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Cold Ashton South Side of the Ridge Between Cold Ashton and Marshfield

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Cold Ashton South Side of the Ridge Between Cold Ashton and Marshfield returns by the line of the cold wet lands on the Cold Ashton south side of the ridge between Cold Ashton and Marshfield. Insulated parts of the upper rock very evidently appear upon the east end Judy Hible of Huntrick’s Hill, Charmy Down and Little Solsbury, and to the left run out in another History broader part, which includes Toll Down, makes another longer return towards Littleton, and Cold Ashton is ancient in origin and is leaves a narrow opening between this line and mentioned in the Domesday Book; it also has its opposite outcrop, which stretches from two round barrows known as Robin Hood’s Littleton through Littleton Wood, and crossing butts. The village church, Holy Trinity, has a the road from the turnpike, runs out a little way 14th-century tower and the rest of the church to the right, and returns again to another vale was rebuilt in the 16th century by Thomas between the parting of the roads and Cold Key, its rector. Ashton. The main line before described from Cold Ashton to Marshfield continues in a In 1643 during the English Civil War Sir Bevil connected line, which is deeply indented by Grenville was injured at the Battle of the many ramifications of the Catherine Lansdowne and carried to the rectory at Cold Stream until it joins the high land at Culeron Ashton where he died. There is a monument Down.’ to him across the valley. Effectively, the clayey strata of Fuller’s earth is Geology - Overview the source of the streams on the western side of the Cotswold Hills and also here (St. In landscape terms much of South Catherine’s Valley) on their southern edge. Gloucestershire is anomalous in that the outcrops of the older and harder Paleozoic Transactions of the Geological Society of rocks do not form uplands but are London 1835, Part II, XIV On the Oolitic characterised by low undulating terrain. This District of Bath. By William Lonsdale is because much of the area formed part of an ancient erosion surface which was reduced to Fullers’ Earth a low relief before the deposition of the Mesozoic strata. It is therefore the younger Mr Lonsdale places the Fuller’s earth as the rocks, most notably limestones of Jurassic top part of the Inferior Oolite rather than the age, which form the highest land of South bottom part of the Great Oolite and divides it Gloucestershire, that being the Cotswold into. escarpment to the east. 1. Blue and yellow clay, with nodules of indurated marl. Contains calcium Geology - Historical carbonate, with masses of ‘cone in cone’ calcareous spar. Mentioned by William Smith in his 2. Bad fuller’s earth, sandy with shell Memoirs: February 6th Cirencester to Bath, fragments (i.e. not good for fulling) 1803 3. Good fuller’s earth, either blue or brown (better quality), confined to the brow of Mr Smith is commenting on the association of Odd Down and the side of Midford Hill. the two layers of oolite with the intervening 4. Clay with beds of bad fuller’s earth, Fullers earth and tracing them south from layers of nodular limestone (‘Fuller’s Cirencester down to Tormarton with an earth rock’) and indurated marl. The opening through the upper layer giving rise to ‘fuller’s earth rock’ always contains the valley south of Tormarton. immense numbers of Terebratulae plus Mya angulifera and Isocardia ‘Cold Ashton, on the opposite side of this concentrica vale, plainly points out the line of its corresponding outcrop, which runs round the Great Oolite point of the hill very near the cross ways on the road from Marshfield to Bristol, then 1. Upper rags Journal of the Bath Geological Society, No. 34, 2015 6 a) coarse shelly limestone, beds of by Upper Westwood to Iford Mill and Farleigh Polyparia Hungerford, where it dips beneath the forest b) Tolerably fine oolites marble. c) Tough, brown argillaceous limestone; cavernous weathering Mr Lonsdale includes a comprehensive list of 2. Fine freestone all the fossils he found in the area, notably 3. Lower rags – shelly limestone; Terebratula bullata at Cold Ashton. sometimes very high shell content Ramsay: Geology 1878, Chapter XII Liassic The superior boundary of the great oolite, or and Oolitic, or Jurassic Strata that which defines its separation from the Bradford clay and forest marble, extends in an Succession: Inferior Oolite; The Fuller’s undulating line from Yatton Keynell by Giddy Earth; the Great or Bath Oolite Hall, and the brow of the hills overhanging the The Fuller’s Earth Box brook to the Chippenham road, which it crosses to the westward of Pickwick; thence it The Fuller’s earth accompanies and overlies follows the curvature of the hills, but keeps a the Inferior Oolite through the whole length of little to the east of the escarpment, to this area, excepting where locally interrupted Wadswick and the Devizes road, which it by faults. It consists chiefly of a tenacious passes near Wormwood Farm: from this point bluish clay, with frequent thin shelly bands of it turns westward, and ranges along the limestone, often largely charged with a small descent which bounds Kingsdown and oyster, Ostrea acuminate, and with Farleydown on the south, and crosses the Terebratulae. In the neighbourhood and south Bradford road a little above Moncton Farley : it of Bath, a strong band of limestone lies in the afterwards describes a line nearly parallel with middle of the clay, known as the Fuller’s Earth the heights on the right bank of the Avon to Rock. Bradford; and from that town it may be traced Sequence found at Cold Ashton: Journal of the Bath Geological Society, No. 34, 2015 7 the types of rock, the types of fossils found a. Top of Cold Ashton: Chalfield Oolite in the rocks, and by erosion surfaces that Formation – limestone, ooidal, 165 – 168 mark breaks in deposition of the sediments. mya. Shallow seas. The rocks that form the Cotswold b. Across Hydes Lane: Fuller’s Earth Escarpment are almost exclusively marine, Formation – mudstone, calcareous 165-168 and were formed mainly in warm tropical mya seas, much like those around Bermuda today. Plate tectonics has transported this c. Down slope: 1. Fuller’s Earth Rock part of the Earth's crust northward over the Member – limestone, evaporates, shelly last 150- 200 million years until we reached fauna and corals our present position. 2. Fuller’s Earth Formation 3. Inferior Oolite Group : There are two main types of sediment found limestone 165 – 176 mya in the rocks of the Cotswolds; the clastics 4. Bridport Sand Formation: and the carbonates. Clastics consist of sandstone 176-183 , shallow seas particles of material eroded from rocks on 5. Dyrham Formation: land and transported by rivers, wind and Siltstone 183 – 190 mya , shallow seas form the clays, muds and sands and can have a very wide distribution over the sea d. Valley bottom: Charmouth Mudstone floor. The carbonates are generally Formation – mudstone 183 – 197 mya, produced by precipitation of calcium shallow seas carbonate and by accumulation chemicals from dead organisms, what we know as Cotswolds Geology fossils, and form the limestones. These have a much narrower zone in which they The Cotswold Hills stretch for nearly 60 form being restricted to shallow waters in a miles, part of an outcrop of Jurassic rocks warm climate. The changes in the types of that runs NE from the Dorset coast to the sediment give us a wealth of information as North Sea off Yorkshire. The rocks that form to the environment in which these sediments the Cotswold Hills are made up of three were deposited and close examination can different geological stages of the Jurassic provide a very clear picture of what the period and date from between 210-140 mya. geography of the area was like at the time. The steep western scarp of the Cotswolds At the base of the Jurassic and making up exposes sections through Lower and Middle the lower slopes of the Cotswold Jurassic rocks that dip gently eastwards Escarpment are the clays, silts and sands of towards Oxford and London. At the Lias Group. These were deposited on Leckhampton Hill and Cleeve Common the the floor of quite a deep ocean, but an ocean thickest and most complete sections of that occasionally shallowed to allow the Inferior Oolite rocks anywhere in the country formation of some limestones, such as the are exposed, recognised by their designation Marlstone Rock Bed. At the top of the Lias as Sites of Special Scientific Interest. Group there is a change in sediment type as Further to the south-east exposures of the loose sand replaces the clays and silts; in Great Oolite can be found in numerous fact, in the south of the region there is more quarries and cuttings sand than clay in its upper part. The Lower Jurassic rocks are made up of the The Middle Jurassic rocks are the Lias Group and the Middle Jurassic rocks characteristic 'Cotswold Limestones'. The consist of the Inferior Oolite Group and Great Inferior Oolite Group consists of the rocks Oolite Group. Each of these groups is seen in the numerous exposures along the separated into various smaller divisions western facing scarp of the Cotswolds. Soft, called Formations, and in the Middle Jurassic yellow, sandy limestones at the base of the rocks, these formations are often sub-divided Inferior Oolite give way to more solid rocks into Members. The different groups, as the sequence moves upwards. The thick formations and members are distinguished beds of fine grained oolitic limestones of the from each other according to differences in Birdlip Limestone Formation were widely Journal of the Bath Geological Society, No.
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