THE HISTORY

OF HUDDERSFIELD

A N D I T S V I C I N I TY.

BY D. F. E. SYI(ES, LL.B.

HUDDERSFIELD: THE ADVERTISER PRESS, LIMITED.

MDCCCXCV II I. TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I. Physical features-Some place names-The Brigantes--Evidences of their settlement-Celtic relics at Cupwith Hill-At Woodsome­ At Pike-Law-At High-Flatts-Altar to God of the Brigantes­ Of the Celts-Voyage of Pytheas-Expeditions of Julius Ccesar -His account of the Celts-The Druids-The Triads-Dr. Nicholas on the Ancient Britons-Roman Rule in Britain­ Agricola's account-Roman roads-Roman garrisons-Camp at West Nab-Roman altar discovered at Slack (Cambodunum)­ Discoveries of Dr. \Valker-Roman hypocaust at Slack­ Explorations at Slack-Evidences of camp there-Schedule of coins found at Slack-Influence of Roman settlement-On government-On industries-On speech-Philological indications. CHAPTER II. The withdrawal of the Romans-Saxon influx-Evidences of Saxon settlement-Character of the Saxons-The Danes-Evidences of their settlement-Introduction of Christianity-Paulinus-Con­ version of Edwin-Church at Cambodunum-Other Christian stations - Destruction of Church at Cambodunum - Of the Normans-Invasion of William the Conqueror-Ilbert de Laci­ The feudal tenure-Domesday Book-Huddersfield and adjacent places in Domesday Book-Economic and social life of this period - The Villans - The Boardars - Common land - The descent of the Laci manor--The Earl of Lancaster -Richard Waley, Lord of Henley-The Elland Feud-Robin Hood-The Lord of Farnley and Slaithwaite-Execution of Earl of Lancaster -Forfeiture of Laci Manors to the Crown-Acquisition by the Ramsden family-Other and part owners-Colinus de Dameh·ill -Fules de Batona-John d' Eyville-Robert de Be11ornonte­ John del Cloghes-Richard de Byron-The Byron family in Huddersfield-Purchase by Gilbert Gerrard, temp. Elizabeth. See appendix. CHAPTER III. The condition of the general people under the Normans-Norman castles-Baronial oppression-Almondbury Castle-The Lord's Hunting-ground at Marsden-Deanhead Chase-The Dog Kennels-Tragedy at Almo!ldbury Castle-Inquisition of Edward 1.-The unjust steward-The Constable of Almond­ bury-The Inquisition of Edward III.-Ancient dyehouse Vlll. HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY.

and fulling mill-Price of provisions-Wages-First traces of woollen industry- The free tenants-The villeins-The term tenants-Their services-The custom of Lytherwythe-Chevage --The Saxon hind-The Lord's Mill-Inquisition of Elizabeth -l{ing's Mill--Encouragement of manufactures by Edward III. -Early weavers-The aulnager-Decay of villanage under com- merce-Legislative protection of woollen industry-19 Eliz. 3 Carl II.: Burial in woollens-Statute of Philip and Mary­ The wool-driver-Earnings of early weavers. CHAPTER IV. The Subsidy Roll of Richard II. (1379)-Population and Poll Tax of Hoderfeld, Almanbury, Ffarnelay Tyas, Whytelay, Byrton, Heton, North Crosseland, Crosseland fosse, Querenby, Hauneley, Meltham, Holmfirth, Slaxthwayt-Summary-The Subsidy Roll of Henry VIII. (1523)-Population and assessment of Hudders­ field-cum-Bradley, Almondburry, Whitlay, Fernelay Tyas, Kirk­ burton, Kirkheaton, Crosland, Wharneby (Quarmby), Honlay, Meltham, Holmefyrth, Slaghtwatt, Marsden-Summary.

CHAPTER V. The Parish Church of Almondbury, All Saints'--The Mother Church at Dewsbury, founded by Paulinus-All Saints' erected about 1100-The advowson in the Laci family-The College of Jesus at Rotherham-Will of Archbishop Scot-The tithes­ The Parsonage House-Property of the Church-List of rectors and vicars-Certain extracts from the parish registers-The Plague-Extracts from churchwardens' accounts-Penance­ Communion wine-The bells-Interior of the Church-The I{aye Chapel-The Beaumont Chapel-Monuments of the Fenay family--Of the Kaye family-Churches sprung from All Saints' -Controversy as to Vicarage of Meltham-The faculty for celebrating n1ass at Henley-The Church quartered. See also appendix. CHAPTER VI. The foundation of the Parish Church of Huddersfield by Walter de Laci-Advowson granted to Nostell Priory-Deed of Ordination of Michael de Wakefield-Its confirmation-Valuation temp. Edw. !.-Visitation temp. Henry VIII.-The Chantries-Early valuation-Dissolution of the Monasteries-Advowson acquired by William Ramsden-List of vicars-The Rev. Henry Venn-­ The Rev. Harcar Crook-The Highfield Schism-Monuments in the Church-Mr. Coates's School-Population in 1819- The Rev. Gabriel Raynes-The Rev. Edmund Hill-The Rev. Thomas Clarke-The Rev. Josiah Bateman-The vicarage­ The Church of St. Thomas-The consecration and non-conse- . HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY. IX.

cration of the Cen1etery-Certain n1onuments and inscriptions­ The Brookes of Newsome-The \Vilkinsons of Greenhead -Sir J. L. l{aye-Extracts from the parish registers-The first Huddersfield Pauper (n.)-Visit of the Son1erset Herald- Of the ReY. Joseph Hunter-Re-erection in 1836-The value of the li,·ing-The late G. \V. Tomlinson. CHAPTER VII. The Priory of l{irklees-The Cistercian Order-Their habit and discipline-Grant by Rayner le Fleming--Elizabeth de Staynton -List of Lady Superiors-Their oath-Various endowments-­ The ad\·owson of 1\1irfield Church-Grant of a female serf­ SurYey of Henry VIII. -Robin Hood-Dissolution of the Priory -Papist Hall-The Armytage family.

CHAPTER VIII. Education 1n early times-Establishment and endowment of Grammar Schools-The l{aye grant -The Chapel of St. Helen-The Charter of IGng James I. to the Almondbury Grammar School-Statutes of the governors-Course of study -Other benefactors-The Nettleton Trust-Robert Nettleton -:\'1onument and residence-The Wormald Trust-Israel Wormald-His house-Present scheme of government-Visitor and governors-Scholarships-Petition for original Charter­ List of governors-List of head masters-Some scholars.

CHAPTER IX. The Beaumont family-\Vhitley-Beaumont-William de Bellomonte­ Sir Richard de Bellomonte-Sir Robert de Bellomonte-Sir John de Bellomonte-John de Bellomonte-Robert de Bellomonte­ Henry de Bellomonte-Henry Beaumont-Richard Beaumont­ His ,vill-Thomas Beaumont-Richard Beaumont-Richard Beaumont-Edward Beaumont-Sir Richard Beaumont-Monu­ ments in Kirkheaton Church-Sir Thomas Beaumont-The Civil War- Siege of Sheffield Castle-Adam Beaumont-Richard Beaumont-Richard Beaumont - Richard Beaumont-Henry Beaumont-Richard Beaumont-Richard Henry Beaumont­ ] ohn Beaumont-Charles Henry Beaumont-Richard Henry Beaumont-Henry Frederick Beaumont-Beaumont Park­ Woodsome Hall-Henricus Teutonicus-Sir Baldwin Teutonicus -Sir Francis Tyas--Laurence Kay-Lawsuit for Manor of Slaith­ waite-The Finchenden family-Pedigree of the l{ayes of Woodsome-The Woodsome manuscript-Arthur Kaye-Denby Grange-Slaughwaite Hall-The Manor House at Slaithwaite­ Pole Chapel-John Kaye of Woodsome-Robert Kaye-John Kaye-Sir John Kaye-The Civil Wars-Sir John Kaye­ Parliamentary elections-Sir Arthur Kaye-His marriage-Sir x. HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY.

John Lister-Kaye-Sir John Lister-Kaye of Denby Grange­ John Lister-Kaye-Sir John Lister Lister-Kaye-Sir John Pepys Lister-Kaye-The Legge family-William Legge-The Civil Wars-Honest Will Legge-Baron Dartmouth-William Legge, second Baron and first Earl-Marriage of Viscount Lewisham and daughter of Sir Arthur Kaye-William, second Earl of Dartmouth - His friendship with John Wesley - George, third Earl - William, fourth Earl-Some correspondence of William Walter, fifth Earl - Enfranchisement of Slaithwaite estates - The present Earl-Woodsome Hall.

CHAPTER X. The Ramsaen family-Robertus de Wodde-The Woades of Longley-John Ramsden of Longley Hall-William Ramsden­ Deed of Purchase of the Huddersfield Estates-Bay Hall­ Sir John R.amsden-The Civil Wars-William Ramsden­ Sir John Ramsden -Charter of market at Huddersfield-Sir William Ramsden-Sir John Ramsden-The Huddersfield Cloth Hall-Sir John Ramsden-The Huddersfield Enclosure Act-Sir John William Ramsden-The Huddersfield Tenant­ Right Case. CHAPTER XI. The Civil Wars--Catholic families of the district-Muster at Almond­ bury for the Parliament-At Doncaster for the King-Major Beaumont drowned-The defences of Almondbury-Sir John Ramsden at Selby-Charles Nettleton of Honley-Captain Horsfall of Storthes Hall-Defence of Sheffield by Sir Thomas Beaumont-Kaye of Woodsome fined by Parliament-Thomas Hirst of Greenhead fined-The Rev. Richard Sykes expelled his cure-The Rev. Christopher Richardson-Lascelles Hall -The Rev. Abraham Woodhead of Meltham-His endowment of the Church at Meltham-Sir Thomas Hoyle of Linthwaite­ Resistance of James II. by local gentry-Resistance of the Pretender-The Young Pretender's Army at Scot Head-The Huddersfield Yeomanry.

CHAPTER XII. Huddersfield in 1800-A description of the town-The government of the town-The office and duties of the constable-The Cuck Stool-The Whipping Post-The Court Leet-Petition for appointment of constable-The surveyor of high ways-The water supply-Public lighting-Introduction of. gas-Early magistrates-The Marsh Prosecution Society-County Court­ The Riding School-The playhouse-The Cloth Hall-Private schools-The police-Some private residences-Popular pastimes -Bull baiting-Costumes of the period--The stage coaches- . HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY. Xl.

The pack horses-•Coaching accidents--The state of the High­ ways-General distress-,Vages-Statute of labourers-Hand­ loom weavers-Merry Dale l\rlill-Legislative protection of woollen industry- Resistance to union with Ireland-Some early worthies of the town. CHAPTER XIII. The introduction of machinery - Riots-The Croppers - Their earnings - Restrictions on exportation - Industrial distress­ Petition for Peace-E. and J. Taylor of Marsden-The Luddites -Attack on Bradley Mills-Soldiery at l\Iarsden-Cart\vright's mill at Ra•.vfolds-The Luddites at Longroyd Bridge-George Mellor-Ben o' Bucks-The oath of the Luddites-Attack on Cartwright's mill-The murder of William Horsfall-The panic in the district-Activity of the magistrates-Treachery of Walker - Arrest and trial of the Luddite leaders-Their execution-­ Sentences on other Luddites-End of Walker-Reward of Justice Radcliffe-The Radcliffe family. CHAPTER XIV. Continued distress-Price of provisions-Bank failures-General disaffection-The Folly Hall fight-The services of the Yeomanry -Reform meetings on Almondbury Bank-Plot to seize the town -A state of siege-Trial of the conspirators-The Chartist agitation-The PJug Riots-Local Chartists-Joshua Hobson­ ,villiam Armitage-The Factory Acts-Child labour-The system of apprenticeship-A Parliamentary Commission-Evidence of Joseph Habergam-Of Abraham Whitehead-The fire at Atkinson's Mills-Monument to the victims-Elizabeth Barrett Browning's plea-Richard Oastler-The Huddersfield Short­ time Committee-The manufacturers' petition-Great demon­ stration at York-Death of Oastler-The Holmfirth Flood­ Memorial at Holmfirt h. CHAPTER. XV. Nonconformist Churches-Salendine Nook Baptist Chapel-Rev. Henry Clayton-The mother church at Rodhillend-Sallindon Nook licensed-Act of Toleration-Letters dismissory­ Declaration of Faith-Covenant of Communion-First Sub­ scribers-Rev. Joshua vVood-Rev. Robert Hyde-Rev. James Macpherson-Rev. Thomas Lomas-Rev. David Crompton­ Rev. James Parker--Rev. Dr. Stock-Rev. John Thomas-Rev. D. Wilton Jenkins-Baptist Churches derived from Salendine Nook-Pole Moor Chapel-Slaithwaite Baptists-Rev. Henry Wilcock Holmes-The Independents, Highfield-Secession from the Parish Church-Rev. Henry Venn-First members of Highfield-The Trust deed-Church discipline-Rev. \Villian1 .. Xll. HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY.

Moorhouse-Rev. Benjamin Boothroyd, D.D., LL.D.-His conversion-His literary pursuits-The Biblice Hebraica­ Monument to-Rev. John Glendenning-The Rev. Dr. Bruce­ Churches derived from Highfield-Ramsden St. Chapel-The Trust Deed-The Rev. J. T. Stannard-Jones v. Stannard­ Milton Church-The Wesleyans-John Wesley in Huddersfield -His opinion of the country and people-At Honley-Dean­ house Chapel- Almondbury Methodists - •• The Weeping Prophet "-Abraham Moss-Old Bank Chapel-First trustees­ Trust Deed-Constitution of c.ircuit-First ministers-The Rev. Alexander Kilham-The New Connexion-High Street Chapel -Queen Street Chapel-Churches derived from Buxton Road­ Local preachers-Squire Brooke.

CHAPTER XVI. Parliamentary History. Early elections-Lord Brougham-Captain Lewis Fenton-Captain Joseph Wood-Riots-Michael Thomas Sadler- John Blackburn, K.C.-" Bulls, tigers, serpents"­ General Johnson-Edward Ellis, Jun.-Richard Oastler-The New Poor Law-Rev. Joseph Rayner Stephens-The Leeds Mercury on the candidates-W. R. C. Stansfield-Electioneering tactics--The Liberal Party-John Cheetham-William Willans­ Viscoun t Goderich-} oseph Starkey-Ed ward Akroyd-Richard Cobden-E. A. Leatham-T. P. Crosland-W. C. Sleigh-W. A. Lindsay-Sir Joseph Crosland-William Summers-Thomas Brooke-Some account of the Brooke family-Elections since 1865-Joseph Woodhead-The Colne ValJey Division-The Holmfi,th Division-Walter Armitage-John Sugden.

CHAPTER XVII. Municipal government-The Court Leet-The Chief Constable-The Vestry-Act for lighting, ,vatching, &c.-First Board of Com­ missioners-Huddersfield a pocket borough-The patrolmen­ Their duties-The Pindar-Introduction of gas-The Hudders­ field Gas Works-Board of 1-Iighway Surveyors-Development of the town in this period-Banking companies-Churches­ Petition for incorporation-Improvement Commissioners-First Board of-The cemetery-Church rates-Model lodging house­ Market rights-Renewed agitation for incorporation-Govern­ ment inquiry-Charter of incorporation granted-The first Council - Population and rateable value of borough at incorporation-C. H. Jones-The Mayors of Huddersfield­ Honorary Freemen-Longwood included--Present population and rateable value-Covered markets-Gas-Electricity-Tram­ ways-Tramway fatality-Artizans' dwellings-Mechanics' home -The police-The fire brigade-St. John Ambulance-The HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY. Xlll.

,vater supply-The reservoirs-Lead poisoning-Baths-Beau­ mont Park-Greenhead Park-The Lindley lVIoor ground-Free Ii brary-1\1: unicipal buildings-Town Hall-Borough debt-The Poor Law burdens-Riots-Formation of the Huddersfield Union-Chairman of the Board of Guardians-The H udders­ field Infirmary-The Meltham Convalescent Home-Honorary physicians and surgeons-Presidents-William Mallinson-The Industrial Home-The Charity Organisation Society-The Slaithwaite Free School-The Fartown Grammar School-The Longwood Grammar School- Some private schools -- The Huddersfield College-The Collegiate-Sunday schools-The l\lechanics' Institute-The Technical College-The School Board - Chairmen and vice-chairmen - Church schools-Sir C. W. Sikes-Industrial development-The Weavers' Strike­ General Sur,·ey. HUDDERSFIELD

AND ITS VICINITY.

CHAPTER I.

HE v-alleys of the Colne and of the Holme and the vast amphitheatre in which the town of Hudders­ field stands were, in the far off days when history begins, the wild home of the Brigantes, a tribe of the Gallo-Brythonic branch of the great Celtic family. The region now so populous, its natural face transfigured by the art of man, was then sparsely populated and densely wooded. The waters from the extensive heights and moorlands flowed in a thousand rills to swell the larger streams that rise on Holme Moss and Stanedge, and when the frequent storms swept the gloomy forests angry floods of great depth and force streamed down the beds now so shallow and dry. The deer, the fox, the boar, and the wolf were among the denizens of the thicket and the forest. Deer Hill, Doe Hill, Stag Hill, Wolf Stones, Fox Royd, Wildboarley, Brockholes, bear these names for good and sufficient reasons. It is said that even in the reign of Edward the Third ,volves might occasionally be found in this neighbourhood. The last is said to have fallen to the spear of John of Gaunt. c 1 , Many names familiar to our ears attest the sylvan beauties of the pristine scene. The (1) Mayhall's " Annals of Yorkshire.·· 2 HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY.

Calder ( Cell-du,yer) was " the river of the wooded waters," long before the Colne took its name from the Roman l""olonia near its banks. Long-wood; Lockwood (from Old English loc or loca, an enclosure); Wooldale, (from 1¥ald. Anglo Saxon), the forest-dale; Ag-brigg (Aec. Old English), the Bridge of the Oak; Birkby, Birchencliffe (respectively the Birch-village and Birch-cliff) ; Lingards (from the Danish L;,ng, heather, and garde, an enclosure) ; Linthwaite (from thoeit, Danish, a clearing) ; Slaithwaite (the Slack or Sloe-tree); Lindley (lea Saxon, a meadow) ; Farnley (the Fern Field); Marsden (Den. British, a deep or ,vooded valley); Diggle ( D(~gel/ian, Anglo Saxon, to conceal) ; and such local and personal names a~ Olroyd, Learoyd, Ackroyd, Boothroyd, Highroyd (Scan. r_vdde, to clear), are eloquent ,vitnesses of the natural features of the part of the Brigantian country with which ,ve are concerned. A century after the Norman Conquest, the Lord of Sadelworth gave tithe of his forest of Sadehvorth to the mother church of St. Chad, at Rochdale. The Brigantes, who seem to have dispossessed and driven southwards and ,vest,vards an earlier Goidelic race, were fitting settlers of parts so ,vild and rude. Scholars are not agreed as to the origin of the word Brigantes. Some would have it that their name meant "the hill-men" or mountaineers, from the same origin as the Welsh Bre or Bryn, a hill. Mr. Rhys, the ingenious and profound author of " Celtic Britain," derives the name from the stem bri'gant, meaning noble, free, privileged, and inclines to the theory that their name pointed to an honourable distinction between them and the earlier Goidelic races they had dispossessed. Of their presence in these regions we are not ,vithout many indications. It is probable they gave its earlier name to the noble height we now call Castle Hill. • HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY. 3

The word Almond-bury, it is suggested by the Rev. R. Collins, the Vicar of Kirkburton, in his " Burton in the Past,,,_. is a compound of the Celtic ,4llt-111aen, a steep hill of rock. There is much to be said, as ,vill presently appear, to support the contention that a British settlement or encamp­ ment preceded the Roman station or colony at Slack, the Cambodunum of debate. The Celtic word dun means a high place of strength, and Cambodunum may well have meant the fortress named in honour of Camul, the British ,var god, and it ,vould be in accordance with Roman policy to erect their o,vn stronghold upon the ruins of a fortress ,vrung from a stubborn foe . .A.t various points ,vithin easy distance of Cam­ bodunum many remains of Celtic weapons and implements have from time to time been unearthed. The following ,vere found at Cupwith Hill, buried under a bed of peat varying from three feet to nine feet in depth : A double­ barbed arrow-point, a large scraper or skin flint, several long scrapers, two knives, one of white the other of black flint; half-a-dozen arrow-points of different formation, several spear or javelin heads, many flakes of flint, possibly used for skinning animals; a rudely designed flint celt or battle-axe, and (nearer to Buckstones) many single winged arrow-points of flint. Near to the entrance gates of W oodsome Hall again, was found a British celt or battle­ axe, of green stone, weighing over nine ounces, five inches in length, with a cutting edge of a little over six inches. t In 18 30 a British celt ( or stone battle-axe) ,vas found near Pike-Law, above Mealhill; it measur~d rather more than seven inches in length and about three inches in breadth at the broadest part. Its ,veight was two pounds ten ounces. In shape it nearly resembled the.common axe of the pres'ent day-the cutting edge ,vedge-shaped, and about three inches broad on the face ; the other end being rounded, and * "Kirkburton Church Monthly" (March, 1896). t •' Proceedings of the Yorkshire Topographical and Arch~ological Society," IX., 255 and 329. 4 HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY. about five-and-a-half inches in circumference. In 1845, another of these weapons was found near High-Flatts, in the township of Denby. It was wedge-shaped, six-and-three­ quarter inches in length, and about three-and-a-fourth inches in breadth, gradually tapering to about two inches, being about one-and-three-quarters inches at the thickest part ; the cutting edge being formed by a rapid slope on each side, of nearly two-and-a-half inches, forming a uniform convex edge, like that of a common axe, and as fine as the quality of the stone would permit. It had a dusky white appearance, with a polished surface, of a close texture, having much the look of ironstone.~:: Dr. Walker, the antiquarian, discovered not far from Blackmoor foot the remains of a Celtic kistvaen or place of interment. t Some seventy years ago there existed at Brow Grains, between West Nab and Deer Hill, a Druidical Stone, known locally as the Rocking Stone. This relic of antiquity was levelled to the ground, in ignorance or from wanton mischief, by a few workmen in 1827 or 1828.t In September, 1896, a flint arrow head and an urn containing human bones was dug up on Pule Hill. Again, in August, 1883, a Roman altar was found in the township of Longwood, near Huddersfield, embedded in the soil, at a spot in a direct line between Slack and Castle Hill. It bore an inscription in the Latin : DEO S. BRIGANT ET N. AUG. T. AUR. QUINTUS D. D. P. ET. SS. abbreviations, which enlarged, would probably read: Deo Sancto Brigantunz et Nu111ini Augusti, Titus Aurelius Quintus, Decreto Decuriconunz, Posuit et Susceptunz Solvit: "To the Holy God of the Brigantes and to the Divinity

* Morehouse : IC History of Holmfirth." t Hughes : IC History of Meltham." t Hughes: 11 History of Meltham," 4. HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY. 5 of the Emperor, Titus Aurelius Quintus, by decree of the Decurions, has placed (this altar) and discharged his undertaking." The Decurions ,vere the Senators of a municipiun1 or colonia, and the Holy God of the Brigantes ,vas the ,var god Camul, and in him the Romans would recognize a deity kindred to their o,vn much idolized Mars. That they should erect an altar to a British god was characteristic of the Romans of the later ages, who, with absolute impartiality, used the gods of their o,vn and others' faith as part of the machinery of policy, conquest and government. If the Roman garrison in these parts conceived that any purpose of pacification would be served by erecting an altar to so respectable a deity as the war god of an enemy so redoubtable as the Brigantes had proved themselves, the politic Roman had no objection to erecting an altar and honouring it with an inscription. It had got to that with him, that one god was very much as another. His opinion of the whole sacred business is shewn by coupling with the dedication to the Sanctus Deus Brigantum a similar tribute to the Divinity of the Emperor, for the Romans of the decline deified their Emperors : a proof not so much of respect for the Emperors as of contempt for the gods. Are these, then, all the traces of those Celtic predecessors of ours that remain ?-an inscribed altar, a heap of stones, a few flints, and a few names. For my part, I am not disposed to dismiss our Celtic ancestors so summarily. It is too much the custom to sum up all that is known of them by saying that Cresar found a race of Celtic savages in England, that successive Roman generals subdued them, and that when, after four hundred years, the Romans withdrew, Teutonic tribes from the mouth of the Elbe drove a wretched remnant into the fastnesses of Wales and Cornwall. But it may well be, as I shall seek to show, 6 HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY• that neither Roman nor Saxon, either extinguished or banished the original Celtic population of these regions, and on the hills and in the valleys of the Colne and Holme may still be many a hardy Yorkshireman whose Brigantian forbear gave a good account of himself both to Roman swordsman and Saxon and Danish raider. It ,vill, then, be interesting to see what can be gleaned from books con­ cerning our Celtic forefathers. The first writer of antiquity to whom we are indebted for even the most fragmentary account of our country is Pytheas, the story of ,vhose travels was published soon after the death of Aristotle. Pytheas was an eminent 1nathematician of the City of Marseilles, and the merchants of that emporium of the southern seas fitted out an expedition with a view to the extension of their trade, just as Mr. Stanley in our days received substantial support from the London merchants in his African enterprises. Pytheas was entrusted with the command of this expedition, and twice he penetrated some little distance into the interior of Britain.::: This was about 330 B.c. I-Ie informs us that he saw plenty of corn in the fields in the South­ East, and he noticed that the farmers gathered the sheaves into large barns, in ,vhich the threshing was done. They had so little sun that the open threshing floors of the brighter South would not have done in a land of cloud and rain like Britain. It was permissible for a man born under the cloudless skies of the Mediterranean shores to speak disrespectfully of our British clime. He noticed also that they made a drink by mixing wheat and honey, megethlin, the mead of later days. Two centuries later, Posidonius visited Britain, and from him we learn that the inhabitants lived in mean dwellings made for the most part of reeds or wood, and that harvest with them meant cutting off the ears of corn and storing them in pits underground.

• See Elton's II Origins of Eng. Hist.," pp. 13, &c. HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY. 7

------

But, after all, our real acquaintance ,vith Britain begins with that pest of our boyhood, Julius Cresar. In the fourth book of his commentaries Cresar tells how he made up his mind to prosecute an expedition into Britain, because in almost all his Gallic ,vars help had been sent thence to his enemies, thinking that even if he should not have time to prosecute a lengthy campaign, he might find it of great service to merely visit the island and see ,vhat sort of people were there and ,vhat their country and their ports-matters almost entirely unknown to the Gauls., for no one except traders ever visited them, and they only the merest fringe of the island. Then we have the ,vell kno,vn story of how his fleet of eighty vessels, having two legions of 12,000 infantry, drew ·near the southern coast, between Dover and the South Foreland. The Britons were gathered in loose order upon the beach and the white cliffs. They brandish their spears ; they hurl them with fatal precision at the long oared triremes: nay, they rush breast high into the waves to meet the conquerors of the world. The Roman oarsmen cannot gain the shallow. There is hesitancy, some fear perhaps. Then from the standard bearer of the tenth legion, as he leaps from the bark into the waves, comes that cry which has rung do,vn the ages: "Desilite, com111ilitiones, nisi vultis aquila111 hostibus prodere; ego eerie 111eu11z rei publicae atque imperatori officiunz praestitero. Leap, my comrades, if you would not betray the Eagle into the hands of the enemy. I, at any rate, will do my duty to my country and my general." The natives fall back : there is the pretence of a submission, and after a stay in the island of a few days Cresar returns to Gaul, apparently not loth to escape with dignity from an under­ taking which his experienced judgment warned him was ·not to be so. lightly emprized. The people in Rome, however, thought much of his accomplishment, and well they might, 8 HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICl~ITY.

for did not their poets sing of the " horrible Britons," " the remotest race of the world," "men cut off from the whole globe." The Senate decreed a public festival of thanksgiving to last for twenty days, a tribute which reflects quite as much honour upon our brave ancestors as on Cresar and his legions. In the following spring, B.c. 54, Cresar made another and more formidable assault upon our island. He had gathered a considerable fleet at Port lttius, which some writers identify with Calais, others (Napoleon III. among them) with Boulogne. This time he stays longer, and has more marked success. He has an army of 30,000 infantry, a complement of cavalry, borne in goo transports. Surely it was not to· subdue a horde of painted savages such an array of the picked soldiers of the world was gathered, the veterans of a thousand fights. We do affront ourselves to think so meanly of the men whose heirs we are. Cresar stayed longer, but withal not long. It was a brief campaign, and he did not get further north than St. Albans. He, however, made a few hasty observations, and it is those which constitute the sum total of the knowledge with which the general reader is content. He informs us that the interior of Britain was inhabited by Aborigines, but that the coast was settled by immigrants from Belgium ; that the population was dense and their houses numerous, built after the Gallic style; and_ they are rich in herds of cattle. They use either a copper money, or, instead, bars of iron of adjusted weight. It is against their religion to eat the hare or the fowl or the goose; but they keep them for pleasure. The inhabitants of the interior, being more remote from the civilizing influences of continental commerce, sow no corn, but live on milk and flesh, and are clad in skins. All the Britons, however, tattoo themselves a greenish-hue colour with woad, and HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY. 9 thus make themselves of a more dreadful appearance in battle. The hair of the head they ,vear long, and they shave the beard but not the upper lip. They have ten or t,velve wives, parents and brothers o,vning their wives in common; a statement of Ccesar which there is every reason to think must be taken ,vith reserve. Their priests are the Druids, and there are fearsome sacrifices to the gods. The Druids concern themselves about divine affairs, look after public and private sacrifices, and interpret omens. They giYe judgment in all public and private disputes ; if any crime has been committed, any murder done, has there been any quarrel about an inheritance or boundaries, they determine it ; they fix the rewards and penalties. If any individual or state is recalcitrant the punishment is interdiction from the religious ceremonies. This punish­ ment is hardest of all. A man under this ban is held as one impious and criminal. All shun him ; no one goes near him or speaks to him ; he is as though smitten of the plague ; he is outside of the pale of the law, every consideration is denied him. The Druids usually do not engage in the wars ; they do not pay taxes ; they enjoy immunity from military service. Many disciples flock to them. Parents send their children to them. Their teaching is oral, their lessons conveyed in verses that take many years to learn by heart. It is a sin to commit these to writing. This is their cardinal doctrine : that the souls of men do not perish with the body but are transmitted to others. They are greatly concerned in the study of the stars and the motions of the heavenly bodies, studying the magnitude of the world and of countries, the nature of things and the immortality and power of the gods. As for sacrifices, they conceive the lives of criminals to be peculiarly acceptable to the gods, and· these they burn alive, so also the captives of the sword, holding that only by a life for a IO HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY. life can the immortals be placated. They worship par­ ticularly the God Wodin, whom Cresar identifies with the Roman Mercury, as Thor corresponds to the Latin Mars. They worship also deities corresponding to Apollo and Jupiter and Minerva. Apollo bans disease, Minerva smiles on the applied sciences, Jupiter rules the immortals, and Mars is the god of battles. The Druids of Britain have schools so famous that the youths of noble families from distant countries resort to them to learn the sacred truths from their lips. Indeed, Pliny observes that Britain seems to have taught the Druid cult even to the Persians. By some historians it is contended, and I think not without much force, that we may gather from the Triads a fair reflex of the philosophy of these earliest of British schoolmen, and if so we have little reason to be ashamed of the intellectual culture of the early Britons, think what we may of their human sacrifices. Let the reader judge from a fe,v selections from the Triads : By three thin'-~s shall a person be quick!J, known : by what he likes, by zvhat he dislikes, and by such as like or dis like hinz. The three characteristics of godliness : To do justice, to love 111ercy, and to beha'l'c humbly. Three things that are honourable to a nzan : To have courage in adversity, to observe 111oderation in prosperity, and piously to conduct hinzself in both. The three necessities of the Being of God: Essence, life, and 111otion ; and fronz these are all substance, life, and motion, b_,v inchoation, i.e., fro111 God and His essence are all things whatsoever. Lucan, in the Pharsalia, thus apostrophizes the Druids : •• You teach that souls, eased of their mortal load, Nor with grim Pluto make their dark abode, Nor wander in pale troops along the silent flood, But in new regions cast, resume their reign, HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY. I I ------~------

Content to govern earthly forms again. Thus death is nothing but the middle line, Betwixt what lh·es, will come, and what has been. Happy the people by your charms possessed ! Nor fate, nor fears disturb their peaceful breast ; On certain dangers unconcerned they run, And meet with pleasure what they ,vould not shun; Defy death's slighted power, and bravely scorn To spare a life that will soon return." These do not read like the tenets of rude barbarians, nor can one imagine the teachers of such lessons finding much acceptance ,vith the painted sayage, glutted with blood, ,vhom popular history has taught us to regard as our primeval ancestor. In fine, the conclusions of modern research, as summed up by Dr. Nicholas,* present to us the Ancient Britons as '' a people free, industrious, inge.nious, spirited, with superior know ledge of the arts-,vorking in metals, commercially enter­ prising, ready to ,velcome strangers, holding intimate communication ,vith the continent, subsisting in small kingdoms, each under its hereditary sovereign, proving their respect for ,voman by entitling her to the throne, and so far advanced in intellectual, religious, and general culture, that the Gauls sent their sons to Britain for the most adYanced education, especially in that higher department of ,visdom officially presided over by the Druids. These, and many other equally notable features in their character and condition, we learn, not from the pens of their own historians, much less from the fervid imagination of their poets, but from Greek and Roman annalists, whose words on all other matters are received with respect. We, therefore, conclude that in the Ancient Britons are found a people greatly removed from barbarism, and that for hundreds of years before Ccesar's arrival they had been marked by the same characteristics. To represent them as our popular aRd unenqu1r1ng, unhis- * .. Pedigree of the English People," pp. 78, 79. 12 HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY• torical, writers have usually done js to belie history, travesty facts, and do a manifest and gratuitous injustice to a brave people." The Roman rule in Britain was maintained, not without many revolts, for a period of over four hundred years. It was not in accordance with Roman policy to exterminate the people. Their plan was to rule them by military occupation, to exact taxes for the maintenance of the central government at Rome and the enriching of consular families. The Britons were not wiped out, nor were they penned up in the south-west corner of the island, nor the mountains of Wales. They remained in the land of their forefathers, learning much from their conquerors, but fiercely resenting the invidious tax. "All we get by patience," said those who incited them to throw off the Roman yoke, '' is that h~avier demands are exacted from us, as from men who will readily submit. A single king once ruled us ; now two are set over us ; a legate to tyrannise over our lives, a procurator to tyrannise over our property. Nothing is now safe from their avarice, nothing from their lust. In war it is the strong who plunders; now, it is for the most part by cowards and poltroons that our homes are rifled, our children torn from us, the conscription enforced, as though it were for our country alone that we could not die. With us, father­ land, wives, parents, are the motives to war ; with them, only greed· and prafligacy.'' ;: The Romans garrisoned Britain, they did not colonize it. Britain was never colonized, in the sense, say, in which Canada has been made another Britain. It still remained essentially British: British in population, in speech, and in manners. The country was pierced by great roads, an absolute necessity of military occupation. The Roman roads which intersected Yorkshire can * "Vita Agricolac," cap. xv. HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY. 13 occasionally he traced ,vith considerable accuracy. One great road, running through Castleford and Slack, connected Yark and Manchester. The n1ilitary roads, or P''iae .Llfilitares, ran as nearly straight as possible, and were designed for military purposes. Rapid concentration of troops, or reinforcement of isolated garrisons in a disturbed country, ,vas as necessary then as no,v. It ,vas only by such means that skill and discipline could preYail against great masses of brave foes. To the Romans the quickest ,vere the shortest roads. They were not made for trade, commerce, or civil convenience. They linked only strategic points fortified, ,vhich were in their turn to become, or to be replaced by, to,vns. They were made by dra,ving two parallel furrows, between which the ground, levelled and beaten hard, was the " Pavimentum"; on this were placed in succession the "Statumen," a concrete of mortar and gravel; the "Rudus," of small stones and lime ; the " Nucleus," a mixture of lime, chalk, broken tiles, or earth, or of gravel, sand, and lime, with clay; and lastly, the "Summum Dorsurn," or '' Summa Crusta," composed of either flag-stones, or a surface of gravel and lime.* Along these roads, at regular intervals, camps or garrisons were posted. These must not be confounded with the mere temporary encampment or entrenchment of the Roman army on march; such as was probably that mentioned by Mr. Morehouse, in his History of Kirkburton, as having been traced on the Moor below West Nab, a short distance to the left of the road which leads thence to the village of Melthan1. The camps on the main road came under the category of Castra Stativa, or permanent holdings, which either became ~owns or where replaced by them ,vhen the fortress was no longer wanted to overawe the land and its people. Perhaps the word "barracks" would most aptly translate the Castra Statiz,a. Wherever they ,vere they

* Vitruvius, quoted by Dr. Traill, in II Social England," p. 56. HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY. had a definite form, if originally constructed by Roman hands, unlike the original outworks of the Celts they supplanted, or the circular ,vorks of the Saxons and Danes who followed then1. They \Vere more or less rectangular. They ,vere square or oblong because their form depended on the parade promotion of the Roman army. The legion, or any of its component parts, ,vas an organized disciplined body "that fell in for duty" as systematically and regularly as an English battalion or brigade. It ,vas not unlike the latter, for it ranged under the Empire from 4,000 to 6,000 or more regular troops, to which might be added an equal number of auxiliaries. The space naturally varied ,vith the strength of the force encamped, but a full legion occupied an area of about 1,620 feet by 2,320 feet, and ,vas covered by a rampart six feet high and eight feet thick, with a ditch in front three feet deep and five feet broad.* So long ago as the year 1736 a Roman altar was discovered at Slack, with respect to which the Rev. Mr. Watson, the historian of Halifax, writing in 1775, observed: "When I was examining the course of the Roman ,vay in 1757, I chanced to see this altar standing in a farmer's yard, and desiring to be shown where it was found, was conducted to that part of the station ,vhere not only three stone walls centre, but also three lordships. Having had this curiosity for some years in my possession, I presented it at last to the Rev. Mr. \Vhittaker, who in his 'History of Manchester' has given the .public an engraving of this and another stone found here, ,vhich I also gave him, ,vith the word OPUS upon it. The reading on the altar I take to be: FORTUNJE SACRUM. C. 1\NTO. MODES. C LEG. VI. VIC. PE. V. S. L. M.

*Goodwin: "English Arch~ological Handbook," p. 2 2 . HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY. that is : 'Forl1111ce Sacr11111, Caius A11to11ius 1lEodestus, Centurio Le.gionis .Sextae 1.,,.ictricis, l'osuit et 1.·01!1111 solvit, lube11s 111erito ; or, in our o,Yn tongue : ' Sacred to the goddess FORTUNE. Caius 1\ntonius lVIodestus, Centurion of the victorious Sixth Legion, has placed (this altar) and (so) fulfilled his vo,v, rejoicing ,vith good reason.' It ,vas discovered in I 7 36, amongst the ruins of a building manifestly composed of Roman bricks, many of ,vhich are yet to be seen in the common fence walls there. I measured one (brick) which ,vas nine-.and-a-half inches square and three inches thick, but ,vas informed that bricks had been dug up there t,venty-t,vo inches square. One room in this building, according to the report of some ,vorkmen ,vho had destroyed it, ,vas four yards long and about t,vo-and-a-half broad, but bet,vixt three and four yards below the surface of the ground, paved nearly a yard thick ,vith lime and bricks brayed (beaten) together extremely hard. In one corner of this room ,vas a drain about five inches square, into ,vhich as much water was conveyed as ,vould have turned an overfall mill, yet no vent could be discovered." * More than a century after the explorations of the Rev. Mr. \Vatson, the Rev. J. K. Walker, of Dean Head, in Slack, discovered there what were obviously the remains of a Roman hypocaust, or arched chamber, in which a fire might be kindled for the purpose of giving heat to the room above it. This hypocaust ,vas evidently constructed for the purpose of heating a set of Rol)lan. baths. The remains discovered by Mr. \i\lalker consisted of a large mass of Roman cement, of seven tiers of pilasters, of which there were seven in each tier; also the roof of a furnace, composeci of square stones, above which was a layer of Roman bricks of handsome appearance, each twenty-one inches square, and a series of closely cemented slabs that nearly surrounded * Quoted in Baines' " Yorkshire Past and Present," 439. 16 HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY. this quadrangular structure, some of ,vhich being scored very regularly, gave it such an air of neatness and symmetry that it was compared to the front of an organ. In October, 1865, excavations of an exhaustive nature were undertaken at Slack by the Huddersfield Archreological and Topographical Society, and on the 22nd October of that year the whole of the foundations of a large building were uncovered, the external walls of which were about sixty-eight feet long by by fifty-six feet wide, and two feet in thickness, and laid upon a course three feet six inches in breadth, and including several cross walls, evidently the basement of separate rooms. In the month of November of the same year another floor, twenty-five feet by twenty feet, resting upon pillars, was also discovered; and on the 28th Novem­ ber the floor of a bath was found in a corner of No. 2 hypocaust, about fifteen feet by eight feet in size. In all five hypocausts were discovered, from which it was concluded that the building was the " public baths" of the station, with separate accommodation for the officers and the common soldiers.* In construction all the ,valls were found to be very rude, being built of undressed stones laid for the most part in tempered clay, and even the battered wall, where workmanship was necessary, in order to get chamfered edges in the different courses of the stone forming the slope, was of the rudest kind. The bricks and tiles on the other hand were excellent, and had been made with great care and skill. They exhibited all the varied forms that would be used in the flues, pillars, and the floors of the hypocaust and for roofing purposes, and on several fragments and some whole roof-tiles, was found the impression, COH. IIII. BRE.+ From this stamp it is believed that the soldiers who made the bricks used in the buildings at Cambodunum were Breuci, a people of Celtic origin, settled in the ancient Pannonia, the modern Hungary. These

.. * .. ~ orkshire, Past and Present," p. 140. t Yorkshire Archre. and Top. Journal," Vol. I., p. 6. HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS \'ICINITY.

Breuci ,vere conquered by the Romans in the reign of Tiberius C~sar, and being of a ,varlike disposition and trained for n1ilitary service, numbers of their youths ,vere soon draughted a,vay fron1 their o,vn country to s,vell the imperial legions in other parts. They constituted part of the auxiliaries of the legion and, pursuant to Roman policy, ,vere e1nployed in active service at a distance fron1 their native land, ,vhere their natural sympathies ,yould be less prone to prompt to desertion or to treachery. The Brigantian youth pressed into the Roman service ,vere, in like manner, doubtless, employed far away fro1n their native Yorkshire hills. In 1866 a large rectangular block of rough ,valling, ten feet long, five feet ,vide, and t,vo feet six inches high, ,vas found near the hypocausts, some two feet below the present surface. The block enclosed a rectangular ea vity six feet long by eighteen inches ,vide, containing several roof tiles stamped COH. IIII. BRE., with which the cavity had been bricked. The ,vhole constituted a burial vault, not unlike those of the present day. \Vithin the vault were found broken glass, possibly the fragments of an unguentary or pot of oil, and the pieces of an earthen,vare cinerary urn or urn for the reception of the ashes of the cremated dead. There were also a number of calcined bones. It may be of interest to the general reader to have described the ceremony which probably took place at Slack eighteen hundred years ago, and of which the broken urn and the calcined bones are the silent but significant reminders. As soon as death had taken place the body was washed ,vith hot ,vater and fragrant oils. This was done every day for seven consecutive days. The corpse was then embalmed, richly clothed, placed on a couch, with the feet laid to,vards the door, to signify that the dead was on the road to life. On the seventh day a crier called the people together to the interment. At the funeral thA praeftcae

B 18 HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY. or old ,vomen sang the praises of the deceased, I?uch after the fashion of the mourners at an Irish wake and doubtless with the same extravagance of eulogy. The body was taken to the Forum, where an oration "\Vas delivered by the next of kin. Then the corpse was carried to the funeral pyre to be burned. The ashes were buried in an urn. Coins were often placed with or in the urn.* In addition to "vhat has been described, several coins ,vere discovered at Slack, during the excavations of 1865-6. T,vo are of silver, the others of bronze. The device and legend of twelve only have been deciphered : First Bronze.-Obv.-[IMP. CAES] VESPASIAN. AUG. [P.M. TR. P. PP. COS. III.]. The laureate head of the Emperor to the right. Rev. IVDAEA [CAPT A, in the exergue, or small space left for the date, S.C.]. A palm-tree rising in the middle of the field, on the left side of which a female captive is seated, her head reclining on her left hand, in an attitude of grief. The Emperor is standing on the right side bareheaded, and in military costume. In his right hand he ho]ds a spear erect, and in his left a girdle, his left foot rests on a. helmet lying at the foot of the palm-tree. Silver Denarius.-Obv.-(Legend from right to left), IMP. CJESAR VESPASIANVS. The laureate head of Vespasian to the right. Rev.-(legend fron1 right to left), PON. MAX. TR. P. COS. V. A caduceus winged, vertical, in the centre of the field . .Second Bronze.-Obv.-CJESAR AVG. F. DOMI­ TIANVS. COS. V. Laureate head of Domitian to the right. Rev.-No legend. A female gradient to the left, offering a wreath with her right hand. In the field the letters S.C. * Holroyd's II Collectanea,'' p. 9, notes. HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY.

Second Bro11:t.'.-Obv.- . . . DO1\1IT. AVG .... (The con1n1encen1ent and ending of the legend imperfect.) Laureate head of D01nitian to the right. ReY .-No legend. Fortune standing to the left ,vith cornu-copice in her left ar1n, and her right hand on the tiller of a rudder. Second Bron':.e.-Obv.-Legend illegible. Laureate head of Don1itian to the right. ReY.- . . . ..\ \TG USTI in the field S.C. Fortune standing to the left, in her left arm a cornu-copic:e, her right arm extended. Second Bron:e.-Obv.-Il\1P. Ci\.ES. DOMIT. AVG. OER. COS. XII. CENS. PER. P.P. Laureate head of Domitian to the right. Rev.- . . ...\ VGVSTI in the field S.C. Fortune standing to the left, in her left arm a cornu-copic:e, her right -hand extended. Second Bron':,e.-Obv.-(IlVIP. C«\ES. DO MIT. A VG.] GERiVI. COS. XV. CENS. PER. P.P. Laureate head of Domitian to the right. Rev.- . . . AVGVSTI in the field S.C. Fortune standing to the left, a cornu-copice in her left arm, her right hand extended, touching the tiller of a rudder. Si!z,er Denariur.-Obv.-ll\1P. NERVA CJES. AVG. P.M. T.R. POT. Laureate head of Nerva to the right. Rev.-COS. III. PATER PATRIAE, Lituus (the ..\ugur's staff), guttus (narro,v necked vase), simpulum (ladle), and another sacrificial emblem. Second Bronze.-Obv.-liVIP. NERVA CJESAR P. M. TR. P. COS. Ill. P. P. Laureate head of Nerva to the right. Rev.-FORTVNA AVGVSTI. Fortune standing to the left, a cornu-copic:e in her left arn1, and her right hand extended touching the tiller of a rudder. Letters S.C. on either side in the field. 20 HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY.

Fir.st Bronze. - Obv. - IMP. CJES. NERV1E TRAINO. AUG. GER. DAC. P. M. TR. P. COS. V.P.P. The laureate head of the Emperor to the right. Rev.-S.P.Q.R. OPTIMO. PRINCIPI. In the field S.C. A fen1ale standing to the left, her right hand extended holding an olive branch, in her left arm she bears a cornu-copice filled with fruits, at her feet is a human head and bust in profile, and ,vearing a cap; her right foot is pressing on its shoulders. First Bron.ie. - Obv. - IMP. CJES. NERV LE TRAINO. AVG. GER. DAC. TR. P. COS. V. P.P. The laureate head of the En1peror to the right. Rev.-S.P.Q.R. OPTIMO. PRINCIPI. In the exergue S.C., Hygeia seated to the left. A snake is twined round an altar at her feet, from which a flame rises, and she is either feeding the snake or placing some disc-like object on the altar ,vith her right hand, her left hand resting on her thigh. Second Bronze.-Obv.-IMP. CAES. NER. TRAINO. OPTIMO AVG. GER. DAC. PARTHICO. P.M. TR. COS. V. P.P. The head of of the Emperor to the right with radiate cro,vn, his shoulders draped. Rev.-SENATVS. POPVLVSQVE ROMANVS. In the exergue S.C. The Emperor in military costume full front to the right, in the act of rushing out from between two trophies ; on the one to the right hand he has placed his right hand, in his left hand he holds a spear, and is touching the trophy at his left side.* Vesperian ruled A.D. 70-9 and Nerva A.D. 96-8: and the period covered by the coins is from the year 71 to the year 114. and the coins were probably those in use by the soldiers who came to Britain ,vith Hadrian. In addition to the above, 1nention 1nay be here 1nade of other Roman coins found in the neighbourhood and described • •• Yorkshire Archce. Topog. Journal," Vol. I., p. 86. HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY. 21 in the ,vork of l\Ir. l\Iorehouse, already quoted. In 1830 an aureus of Carinus "·as found in a garden in South Lane, Holtnfirth. On the obverse ,vas a laureated bust, \vith legend l\I. ..-\ur. Carin us, Nob. Cces. ; reverse, Victory, standing on a globe, ,vith a paltn branch in the left hand, and a \\Teath in the right ; legend, \rictoria r\ug. In 13 38 so1ne six to eight hundred coins ,vere found by a labourer in a field in Thurstonland. l\'lr. Morehouse describes those that fell into his possession : I.-( Silver). Ob,·erse, bust : legend, Julia l\1amae Aug. ; reverse, a fe1nale figure standing, supported by a staff in the left hand ; legend, Juno Conservator. 2.-( Brass). Obverse, head ,vith radiated cro,vn ; legend, Gallienus ..:-\ug. ; reverse, figure representing the upper part of a man, holding a strong bow, and the figure of a horse ; legend, obliterated. 3.-(Brass). Obverse, bust : legend, C. Salonina Aug. ; reYerse, a stag; legend, partly lost. +.-(Brass). Obverse, head of radiated crown; legend, Posthu1nus ; obverse, nearly obliterated. 5.-(Brass). Obverse, head ,vith radiated cro,vn; legend, Imp. \ 7 ictorinus, P.F. Aug.; reverse, a Victory; legend, partly obliterated. 6.-(Brass). Obverse, head ,vith radiated crown; legend, Tetricus, P.F. Aug.; reverse, a female figure holding a staff in the right hand. 7.-(Brass). Obverse, head ,vith radiated crown; legend, Pivi Su Tetricus, Aug.; reverse, a figure holding in the right hand an olive branch ; legend, partly obliterated. 8.-(Brass.) Head with radiated crown; legend, Imp. Claudius Aug. ; reverse, a fe1nale figure, to the right of which is XII. ; legend partly obliterated. Another of Claudius; on the reverse an eagle rising on its wings ; legend, Consecratus. 22 HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY.

9.-(Brass.) Obverse, head vvith radiated crown ; legend, Imp. A. Tacitus Aug.; on the reverse, a victory ; legend, Mars Victor. Another of Tacitus; obverse, a female figure holding a spear in the left hand, and in the right an olive branch; legend, Pax Aeterna. 10.-(Brass). Obverse, head ,vith radiated crown; legend, Imp. C. Probus P. F. Aug.; reYerse, the goddess of Plenty ; legend, Abundantia. (Brass.) Another of Probus ; obverse, head ,vith radiated cro,vn; legend, In1p. C.M. Aug. Probus Aug. ; reverse, a Roman temple, ,vithin is seated the Emperor ; legend; Regea Aeterna. 1 r .-(Brass.) Obverse, head vvith radiated crown ; legend Imp. C. Carausius P.F. Aug. ; reverse, a fe1nale holding in the left hand a spear and a ,vreath in the right ; legend, Laetitia Aug. Concerning the camp at Slack, it 1nay be observed that it not only comn1anded an in1portant 1nilitary pass and a position on much the longest and most i1nportant Roman road in Britain, but it stood ,vithin a short distance of the line at which the outposts of the sixth Roman legion, whose head-quarters ,vere at Ehoracun1, or York, met the outposts of the t,ventieth Ron1an legion,. vvhose head­ quarters were at Deva, or Chester. Nearly the ,vhole of the Roman works found on ,vhat ,ve call the Yorkshire side of the Pennine chain or Backbone of England, were constructed by the officers and soldiers of the sixth victorious legion.* The Cambodunum station may well have been one of those erected by Agricola, of ,vhom Tacitus says: " He ,vould hi1nself choose the position of the camp, himself explore the estuaries and forests. Meanwhile, he ,vould allo,v the ene1ny no rest, laying ,vaste his territory with sudden incursions, and, having * " Yorkshire : Past and Present." 441. HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS \'ICINITY. 23 sufficiently alar1ned hi1n, \\·ould then by forbearance display the alluren1ents of peace. In consequence, n1any states, "·hich up to that ti1ne had been independent, gave hostages, and laid aside their anin1osities. Garrisons and posts ,vere established a1nong then1 ,vith a skill and diligence ,vith ,vhich no ne,vly acquired part of Britain had before been treated."* The votive altar found at Ca111bodunu1n, dedicated by the Centurion Caius .A.ntonius l\Iodestus to Fortune, is ,vorthy of 111ore than mere n1ention. It is characteristic of an age in ,vhich the belief in the old heathen gods \\'as decaying and Christianity had not yet taken its place. The goddess Fortune, an abstract entity, a 111etaph ysical idea, had superseded the l\Iars of earlier days. " Throughout the "·hole "·orld '' says Pliny, "in all places, at all ti111es, and by the voices of all, Fortune alone is invoked." It ,vas this Goddess that Horace addressed when the E111peror Augustus contemplated an expedition to Britain, addressed in tenns that sho,v ,vith ,vhat a veil of dread mystery our beloved shores ,vere shrouded fron1 the eyes of ancient civilization: "0 Diva, gratum quae regis Antium, Praesens vel imo toll ere de grad u Mortale corpus, vel superbos ·vertere funeribus triumphos: Serves iturum Ccesarem in ultimos Orbis Britannos, et juvenum recens Examen, Eois timendum Partibus, Oceanoque Rubro. Goddess! thou "·ho s,vayest pleasing Antiun1; thou ,vho from abject depths canst exalt mortal 1nan or turn the proud triumph into funeral woe : do thou guard great c~sar in this journey to the Britons, the remotest people of the ,vorld ; and guard too the ne,v levy of (Roman) youth born to inspire terror in Eastern ,vorlds and by the dark Red Sea." And now can ,ve not tear aside the pall of the past and see a vision of Cambodunum t,vo thousand years ago : a ,vild mountainous region, a region of hill and dale and rippling * "Vita Agricol£,'' cap. xx. HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY. stream and angry torrent ; thick forests all around with pleasing glades among, where the timid deer lifts its dainty feet and the stag tosses its proud antlers; a native people loving their rude hills, their homes; fiercely resentful of the swarthy invader from the sunny Tiber's banks ; the Druids, venerable, majestic, now counselling to politic peace, novv inciting to revolt, accompanying the vvarriors to the field of battle "pouring forth dire imprecations, their hand uplifted towards the heavens,"* chanting their war songs, bidding their flock die as heroes should; a people brave, warlike, virtuous, not afraid to die for home and altar, but undisci­ plined, broken by intestine tribal strife, and sinking into sullen submission as they vvearied of the vain struggle against the phalanxes of the serried Roman hosts, reduced, as Tacitus says, " to subjection, not as yet to slavery, bearing the conscription, the taxes, and the other burdens impo3ed on them by the Empire, if there be no oppression, of this impatient; "t pursuing daily their own occupations when the hope of freedom has gone with the centuries; not molested in their religion; shaping each man his own life without coercion from Roman governor ; and the fair maidens of Britain,-they seemed wondrous fair, fair as angels, to the swarthy sons of Rome-looking not unkindly on the gallant soldiers, the clang of whose arms resounded from day-break to the setting of the sun, within and around .the camp on the great North Road, through Cambodunum; not unkind! y, if they wooed to honourable marriage, but swift to resent approaches that a chaste maiden might not smile upon, as those of Boadicea's days did know full well. And oft be sure, did the oaks that spread their noble arms above the sacred grove, listen not alone to the weird incanta­ tion of ,vhite-robed Druid, but heard withal the whispering in the sweet liquid Latin tongue of that universal language which the Celtic maid construed by nature's books. * Tacitus, ••Annals," XIV., p. 30. t " Vita Agricol~," cap. x111. HUDDERSFIELD .-\:-.iD ITS \'ICINITY.

It ,vas probably about the year 80 A.D. that Ca111bo­ dunu111 ,vas established as a Ro1nan station. It ,vas in 418 that the legions of the E1npire \Yere recalled, ,vhen "the Ron1ans collected all their treasures that ,vere left in Britain, and son1e they hid in the earth so that no one has since been able to find the1n, and son1e they carried ,vith then1 into Gaul."* Ho,v far did the Ron1:1.ns affect the life of our Brigantian predecessors? Tacitus tell us ho,v ..Agricola, to accustom to rest and repose, through the charn1s of luxury a population scattered and barbarous and therefore inclined to \Yar, gave private encouragement and public aid to the building of temples, courts of justice, and d,velling houses, praising the energetic and reproving the indolent. Thus an honourable rivalry took the place of co1npulsion. He like,Yise provided a liberal education for the sons of the chiefs, and sho,ved such a preference for the natural powers of the Britons oYer the industry of the Gauls that they ,vho lately disdained the tongue of Rome no,v coveted its eloquence. Hence, too, a liking sprang up for the Roman style of dress, and the toga became fashionable. Step by step, the British nobles ,vere led to things ,vhich dispose to vice, the lounge, the bath, the elegant banquet. " All this in their ignorance they called civilization, ,vhen it ,vas but part of their serYitude." But Tacitus, it may be assumed, spoke mainly of the families of the- chiefs. Ho,v about the general people ? That the common soldiers intermarried ,vith the peasantry there is no doubt ; but still it ,vas but the intercourse of a garrison \\·ith the multitudes outside. The blood of the British race ,vas not appreciably affected by the Latin strain. Nor ,vas the common speech. The sons and daughters of the British nobles might perchance be cultured in Roman speech and scan their Virgilian hexameters ,vith * Sax. Chron. Ann. 418, the year of the first great departure. The final evacuation is fixed about A.D. 426. 26 HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY. unused tongue, but the hunter in the forest and the reaper in the field retained the Cymric speech. Mechanic arts they unquestionably learned. To make roads that almost defied the ravages of time, to build villa and temple: these lessons of Western impact they learned and treasured. \i\That of the industrial arts ? The Romans were familiar ,vith the fabrication of textile goods. Virgil, in the Georgics, sings the various methods then in vogue of converting the fleece into cloth. Ovid relates the story of a ,veaving contest between Minerva and Arachne. The dames of to-day, who in their girlhood wound bobbins in the n1ill, n1ay care to kno,v how their handicraft was viewed by the poet's eye. Thus Ovid : "Nor would the work when finished please so much, As, while she wrought, to view each graceful touch, Whether the shapeless wool in balls she wound, Or with quick motion turned the spindle round." Catullus, again, in his poem on the marriage of Peleus and Thetis: '' The loaded distaff in the left hand placed, With spongy coils of snow-white ,vool was graced ; From these the right hand lengthening fibres drew, Which into thread, 'neath nimble fingers grew." A people \vhose poets could sing thus ,vitchingly of the spinster's art ,vould not be likely to leave our British fore­ fathers untaught in the gentle craft. The people whom C~sar found " clothed in skins " ,vere, as I'acitus tells us, a people "of natural powers," apt to learn. The Romans appear to have established a factory at Winchester for supplying cloth to the army of occupation and Dionysius Alexandrinus tells ho\v the wool of Britain ,vas often spun so fine that it ,vas in a manner comparable to a spider's thread.* In days ,vhen transport was tedious, costly and dangerous, it is not likely that the Roman settlement at Cambodunum would neglect the facilities that lay to their hands, and ,vell may it be that the Outlane District, the parts * For this brief notice of the R on1an acquaintance with the woollen industry, see" Burnley, History of Wool and Wool Combing," 45-47. HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY.

" outlying"* the ca1np, 1nay have nurtured a school of native artificers by '" ho1n the n1 ysteries of the craft ,vere guarded during the troubled tin1es bet,veen the ,vithdra,val of the Ron1ans and the re-establish111ent of settled govern­ n1ent under Nonnan \\'illian1. But granted all this, the ancient British race remained a race distinct and apart, tinctured perchance, but only tinctured, ,vith Ron1an culture. The fundan1ental nature and virtue of the ancient Britons survived beneath such foreign veneering as it 111ay have put on. The British type of hair, complexion and forn1 of skull, is still, I venture to think, the predon1inant type in the \\~est-riding. For one man ,vhon1 you 111eet ,Yith the blue eye and yellow hair of the Saxon ho,v many do you not encounter ,vith the dark hair, black or bro,vn, the grey or bro\\·n eye, and the skin less fair of the ancient Britons. The Celtic skulls ,vere in the n1ain long-oval in shape; the Teutonic or Anglo-Saxon skulls, roundish and short-oYal. Is it not a proverb that the Yorkshireman is long-headed? But a chapter might be "Titten on this then1e. Let the curious consult Dr. Nicholas' learned treatise on "The Pedigree of the English People," if he ,vould seek corroboration of the Yie,v that it is neither to Saxon, Danish nor N orn1an settler that the natives of the \\?est-Riding n1ust look for their parent stock. Upon our speech the effect of the many, the persistent, and the insidious invasions the prin1eval language has sustained is marked indeed, but still has not sufficed to eradicate all relics of the ancient tongue. In our dialect many ,vords still linger of that musical tongue ,vhich ,Yas once the universal speech on our ancestral hills. I may cite a fe,v that occur to my n1emory, and others may be gleaned, I doubt not, from the late Mr. Esther's "Glossary of the Dialects of Almondbury and Huddersfield."

* 11 Memorials and Annals of Paddock." H. \Veintz. Feb., 1892. 28 HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY.

DIALECT: CELTIC: Boggart. Bvvgan, hobgoblin. Bannock. Bonnach. Brat. Brat, a rag. Crom, to stuff. Cromil, the crop of a fowl. Crony. Carenydd, kindred. Ginnil. Cynnil, close. Jin1p. Gwymp, smart. Knowl. Cwnwg, a mound. Lake (to play). Llechu. Lither (to thicken broth). Llith. Marrow (to equal). Mar. M ullock (dirt). lVI wlwch, sweepings. Peigh (to cough). Pych. Wear (to spend money). G\vario. Wutherin. U thr, terrible. These will suffice to show, what only I am concerned to impress, that the relics of the ancient Brigantes may be found not only in barrovv and kistvaen but in the living speech of us for w horn there are ,v ho claim that U thersfield derives its name from U ther, father of the British Arthur, and is closely linked VtTith •• What resounds In fable or romance of Uther's son, Begirt with British and Armoric knights." INDEX.

Page. Ackroyd, derivation of name . . 2 Act of Toleration, Provisions of 338 Aetius, petition to 30 Ag brigg, derivation of name 2 Akroyd, Edward 372 Allen, Benjamin Haigh 388 Almondbury, a Saxon Settlement 32 Almoudbury, Constable of 63, 252 Almond bury, Court at 63 Almond bury, derivation of name 3 Almondbury, descent of manor of 45 et seq. Almcndbury, dyehouse at . . 64 Almond bury Grammar School, Rev. A. Woodhead at 238 Almondbury in Domesday Book 42 Almondbury in Subsidy Roll of Henry VIII. 104 Almondbury in Subsidy Roll of Richard II. 88 Almondbury, Market at ...... 216 Almondbury, Methodism at . . . . 356 Almondbury, Papists in ...... 229 Almondbury Parish Church . . . • ...... 157 Almondbury Parish Church, division of sittings at . . 134 Alen Jndbury Parish Church, extracts from Register .. 121 and seq. Almondbury Parish Church, foundation of . . 108, 109 and seq. Almondbury Parish Church, other churches derived from 132 Almondbury Parish Church, Tithes and other property 116, 117 and seq. Almondbury, Rectors and Vicars of . . 118, 119 Almondbury, Rendezvous at .. 231 Altar Roman, discovery of 4 Ambulance Society 402 Ancient Britons. . . . 7, 9, 10, II, 24 Appleyard, John .. 71 Apprenticeship, System of ...... 3o4 Archaeological Society, Explorations by, at Slack .. 16 Armitage, John .. 71 Armitage, John, founder of Armytage family . . 169 Armitage, of The Armitage Armitage, Walter .. Armitage, William .. 301, 302 Armytage, Captain .. . . 2 94 Armytage, Sir George .. •• 243 HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY.

Page. Artizans' Dwellings 400 Atkinson's Mills, fire at 317, 318 and seq. Atkinson, of Bradley Mills 269 Aulnager, the 80 Baptist Churches of District .. 344 Bateman, Rev. Josiah, Vicar of Huddersfield 148 Bath Buildings Baptist Chapel 344 Baths, Public 4o5 Batley, Joseph .. 393 Beaumont, Adam de .. 51, 52 Beaumont, family of 184 Beaumont, Humphrey 71 Beaumont, H. F. 383,397 Beaumont, John 71 Beaumont, John 71 Beaumont, of Whitley, in civil wars .. 231 Beaumont Park .. 192,405 Beaumont Pedigree 185 et seq. Beaumont, Richard, will of 187 Monuments of 189 Beaumont, Sir Richard 176 Beaumont, Sir Robert .. . . 48, 49 Beaumont, Sir Thomas, in civil ,vars 190 Beaumont, William 71 Bell Horses, the .. 261 Bellmont Robert de 57 Bilberry Reservoir, Bursting of 327 and seq. Binns's School .. 416 Birchencliffe, derivation of name 2 Birkby, a Danish settlement 33 Birk by, derivation of name 2 Blackburn, John 71 Blackburn, John, l(.G ... 365 Blackley Baptist Chapel ~44 Blackmoor Foot, Celtic remains at 4 Blackmoorfoot Reservoir 4o3 Boothroyd, derivation of name 2 Boothroyd, Rev. Benjamin 349 Bradley, a Saxon settlement .. 32 Bradley, in Domesday Book .. 42 Bradley in Subsidy Roll of Henry VIII., 103 Bradley Mills 2 75 Bradley, Population of 146 Breuci, The 16 Brereton, Green .. 50 Brierley, Mr. Collingwood 272 HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY. 447

Pag('. Brigantes .. I, 2, 5 Brigg, John Fligg -t36 Britons, Ancient 7, 9, 10, II, 24, 25, 2G Brock holes I Brook & Son's Bank 21)2 Brook, James 250 Brook, \Villiam 't I I Brooke, Charles 412 Brooke, George .. 412 Brooke Famih· The, some acc)unt of 375 Brooke, John Arthur 375 Brooke, Squire .. 360 Brooke, Thomas 71 Brooke, Thon1as 375 Brooke, Thomas 383 Brooke, Thomas of Gate-house, of Newhouse 150. 151 Brooke, \\"illiam 375 Brougham, Henry 362 Brow Grains, Drudical Stone at 4 Bruce, Rev. Robert 35 2 Brunswick Street Chapel 357 Buckstones, Celtic relics at 3, 5 Bull-baiting 257,258 Burials in \\"oollens 82 Buxton Road Chapel 356 First Trustees of 356 Trust Deed of 357 First :\Iinisters of .. 357 Byron, .\rms of .. 156 Byron Family, Lords of Huddersfield 58 Byron, Richard de, Lord of Huddersfield 57 c~sar, Julius, in Britian 7,8 Calder, derivation of name 2 Calverley, John .. 438 Cambodunum 3, 16 Cambodunum, Church at 38, 39,315 Camul 3, 5 Canon Hall 51 Carlile, E. H. 412 Cartwright \Villiam 276, 27S, and seq. Castle at Almondbury 71 Castle£ord • • . . 13 Castle Hill • • 2 , 4, 435 Castle Hill, castle on .. 60, 62, 63 Celts, The I, 5, 6, 8, 9, II, 27, 28 Celtic weapons, discovery of •• •• . . • • 3, 4 HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY.

Page. Cemetery at Huddersfield . . 150 Cemetery, Huddersfield 300 Chad's St. •• 2 Chancery Lane, why called ...... 2 49 Chantry of Holy Trinity, and of the Blessed Virgin 139,140 Ch3.rity Organization Society .. 4 1 5 Chartists, The . . . . 299,301 Cheetham, John .. 37 1 Child Labour 3o4, 319 Christanity, Teaching of .. 37 Church Rates .. 390,391 Church School .. 42 9 Cistercian Order, The . . . • 159 Civil Wars, Beaumont, of Whitley, in . . 231 Civil Wars, Col. Legge in . . . . • . 201 Civil Wars, local participation in .. 228 et seq. Civil Wars, Sir John Ramsden .. .. 215 Civil Wars, the Kayes in the . . . . 198,199 Clarke, Rev. Mr., Vicar of Huddersfield ...... 148 Clayton, arms of . . . . . • .. 156 Clayton, Henry . • . . . . . • . . .. 337 Cliffe, Mr. . . . • . . . • .. • • 272 Cliffe, Wm., Charity of ...... • • 352 Cloghes, John del, Lord of Huddersfield ...... 57 Cloth Finishing ...... 2 73 Cloth Hall, The...... • • 217 Cloth W~rkers, Worshipful Company of .. .. 431 Clough H '1Use Mill . • . . . • . . .. 268 Coaches, list of ...... • • 2 59 Coaching accidents ...... 262 Coach roads ...... • . . • • . . 262 Co3.tes, Rev. John, Vicar of Huddersfield •• •• • • • • 1 45 Cobden, Richard . • . • . • ...... 372 College, the Huddersfield . • . • . . . .418 and seq. Collegiate School, the ...... 420 Colne, derivation of name . • ...... 2 Colne Vallev Division, the Political Elections in .• .. 38a Congregation 1.lists, rise of the . • ...... 345 Congregational Chapels . • ...... • • 353 Constable, Appointment of .. 385 Constable of Huddersfield, The 251,252 Co-operation . . .. 433 Copley, Ben .. 435 Corn, price of .. . . 263 Corn riots . . .. 264 Cottiers, The • • .. • • • • •• • • •• .. 45 IIUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY. +49

Page. Court Leet, of the l\1anor .. 71 Court Leet, Manorial .. 384 Court Leet at Slaithwaite 195 Co\1rt for Recovery of Small Debts 256 Cowper, Edward 71 Cri1ninal Statistics 437 Cromwell, Bottom \Vood 50 Cromwell, Olh·er .. 233 Crook, Rev. I-larc1r, Vicar of Huddersfield 144 Crosland, in Domesdav B:>ok .. 43 Crosland, in Subsidy Roll of Henry VIII. 105 Crosland, in Subsidy Roll of Richard II. 93 Crosland Hall . . . . 48, 51 Crosland Hall .. 256 Crosland, James 272 Crosland, of Linlv.. .. 157 Crosland l\loor ,v0rkhouse 4o9 Crosland, Rev. Geo., Vicar of Almondbury .. 1r9 Crosland, Rev. Geo. . . . • . . 176 Crosland, Sir Joseph .. 373, 374 Crosland, T. P. . . . . 302 Crosland, Thomas Pearson 373 Crossland, Sir Edward .. . . 48 Crowther, Joseph 435 Cupwith Hill, Celtic remains at • • 3 Cudworth, John.. . • .. 71 Cruthill, early cross at .. .. 37 Dalton, a Saxon settlement 32 Dalton in Domesday Book .. 43 Damelvill, Colinus de, sub-feoffee of Huddersfield 56 Danes, Evidences of settlements by .. 33 Danes, incursions of the 33 Danes, Gods of .. 34 Dartmouth, Earl of 143 Dartmouth Family, Pedigree of 202 et seq. Dean, Dr. Edwin 268 Deanhead, Kennels at .. 62 Deer Hill l, 4 Deerhill Reservoir 4o3 Defoe's Tour .. 267 Deighton, a Saxon settlement 32 Deighton, population of 145 Denby Grange .. 195,200 Denham, Alderman Thomas .. 4o5 Dews bury, Mother Church at 37 Dewsbury, Pensions to Mother Church at .. 109

F-I 45° HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY.

Page. Diggle, derivation of name 2 Dispensary, Public 410 Dixon, J enkyn .. 52 Doe Hill . . . . l Domesday Book 41 Dress of a century ago .. 259 Druids 9, 10 Druid Altar 4 Education in early days 170,175 Ed ward I., Inquisition of .. 63 Edward III., Inquisition of .. . .64, 66 Edward III. fosters woollen industry 75 Edwin, I(ing, conversion of . . . . 3 Elections of Huddersfield and Districts 362 Elections, Political, recent results at 378 Electric Light, introduction of 399 Elizabeth, Inquisition of 71 Elland Edge Baptist Chapel .. 344 Elland Feud, (see Appendix) .. 48 Elland, Sir John de 48 Ellis, Edward, Junior .. 367 Examiner, Huddersfield, the 380 Factory Acts, agitation for 3o3 Factory Acts, meeting at York on 32 3 Factory System, introduction of 266 Fairfax, Thos., appeal by 231 Farnley, derivation of name 2 Farnley in Domesday Book 42 Farnley-Tyas 192 Farnley, Tyas family at 193 Farnley Tyas in Subsidy Roll of Henry VIII. 104 Farnley Tyas in Subsidy Roll of Richard II. go Fartown Grammar School 416 Fartown, population of 145 Fenay Hall 2 57 Fenay, Nicholas 71 Fenay, Wm. de, tomb of 129 Fenton, Capt. Lewis 363 Fenton, Edgar .• 363 Fenton, Samuel, monument to 153 Feudal services .. 67, 68 Finchenden family , . 193 Fire Brigade 401 Firth, J. H. 438 Fix by, a Danish settlement 33 Folly J-Iall Fight .. 2 93 HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY. +SI

Page. Fortune, altar to l..f- Fortune, ln\·ocation of 23 Fox Rovd l Free Library 4°5 Gas Company, Huddersfield .. 398 Gaunt, John of .. l Gee, Allen 435 Gerrard Gilbert, owner of Huddersfield 59 Glendinning, Alderman Charles 399 Glendenning-, Rev. John 35 2 Goderich. Viscount 372 Golcar Baptist Chapel .. 344 Golcar Church .. 389 Golcar. e3.rh· Station of the Cross at 37 Golcar in Domesdav Book 43 Golcar, p::lpulation of .. 146 Greenhead. Gen. Oglethorpe at 24-3 Greenhead, owner of, fined as malignant -?3-) Greenhead Park 4o5 Guardians. Chairman of Board of 4o9 Habergam. Joseph, evidence of 3o7 and seq. Haigh. Alderman Armitage 4e>J Halifax Grammar School 175 Halifax, storming of 232 Halifax, wool drawers of 83 Hall, Charles 183 Hanson, George Henry 39 1 Haughton, John .. 269 Helen, St., Chapel of 173 Hellawell, \V. P. 272 Hepworth, Adam de 58 High Flatts, Celtic weapons at 4 Hi~hfield Chapel 250, 345 Founders of 346 Trust Deed of 347 High royd, derivation of name 2 Hill, Rev. Edmund, Vicar of Huddersfield 147 Hirst, John 71 Hirst, Thomas, of Greenhead, petition of ?3-- .J Hirst, \Villiam, of Leeds 271 Hobson, Joshua 301 .l-iole-House 52 Holme l\1:oss l Holmes, Rev. Henry Wilcock 344,345 Holmfirth, assessment of 58 Holm firth Di vision, political elections in .. 382 45 2 HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY.

Page. Holn1fitth Flood, the .. 32 7 Holmfirth Mechanics' Institute .. 42 5 Holmfirth, in Subsidy Roll of Henry VIII. 106 Holmfirth, in Subsidy Roll of Richard II. .. 99 Hol ywell Green Baptist Chapel .. 344 Henley, a Saxon settlement . . . . 32 Henley, faculty for celebrating mass at 1 33 Henley in Domesday Book .. 43 Honley, in Subsidy Roll of Henry VIII. 105 Henley, in Subsidy Roll of Richard II. 95 Henley, John Wesley at 355 Hooley, Nettleton of .. 2 34 Henley, penance at . . 125 Honley, Richard of .. . . 58 Honley, Waley Lord of .. 47 Hood, Robin 52, 53, 167 Hor3fall, of Storthes Hall .. • • • • 2 34 Horsfall, William 274, 275, 281, and ieq. Hoyle House . • 239 Hoyle, Sir Thomas, M.P...... 239 Huddersfield, ad vowson of . . . • .. 141 Huddersfield, assessment of . • . . . . 58 Huddersfield, Banking Companies at ...... 388 Hudder!'-field Board of Highway Surveyors . . .. 388 Huddersfield Borough Debt ...... 406 Huddersfield Cemetery .• .. 150 Huddersfield College • • • • . . 415 and seq. Huddersfield Collegiate School 420 Huddersfield, commencement of Church extension in 146 Huddersfield Commercial Bank . . . • . . 291 Huddersfield, corn riots at .. 264 Hudder~field, deed of conveyance of • . • • 211, 214 Huddersfield, descent of manor of 45 et seq., 56 et seq. Huddersfield Improvement Act ...... 389 Improvement Commissioners .. 390 Huddersfield, Incorporation of, Petition f'.Jr 389 Huddersfield in Domesday Book .. 42 Huddersfield, in Subsidy Roll of Henry VIII. 103 Huddersfield, in Subsidy Roll of Richard II. 86 Huddersfield in 1800 • . . . . . 2 45 Huddersfield, John Wesley at .. 2 57 H udders.field, local government of • . 251 Huddersfield Local Government • • 385 and seq. Huddersfield Market, charter of . • 216 Huddersfield Markets .. 392,397,398 Huddersfield, Mayors of • • · • 396 HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS \'ICINIT\'. +53

Pa~e. Huddersfield Mechanics' Institute 423 Huddersfield, origin of name .. 32 Huddersfield, panic at 296 Huddersfield, Papists in 229 Huddersfield Parish Church .. 1 34 and seq. Huddersfield Parish Church, benefactions to 1 57 Huddersfield Parish Church Registers 1 53 and seq. Huddersfield, petition for peace 274 Huddersfield Pi ndar 387 Huddersfield, population of .. 1 45, 1 55 Huddersfield, public buildings in 256 Huddersfield, purchase of 59 Huddersfield, Rateable Value of when incorporated 397 Huddersfield School Board .. 425 and seq. Huddersfield Short-time Committee, the 320 Huddersfield, steps towards incorporation .. .. 393 Huddersfield Subscription Library, founders of 270 Huddersfield, the Young Pretender at 242, 243 Huddersfield, tithes of . . . . 136 Huddersfield Town Council, first members of 395 Huddersfield Vestry . . . ~ 384 Huddersfield, vicars of .. 142, 143 Huddersfield Vicarage, former value of 138, 140, 145 Huddersfield, vicarage house .. 148 Huddersfield \Vatch and Lighting Commissioners 386 Huddersfield \Voollen Manufacturers' and Spinners' Association 435 Huntingdon, Countess of .. 204 Hyde, Rev. Robert 343 Hypocaust Roman, discovery of 15 Imperial Hotel .. 249 Inclosures 218 Independents, the 345 Industrial Home 41 4, 4 1 5 Infirmary, Huddersfield .. 410 and seq. Physicians and Staff of 4 1 3 Ingham's Bank .. 291 Ireland, Union with 269 James·s, King, Grammar School .. 172 and seq. Governors of 181 Head Masters 182 Scholars of .. 183 Jenkins, Rev. D. Wilton 2 43 Jesus, College of, at Rotherham l 10 Johnson, General 366 Jones, F. R. 226 J o,us v. Stannard 353 454 HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY. ------Page. Justices of the Peace, early 2 54 Kaye, Anthony . . . . 387,398 I{aye, Arthur, of Woodsome .. 129 Kaye, Arthur 194 Marriage of.. 199 Kaye, Arthur 1 73 Kaye Chapel 129,131 l{aye, Dame Anne 130 Kaye, Dr. John, monument to 152 Kaye, Elizabeth 131 Kaye, John 71 Kaye, John (of the Cross) 71 Kaye, John (of Thorpe) 71 Kaye, Laurence, acquires Woodsome 1 93 Kaye motto 131 I(aye, of Woodsome, Family of 184 Kaye, of Woodsome, Pedigree of 194,198 Kayes, of Woodsome, in civil wars 2 34 Kaye, Sir Arthur 129,130 Kaye, Sir John .. 236 l(aye, Sir John, resists repeal of Laws against Papists 241 Kaye, Sir J. L. . . 151 Kaye, Sir John Lister 200 l(aye, Robert 173,176 l{aye, William .. 71 Kaye, William, wounded in civil wars 230 Kean, Rev. Mr., insubordinate 1 33 Kepasst, Dame Joan 162 lKirklees, endowments of 163 Kirklees, Lady superiors of 162 Oath of 162 Kirklees, Priory of .. 159 and seq. Hl'DDERSFIELD AND ITS \'ICINIT\'. +55

Page. Kirklees, sur\'ey of 16(), 167 l\.ilhan1, Re,·. Alexander 358 }\.night's Fee, nature of 5(, Labourers, Statute of 264 Laci Fee, descent of 45 et seq. Laci, Ilbert de .. . .4o, 45 Lacis, the, patrons of Almondbury Parish Church 109 Lac,· 50 Lancaster, Earl of · .47, 54 Lascelles Hall .. 256 Lascelles Hall, the Rev. C. Richardson at.. 236 Lead Poisoning .. 4o4 Learoyd and Company, Leeds Road 433 Learo,·d. derivation of name 2 Leatham, Edward Aldham 372 et seq. Lads JltTL"lll'l'. tltt' 320,364,367,369 Legge Family, the 201 Legge, Hon. George, marriage of 131 Lewisham, George. Viscount .. 200 Lighting, early .. 2 54 Lindley, Church of St. Stephen at 389 Lindley. derivation of name 2 Lindley. forestalling at 2()4 Lindley. in Domesday Book 42 Lindlev :\Iechanics· Institute .. 4 2 5 Lindley. population of.. 146 Lindsav.- \V. A. . . . • 373 Lingards, a Danish settlement 33 Lingards, derivation of name .. 2 Linthwaite 2 39 Linthwaite, a Danish settlement 33 Linthwaite Church 389 Linthwaite, derivation of name 2 Linthwaite Hall 256 Linthwaite, Matthew de 49 Local Boards. Conflicts between 39 2 Local Preachers 359 Lockwood Baptist Chapel 344 Lockwood, Church of Emmanuel at 388 Lockwood, derivation of name 2 Lockwood, John 71 Lockwood ~Iechanics' Institute 42 5 Lockwood, of Lockwood 48 Lockwood Spa .. 4o4 Lon1as, Rev. Thomas 343 Longley Hall 2 57 HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY.

Page. Longley Hall, owners of 209 Longroyd Bridge, Luddism at 276 Longwood, derivation of name 2 Longwood Gas Company 387 Longwood Grammar School .. 416 Longwood, population of 146 Longwood Reservoirs .. 402 Longwood, Roman al tar at 4 Longwood Tower 435 Lucan 10 Luddites, the .. 273 and seq. Lytherwythe, custom of .. 68,69 Machinery, introduction of 273 Mails, the Royal 261 Mallinson, William 412 ,413,414 Manchester .. 13 Manufacturers' petition against Factory Legislation 321 Markets at Almondbury and Huddersfield .. 216 Market, Huddersfield .. 392 Marsden, a Saxon mark 32 Marsden, derivation of name .. 2 Marsden, E. and J. Taylor of .. 274 Marsden, Hunting ground at .. 67 Marsden in Subsidy Roll of Henry YIII. 107 Marsden, Military at .. 275 Marsden Mill Company 433 Marsden on Inquisition of Edward III. 62 Mar:;den, population of 146 Marsh, population of .. 145 Marsh, Prosecution Society 255 Mass, celebration of, at Honley 133 Martin, Messrs., of Lindley 433 Mechanics' Institute .. and seq. 43o Meeke, Rev. Robert 415 Mellor, George, the Luddite 276 Mellor, \Nright .. 397 Meltham, a Saxon settlement 32 Meltbam, armed preparations at 242 Meltham Baptist Chapel 344 lVIeltham, birth-place of Rev. A. Woodhead 238 Meltham Convalescent Home 412 Meltham, curate of insubordinate 133 Meltham in Domesday Book .. 43 Meltham in Subsidy Roll of Henry VIII. 106 Meltha1n in Subsidy Roll of Richard II. 96 Meltham, Mr. Broom, the curate of .. 199 HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY. 457

Page. Merry-Dale mill 268 Methodist Chapels · • 359 Midgley, Thoma'> , 387 Mill King's, at Almondbury 64, 70, 72 Mills, former 268 Milnes, J. J. 4o4 Milnsbridge Baptist Chapel 344 M ilnsbridge House 256 l\lilton Church .. 354 l\1irfield, ad\'owson of, granted to Kirklees .. 164, 168 Model Lodging House . . . . 271,392,400 l\'lonasteries, dissolution of 172 l\Ioorhouse, Rev. William, brief account of 348 l\Iorton, John, Chief Constable 401 l\Iorton, John .. 438 l\I oss, Abraham .. 356 lVlunicipal Buildings .. 406 Murlin, Rev. John, the" Weeping Prophet" 356 Naylor, Rev. Thos., Vicar of Almondbury .. 120 N etherthong, a Danish settlement 33 Netherthong \Vesleyan Chapel 354,355,356 Nettleton's Charity, Trustees of 1 77 Nettleton, Chas., of Honley .. 2 34 Nettleton, Robert, Charity of 176 Nettleton, Robert, monument of 1 77 New Connexion of Methodists 358 New ~ orth Road Baptist Chapel 344 Nonconformity, local history of 337 Norman Castles, description of 61 Normans, invasion of the 40 North, John 71 North, \Vasting of the .. 44 Oakes Baptist Chapel .. 344 Oastler Richard 320,367 Old Bank Chapel 356,358 Oliver, Da,·id, of Lindley, fined 264 Olroyd, derivation of name .. 2 Oswald, St., Priory of, patron of Huddersfield 132 Ottiwells .. 275,285 Pack horses 261 Pack Horse Inn, the 261 Paddock, All Saints' Church at 388 Papists in Huddersfield Parish 229 Parks, Public 4o5 Parratt, Thomas, monument to 152 Patrick, St., Church of 389 HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY.

Page. Paul, St., Church of 388 Paulinus, mission of 35, 39 Penance .. 125 Pike-Law, Celtic remains at 3 Pitkeithly, Lawrence .. 301,308 Plug riots .. 299 Pole Chapel, origin of .. 196 Pole Moor Baptist Chapel 344 Pole Moor baptistry 232 Police of former days .. 256 Police Stations .. 402 Poor Law, Act for relief of 154 n. Poor Law Burdens 4o7 Poor Law Riots .. 408 Poor Law Union formed 389,408 Poor-rate 290 Population, present .. 432 Posiclonius, exploration of 6 Post Office, first, at Huddersfield 247 Pretender, the resistance to 242 Provisions, early price of 65 Provisions, price of 291 Pule Hill, Kistvaen at .. 4 Pytheas, expedition of .. 5 Quarmby, a Danish settlement 33 Quarmby, Agnes de 57, 186 Q uarm by, arms of 156 Quarmby, assessment of 58 Quarmby, contumacy at 255 Quarmby Hall .. 256 Quarmby, Hugh of 48 Quarmby, in Domesday Book . . 42 Quarmby, in Subsidy Roll of Henry VIII. .. 105 Quarn1by, in Subsidy Roll of Richard II. 94 Quannby, Margerie de 58 Quarmby, Stapleton of 140 Queen Hotel .. 2 49 Queen Street Chapel, opening of 357 Queen Street Chapel .. 388 Radcliffe, of Milnsbridge 269 Radcliffe, Sir Joseph 282,285,288,290 Ragged School . . . . • . 4 1 4 Ramsden Estate, Agent of 269 l{amsden family, account of 209 Ramsden, family of 184 Ramsden, John .. 71 HLTDDERSFIELD AND ITS \'lCINIT\'. +59

l'agl'. Ran1sden, John, of Longley, n1arriage of 189 Ra1nsden John, as Royalist .. 231 Ran1sden, John Charles, 1\1. P. 41 I Ran1sden, Sir John, purchases l\lanor of Huddersfield 55 Ramsden, Sir John 143 Ra1nsden, Sir John, 1nonument to 152 Ramsden, Sir John, at Selby .. 2 34 Ra1nsden, Sir l ohn, resists repeal of laws against Papists 241 I

Page. Scammonden, population b"f ••. 146 Scape Goat Hill Baptist Chapel 344 School Board, Huddersfield 42 5 Schofield, William 435 Schools, Church 42 9 School, Coates's 1 45 Schools, ear1 y 170 Education of 171 Schools, Grammar 172 School, Higher Grade .. 42 7 Sch0ols, National '388 Schools, some private .. 418 Schools, Sunday .. . .421 and seq. Scot de Rotherham, Archbishop 110 Serf, grant of .. 164 Short Time Committee, The Huddersfield .. 320 Silent Woman, The 196 Slack ...... 4, 1 3 Slack, Roman altar and camp at 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 Slaithwaite Baptist Chapel .. 344 Slaithwaite, derivation of name 2 Slaithwaite Free School 415 Slaithwaite in Subsidy Roll of Henry VIII. 107 Slaithwaite in Subsidy Roll of Richard II. .. 100 Slaithwaite, Manor House at . . . . 195 Court Leet at . . . . 195 Slaithwaite, manor of litigation for 193 Slaithwaite, population of .. 146 Slaithwaite Spinning Company 433 Slaithwaite, the Cucking Stool at 2 57 Slaithwaite, tenant right in .. 207 Slaithwaite, Tyas family at .. 193 Smith, Thomas, the Luddite .. 276 Society of Friends •• 264 Somerset, Duke of .. 219 Stag Hill .. I Stanedge. . . . I Stannard, Rev. J. T. 353 Stansfield, W. R. C. 37°, 37 1 1-Iis Chief Supporters 371 Stapleton, Thomas 140 Starkey, Joseph .. 372 Starkey, Thomas 1 49, 347, 365 Staynton, Elizabeth de, Prioress of Kirklees 161 Stephens, Rev. J. R. 369 Stock, Rev. John 337,343 H U D DER SF I ELD AND l T S \'IC l N IT Y.

Page. Storthes Hall 2 57 Storthes Hall, Horsfall, of 2 34 Subsidy Roll of Henry VIII. .. 102, 107 Subsidy Roll of Richard II. 85, IOI Sugden, J >hn . . . . 383 Sweyn, Sixon owner .. 44 Svkes, Alfred .. .I 435 Sykes, Fred 438 Sykes, Joseph 414 Sykes, Rev. Richard, Rector of Kirkheaton 120 Svkes, Rev. Richard . . . . 235 Talb::>t, Robert, Huddersfield, church formed to 136 Tattersall's School 250 Taylor, Alderman John 272 Taylor, E. and I., of Marsden 2 74 Taylor, ::\lessr,;., of Newsome .. 433 Technical College, the .. 43 1 Temperance Efforts 438 Tenant Right Case, the Huddersfield 219 • Theatre, first 249 Theatre~. former 257 Thoma5, Rev. John 343 Thomas, St .. Church of 149 Thomson, George 433 Thornhill in Pomesday Book 43 Tomlinson, G. W., tribute to .. 158 Town Hall 406 Trades' Unions, Blackburn on 363 Tramcar Accident . . 400 Tramway Service 399 Triads, the 10 Trinity Church .. 146,388 Turner, Joseph .. 393 Tyas family of .. 192 Tyas, John, owner of Slaithwaite 193 Tyes, H ~nrv. Lord of Slaithwaite 53 Tyl~r. Wat, rising of .. 85 Upper Thong, a Danish settlement . . . . 33 Uther, Pendragon .• 32 Venn, Rev. Henry, vicar of Huddersfie:d 143, j42, 341 Vickerman, Francis 2 75 Villeins .. 44, 45, 67, 68, 69, 80 Volunteers, the .. 2 43 W cl.ges, early .. 65 Wages in Woollen Industry ...... 265 Wakefield, Michael de, vicar of Huddersfield 136 HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY.

Page. Waley, Richard, Lord of Henley .. 47,53 Walker, Benjamin, the Luddite 276 Walker, Dr., discovery of antiquities by 4, r5 Walker, Messrs., of Lindley 266 Walker, Thomas 416 Walker, William 416 Walton, Edward 248 Warren, Earl 47 Water Supply .. 402 Waterworks, early 252,253 Watson, the Rev. Mr., discoveries by 14 We1.vers, early .. .. 78, 84 Weavers from Brabant 77 We1vers. Hand-loom .. 266 Weavers' Strike, the 434 Wesleyanism, rise of local 354, 355 Wesleyan, offshoots from Buxton Road 359 Wesley, Rev. John 143,204 Wesley, John, at Huddersfield 2 57 West N ah, camp at 13 Whitacre, of Whitacre Mills .. 269 Whitacre, John .. 388 Whitehead, Abraham, evidence of 313 Whitfield .. 143 Whitley-Beaumont, mansion of 185 Whitley in Domesday Book .. 43 Whitley in Subsidy Roll of Henry VIII. 104 Wilberlee, Tyas family at 193 Wildboarley l Wilkinson, John, of Greenhead 151, 156 Willans, William 37 1 William the Conqueror 40 W olfstones .. l Wood, Captain Joseph 363 Wood, family of Longley .. 209 Wood, Rev. Joshua, pastor of Salendine Nook Chapel 34 2 Wood's, of Longroyd Bridge .. 276 Woodhead, Rev. Abraham 238 Woodhead, Joseph .. 379andseq. Woodhouse Church 146,388 Woodsome 192, et seq., 257 Woodsome, Celtic remains at 3 Woodsome, description of .. 207 Woodsome, manor of, grant of 193 Woodsome manuscript 194 Wool, early price of 65 HUDDERSFIELD AND ITS VICINITY.

Pagl'. \Vool, exportation of .. 2(>8, 2(>9 '\Vool, superiority of Yorkshire 2()9 '\Vooldale, derivation of name 2 \Voollen, Burials in 82 \Voollen Industry, statutes protecting .. Sr, 83 \Voollen :\Ianufacturing, early evidences of r,5 Further history of .. 74, et seq. \Vormall, Israel, charity of 178 House of 178 Trustees of .. 180 Yates, \V. P. 41<> Yeomanry, Huddersfield Corps of 243, 244, 2 93 York 13 York, Factory I{eform Meeting at 32 3 Young :\Ien·s Christian Association .. 401