Ministry of Foreign Affairs. EDITORIAL TEAM Adam Reichardt, Editor-in-Chief Iwona Reichardt, Deputy Editor, Lead Translator All works published with grant funded from the Ministry of Foreign Giacomo Manca, Contributing Editor Affairs are published under the Creative Commons Attribution Igor Lyubashenko, Contributing Editor 3.0 Unported license (CC by 3.0). Any republication of materials funded under this grant must be attributed in the manner PROOFREADING specifi ed by the author or licensor. Gina Kuhn Circulating texts without the Editors’ permit is strictly CONTRIBUTING ARTIST forbidden. The Editors bear no responsibility Andrzej Zaręba for the content of advertisements. OFFICE MANAGER Copyright © by the Jan Nowak-Jeziorański Anna Susz-Golańska College of Eastern Europe in Wrocław (Kolegium Europy Wschodniej SUBSCRIPTION im. Jana Nowaka-Jeziorańskiego we Wrocławiu), 2014 [email protected] Circulation: 6000 LAYOUT AND FORMATTING Agencja Reklamowa i Interaktywna Printing: SALON REKLAMY Drukarnia Kolejowa Kraków Sp.
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