ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Journal of Threatened Taxa

12 September 2019 (Online & Print) Vol. 11 | No. 11 | 14391–14470 PLATINUM 10.11609/jot.2019.11.11.14391-14470 OPEN www.threatenedtaxa.org ACCESS J Building TTevidence for conservaton globally Monograph ISSN 0974-7907 (Online); ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

Publisher Host Wildlife Informaton Liaison Development Society Zoo Outreach Organizaton www.wild.zooreach.org www.zooreach.org

No. 12, Thiruvannamalai Nagar, Saravanampat - Kalapat Road, Saravanampat, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035, Ph: +91 9385339863 | www.threatenedtaxa.org Email: [email protected]

EDITORS Typesetng

Founder & Chief Editor Mr. Arul Jagadish, ZOO, Coimbatore, India Dr. Sanjay Molur Mrs. Radhika, ZOO, Coimbatore, India Wildlife Informaton Liaison Development (WILD) Society & Zoo Outreach Organizaton (ZOO), Mrs. Geetha, ZOO, Coimbatore India 12 Thiruvannamalai Nagar, Saravanampat, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035, India Mr. Ravindran, ZOO, Coimbatore India

Deputy Chief Editor Fundraising/Communicatons Dr. Neelesh Dahanukar Mrs. Payal B. Molur, Coimbatore, India Indian Insttute of Science Educaton and Research (IISER), Pune, Maharashtra, India Editors/Reviewers Managing Editor Subject Editors 2016-2018 Mr. B. Ravichandran, WILD, Coimbatore, India Fungi Associate Editors Dr. B.A. Daniel, ZOO, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035, India Dr. B. Shivaraju, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Ms. Priyanka Iyer, ZOO, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035, India Prof. Richard Kiprono Mibey, Vice Chancellor, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya Dr. Mandar Paingankar, Department of Zoology, Government Science College Gadchiroli, Dr. R.K. Verma, Tropical Forest Research Insttute, Jabalpur, India Chamorshi Road, Gadchiroli, Maharashtra 442605, India Dr. V.B. Hosagoudar, Bilagi, Bagalkot, India Dr. Ulrike Streicher, Wildlife Veterinarian, Eugene, Oregon, USA Dr. Vatsavaya S. Raju, Kakatay University, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, India Dr. D.J. Bhat, Retd. Professor, Goa University, Goa, India Dr. G.P. Sinha, Botanical Survey of India, Allahabad, India Editorial Board Ms. Sally Walker Plants Founder/Secretary, ZOO, Coimbatore, India Dr. N.P. Balakrishnan, Ret. Joint Director, BSI, Coimbatore, India Dr. Robert Lacy Dr. Shonil Bhagwat, Open University and University of Oxford, UK Department of Conservaton Biology, Chicago Zoological Society (also known as the Brookfeld Prof. D.J. Bhat, Retd. Professor, Goa University, Goa, India Zoo), Brookfeld, Illinois 60513 USA; and Commitee on Evolutonary Biology, University of Dr. Ferdinando Boero, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy Chicago Dr. Dale R. Calder, Royal Ontaro Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Dr. Cleofas Cervancia, Univ. of Los Baños College Laguna, Philippines Dr. Russel Mitermeier Dr. F.B. Vincent Florens, University of Mauritus, Mauritus Executve Vice Chair, Conservaton Internatonal, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA Dr. Merlin Franco, Curtn University, Dr. Francesco Dal Grande, Senckenberg Gesellschaf für Naturforschung, Frankfurt Prof. Mewa Singh Ph.D., FASc, FNA, FNASc, FNAPsy Dr. V. Irudayaraj, St. Xavier’s College, Palayamkotai, Tamil Nadu, India Ramanna Fellow and Life-Long Distnguished Professor, Biopsychology Laboratory, and Dr. B.S. Kholia, Botanical Survey of India, Gangtok, , India Insttute of Excellence, University of Mysore, Mysuru, Karnataka 570006, India; Honorary Dr. Christoph Kuefer, Insttute of Integratve Biology, Zürich, Switzerland Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientfc Research, Bangalore; and Adjunct Dr. Pankaj Kumar, Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden Corporaton, Hong Kong S.A.R., Professor, Natonal Insttute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore Dr. V. Sampath Kumar, Botanical Survey of India, Howrah, West Bengal, India Dr. H.C. Nagaveni, Insttute of Wood Science and Technology, Bengaluru, India Dr. Ulrike Streicher, DVM Dr. K.S. Negi, NBPGR, Nainital District, Utarakhand, India Wildlife Veterinarian / Wildlife Management Consultant, 1185 East 39th Place, Eugene, OR Dr. A.J. Solomon Raju, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India 97405, USA Dr. Vijayasankar Raman, University of Mississippi, USA Dr. B. Ravi Prasad Rao, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantpur, India Stephen D. Nash Dr. K. Ravikumar, FRLHT, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Scientfc Illustrator, Conservaton Internatonal, Dept. of Anatomical Sciences, Health Prof. Satsh C. Verma, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India Sciences Center, T-8, Room 045, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8081, USA Dr. Aparna Watve, Pune, Maharashtra, India Dr. Qiang Liu, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Yunnan, China Dr. Fred Pluthero Dr. Noor Azhar Mohamed Shazili, Universit Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia Toronto, Canada Dr. M.K. Vasudeva Rao, Shiv Ranjani Housing Society, Pune, Maharashtra, India Prof. A.J. Solomon Raju, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India Dr. Martn Fisher Dr. Mandar Datar, Agharkar Research Insttute, Pune, Maharashtra, India Cambridge, UK Dr. M.K. Janarthanam, Goa University, Goa, India Dr. K. Karthigeyan, Botanical Survey of India, India Dr. Ulf Gärdenfors Dr. Errol Vela, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France Professor, Swedish Informaton Center, SLU, Uppsala, Sweden Dr. P. Lakshminarasimhan, Botanical Survey of India, Howrah, India Dr. Larry R. Noblick, Montgomery Botanical Center, Miami, USA Dr. John Fellowes Dr. K. Haridasan, FRLHT, Bengaluru, India Honorary Assistant Professor, The Kadoorie Insttute, 8/F, T.T. Tsui Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Invertebrates

Dr. Philip S. Miller Dr. Deepak Apte, Bombay Natural Hisotry Society, Mumbai, India. Senior Program Ofcer, Conservaton Breeding Specialist Group (SSC/IUCN), 12101 Johnny Dr. R.K. Avasthi, Rohtak University, Haryana, India (Orthoptera) Cake Ridge Road, Apple Valley, MN 55124, USA Dr. D.B. Bastawade, Maharashtra, India (Araneae) Dr. Partha Pratm Bhatacharjee, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, India Prof. Dr. Mirco Solé Dr. Ferdinando Boero, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Vice-coordenador Dr. Kailash Chandra, Zoological Survey of India, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India () do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Rodovia Ilhéus/Itabuna, Km 16 (45662-000) Dr. Arthur Y.C. Chung, Sabah Forestry Department, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia Salobrinho, Ilhéus - Bahia - Brasil Dr. H.C. Paulo Corgosinho, Bairro Universitário, Frutal, Brazil Dr. B.A. Daniel, ZOO/WILD, Coimbatore, India (Lepidoptera) Dr. Ansie Dippenaar-Schoeman, University of Pretoria, Queenswood, South Africa (Aran) English Editors Dr. Rory Dow, Natonal Museum of natural History Naturalis, The Netherlands (Odonata) Mrs. Mira Bhojwani, Pune, India Dr. Alexander Ereskovsky, IMBE, Marseille, France (Spongillidae) Dr. Fred Pluthero, Toronto, Canada Dr. Brian Fisher, California Academy of Sciences, USA Mr. P. Ilangovan, Chennai, India Dr. Richard Gallon, llandudno, North Wales, LL30 1UP Dr. Hemant V. Ghate, Modern College, Pune, India Web Design Dr. Mohammad Hayat, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India (Hymenoptera) Mrs. Latha G. Ravikumar, ZOO/WILD, Coimbatore, India Dr. Tadashi Kawai, Wakkanai Fisheries Research Insttute, Hokkaido, Japan (Crustacea) Dr. S. Ajmal Khan, Annamalai University, Parangipetai, India (Corals) Dr. Ragnar Kinzelbach, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany Dr. Ian J. Kitching, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, UK

contnued on the back inside cover

Front cover—Green-spoted Torrent Amolops viridimaculatus from Tengchong Gaoligongshan, Yunnan Province, China. © Jian-Huan Yang. Back cover—Gaoligong Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock tanxing from Gaoligongshan, Yunnan Province, China. © Zheng Bi. Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14391–14401

I -

T S G N N C

R, ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) Y, C ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) PLATINUM 1 2 3 Bosco Pui Lok Chan , Zeng Bi & Shao-Zhong Duan OPEN ACCESS

1 Kadoorie Conservaton China, Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden, Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR, China. 2,3 Yunnan Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve (Tengchong Bureau), 157 Laifeng Avenue, Tengchong, Yunnan Province 679100, China. 1 boscokf@kg.org (corresponding author), 2 bhqbz[email protected], 3 [email protected]

Abstract: The Gaoligongshan Mountains in Yunnan Province, southwestern China, is one of the biologically richest areas on Earth. In 2014, we launched a four-year biodiversity survey in the Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve and its immediate vicinity, aiming to update the current diversity, distributon, and status of the mammals, , herpetofauna, freshwater fshes, and buterfies on which we have expertse. Despite the intensity of earlier scientfc exploratons, our survey resulted in the discoveries of a new , a number of new species, genera and species new to China, Gaoligongshan, or Tengchong County, and updated the alttude limits for some species. Species richness of mammalian and avian fauna, the two groups most susceptble to habitat loss and huntng, remains remarkably high, but past impacts of huntng and habitat degradaton were in evidence. Our results clearly illustrate the immense conservaton value of this mountain range and the necessity for more in-depth, focused biodiversity feld surveys. This monograph summarizes our fndings, and this chapter gives an overview of the geography, climate, vegetaton, and ecology of Tengchong, a history of earlier and present biodiversity exploratons, and conservaton recommendatons based on our fndings.

eywords: Birds, biodiversity, conservaton recommendatons, eastern Himalaya, mammals, new records, new species, southwestern China.

–

DOI: htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4438.11.11.14391-14401

Editor: Mewa Singh, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India. Date of publicaton: 12 September 2019 (online & print)

Manuscript details: 4438 | Received 27 July 2018 | Final received 07 March 2019 | Finally accepted 30 July 2019

Citaton: Chan, B.P.L., Z. Bi & S-Z. Duan (2019). Introducton to a four-year biodiversity survey of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve, in the footsteps of pioneering naturalists in western Yunnan, China. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(11): 14391–14401. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4438.11.11.14391-14401

Copyright: © Chan et al. 2019. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of this artcle in any medium by adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

Funding: This study is funded by Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden.

Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests.

Author details: B P L C: Head of Kadoorie Conservaton China Department at Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden. Z B: Director of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve (Tengchong Bureau). S-Z D: Deputy Director of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve (Tengchong Bureau).

Author contributon: BPLC wrote the paper, ZB and S-ZD contributed data.

Acknowledgements: The authors wish to thank the Provincial Forestry Department of Yunnan Province and the Baoshan Administratve Bureau of Yunnan Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve for their support in our work. We thank all partcipants of this four-year biodiversity survey, and colleagues and friends who provided logistcs support. Experts including Jack Tordof, John MacKinnon, Will Duckworth, Yang Liu, Yu-Feng Hsu, Ding-Qi Rao, Yat-Tung Yu, Ying-Yong Wang, and Richard Lewthwaite either took part in our feld surveys or kindly provided valuable comments in species identfcaton.

14391 Biodiversity survey of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Chan et al.

INTRODUCTION Baoshan Municipal City (1,245km2, 24.933–26.150 0N). GLGSNNR is divided into two administratve The Gaoligongshan Mountains (hereafer GLGS) is bureaus (Nujiang and Baoshan) and the management a long, narrow mountain chain in the western part of of the Baoshan Secton is shared by two management China’s Yunnan Province adjoining northern . centresthe eastern Salween slope as Longyang District Due to its complex geography and biotc assemblage, managed by the Baoshan Administratve Bureau and the scientsts of diferent disciplines defne the exact western Irrawaddy slope managed by the Tengchong boundary of GLGS somewhat diferently. Nonetheless, it Management Bureau (hereafer TC-GLGS) (Fig. 1). is generally agreed upon that the main range of GLGS is GLGSNNR has some of the largest and most intact the western edge of the Hengduan Mountains, spanning tracts of natural forests in southeastern Asia, with from the Tibetan Plateau to Myanmar, measuring some impressive lists of and plant groups including 600km over 5 in lattude. It has an alttude range from numerous endemic and relic species (Stotz et al. 2003; 210m to over 5,000m and it covers an area of over Xiong & Ai 2006; Dumbacher et al. 2011; Long et al. 111,000km2. The rugged, contguous ridge divides the 2012). Studies show that it supports China’s largest Irrawaddy (Ayayerwaddy) and Salween (the Chinese populaton of the Gaoligong Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock secton is called Nujiang) basins, and these rivers cut tanxing (Chan et al. 2017) and contains a large part of gorges over 2,000m deep parallel to the mountain the world populaton of the Black Snub-nosed Monkey range. The topography and geography of this mountain Rhinopithecus strykeri (Ma et al. 2014). Scientsts have range were described in detail by Chaplin (2005), who estmated GLGSNNR to harbour more than 5,000 vascular considered it to be one of the world’s most signifcant plants and over 600 species (Stotz et al. 2003). Its biodiversity hotspots outside of the tropics and immense conservaton value is widely recognized, analyzed its geography in relaton to its rich and unique having been listed as a UNESCO biosphere reserve biodiversity. (UNESCO 2017), a UNESCO world heritage site under The unique geographic locaton and tectonic history the Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas of GLGS, along with its extreme topographic relief (UNESCO 2003), and an IUCN key biodiversity area under and complexity in geology, landforms, hydrology, and Gaoligongshan-CN244 (BirdLife Internatonal 2018). climate, have produced many diverse habitat types In 2014, we launched a four-year systematc faunal that support biotc components from the Himalaya, survey in TC-GLGS and its immediate environs, focused the mountains of southwestern China, and the Indo- on vertebrates and buterfies on which we have Burma biodiversity hotspot. This makes GLGS one of expertse. Detailed survey methodology and results of the biologically richest places on earth (Li et al. 1999; the studied taxon groups are provided in various artcles Hofmann 2001; Mitermeier et al. 2011; Lei et al. 2015; of this monograph (Li et al. 2019; Lo & Bi 2019; Yang et Liu et al. 2016) and a treasure trove for new discoveries al. 2019; Zheng et al. 2019). The present paper aims (e.g., Ma et al. 2013; Fritsch et al. 2015; Yang et al. 2016a; to provide background informaton on the geography, Zhu et al. 2016; Chen et al. 2017; Fan et al. 2017). Since climate, vegetaton, and ecology of Tengchong, as well the 19th Century, GLGS has been a magnet for naturalists as a brief summary of earlier and current biodiversity and scientsts from China and abroad (e.g., Anderson exploratons in the area. Future directons for 1876; Rothschild 1923; Allen 1938; Tang 1996; Stotz et conservaton management are also provided based on al. 2003; Long 2008; Liang et al. 2015). our fndings. To safeguard these exceptonal biodiversity assets, the Chinese government began to protect parts of G T G GLGS as early as 1962, and the Gaoligongshan Natonal Tengchong County is managed under Baoshan Nature Reserve (hereafer GLGSNNR), created in 1986, Municipal City, with a land area of 5,845km2 and a is the largest protected area in Yunnan. GLGSNNR has human populaton of over 680,000, sharing ca. 150km an area of 4,052km2 and is geographically separated into of the internatonal border with Kachin State of northern three sectons straddling over 3 in lattude (24.933– Myanmar. The area was variously known as Tengyue, 28.367 0N): the northern Gongshan Secton managed by Tingyueh, Teng Yueh, Momein, and Momien in English- Nujiang Prefecture (2,428km2, 27.517–28.367 0N), the language literature of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. middle Fugong Secton managed by Nujiang Prefecture The topography of Tengchong is of a horseshoe-shape, (379km2, 25.183–26.250 0N), and the southern secton being surrounded by a series of fringing high mountains jointly managed by Lushui of Nujiang Prefecture and on all sides with the opening facing south. The lowest

14392 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14391–14401 Biodiversity survey of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Chan et al.

Figure 1. Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve in Yunnan, China, with locatons mentoned in the text.

point is Xinhua Township at 930m, climbing northwards measuring 2,600ha (24.817–24.933 0N) has been to an elevaton of 1,650m at Tengchong Town. The main established at the southern tp of TC-GLGS to connect spine of GLGS is merely 20km to the east of Tengchong the reserve with Xiaoheishan Provincial Nature Reserve, Town, rising abruptly to an average alttude of 3,000m, providing additonal lower-elevaton habitats (Fig. 2). reaching its highest point at Mt. Danaozi (3,780m) in northern Tengchong. Numerous steep hill streams C T originatng from TC-GLGS feed the two major tributaries The major infuence on the climate of Tengchong is of the Irrawaddy in Chinathe Longchuan River fows the annual monsoon cycle. From May to October, the along the foothills of GLGS and exits China as Shweili deep river valleys of the Irrawaddy funnel southwestern River in Myanmar, while the Binglang River draining monsoon rains from the Indian Ocean through the the mountains of northwestern Tengchong is the main lowland tropics to GLGS. This is the wetest and warmest source of the Daying (Taiping) River which fows towards period of the year, accountng for ca. 87 of the annual Myanmar’s Bhamo. Tengchong County has a forest rainfall with the temperature approaching 30C under cover of 73; the major setlements and farmlands are the sun. The weather is the driest and coldest from scatered along the alluvial plains. November to April, with occasional frost in the valleys The whole western slope of southern GLGS has while snow covers the higher grounds above 3,000m been included in TC-GLGS. The reserve covers an (Image 1). In Tengchong Town at 1,650m, the annual area of 424.18km2 between 24.933 0N and 25.833 mean temperature is 15.4oC and the annual rainfall is 0N, with an alttude range of 1,900–3,780 m. TC- ca. 1,500mm with annual humidity of 77. Because of GLGS has a 90 forest cover which is managed by six the rapid changes along the alttude gradient, distnct management sectons, each with its own management climatc zones can be found within a few kilometres: staton, substatons, and ranger teams. An eco-corridor subtropical zone occurs below ca. 2,000m, temperate

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14391–14401 14393 Biodiversity survey of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Chan et al.

Figure 2. Tengchong in Yunnan, China, with survey locatons mentoned in the text.

zone from 2,000m to 3,000m, and subalpine zone above overnight stays (Image 2). Tengchong was a major 3,000m. The high, contguous range of GLGS creates batlefeld during the Japanese invasion in World War pronounced rain shadow efect; being on the windward II; many trenches and pillboxes were constructed on side of GLGS, Tengchong receives higher rainfall the mountains and some are stll visible today. These compared to the eastern slope (Chetri et al. 2010; Liu historical events imply that the vegetaton of TC-GLGS 2014). cannot be considered pristne and that the primary vegetaton for much of the alluvial plains and low hills V T have been destroyed. Despite the sustained human Tengchong has long been a major trading hub in footprints, the rugged and largely inaccessible slopes southwestern China and was used by Chinese and above 2,000m are covered in vast expanses of intact foreign merchants as a major stopover along the ancient broadleaf forests up to the tmberline. Southwest Silk Road, which linked central China to Because of the complex local geomorphology, the the Middle East datng back 2,000 years. Three major north-south orientaton of the ridge, and the huge trails were used by caravan feets to traverse the main vertcal diferences in topography, vertcal vegetaton range, and caravansaries were built on mountain passes zonaton is well developed in TC-GLGS; humid subtropical for these arduous expeditons. One such ancient forest quickly turns to moist temperate forest and then caravanserai sitng by a saddle at 3,160m (25.283 0N & to subalpine thickets within a few kilometres along the 98.733 0E), called South Alms Inn (Nanzhaigongfang’ elevaton gradient, with two major alttude transitons in Chinese), is partcularly well-preserved and contnues at 1,800–2,000 m and near 2,800m, respectvely (Xue to be used by visitng researchers and eco-tourists for et al. 1995; Stotz et al. 2003) (Fig. 3). The fora and

14394 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14391–14401 Biodiversity survey of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Chan et al.

© GLGS NNR & FBG Image 1. Gaoligongshan Mountains in Tengchong, Yunnan, China, in winter, with the snow-covered Mt. Danaozi in the middle.

Figure 3. Alttude zonaton of vegetaton of Tengchong in Yunnan, China.

between 1,800m and 2,800m. TC-GLGS supports extensive tracts of old-growth forest of this vegetaton type. The forest has an average canopy height of over 30m and is partcularly rich in epiphytes such as mosses, ferns, orchids, and Araceae. (3) Subalpine hemlock-rhododendron mixed forest (Image 3c) dominated by various oaks and rhododendron

© GLGS NNR & FBG species, with scatered coniferous species such as Tsuga Image 2. South Alms Inn (Nanzhaigongfang in Chinese) at 3,160m, dumosa and Juniperus pingii. This forest type can be the best-preserved caravanserai in Gaoligongshan, China. found at elevatons between 2,700m and 3,200m; in areas with harsh conditons, pure stands of conifers can be found. Average canopy height is 25m, and trees are vegetaton of TC-GLGS are relatvely well-studied; a cloaked with mosses, lichens (e.g., Usnea longissima), general descripton can be found in Wen et al. (2003) and epiphytc rhododendrons (e.g., Rhododendron while more detailed botanical accounts can be found in sulfureum). Xue et al. (1995), Li et al. (2000), Xiong & Ai (2006), and (4) Subalpine bamboo-rhododendron thickets Liu (2014). (Image 3d) are found above 2,700m. The dominant According to Xue et al. (1995), there are four major bamboo species are of the genus Fargesia, especially F. alttude vegetaton types in TC-GLGS. These are: orbiculata, with clumps of dwarf rhododendrons (e.g., R. (1) Monsoon moist evergreen broadleaf forest sinogrande) and upland herbs. (Image 3a) dominated by Castanopsis hystrix and Lindera According to vegetaton classifcaton, there is also a communis. This forest type is distributed below 2,000m lattude transiton zone at 2530N at the Jietou Secton where human actvites have destroyed much of the (Xue et al. 1995). The diference in vegetaton may have original vegetaton; only remnant patches or secondary implicatons on distributon limits for the less mobile regrowth can be found. Average canopy height is taxa, partcularly herpetofauna. currently under 20m. (2) Mid-montane moist evergreen broadleaf forest (Image 3b) dominated by the families Fagaceae, Lauraceae, Theaceae, Ericaceae, and Magnoliaceae

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14391–14401 14395 Biodiversity survey of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Chan et al.

a b

© GLGS NNR & FBG c d Image 3. Major alttude vegetaton types in Tengchong, Yunnan, China: a—Monsoon moist evergreen broadleaf forest near Longchuan River (ca. 1,30m) | b—Mid-montane moist evergreen broadleaf forest in Datang Secton (ca. 2,400m) | c—Subalpine hemlock-rhododendron mixed forest in Jietou Secton (ca. 2,900m) | d—Subalpine bamboo-rhododendron thickets in Jietou Secton (ca. 3,200m).

ECOLOGY OF TENGCHONG have been lost. The original vegetaton type dominatng this elevaton band is monsoon moist evergreen M W H broadleaf forest, but local residents have long cleared Old-growth forest (Image 4a): The majority of TC- the forest for farming, tmber plantatons, and pasture. GLGS is under contguous cover of old-growth forest, With the recent enactment of pro-conservaton natonal except at the highest ridges above the tmberline. As policies, many hillsides are allowed to regenerate and the lower limit of the reserve boundary is at 1,900m, secondary forests now cover much of these hillsides mid-montane moist evergreen broadleaf forest is the despite contnued human disturbances. These reserve’s dominant forest type. It supports the highest secondary forests are of conservaton value as globally concentraton of biodiversity in TC-GLGS, including threatened species such as the Red Panda Ailurus fagship species such as the Gaoligong Hoolock Gibbon fulgens and Mrs Hume’s Pheasant Syrmatcus humiae and the Marbled Cat Pardofelis marmorata, as well as have been recorded in it. The lower-elevaton forest restricted-range endemics such as the newly discovered (below ca. 1,500m) supports a distnct biotc community, Leptobrachium tengchongense, and is with elements of the Oriental biogeographic realm therefore of the greatest conservaton signifcance. On not found at higher mountains, such as King Cobra the upper slopes, some pure stands of the handsome Ophiophagus hannah, Ashy Hemixos favala, subalpine hemlock Tsuga dumosa and juniper Juniperus and Blue-throated Barbet Psilopogon asiatcus. Major pingii can be found. Fragments of old-growth monsoon secondary forest blocks include the Longchuan River moist evergreen broadleaf forest below 2,000m are protected riparian forest (303ha, 25.050–25117 0N & confned to inaccessible gullies and around temples, 98.650–98.667 0E, elevatons from 1,300–1,680 m) and but these remnants are probably too small to support Fanshanchu State-owned forest (153ha, 25.683–25.717 wildlife of partcular conservaton interest. 0N & 98.617–98.667 0E, elevatons from 2,000–2,800 m), Secondary forest (Image 4b): Nearly all the original both of which fall under the jurisdicton of TC-GLGS. forests below the 2,000m lower boundary of TC-GLGS Plantaton forest (Image 4c): One of the major

14396 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14391–14401 Biodiversity survey of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Chan et al.

a b

© GLGS NNR & FBG c d Image 4. Major wildlife habitats in Tengchong, Yunnan, China: a—Old-growth forest in Datang Secton | b—Secondary forest in Datang Secton | c—Mature stands of planted natve cedar Alnus nepalansis in Laifengshan Natonal Forest Park | d—Beihai Marsh Nature Reserve.

incomes of Tengchong farmers comes from household the Beihai Marsh Nature Reserve (16.29km2, 1,725m, tmber plantatons, and many rolling hills near 25.100–25.133 0N & 98.500–98.583 0E), which is a setlements are covered in plantaton forests. In barrier lake from historical volcanic actvites. Water contrast to other regions of China, natve tmber species depth of the lake varies from 2–13 m; together with the are used in Tengchong, such as cedars Alnus nepalansis fringing marsh, it supports a rich macrophyte community and Taiwania cryptomerioides and birch Betula alnoides. with 130 species recorded growing on the foatng mats Although these monoculture plantatons support far that feed wintering ducks and the Common Crane Grus lower biodiversity compared to natural forests, these grus, as well as a healthy resident populaton of the natve species plantatons appear to be less hostle Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio. Other wetland- to local wildlife; adaptable forest species such as dependent vertebrates have not been properly surveyed, squirrels Callosciurus erythraeus and Dremomys pernyi, but are expected to be impoverished due to the high galliformes such as Silver Pheasant Lophura nycthemera human populaton around the lake. The Longchuan and Mountain Bamboo Partridge Bambusicola fytchii, and Binglang rivers provide ample lotc wetland habitats and such as Great-spoted along their courses. Many agricultural and hydropower Dendrocopos major are able to survive in less-disturbed dams, however, have been and are being built, and sand- patches. An interestng example is the Laifengshan mining pits are common near towns, destroying shingle Natonal Forest Park in Tengchong Town, where mature bank and other shallow-water habitats. Wintering Black stands of natve cedar Alnus nepalansis and birch Betula Stork Ciconia nigra, Ibisbill Ibidorhyncha struthersii, alnoides planted afer World War II are atractng bird River Lapwing Vanellus duvaucelii, and wild ducks occur species typical of old-growth broadleaf forest found in river sectons with less human disturbances. The in similar elevaton bands; epiphytc orchids such Eurasian Oter Lutra lutra was once widely distributed as Phalaenopsis sp. and Dendrobium spp. have also in the rivers of Tengchong but has not been recorded in colonized the older trees. recent decades. Natural freshwater wetlands (Image 4d): The most Man-made habitats: Some wildlife thrives in man- extensive and most important lentc wetland lies in made habitats. Egrets, herons, grebes, and cormorants

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14391–14401 14397 Biodiversity survey of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Chan et al. feed and breed in the vicinity of reservoirs and ponds organized several major multdisciplinary expeditons to where they are not harassed. Interestngly, one of the region startng from the 1950s. Their works were the most bird-rich reservoirs is in Tengchong Town, published in numerous papers, monographs, and taxon- with a sizeable resident populaton of herons, egrets, specifc volumes, providing detailed documentaton on and wintering ducks and gulls, indicatng that human the biodiversity of the region (Peng et al. 1980; Xue et disturbances may be the reason behind the lack of al. 1995; Yang et al. 1995; Tang 1996; Yang & Yang 2004). waterbirds in other similar habitats. Shallow-shored Scientfc research and surveys contnue to be conducted reservoirs and fooded and abandoned farmlands by Chinese scientsts in GLGS including Tengchong, ofer marshy habitats for waterbirds and commensal further advancing our understanding of the biodiversity herpetofauna, and the forest-dependent Yunnan Newt value of the area (Xiong & Ai 2006; Liu 2014). Tylototriton shanjing can be found in such wetlands close to natural forests. The Black-tailed Crake Porzana T C B S bicolor marginally occurs in southwestern China, and Although Tengchong has been the subject of intense our Tengchong records came from marshy abandoned and extended scientfc interest, major biodiversity felds close to human habitatons. Squirrels Callosciurus surveys were conducted over a decade ago, and a erythraeus and Dremomys pernyi and the Common comprehensive assessment on the current diversity, Pheasant Phasianus colchicus are the more notable distributon, and status of major wildlife groups is wildlife around village groves, tea terraces, and orchards. lacking. A common issue with many existng regional and site species checklists is that all historical records are included during compilaton, irrespectve of the BRIEF HISTORY OF EARLIER BIODIVERSITY current status of these species. Although this practce of data culminaton results in impressive long checklists E T for a study area and can be useful for some research Tengchong has a long history of biodiversity purposes, it can be counter-productve because the ever- exploraton and research. The frst modern-day growing lists mask the temporal and spatal changes in scientfc account on Tengchong biodiversity was writen distributon and abundance for many species, which by Britsh explorer and zoologist John Anderson, who would have allowed scientsts, reserve managers, and made two expeditons to western Yunnan in 1868 and policy-makers to evaluate efcacy in protecton efort 1875, respectvely. Although he only ventured as far and to formulate appropriate conservaton actons. as the surroundings of present-day Tengchong Town, It was with this in mind that we launched our survey his pioneering work is invaluable for our understanding on mammals, birds, herpetofauna, freshwater fshes, of biodiversity of this remote region, including species and buterfies. The benchmark data we collected described with Tengchong specimens (Anderson 1871, is important to assist GLGSNNR in making informed 1876, 1878). Following Anderson’s footsteps, other management decisions. From the beginning of April western naturalists and explorers visited western 2014, our team conducted repeated surveys in TC-GLGS Yunnan on collectng expeditons; Xiong & Ai (2006) and, to obtain a more comprehensive picture of wildlife and Bouford (2014) gave brief overviews of these early communites in Tengchong, some eforts were made explorers. Among them, the most notable is George to cover habitat types, as such low-elevaton forests, Forrest, who made seven collectng expeditons during wetlands and farmlands, outside the reserve. These his extended stay in Tengchong between 1904 and 1932; sites include the Laifengshan Natonal Forest Park, his most famous Tengchong discovery is the largest Beihai Wetland, and Heshun Wetland near Tengchong rhododendron in the world, the Big Tree Rhododendron Town, Fanshanchu State-owned forest and Longchuan Rhododendron protstum var. giganteum, with major River protected riparian forest, and beter-quality distributon in northern Tengchong (Maspero 2004). riparian habitats along the Longchuan and Binglang Several early western naturalists also made extensive rivers (see Fig. 2). A combinaton of survey methods, zoological collectons in or near Tengchong; details on including camera trapping, non-random transects, the mammalian exploratons from the 19th and early 20th point counts, actve searching, incidental observatons, centuries have been summarized by Allen (1938, 1940) and spotlightng were deployed and are described and those on avifauna by Dumbacher et al. (2011). in the respectve artcles of this monograph. Our Chinese scientsts started exploring GLGS as early systematc feldwork cut-of point was November 2018 as the 1930s and the Chinese Academy of Sciences and signifcant incidental records were up to January

14398 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14391–14401 Biodiversity survey of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Chan et al.

2019. We covered the full seasonal cycle and alttude the most pressing conservaton challenges for GLGNNR, range from 1,100m at Binglang River to the summit of because a distnctve biotc community is restricted to Mt. Danaozi at 3,780m. A total of 682.5 man-days (172 below 2,000m, as demonstrated and emphasized by for mammals, 334 for birds, 121 for herpetofauna, and many researchers and conservaton biologists (Lan & 57.5 for buterfies, respectvely) were spent conductng Dunbar 2000; Stotz et al. 2003; Wang et al. 2004; Wu et feldwork, excluding incidental observaton. Survey on al. 2013; Wu et al. 2014; Zhang et al. 2015). Mammals, in freshwater fshes was not representatve for various general, are most susceptble to huntng; it is noteworthy reasons and has been omited from this monograph. that species richness for most mammal groups in TC- Readers interested in the ichthyofauna of Tengchong GLGS is comparable to other signifcant protected areas should consult Chen (2013) and Yang et al. (2016b); in the eastern Himalaya. The alarmingly low density of and Chan & Bi (2016) illustrated some common species ungulates and the (near-)extrpaton of large carnivores, found in the headwaters of TC-GLGS. however, are of great concern. Ungulates are the main prey base for large carnivores, and healthy populatons of ungulate species are critcal for the survival of top DISCUSSION predators (Tan et al. 2018). Although rampant huntng is a thing of the past in Tengchong, every efort should In summary, it is clear that GLGS harbours enormous be made to ensure poaching is halted for the recovery biodiversity and is one of the world’s most important of ungulate populatons, and eventually that of the large biodiversity hotspots; Tengchong is an integral part carnivores. of this unique ecosystem. Our survey results indicate Tengchong is contguous with vast expanses of forests that the ecosystems of TC-GLGS are largely intact and along the eastern Himalaya mountains, connectng to maintain much of the biological assets. Vertebrate Hkakaborazi Natonal Park in northern Myanmar all the groups are the best-documented wildlife groups in way to Namdapha Natonal Park of India and beyond, TC-GLGS and are featured in all previous biodiversity making it amongst the largest forest landscapes in Asia inventories. We nonetheless discovered a number of with extraordinary alttude and habitat heterogeneity; new species, as well as genera and species new to China, the conservaton value of Tengchong cannot be to GLGS, and to Tengchong. Species richness of many overstated. studied groups remains high; for example, an impressive 46 species of non-volant mammals and 393 bird species were recorded; details are reported in the respectve REFERENCES artcles of this monograph. Our results may actually underestmate the true biodiversity of Tengchong, as Allen, G.M. (1938). The Mammals of China and Mongolia, Part 1. area coverage in our survey efort was biased towards American Museum of Natural History, New York, 620pp. Allen, G.M. (1940). The Mammals of China and Mongolia, Part 2. the 2,000–2,600 m elevaton band where access was less American Museum of Natural History, New York, xxvii+1350pp. challenging, and we fully expect additonal species to be Anderson, J. (1871). On eight new species of birds from western Yunnan, China. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London found in future surveys. Our study clearly demonstrates 1871: 211–215. the fundamental role and irreplaceable importance of Anderson, J. (1876). Mandalay to Momien: A Narratve of the Two repeated, sustained, and focused feld surveys, which Expeditons to western China of 1868 and 1875, under Colonel Edward B. Sladen and Colonel Horace Browne. MacMillan & Co., seems to have been relegated to second place in London, 479pp. conservaton biology (Ríos-Saldana et al. 2018). Anderson, J. (1878). Anatomical and Zoological Researches: Comprising To safeguard the future of this remarkable biodiversity, an Account of the Zoological Results of the Two Expeditons to western Yunnan in 1868 and 1875; and a Monograph of the Two it is important to conduct regular monitoring on selected Cetacean Genera, Platanista and Orcella, 2 Vols. B. Quaritch, key species, such as those with low populaton size London. 2 Vols., xxv-l-985pp., xi-I-84pp. htps://doi.org/10.5962/ (e.g., the Gaoligong Hoolock Gibbon and the Sclater’s bhl.ttle.50434 BirdLife Internatonal (2018). World Database of Key Biodiversity Monal Lophophorus sclateri) and those most susceptble Areas. Developed by the Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership: BirdLife to poaching (e.g., the Forest Musk Deer Moschus Internatonal, IUCN, Amphibian Survival Alliance, Conservaton berezovskii) and climate change (e.g., the Fire-tailed Internatonal, Critcal Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Global Environment Facility, Global Wildlife Conservaton, NatureServe, Myzornis Myzornis pyrrhoura), so that GLGSNNR can Royal Society for the Protecton of Birds, World Wildlife Fund and make the best management decisions. The conservaton Wildlife Conservaton Society. Available online at htp://www. and restoraton of unprotected low-elevaton forests and keybiodiversityareas.org. Downloaded on 12 April 2018. Bouord, D.E. (2014). Biodiversity hotspot: China’s Hengduan to enhance their connectvity with TC-GLGS appear to be Mountains. Arnoldia 72: 24–35.

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14391–14401 14399 Biodiversity survey of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Chan et al.

Chan, P.L.B. & Z. Bi (eds.) (2016). Biodiversity of Tengchong, Long, D. (2008). Bryophytes abroad: the Gaoligong Shan mountains of Gaoligongshan. Kadoorie Conservaton China, Kadoorie Farm & the Sino-Burmese border. Field Bryology 96: 28–38. Botanic Garden, Hong Kong, 443pp. Long, Y., F. Momberg, J. Ma, Y. Wang, Y. Luo, H. Li, G. Yang & M. Li Chan, P.L.B., C.F. Mak, J.H. Yang & .Y. Huang (2017). Populaton, (2012). Rhinopithecus strykeri found in China. American Journal of distributon, vocalizaton and conservaton of the Gaoligong Primatology 74(10): 871–873. Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock tanxing) in the Tengchong Secton Ma, C., Z.P. Huang, .F. Zhao, L.. Zhang, W.M. Sun, M.B. Scot, .W. of the Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve, China. Primate Wang, L.W. Cui & W. iao (2014). Distributon and conservaton Conservaton 31: 107–113. status of Rhinopithecus strykeri in China. Primates 55: 377–382. Chaplin, G. (200). Physical geography of the Gaoligong Shan area Ma, Y.P., Z.. Wu, R.J. ue, .L. Tian, L.M. Gao & W.B. Sun (2013). of southwest China in relaton to biodiversity. Proceedings of the A new species of Rhododendron (Ericaceae) from the Gaoligong California Academy of Sciences 56(28): 527–556. Mountains, Yunnan, China, supported by morphological and DNA Chen, .Y. (2013). Checklist of Fishes of Yunnan. Zoological Research barcoding data. Phytotaxa 114(1): 42–50. 34(4): 281343 in Chinese with English abstract. Maspero, I. (2004). George Forrest, life and legacy of a plant hunter. Chen, .Y., W.J. Poly, D. Catania & W.S. Jiang (2017). A new species of The Botanics 16: 4–7. sisorid catish of the genus Exostoma from the Salween drainage, Mitermeier, R.A., W.R. Turner, F.W. Larsen, T.M. Brooks & C. Yunnan, China. Zoological Research 38(5): 291–299. Gascon (2011). Global biodiversity conservaton: the critcal role Chetri, N., E. Sharma, B. Shakya, R. Thapa, B. Bajracharya, . of hotspots, pp3–22. In: Zachos, F.E. & J.C. Habel (eds). Biodiversity Uddin, .P. Oli & D. Choudhury (2010). Biodiversity in the eastern Hotspots: Distributon and Protecton of Conservaton Priority Areas. Himalayas: Status, Trends and Vulnerability to Climate Change; Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 546pp. Climate Change Impact and Vulnerability in the eastern Himalayas. Peng, Y., T. Wei, L. Yang & G. Liu (1980). Investgaton Reports on Technical Report 2. ICIMOD, Kathmandu, 23pp. Vertebrates in Gaoligong Mountains, Yunnan Province, Vol. 2: Birds. Dumbacher, J.P., J. Miller, M.E. Flannery & .J. Yang (2011). Avifauna Sciences Press, Beijing, 304pp in Chinese. of the Gaoligong Shan Mountains of western China: a hotspot of Ros-Saldana, C.A., M. Delibes-Mateos & C.C. Ferreira (2018). Are avian species diversity. Ornithological Monographs 70(1): 30–63. feldwork studies being relegated to second place in conservaton Fan, P.F., . He, . Chen, A. Ortz, B. Zhang, C. Zhao, Y.. Li, H.B. Zhang, science? Global Ecology and Conservaton 14: e00389. C. imock, W.Z. Wang, C.P. Groves, S.T. Turvey, C. Roos, .M. Helgen Rothschild, L.W. (1923). On a second collecton sent by Mr. George & .L. Jiang (2017). Descripton of a new species of Hoolock Gibbon Forrest from N.W. Yunnan. Novitates Zoologicae 30: 33–58. (Primates: Hylobatdae) based on integratve . American Stotz, D.F., E.J. Harris, D.. Moskovits, . Hao, S. Yi & G.W. Adelmann Journal of Primatology 79(5): e22631. (eds.) (2003). China: Yunnan, Southern Gaoligongshan. Rapid Fritsch, P.W., L. Lu, H. Wang & D.Z. Li (201). New species, taxonomic Biological Inventories, No. 4. The Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois, renovatons, and typifcatons in Gaultheria series Trichophyllae 144pp. (Ericaceae). Phytotaxa 201(1): 1–26. Tan, W.S., N. bin A. Hamzah, S. Saaban, N.A. Zawakhir, Y. Rao, N. Homann, R.S. (2001). The southern boundary of the Palearctc realm Jamaluddin, F. Cheong, N. bint halid, N. Iadiah M. Saat, E.N. bint in China and adjacent countries. Acta Zoologica Sinica 47(2): 121– Z. Ee, A bin Hamdan, M.M. Chow, C.P. Low, M. Voon, S.H. Liang, 131. M. Tyson & M.T. Gumal (2018). Observatons of occurrence and Lan, D.Y. & R. Dunbar (2000). Bird and mammal conservaton in daily actvity paterns of ungulates in the Endau Rompin Landscape, Gaoligong Shan Region and Jingdong County, Yunnan, China: Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Threatened Taxa 10(2): 11245– paterns of species richness and nature reserves. Oryx 34(4): 275– 11253. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.3519.10.2.11245-11253 286. Tang, C.Z. (ed.) (1996). Birds of the Hengduan Mountains Region. Lei, F., Y. u, G. Song, P. Alstrom & J. Fjelds (201). The potental Science Press, Beijing, 546pp in Chinese. drivers in forming avian biodiversity hotspots in the east Himalaya UNESCO (2003). Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas mountains of southwest China. Integratve Zoology 10: 171–181. (Paragraph 27, Communique 8C.4). World Heritage. UNESCO, Paris. Li, H., D.M. He, B. Bartholomew & C.L. Long (1999). Re-examinaton Accessed on 1 July 2018. htp://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1083/ of the biological efect of plate movement -- impact of Shan-Malay documents/. plate displacement (the movement of Burma-Malaya Geoblock) UNESCO (2017). World Network of Biosphere Reserves. UNESCO on the biota of the Gaoligong Mountains. Acta Botanica Yunnanica Man and the Biosphere Programme. Accesssed on 1 July 2018. 21(4): 407–425. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ Li, H., H. Guo & Z. Bao (2000). Flora of Gaoligong Mountains. Science ecological-sciences/ Press, Beijing, China, 1344pp. Wang, Z.H., A.P. Chen, S.L. Piao & J.Y. Fang (2004). Patern of species Li, F., -Y. Huang, -C. Zhang, - Z, J-h Y & B.P.L. Chan (2019). Mammals richness along an alttudinal gradient on Gaoligong Mountains, of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve in southwest China. Biodiversity Science 12(1): 82–88 in Chinese with Yunnan Province, China. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(11): 14402– English abstract. 14414. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4439.11.11.14402-14414 Wen, J., R. Foster, J.L. in, S.L. Meng, L.L. Deng & .C. Shi (2003). Liang, D., G. Gao, B. Wang, .W. Wang, Y.. Chan, .R. Wu, C. Zhao, Vegetaton and fora, pp69–72. In: Stotz, D.F., E.J. Harris, D.K. D.M. Jiang, L.. Han & . Luo (201). The diversity and vertcal Moskovits, K. Hao, S. Yi & G.W. Adelmann (eds.) (2003). China: distributon of the birds in middle Gaoligong Mountain, Yunnan. Yunnan, southern Gaoligongshan. Rapid Biological Inventories Sichuan Journal of Zoology 34(6): 930–940 in Chinese with English Report No. 4. The Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois, 144pp. Accessed abstract. on 1 July 2018. htp://fm2.feldmuseum.org/rbi/pdfs/china04/ Liu, J.L. (2014). Biogeography of Seed Plants of the Southern Gaoligong chi04EntreEng.pdf. Mountains. Yunnan University Press, , 391pp. Wu, Y., R.. Colwell, C. Rahbek, C.L. Zhang, . uan, C.. Wang & Liu, Y., J.H. Hu, S.H. Li, P. Duchen, D. Wegmann & M. Schweizer F.M. Lei (2013). Explaining the species richness of birds along (2016). Sino-Himalayan mountains act as cradles of diversity a subtropical elevatonal gradient in the Hengduan Mountains. and immigraton centres in the diversifcaton of Journal of Biogeography 40: 2310–2323. (Paradoxornithidae). Journal of Biogeography 43(8): 1488–1501. Wu, Y.J., R.. Colwell, N.J. Han, R.Y Zhang, W.J. Wang, . uan, C.L. Lo, Y.F.P. & Z. Bi (2019). A preliminary report on buterfy fauna Zhang, G. Song, Y.H. u & F.M. Lei (2014). Understanding historical (Insecta: Lepidoptera) of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan and current paterns of species richness of babblers along a 5000m Natonal Nature Reserve, China. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(11): subtropical elevatonal gradient. Global Ecology and Biogeography 14452–14470. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4443.11.11.14452- 23: 167–1176. 14470 iong, .H. & H.S. Ai (eds.) (2006). Biodiversity of the Gaoligong

14400 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14391–14401 Biodiversity survey of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Chan et al.

Mountain. Science Press, Beijing, 742pp in Chinese. Yang, M.L., W.S. Jiang, W.Y. Wang, .F. Pan, D.P. ong, F.H. Han, .Y. ue, J.R. (ed.) (199). Gaoligong Mountain Natonal Nature Reserve. Chen & J.. Yang (2016b). Fish assemblages and diversity in three China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, 395pp in Chinese. tributaries of the Irrawaddy River in China: changes, threats and Yang, J.H., Y.Y. Wang & B.P.L. Chan (2016a). A new species of the genus conservaton perspectves. Knowledge and Management of Aquatc Leptobrachium (Anura: ) from the Gaoligongshan Ecosystems 417(9): 1–15. Mountain range, China. Zootaxa 4150(2): 133–148. Zhang, S.B., W.Y. Chen, J.L. Huang, Y.F. Bi & .F. Yang (201). Orchid Yang, L. & . Yang (2004). The Avifauna of Yunnan China, Vol. 2: species richness along elevatonal and environmental gradients in Passeriformes. Yunnan Science & Technology Press, Kunming, China, Yunnan, China. PLoS ONE 10(11): e0142621. 1056pp in Chinese. Zheng, ., F. Li, Z. Bi, -C Zhang, J-GHan & B.P.L. Chan (2019). Current Yang, J.H., .Y. Huang, J.F. Ye, S.P. Yang, .C. Zhang & B.P.L. Chan status of birds in Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal (2019). A report on the herpetofauna of Tengchong secton Nature Reserve, China. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(11): 14415– of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve, China. Journal of 14433. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4440.11.11.14415-14433 Threatened Taxa 11(11): 14434–14451. htps://doi.org/10.11609/ Zhu, J.., H. Chiba & L.W. Wu (2016). Tsukiyamaia, a new genus of jot.4437.11.11.14434-14451 the tribe Baorini (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae, Hesperiinae). ZooKeys Yang, L., . Wen, L. Han, . Yang, W. Shi & S. Wang (199). The 555: 37–55. Avifauna of Yunnan China, Vol. 1: Non-. Yunnan Science & Technology Press, Kunming, China, 673pp in Chinese.

Threatened Taxa

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14391–14401 14401 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14402–14414

M T S G N

C N R Y P, C

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) Fei Li 1 , iang-Yuan Huang 2 , ing-Chao Zhang 3 , ing-i Zhao 4 , Jian-Huan Yang 5 & ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Bosco Pui Lok Chan 6 PLATINUM OPEN ACCESS 1,5,6 Kadoorie Conservaton China, Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden, Hong Kong SAR, Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, China. 2–4 Yunnan Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve (Tengchong Bureau), 157 Laifeng Avenue, Tengchong, Yunnan Province 679100, China. 1 lifei@kg.org, 2 baohuqu[email protected], 3 [email protected], 4 [email protected], 5 jhyang@kg.org, 6 boscokf@kg.org (corresponding author)

Abstract: We conducted feld surveys on the mammalian diversity in the Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China, using camera trap and transect method between April 2014 and May 2018. A total of 46 identfable mammal species were recorded, including one new record for China and nine new species for the Tengchong County. Of the 46 species, nine are globally threatened (three Endangered and six Vulnerable) and six are Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Species richness of most mammal groups in Tengchong remains high compared to similar sites in neighbouring countries; however, encounter rates for species vulnerable to high huntng pressures were quite low and large carnivores, except the Asiatc Black Bear, were either extrpated or at critcally low numbers. Future surveys should cover a wider elevaton range and a variety of microhabitats to increase the probability of detectng the species not yet recorded. To enhance the conservaton value of the reserve for the diverse mammalian community, poaching and livestock grazing should be further controlled; in additon, protecton and restoraton of low-alttude forests should be encouraged. Monitoring and research on selected fagship species should also be conducted.

Keywords: Camera trap, new records, spotlightng, threatened species, transect survey.

DOI: htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4439.11.11.14402-14414 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:65323B76-A6B0-4D24-9532-E5AE5251D412

Editor: David P. Mallon, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK. Date of publicaton: 12 September 2019 (online & print)

Manuscript details: 4439 | Received 27 July 2018 | Final received 07 March 2019 | Finally accepted 03 June 2019

Citaton: Li, F., X.Y. Huang, X.C. Zhang, X.X. Zhao, J.H. Yang & B.P.L. Chan (2019). Mammals of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(11): 14402–14414. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4439.11.11.14402-14414

Copyright: © Li et al. 2019. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of this artcle in any medium by adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

Funding: This study is funded by Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden.

Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests.

Author details: Fei Li: Senior Conservaton Ofcer of Kadoorie Conservaton China Department at Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden. Xiang-Yuan Huang: Head of Research Department of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve (Tengchong Bureau). Xing-Chao Zhang: Technical Ofcer of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve (Tengchong Bureau). Xing-Xi Zhao: Technical Ofcer of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve (Tengchong Bureau). Jian-Huan Yang: Senior Conservaton Ofcer of Kadoorie Conservaton China Department at Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden. Bosco Pui Lok Chan: Head of Kadoorie Conservaton China Department at Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden.

Author contributon: Fei Li and Bosco Chan performed the analysis and wrote the paper. All authors collected and contributed data.

Acknowledgements: We are grateful to the management of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve, partcularly the Baoshan Administratve Bureau, for supportng our study. We thank Will Duckworth and Anwaruddin Choudhury for confrming the identfcaton of the Red Serow and Li Quan and Li Song of Kunming Insttute of Zoology for discussions on the taxonomy and distributon of squirrel species. We also thank the staf and wardens of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve, as well as colleagues from KFBG, for assistance in feldwork, especially in setng camera traps.

14402 Mammals of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Li et al.

INTRODUCTION A group of knowledgeable reserve wardens assisted in identfying suitable locatons for deploying camera Gaoligongshan Mountains (hereafer GLGS) traps, and about 60 of our camera trap statons were is well-known for its rich biodiversity and unique selected based on their advice. Most of the cameras geomorphological features (Chan et al. 2019). It were mounted on trees at a height of c. 30–40 cm from atracted visitng naturalists as early as the 19th Century; the ground at a distance of 2–4 m to the target area. the most notable among them were John Anderson, Time and date were automatcally recorded on each George Forrest, Frank Kingdon-Ward, and Roy Chapman exposure. Commercial lures (Hawbaker’s Weasel and Andrews, who made a series of signifcant mammal Marten Lure) were used at fve camera trap statons as a collectons from GLGS. Anderson collected the type trial to test the efectveness for future camera trapping series of Yunnan Giant Flying Squirrel Petaurista study. yunnanensis from the surroundings of Tengchong Town in 1868 (Anderson 1878) and the type specimen of Non-random transects Yunnan Hare Lepus comus from Tengchong in 1917 (Allen Both diurnal and spotlightng transects were 1938). The collecton of insectvores and rodents from conducted in additon to the camera trapping. Forest GLGS by Forrest and Kingdon-Ward greatly improved trails, watercourses, and quiet forest roads were walked our understanding of these litle-studied groups in the on to complement the inefciency of camera trapping for eastern Himalaya (Thomas 1912, 1914, 1922; Hinton strictly arboreal species and to maximize encounter rate 1923). From the mid-20th Century, research on the area’s of mammal species. Fifeen transects were surveyed, mammals was carried out by Chinese zoologists, further amountng to a total of 180.76km and 172 man-days, enhancing understanding of the mammalian fauna of covering elevatons between 1,300m and 3,430m, the region, especially on the species compositon of during both the cold-dry and wet-warm seasons. During communites and their geographic distributon across these walks, all observed were recorded. Tracks, the vast mountain range (Pen et al. 1962; Peng & Wang feeding signs, and droppings which could be confdently 1981). A baseline survey of Gaoligongshan Natonal identfed were also recorded (see Table 2 for feld Nature Reserve listed 89 mammal species for Tengchong signs recorded for each species). Spotlightng surveys County, including fve species of Chiroptera and 16 were conducted in 11 of these transects, amountng species of Muridae (Xue et al. 1995). to 37.27km; we walked along quiet roads, trails, and In April 2014, we launched a systematc mammal streams at a slow pace (under 1km/h) with two or three survey in the Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan observers (Table 1). Locatons of our camera trap and Natonal Nature Reserve (hereafer TC-GLGS). We transect surveys can be found in Fig. 1. provide a report on the current mammal diversity and conservaton status in TC-GLGS based on camera trap Data analysis and transect surveys conducted between April 2014 and We included all mammals detected except May 2018. Chiroptera, Muridae, and Cricetdae, due to the difcultes in identfying species in these groups, ofen because of taxonomic uncertaintes (e.g., Zhang et al. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2016). We included distnctve species of Insectvora in which feld identfcaton is unequivocal; these included Camera trap survey Gaoligong Forest Hedgehog Mesechinus wangi, Elegant The camera trap survey was conducted between Water Shrew Nectogale elegan, and Northern Treeshrew September 2014 and May 2018. The total number Tupaia belangeri. Nomenclature followed Wilson & of camera trap statons was 147, and they covered Reeder (2005), Wilson et al. (2009, 2011, 2016), and elevatons from 1,515m to 3,350m. Three models of Mitermeier et al. (2013). Some species incorporated infrared camera traps (Loreda L510, Loreda; SG-990V, the latest taxonomic updates, and the reasons for these Shenzhen Siyuan Digital Technology Company; Reconyx deviatons from Wilson et al. (2009) and Wilson & Reeder PC900, Reconyx) were used. Camera traps were (2005) are explained in the respectve species account. deployed in microhabitats thought to likely maximize the We defned a camera trap record as a notonally probability of detectng medium- to large-sized ground- independent record if it occurred 30 minutes or more dwelling mammals, such as animal trails, salt licks, afer an image of the same species at the same staton. ridgelines, water sources, and underneath fruitng trees. One trap night was defned as a contnuous 24-hour

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14402–14414 14403 Mammals of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Li et al.

Figure 1. Camera trap statons and non-random transect surveys in Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China, 2014–2018.

period of camera operaton. To understand the species Stump-tailed Macaque Macaca arctoides, Asiatc Black richness and conservaton value of mammals in TC- Bear Ursus thibetanus, Sambar Rusa unicolor, Takin GLGS, we compared our camera trap data with that Budorcas taxicolor, and Chinese Goral Naemorhedus from two protected areas in neighbouring countries griseus), and six Near Threatened species (Assamese with similar geographic, climatc, and biogeographic Macaque Macaca assamensis, Marbled Cat Pardofelis afnites: Namdapha Natonal Park in northeastern India marmorata, Tufed Deer Elaphodus cephalophus, and Hkakaborazi Natonal Park in northern Myanmar. Burmese Red Serow Capricornis rubidus, Chinese Serow Capricornis milneedwardsii, and Black Giant Squirrel Ratufa bicolor) (IUCN 2018). The Burmese Red Serow RESULTS Capricornis rubidus was newly recorded in China and nine species were new to the Tengchong County Between April 2014 and May 2018, there were 147 (Yellow-bellied Weasel Mustela kathiah, Stripe-backed camera trap statons set for 14,814 trap nights. Together Weasel M. strigidorsa, Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus with 180.76km of transect lines, 46 species of non-volant hermaphroditus, Marbled Cat Pardofelis marmorata, mammals were recorded; of these, there were fve Gongshan Muntjac Muntacus gongshanensis, Orange- primates, 12 carnivores, and 10 ungulates. This included bellied Himalayan Squirrel Dremomys lokriah, Spoted three globally Endangered species (Phayre’s Langur Giant Flying Squirrel Petaurista marica, Asiatc Brush- Trachypithecus phayrei, Red Panda Ailurus fulgens, and tailed Porcupine Atherurus macrourus, and Forrest’s Forest Musk Deer Moschus berezovskii), six Vulnerable Pika Ochotona forrest). species (Gaoligong Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock tanxing, Of the 46 recorded species, 34 were detected by

14404 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14402–14414 Mammals of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Li et al.

Table 1. Transect sites and survey dates in Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China, 2014–2018.

Sampling eort (km) Elevaton Daytme / Transect/ coordinates Survey dates covered (m) spotlightng 24–26.iv.2014, 24.ix.2014, 7–8.xii.2014, 10–12.iii.2015, Xiaodifang--Datandi 1 3.x.2015, 22.iii.2016, 10–11.v.2017, 22–23.v.2018, 24- 1,300–2,450 30.27 / 12.88 24.8450N, 98.7590E – 25.0190N, 98.6790E 26.v.2018 Longchuan River Protected Riparian Forest 2 9–11.v.2016, 25–26.vi.2017 1,300–1,350 16.13 / 4.07 25.0540N, 98.6850E – 25.1140N, 98.6880E Linjiapu-Nanzhaigongfang, Qushi Secton 28–29.iv.2014, 9–10.xii.2014, 16–18.v.2015, 18.vii.2015, 3 2,050–3,185 7.22 / 2.82 25.2860N, 98.7010E – 25.2880N, 98.7380E 5–6.x. 2015, 8–9.i.2016, 4–7.v.2017 Nanzhaigongfang ridge, Qushi Secton 4 7.v.2017 3,180–3,280 2.38 / 1.13 25.2880N, 98.7380E – 25.2750N, 98.7380E Daying--GLGS main ridge 5 10–12.iii.2015 1,910–3,430 16.46 / -- 25.4910N, 98.7120E – 25.5020N, 98.7660E Mt. Danaozi, Jietou Secton 6 24.ix.2014 2,270–3,300 5.69 / -- 25.6670N, 98.6960E – 25.6920N, 98.7350E Datang Big Tree Rhododendron, Datang Secton 27–28.iv.2014, 25.ix.2014, 13–15.iii.2015, 12.v.2016, 7 1,950–2,460 8.63 / 2.69 25.7150N, 98.6920E – 25.7610N, 98.7010E 24–26.v.2018 Danlonghe 8 27.iv.2014, 19.vii.2015 1,930–1,970 3.09 / -- 25.6080N, 98.6910E – 25.6220N, 98.6960E Fanshanchu State-owned Forest 9 26.ix.2014, 17.vii.2015, 12.v.2016 1,870–2,120 4.02 / 1.66 25.6750N, 98.6510E – 25.6980N, 98.6270E 27.ix.2014, 29.ix.2014, 13.xii.2014, 19–20.v.2015, Boundary marker 8, Zizhi Secton 10 17.vii.2015, 6–8.x.2015, 7–8.i.2016, 24–26.iv.2017, 2,120–3,050 12.02 / 5.26 25.7630N, 98.6180E – 25.8060N, 98.6250E 8–10.v.2017 Boundary marker 9, Zizhi Secton 11 28.ix.2014 2,080–2,650 7.96 / -- 25.7620N, 98.6610E – 25.8190N, 98.6700E Dongbinghe, Zizhi Secton 12 21–22.v.2015 2,200–2,750 5.65 / 1.89 25.7940N, 98.6820E – 25.8020N, 98.6950E Pinghe, Zizhi Secton 13 21–24.xi.2017 2,450–2,700 9.11 / 0.87 25.8310N, 98.6930E – 25.833 N, 98.7060E Sanjiaojia, Zizhi Secton 14 21–25.xi.2017, 24–26.v.2018 2,200–3,000 5.70 / 1.31 25.7830N, 98.6160E – 25.8120N, 98.5970E Zhongheyakou, Zizhi Secton 15 21–25.xi.2017 2,600–3,200 9.16 / 2.69 25.8280N, 98.7080E – 25.8420N, 98.7150E Total 143.49 / 37.27

camera traps, 10 by direct observaton alone, and two staf as early as 2003 (Ai et al. 2018). It has only been by tracks and signs alone (Sambar and Mishmi Takin). recorded from Tengchong County and the surrounding The three species most frequently camera trapped areas, which is at least 1,000km south of any known during our survey were Malayan Porcupine Hystrix distributon of its congeners. It is also the only brachyura, Northern Red Muntjac Muntacus vaginalis, Mesechinus species found in subtropical forest and and Assamese Macaque Macaca assamensis. it occurs at elevatons above 2,100m. One individual A checklist of mammal species recorded in our survey was camera trapped on 16 October 2014 at 24.9760N & can be found in Table 2, and a selecton of recorded 98.7410E; another image was obtained on 19 November species are illustrated in Images 1 and 2. Accounts of 2017 at 24.9700N & 98.7470E. An individual was found species of special interest (i.e., globally threatened, at night in disturbed mid-montane moist evergreen new Tengchong records, or rare for GLGS) are provided broadleaf forest at ca. 2,100m in August 2017. below. Detailed informaton for most recorded species can also be found in Chan & Bi (2016). Rhesus Macaue acaca ulaa (Least Concern) Only recorded in forests under 2,000m. It A appears to be restricted to the lower elevaton band Gaoligong Forest Hedgehog Mesechinus wangi (Not between 1,300m and 2,000m in Tengchong, similar to Assessed) observatons elsewhere in the eastern Himalaya (Mishra This Gaoligongshan-endemic species was recently et al. 2006). This distributon patern may be in part described, although the existence of a hedgehog in due to competton with the two larger-sized macaque southern GLGS was known by scientsts and reserve species common in higher elevatons.

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14402–14414 14405 Mammals of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Li et al.

Table 2. Mammals recorded during our 2014–2018 survey in Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China. CT: camera trap DO: daytme observaton SL: spotlightng TS: tracks and/or signs TD: trophy and/or carcass encounter rates: number of notonally independent images per 1,000 trap nights.

IUCN Encounter IUCN Encounter Species status Evidence rates Species status Evidence rates Gaoligong Forest Hedgehog 3 -- CT, DO 0.14 Mishmi Takin Budorcas taxicolor VU TS -- Mesechinus wangi Chinese Goral Naemorhedus griseus VU CT 1.62 Elegant Water Shrew Nectogale LC DO, TD -- elegans Burmese Red Serow Capricornis NT CT, TD 0.27 Northern Treeshrew Tupaia rubidus ** LC CT, DO 3.24 belangeri Chinese Serow Capricornis NT CT 2.30 Stump-tailed Macaque Macaca milneedwardsii VU CT, DO 9.38 arctoides Pallass Squirrel Callosciurus LC CT, DO -- Assamese Macaque Macaca erythraeus NT CT, DO 13.77 assamensis Swinhoes Striped Squirrel Tamiops LC DO -- swinhoei Rhesus Macaque Macaca mulaa LC CT, DO 1.22 Orange-bellied Himalayan Squirrel Phayres Langur Trachypithecus LC CT, DO -- EN CT, DO 1.28 Dremomys lokriah * phayrei Pernys Long-nosed Squirrel Gaoligong Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock LC CT, DO -- VU 1 DO -- Dremomys pernyi tanxing Asian Red-cheeked Squirrel CT, DO, LC CT, DO -- Asiatc Black Bear Ursus thibetanus VU 1.49 Dremomys rugenis TS Black Giant Squirrel Ratufa bicolor NT CT, DO 3.31 CT, DO, Red Panda Ailurus fulgens EN 2.90 TS Hairy-footed Flying Squirrel Belomys DD SL -- Yellow-throated Marten Martes pearsonii LC CT, DO 11.75 favigula Gray-headed Giant Flying Squirrel LC SL -- Yellow-bellied Weasel Mustela Petaurista caniceps LC CT 0.14 kathiah * Spoted Giant Flying Squirrel LC SL -- Petaurista marica Siberian Weasel Mustela sibirica LC CT, DO 0.14 Yunnan Giant Flying Squirrel Stripe-backed Weasel Mustela DD CT, SL -- LC DO -- Petaurista yunnanensis strigidorsa * Patcolored Flying Squirrel Hylopetes 2 LC TD -- Ferret badger Melogale sp. LC CT, TD 1.76 alboniger Spoted Linsang Prionodon Chinese Bamboo Rat Rhizomys LC CT 3.38 LC DO -- pardicolor sinensis Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus Asiatc Brush-tailed Porcupine LC CT 0.47 LC CT 8.51 hermaphroditus * Atherurus macrourus * Malayan Porcupine Hystrix Masked Palm Civet Paguma larvata LC CT, SL 6.75 LC CT, TS 18.29 brachyura Leopard Cat Prionailurus bengalensis LC CT, SL 5.47 Forrests Pika Ochotona forrest LC CT 0.07 Marbled Cat Pardofelis marmorata * NT CT 3.78 Yunnan Hare Lepus comus LC SL, DO -- Eurasian Wild Pig Sus scrofa LC CT, TS 3.38 represents new record for Tengchong County. Forest Musk Deer Moschus EN CT 1.22 represents new record for China. berezovskii 1 Assessed under Eastern Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock leuconedys in the current Tufed Deer Elaphodus cephalophus NT CT 3.65 IUCN Red List. 2 Large-toothed Ferret Badger Melogale personata and Small-toothed Ferret Northern Red Muntjac Muntacus LC CT 16.34 Badger Melogale moschata are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical vaginalis Asia, and both could occur in Tengchong; the only reliable way to visually Gongshan Muntjac Muntacus DD CT 0.20 distnguish the two species is by cranial and dental examinaton (Abramov & gongshanensis * Rozhnov 2014). 3 Sambar Rusa unicolor VU TS -- All subspecies (B. t. taxicolor, B. t. bedfordi, B. t. tbetana, and B. t. whitei) assessed under Takin Budorcas taxicolor in the current IUCN Red List.

Stump-tailed Macaue Macaca arctoides (Vulnerable) Phayres Langur Trachypithecus phayrei (Endangered) Htun et al. (2008) marked the northern distributon An estmated populaton of around 500 individuals limit of this species at 25N in China where Tengchong persists in the southern part of TC-GLGS. The biggest sits. TC-GLGS supports a healthy populaton of the troop recorded had at least 70 individuals. Its relatve species based on the relatvely high encounter rate. A rarity in the northern porton is possibly a combinaton recent camera trap survey in the nearby Lushui County of past huntng pressure and the fact that Tengchong (25.417–26.150 0N) detected this species (Chen et al. is at its northern distributon limit in China (Chen et al. 2016), marginally expanding its lattudinal limit further 2016; Gao et al. 2017). north.

14406 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14402–14414 Mammals of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Li et al.

Gaoligong Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock tanxing trap images show animals superfcially similar to (Vulnerable) M. s. moupinensis from western Sichuan Province, This recently described gibbon is proposed to be with reddish-brown coat and a long black-tpped tail listed as Endangered under the IUCN Red List criteria; (Gao 1987). Online images of Siberian Weasels from however, more robust data on the conservaton status of northeastern India show animals with similar pelage diferent subpopulatons of H. tanxing is needed (Fan et and identfed as M. s. subhemachalana (Choudhury al. 2016). A survey conducted in 2016 recorded at least 2016). A taxonomic study of these forms including the 17 gibbons in six family groups in Tengchong, and the Tengchong populaton is warranted. subsequent survey confrmed an additonal group; the current populaton stands at 20 gibbons in seven groups. Stripe-backed Weasel Mustela strigidorsa (Least The Tengchong populaton is of partcular research Concern) and conservaton importance because it is both the A new record for Tengchong. One individual was northernmost and the largest subpopulaton in China observed in the riparian evergreen broadleaf forest at (Chan et al. 2017). 25.7530N & 98.7040E on 28 April 2014 (Chan & Zhao 2014). As with other weasel species, Stripe-backed Asiatc Black Bear Ursus thibetanus (Vulnerable) Weasel is likely to be under-recorded in Tengchong Bears in eastern and southeastern Asia are subject due to low detectability by camera traps and simply by to high huntng pressures (Robinowitz & Khaing 2002; being an inconspicuous denizen of chronically under- Mishara et al. 2006). In TC-GLGS, the Asiatc Black surveyed regions (Abramov et al. 2008). Bear remains widespread and not uncommon despite the disappearance of other large carnivores. Feeding Common Palm Civet aradoxurus erarodius and other signs from this species were commonly seen (Least Concern) during feldwork, and it was recorded in 13 camera trap A new record for Tengchong. Recorded at four statons. Breeding was confrmed by an adult with cub camera trap statons in the southern part of TC- camera trapped in November (Image 1e). There are GLGS. Our record at 25.1160N marks its northernmost human-bear negatve interactons resultng in casualtes distributon in GLGS. on both sides annually. Marbled Cat Pardofelis marmorata (Near Threatened) Red Panda Ailurus fulgens (Endangered) A new record for Tengchong. We obtained 54 The Red Panda is widespread and common in TC- notonally independent records at 12 camera trap GLGS. It mostly occurs in the higher-elevaton mixed statons, all north of 25.7330N. Our camera trap data broadleaf forest with dense bamboo undergrowth just shows that Marbled Cat is more diurnal than the below the treeline. Their droppings, containing only sympatric Leopard Cat. coarse plant fragments with distnctve shape and colour, were frequently seen in this preferred habitat. Forest Musk Deer Moschus berezovskii (Endangered) All musk deer are heavily hunted throughout their Yellow-bellied Weasel Mustela kathiah (Least Concern) ranges and are in serious decline (Robinowitz & Khaing A new record for Tengchong. One individual was 2002; Mishra et al. 2006). This species was thought to camera trapped on 14 May 2016 at 25.8020N & 98.7000E, have been possibly extnct in TC-GLGS. Camera traps making it the northernmost record for GLGS. Another recorded the species at six camera trap statons, all camera trap image was obtained on 08 November 2016 north of 25.7330N. at 25.1200N & 98.7080E. We obtained three additonal camera trap images of a Mustela ftng the size and Tued Deer Elaphodus cephalophus (Near Threatened) colouraton of M. kathiah; however, the possibility of This species appears to prefer higher elevaton those being Stripe-backed Weasels cannot be excluded. broadleaf forest in TC-GLGSit was only recorded between 2,296m and 3,113m. Repeated camera Siberian Weasel Mustela sibirica (Least Concern) trapping and feld surveys failed to record the species Siberian Weasel was camera trapped on 07 and 12 in northern Myanmar (Harris & Jiang 2015), but camera January 2016 at 25.7580N & 98.7160E. Wang (2003) trap images from TC-GLGS obtained on the internatonal opined that Siberian Weasel in Yunnan is an undescribed border suggest that the species must occur across the taxon, but did not provide further details. Our camera border in the high mountains of Kachin State in Myanmar.

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14402–14414 14407 Mammals of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Li et al.

a b

c d

e f

g h

Image 1. Mammals recorded in the Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China, 2014–2018: a—Stump-tailed Macaue Macaca arctoides | b—Assamese Macaue Macaca assamensis | c—Phayres Langur Trachypithecus phayrei | d—Gaoligong Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock tanxing | e—Asiatc Black Bear Ursus thibetanus | f—Red Panda Ailurus fulgens | g—Spoted Linsang Prionodon pardicolor | h—Marbled Cat Pardofelis marmorata. © GLGS NNR & FBG.

14408 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14402–14414 Mammals of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Li et al.

Gongshan Muntjac untacus gongsanensis (Date Burmese Red Serow Capricornis rubidus (Near Decient) Threatened) A new record for Tengchong. One male and one A new record for China. The frst animal was camera female were camera trapped on 04 May 2018, at trapped in the winter of 2014 (date and tme unavailable 25.7590N & 98.7190E; a female was camera trapped on due to camera malfuncton) at 25.7970N & 98.6340E. 07 May 2018 at the same site. Similar to observatons in A single animal was camera trapped on 24 August and northeastern India (Choudhury 2009) and southeastern 28 October 2017 at 25.7610N & 98.7240E. An adult Tibet (Schaller & Rabinowitz 2004), the Northern Red was directly observed and video-recorded at the same Muntjac was also camera trapped at the same site, site on 25 November 2017. It had also been camera indicatng that the habitats of the two muntjac species trapped in the nearby Lushui County of GLGS, but the have some overlap. Gongshan Muntjac is reported animal was misidentfed as Chinese Serow Capricornis to occur in western Yunnan between 25–28.167 0N milneedwardsii (Chen et al. 2016). A scientfc paper is (Timmins & Duckworth 2016), but we could not fnd any being prepared to report this discovery (Chen Yixin, pers. published record from Tengchong at 250N. Our fnding comm., March 2018). is the frst verifable record of the species in Tengchong. Orange-bellied Himalayan Suirrel Dremomys lokriah Sambar Rusa unicolor (Vulnerable) (Least Concern) According to interviews with local inhabitants, this A new record for Tengchong. A high elevaton large deer is close to local extrpaton following rampant squirrel in TC-GLGS; the highest count was 13 individuals huntng in the 1980s–2000s. We had no camera trap at Nanzhaigongfang (25.2880N & 98.7380E, 3,150m) record but tracks and droppings of this species were on 06 May 2017, which represents the southernmost found at 25.5270N & 98.7440E in moist evergreen distributon of D. lokriah in China. According to Li broadleaf forest on 12 March 2015. Targeted survey & Wang (1992), the Tengchong subspecies is D. l. should be conducted to clarify its distributon and status subfaviventris. Populaton decline has been reported in in Tengchong. northeastern India because of huntng and habitat loss (Dollo et al. 2010). High alttude forests in TC-GLGS are Mishmi Takin Budorcas axicolor (Vulnerable) well-protected and the squirrel is not hunted locally, but The IUCN Red List considered the takin as a single the impact of climate change should be monitored. species with four subspecies (Song et al. 2008). We followed Groves & Grubb (2011) and Wilson & Asian Red-cheeked Suirrel reoys rugenis (Least Mitermeier (2011) and treated the four as full species; Concern) the GLGS populaton is Mishmi Takin B. taxicolor. There It is restricted to lower alttude forests in TC-GLGS, are two disjunct populatons of Mishmi Takin in China, with 10 notonally independent camera trap records at one in southeastern Tibet and another in GLGS (Song 25.1140N & 98.6750E and two observaton records during et al. 2008); the current distributon in GLGS extends our study. One individual was photographed at Linjiapu from Gongshan in the north (28.3170N ) to Tengchong in at 25.2860N & 98.7010E on 28 August 2016. Two animals the south (24.0330N). Historically, it was also reported were photographed together at 25.0160N & 98.6820E on further south in the Yingjiang County (24.0330N) (Yang & 10 May 2016. The only previous Tengchong record is of Du 2006), but this southernmost populaton is believed an old specimen from Jietou secton at 25.3170N, which to be locally extnct. This is a high-alttude species living marks the northernmost distributon in GLGS (Chen & along and above the tree line in TC-GLGS. Ai (1996) Qu 2010). estmated that around 300 individuals lived in southern GLGS, but the populaton seems to be in decline. We Spoted Giant Flying Suirrel Petaurista marica (Least failed to camera trap any during the survey but found Concern) fresh tracks, droppings, and feeding signs. Monitoring Sometmes recognized as a subspecies of P. elegans and scientfc study is needed to shed light on the causes (Choudhury 2016; Wilson et al. 2016). We followed a of the observed range retracton and populaton decline, molecular study which pointed out that P. e. marica from especially in view of climate change. China and northern Indo-China is distnctve and should be elevated to full species status (Li et al. 2013). New record for Tengchong with the only record at Dahaoping Secton at 24.9720N & 98.7300E, which marks the

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14402–14414 14409 Mammals of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Li et al.

a b

c d

e f

g h

Image 2. Mammals recorded in the Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China, 2014–2018: a—Forest Musk Deer Moschus berezovskii | b—Tued Deer Elaphodus cephalophus | c—Red Muntjac untacus unak | d—Burmese Red Serow Capricornis rubidus | e—Orange-bellied Himalayan Suirrel Dremomys lokriah | f—Yunnan Giant Flying Suirrel Petaurista yunnanensis | g—Asiatc Brush-tailed Porcupine Atherurus macrourus | h—Malayan Porcupine Hysrix bracyuran. © GLGS NNR & FBG.

14410 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14402–14414 Mammals of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Li et al. northernmost global distributon for this species. involving rare and/or secretve species (Cutler & Swann 1999; Rowclife & Carbone 2008). Some species, Yunnan Giant Flying Suirrel Petaurista yunnanensis however, are strictly or mainly arboreal and therefore (Data Decient) are rarely recorded by camera traps (e.g., Small-toothed This is the most common and widespread fying Palm Civet: Duckworth & Netelbeck 2008; Willcox et al. squirrel species in TC-GLGS. The species was formerly 2012). This highlights the importance of conductng non- considered a subspecies of P. philippensis, but recent random transect survey to compliment camera trapping genetc studies indicate that it is taxonomically distnct in compiling a comprehensive mammal checklist for a (Li et al. 2013). Yunnan Giant Flying Squirrel is not study area. yet assessed by the current IUCN Red List, and its full Twelve of the 46 mammal species recorded (26.1 distributon range and populaton trend are unknown of total) were only detected by direct observatons, (Wilson et al. 2016). Tengchong is the type locality for which clearly illustrates the value of employing diferent the species; more survey and basic research to clarify its methods in mammal surveys. Daytme observaton is distributon, populaton status, and natural history are partcularly efectve to detect primates (e.g., Gaoligong needed to clarify its conservaton needs. Hoolock Gibbon), agile small mammals (e.g., weasels and squirrels), as well as open habitat and fossorial Asiatc Brush-tailed Porcupine Atherurus macrourus species (e.g., Chinese Bamboo Rat and Yunnan Hare). (Least Concern) Spotlightng survey is, in our opinion, the only efectve A new record for Tengchong. It was relatvely way to survey for fying squirrel diversity. widespread and common in this survey. It was captured at 17 out of the 147 camera trap statons; therefore, the Rare or unrecorded species lack of previous records seems surprising. Our record at Some species were rarely recorded, suggestng they 25.7660N also marks the northernmost of its distributon are rare in TC-GLGS or that camera trap placement was in GLGS. inefectve at recording the presence of these species. While some are believed to be genuinely rare, such Forrests Pika coona forrest (Least Concern) as Forest Musk Deer and Gongshan Muntjac, others New record for Tengchong. According to Ge et are probably more abundant than our records show al. (2012), O. forrest is the only Ochotona species in and simply evaded our survey methods. The three southern GLGS. One individual was camera trapped at weasel species, for example, were rarely recorded, but 25.6250N & 98.7380E on 14 May 2015, which represents villagers consider them not uncommon and reported the southernmost record of its global range. that poultry-raiding is a regular event. Although most of our study areas are well-protected at present, past Yunnan Hare Lepus comus (Least Concern) anthropogenic actvites, partcularly huntng, have Tengchong is the type locality of Yunnan Hare, and greatly decimated populatons of the more sensitve the species mainly lives in shrubland and open habitats mammals in Tengchong. The complete absence of in lower elevatons outside TC-GLGS. One individual was obligate large carnivores in TC-GLGS may be explained observed at 25.6480N & 98.6780E during spotlightng by a combinaton of the following factors: (1) our survey, another individual was observed during the survey sites were at higher elevatons in which biomass daytme at 25.3990N & 98.7100E. According to our is naturally lower; (2) the almost complete clearance data and interview result, the Tengchong populaton of extensive natural habitats below 2,000m means is in decline due to land-use change and huntng. The some species may be living at their upper elevaton conservaton status of Yunnan Hare in Tengchong limits which restrain populaton growth; and (3) past deserves some focused atenton. rampant huntng in and around TC-GLGS has decimated populatons of carnivores and has suppressed the ungulate populatons. DISCUSSION We failed to detect 24 mammal species (excluding Chiroptera and Muridae) previously confrmed from Importance of transect survey Tengchong (Xue et al. 1995; Zhang 1997; Wang 2003; The use of camera trap for wildlife research has Chen & Qu 2010). Of these unrecorded species, some become a mainstream tool for mammal research and have specifc niches which were not well-covered by surveys (Wemmer et al. 1996), partcularly in research our survey, such as Small Indian Civet Viverra indica and

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14402–14414 14411 Mammals of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Li et al.

Table 3. Mammal species, excluding Chiroptera, Muridae, and relatvely low in TC-GLGS, and prey depleton is one of the Cricetdae, previously recorded from Tengchong but absent in this major factors afectng the survival of large carnivores study. (Data et al. 2008). The Asiatc Black Bear is the only Species Sources large carnivore that remains relatvely widespread and Bengal Slow Loris Nyctcebus bengalensis Xue 1995 common, which is a facultatve carnivore and lives Chinese Pangolin Manis pentadactyla Xue 1995; Zhang 1997 on a much broader diet. Nonetheless, local villagers

Indian Pangolin Manis crassicaudata Wang 2003 occasionally reported big cat pugmarks, large carnivore

Gray Wolf Canis lupus Xue 1995 scats with Muntjac hoof remains, and livestock kills in

Red Fox Vulpes vulpes Xue 1995 recent years. Mesocarnivores such as Clouded Leopard Neofelis nebulosa, Golden Cat Catopuma temminckii, Racoon Dog Nyctereutes procyonoides Xue 1995 and Dhole Cuon alpinus may survive in extremely low Dhole Cuon alpinus Xue 1995 numbers. We found no fresh burrows of pangolins; Asian Badger Meles meles Xue 1995 pangolins were occasionally reported by local villagers, Hog Badger Arctonys collaris Xue 1995; Zhang 1997 but their numbers must be exceedingly low, if stll Eurasian Oter Lutra lutra Xue 1995 present. Other restricted-range and litle-known small- Large Indian Civet Viverra zibetha Xue 1995; Zhang 1997 sized species, such as Anderson’s Squirrel Callosciurus Small Indian Civet Viverra indica Xue 1995; Zhang 1997 quinquestriatus and Forrest’s Rock Squirrel Sciurotamias Crab-eatng Mongoose Herpestes urva Xue 1995 forrest, were most likely overlooked by us or have Jungle Cat Felis chaus Xue 1995 highly restricted distributon not yet surveyed by us.

Asiatc Golden Cat Pardofelis temminckii Xue 1995 Further survey should cover a wider range of elevatons

Clouded Leopard Neofelis nebulosa Xue 1995 and microhabitats to increase detecton probability to Xue 1995; Zhang 1997; understand their conservaton needs. Leopard Panthera pardus Chen & Qu 2010 Xue 1995; Chen & Qu Tiger Panthera tgris 2010 CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS Sumatran Rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis Wang 2003

Leaf Muntjac Muntacus putaoensis Wang 2003 This survey demonstrated that TC-GLGS remains Andersons Squirrel Callosciurus quinquestriatus Xue 1995 an important site for the conservaton of high-alttude Forrests Rock Squirrel Sciurotamias forrest Xue 1995; Zhang 1997 mammals in the eastern Himalaya, comparable to Wards Bamboo Rat Rhizomys wardi Wang 2003 similar sites in the neighbouring countries (Mishra Hoary Bamboo Rat Rhizomys pruinosus Xue 1995 et al. 2006; Than Zaw et al. 2008). The mammalian community of TC-GLGS appears to be recovering from past heavy disturbances, partcularly huntng, but we Jungle Cat Felis chaus of mixed agricultural landscape in failed to record any large carnivores except the Asiatc lower elevatons or Crab-eatng Mongoose associated Black Bear, and densites of ungulates are relatvely with lower elevaton forests. The rest are either targets low compared to well-protected areas such as Hong for the wildlife trade (e.g., Bengal Slow Loris, pangolins, Kong (Bosco Chan, unpublished data). Nevertheless, and Eurasian Oter) or large carnivores, and we believe anthropogenic disturbances have signifcantly reduced huntng is the primary reason of their absence (Table 3). afer more than 30 years of protecton; we observed There is no reliable evidence suggestng the presence abundant wildlife signs including those of the Asiatc of Tiger Panthera tgris, Leopard Panthera pardus, Gray Black Bear Ursus thibetanus. Evidence of huntng and Wolf Canis lupus, and Sumatran Rhinoceros Dicerorhinus logging were rarely found, and camera traps detected sumatrensis afer the 1990s. The last confrmed record very low human trafc. Poaching and illegal logging stll of Sumatran Rhinoceros in Tengchong was in 1949 exist near the internatonal border with Myanmar, ofen (Wang 2003) and that of Tiger and Leopard were in 1983 involving cross-border criminals based on the reserve and 1985, respectvely (Chen & Qu 2010). The extncton forest crime database. Our camera traps also recorded of megafauna in Tengchong comes as no surprise as they some livestock grazing in the southernmost and are reported to be (near-)extnct in other sites of the northernmost sectons of the reserve. A determined eastern Himalaya with vast forest tracts and much lower efort to stamp out poaching and livestock grazing will human populatons (Rabinowitz & Khaing 2002; Data et be helpful to the recovery of mammal populatons in TC- al. 2008). Our data suggest that ungulate densites are GLGS, before reintroducton of large carnivores can be

14412 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14402–14414 Mammals of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Li et al. considered. Chen, Y.., Z.S. iao, M. Li, .W. Wang, C.. He, G.P. He, H.S. Li, S.J. Tengchong is located in the southernmost part of Shi & Z.P. iang (2016). Preliminary survey for the biodiversity of mammal and bird using camera traps in the west slope of mid- GLGS and is the northern distributon limit for many secton Mt. Gaoligong. Acta Theriologica Sinica 36(3): 302–312 in species from the Indo-Malayan biogeographic realm. Chinese. htps://doi.org/10.16829/j.slxb.201603006 Choudhury, A. (2009). Records and distributon of Gongshan and Leaf Some of the missing species, such as Bengal Slow Muntjacs in India. Deer Specialist Group News 23: 2–7. Loris, Small Indian Civet, Crab-eatng Mongoose, and Choudhury, A. (2016). The Mammals of India: A Systematc and Jungle Cat, are adaptable species of predominantly Cartographic Review. Gibbon Books, Assam, India, 328pp. Cutler, T.L. & D.E. Swann (1999). Using remote photography in wildlife low elevatons and will greatly beneft from beter ecology: a review. ildlife Society Bulletn 27(3): 571–581. protecton efort of lower alttude forests below 2,000m Data, A., M.O. Anand & R. Naniwadekar (2008). Empty forests: (Duckworth et al. 2005; Jennings & Veron 2011). large carnivore and prey abundance in Namdapha Natonal Park, northeast India. Biological Conservaton 141(5): 1429–1435. Long-term monitoring and research on selected htps://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.02.022 mammal species, such as the rare Gaoligong Hoolock Dollo, M., G.V. Gopi, . Teegalapalli & . Mazumdar (2010). Gibbon and Marbled Cat, high alttude species Conservaton of the Orange-bellied Himalayan Squirrel Dremomys lokriah using a traditonal knowledge system: a case study from susceptble to climate change such as Mishmi Takin Arunachal Pradesh, India. Oryx 44(4): 573–576. htps://doi. and Orange-bellied Himalayan Squirrel, and species org/10.1017/S0030605310000785 vulnerable to high huntng pressure such as Forest Duckworth, J.W, C.M. Poole, R.J. Tizard, J.L. Walston & R.J. Timmins (200). The Jungle Cat Felis chaus in Indochina: a threatened Musk Deer and Sambar, should be conducted to assess populaton of a widespread and adaptable species. Biodiversity and management efectveness. If needed, necessary Conservaton 14(5): 1263–1280. htps://doi.org/10.1007/s10531- 004-1653-4 conservaton interventons should be efected. Duckworth, J.W. & A.R. Netelbeck (2008). Observatons of Small- toothed Palm Civets Arctogalidia trivirgata in Khao Yai Natonal Park, , with notes on feeding technique. Natural History REFERENCES Bulletn of the Siam Society 55: 187–192. Fan, P.-F., . He, . Chen, A. Ortz, B. Zhang, C. Zhao, Y.-. Li, H.-B. Abramov, A.V., J.W. Duckworth, Y.. Wang & S.I. Roberton (2008). Zhang, C. imock, W.-Z. Wang, C. Groves, S.T. Turvey, C. Roos, The Stripe-backed Weasel Mustela strigidorsa: taxonomy, ecology, .M. Helgen & .-L. Jiang (2016). Descripton of a new species distributon and status. Mammal Review 38: 247–266. of Hoolock Gibbon (Primates: Hylobatdae) based on integratve Abramov, A.V. & V.V. Rozhnov (2014). The southernmost record taxonomy. American Journal of Primatology 79(5): e22631. htps:// of Small-toothed Ferret Badger Melogale moschata – further doi..org/10.1002/ajp.22631 evidence of syntopy by two ferret badger species. Small Carnivore Gao, G., B. Wang, C.. He & . Luo (2017). Biodiversity of birds and Conservaton 51: 68–70. mammals of in alpine habitat of Mt. Gaoligong, Lushui County, Ai, H.S. (1996). Gaoligongshan’s Takin. Yunnan Forestry 3: 20 [in Yunnan. Biodiversity Science 25(3): 332–339 in Chinese. htps:// Chinese. doi.org/10.17520/biods.2016276 Ai, H.S., . He, Z.Z. Chen, J.. Li, T. Wan, . Li, W.H. Nie, J.H. Wang, Gao, Y.T. (ed.) (1987). Fauna Sinica: Mammalia, Vol. 8: Carnivora. W.T. Su & .L. Jiang (2018). Taxonomic revision of the genus Science Press, Beijing, China, 377pp in Chinese. Mesechinus (Mammalia: Erinaceidae) with descripton of a new Ge, D., A.A. Lissovsky, L. ia, C. Cheng, A.T. Smith & . Yang (2012). species. Zoological Research 39(5): 1–13. Reevaluaton of several taxa of Chinese lagomorphs (Mammalia: Allen, G.M. (1938). The Mammals of China and Mongolia, Part Lagomorpha) described on the basis of pelage phenotype variaton. 1. American Museum of Natural History, New York, 620pp. Mammalian Biology 77(2): 113–123. htps://doi.org/10.1016/j. Anderson, J. (1878). Anatomical and Zoological Researches: Comprising mambio.2011.09.009 an Account of the Zoological Results of the Two Expeditons to Groves, C. & P. Grubb (2011). Ungulate Taxonomy. The Johns Hopkins western Yunnan in 1868 and 1875; and a Monograph of the Two University Press, Baltmore, 317pp. Cetacean Genera, Platanista and Orcella, Vols. 1 & 2. London, B. Harris, R.B. & Z. Jiang (201). Elaphodus cephalophus. In: The IUCN Quaritch, London. 2 vols., xxv-l-985pp., xi-I–84pp. Red List of Threatened Species: e.T7112A22159620. Downloaded Chan, P.L.B. & Z. Bi (eds.) (2016). Biodiversity of Tengchong, on 09 May 2018. htps://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS. Gaoligongshan. Kadoorie Conservaton China, Kadoorie Farm & T7112A22159620.en Botanic Garden, Hong Kong, 443pp. Hinton, M.A.C. (1923). XII. On the voles collected by Mr. G. Forrest in Chan, P.L.B., C.F. Mac, J. Yang & . Huang (2017). Populaton, Yunnan; with remarks upon the genera Eothenomys and Neodon and distributon, vocalizaton and conservaton of the Gaoligong upon their allies. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock tanxing) in the Tengchong Secton 9 11(61): 145–162. htps://doi.org/10.1080/00222932308632833 of the Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve, China. Primate Htun, S., R.J. Timmins, R. Boonratana & J. Das (2008). Macaca Conservaton 31: 107–113. arctoides. In: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: Chan, P.L.B. & J.B. Zhao (2014). A recent record of Stripe-backed e.T12548A3354519. Downloaded on 06 August 2019. htps://doi. Weasel Mustela strigidorsa from Yunnan Province, China. Small org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T12548A3354519.en Carnivore Conservaton 51: 74–75. Jennings, A.P. & G. Veron (2011). Predicted distributons and Chen, H.Z. & C.. u (2010). Supplement to the Avifauna and Protected ecological niches of eight civet and mongoose species in southeast Area of Gaoligongshan. Intellectual Property Publishing House, Asia. Journal of Mammalogy 92(2): 316–327. Beijing, 178pp in Chinese. Li, J.. & Y.. Wang (1992). Taxonomic study on subspecies of Chan, B.P.L., Z. Bi & S.Z. Duan (2019). Introducton to a four-year Dremomys lokriah (Sciuridae, Rodent) from southwest China – note biodiversity survey of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal with a new subspecies. Zoological Research 13(3): 235–244 in Nature Reserve, in the footsteps of pioneering naturalists in western Chinese. Yunnan, China. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(11): 14391–14401. Li, S., . He, F.H. Yu & .S. Yang (2013). Molecular phylogeny and htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4438.11.11.14391-14401 biogeography of Petaurista inferred from the Cytochrome b Gene,

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14402–14414 14413 Mammals of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Li et al.

with implicatons for the taxonomic status of P. caniceps, P. marica Wang, Y.. (2003). A Complete Checklist of Mammal Species and and P. sybilla. PLoS ONE 8(7): e70461. Subspecies in China. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, 394pp Mishra, C., M.D. Madhusudan & A. Data (2006). Mammals of the in Chinese. high alttudes of western Arunachal Pradesh, eastern Himalaya: an Wemmer, C., T.H. unz, G. Lundie-Jenkins & W.J. McShea (1996). assessment of threats and conservaton needs. Oryx 40(1): 1–7. Mammalian sign, pp. 157–176. In: Wilson, D.E., F.R. Cole, J.D. Mitermeier, R.A., A.B. Rylands & D.E. Wilson (eds.) (2013). Handbook Nichols, R. Rudran & M.S. Foster (eds.). Measuring and Monitoring of the Mammals of the World: Primates. Lynx Edicions, Spain, 952pp. Biological Diversity. Standard Methods for Mammals. Smithsonian Pen, H.S., Y.T. ao, C.. Lu, T.C. Feng & C.H. Chen (1962). Report on Insttuton Press, Washington & London, 440pp. mammals from southwestern Szechwan and northwestern Yunnan. Willcox, D.H.A., .P. Tran, L. Vu, V.B. Tran & M.D. Hoang (2012). Small- Acta Zoologica Sinica, Supplement 14: 105–133 in Chinese. toothed Palm Civet Arctogalidia trivirgata records from human- Peng, H.S. & Y.. Wang (1981). New mammals from the Gaogligong infuenced habitats in . Small Carnivore Conservaton 47: Mountains. Acta Theriologica Sinica 1(2): 167–176 in Chinese. 46–53. Rabinowitz, A. & S.T. haing. (2002). Current status and threats to Wilson, E.D. & D.M. Reeder (eds.) (200). Mammal Species of the the survival of large mammals in North Myanmar, pp98–105. In: World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd Editon, Vols. 1 Chen, G.W. (ed.) (2002). Biodiversity in the Eastern Himalayas, & 2. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltmore, xxxv+743pp & Conservaton through Dialogue. Summary reports of workshops on xvii+745pp. biodiversity conservaton in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan Ecoregion, Wilson, E.D. & R.A. Mitermeier (eds.) (2009). Handbook of the Internatonal Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Mammals of the World: Carnivores. Lynx Edicions, Spain, 728pp. (ICIMOD), Kathmandu, , 254pp. Wilson, E.D. & R.A. Mitermeier (eds.) (2011). Handbook of the Rowclie, J.M. & C. Carbone (2008). Survey using camera traps: are Mammals of the World: Hoofed Mammals. Lynx Edicions, Spain, we looking to a brighter future Animal Conservaton 11: 185–186. 886pp. Schaller, G.B. & A. Rabinowitz (2004). Species of Barking Deer Wilson, E.D., T.E. Lacher & R.A. Mitermeier (eds.) (2016). Handbook (genus Muntacus) in the eastern Himalayan region. Journal of the of the Mammals of the World: Lagomorphs and Rodents, Vol. I. Lynx Bombay Natural History Society 101: 442–444. Edicions, Spain, 987pp. Song, Y.L., A.T. Smith & J. Macinnon (2008). Budorcas taxicolor. In: ue, J.R. (ed.) (199). Gaoligongshan Mountain Natonal Nature The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T3160A9643719. Reserve. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, 395pp in Downloaded on 06 August 2019. htps://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN. Chinese. UK.2008.RLTS.T3160A9643719.en Yang, Y.M. & F. Du (2006). Integrated Scientc Studies of Yunnan Thomas, O. (1912). On insectvores and rodents collected by Mr. F. Tongbiguan Nature Reserve. Yunnan Science & Technology Press, Kingdon Ward in N.W. Yunnan. The Annals and Magazine of Natural Kunming, 467pp in Chinese. History 9(8): 513–519. Than Zaw, S. Htun, S. Htoo, T. Po, M. Maung, A.J. Lynam, .T. Lat & Thomas, O. (1914). Second list of small mammals from western J.W. Duchworth (2008). Status and distributon of small carnivores Yunnan collected by Mr. F. Kingdon Ward in N.W. Yunnan. The Annals in Myanmar. Small Carnivore Conservaton 38: 2–28. and Magazine of Natural History 14(8): 472–475. Zhang, B., . He, T. Wan, P. Chen, G.Z. Sun, S.Y. Liu, T.S. Nguyen, Thomas, O. (1922). On mammals from the Yunnan highlands collected L.. Lin & .L. Jiang (2016). Mult-locus phylogeny using topotype by Mr. George Forrest and presented to the Britsh Museum by Col. specimens sheds light on the systematcs of Niviventer (Rodenta, Stephenson R. Clarke, DSO. The Annals and Magazine of Natural Muridae) in China. BMC Evolutonary Biology 16: 261. htps://doi. History 10(9): 391–406. org/10.1186/s12862-016-0832-8 Timmins, R. & J.W. Duckworth (2016). Muntacus gongshanensis. In: Zhang, R.Z. (ed.) (1997). Distributon of Mammalian Species in China. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13926A22160596. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, 276pp in Chinese. Downloaded on 06 August 2019. htps://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN. UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13926A22160596.en

Threatened Taxa

14414 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14402–14414 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 1441–14433

C T S

G N N R, C C

Xi Zheng 1 , Fei Li 2 , Zheng Bi 3 , ing-Chao Zhang 4 , Ji-Guo Han 5 & ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) Bosco Pui Lok Chan 6 ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) PLATINUM 1,2,6 Kadoorie Conservaton China, Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden, Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR, China. OPEN ACCESS 3,4,5 Yunnan Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve (Tengchong Bureau), 157 Laifeng Avenue, Tengchong, Yunnan Province 679100, China. 1 zhengxi@kg.org,2 lifei@kg.org, 3 [email protected],4 [email protected], 5 [email protected], 6 boscokf@kg.org (corresponding author)

Abstract: We summarised the results of a four-year ornithological survey in the Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve and its immediate vicinity, and compiled an inventory of the present avifauna. In total, 387 bird species were recorded in Tengchong from 2014 to 2018, including 116 which were hitherto undocumented. The birds of Tengchong represented 48.9 of avifauna in Yunnan province, with a partcularly rich elements of the Himalayan avifauna. This immense bird species richness suggests that Tengchong is an important site for the preservaton of Asian montane forest birds. Although the current protected area system covered most of the intact forests in mid- to high-elevatons, more conservaton interventon should be allocated to lower elevaton habitats below 2000m, which are largely outside the reserve boundaries and facing intensive development pressures.

Keywords: Conservaton, eastern Himalaya, Hengduan Mountains, Kachin, new bird records, western Yunnan.

DOI: htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4440.11.11.14415-14433 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DCB58763-BCBF-4211-B3EA-291DFA75465F

Editor: Hem S. Baral, Charles Sturt University, Sydney, Australia. Date of publicaton: 12 September 2019 (online & print)

Manuscript details: 4440 | Received 27 July 2018 | Final received 02 August 2019 | Finally accepted 05 August 2019

Citaton: Zheng, X., F. Li, Z. Bi, X.-C. Zhang, J.-G. Han & B.P.L. Chan (2019). Current status of birds in Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve, China. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(11): 14415–14433. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4440.11.11.14415-14433

Copyright: © Zheng et al. 2019. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of this artcle in any medium by adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

Funding: This study is funded by Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden.

Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests.

Author details: X Z: Conservaton Ofcer of Kadoorie Conservaton China Department at Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden. F L: Senior Conservaton ofcer of Kadoorie Conservaton China Department at Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden. Z B: Director of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve (Tengchong Bureau). X-C Z: Technical Ofcer of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve (Tengchong Bureau). J-G H: Technical Ofcer of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve (Tengchong Bureau). B P L C: Head of Kadoorie Conservaton China Department at Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden.

Author contributon: BPLC conceived and designed the analysis. XZ performed the analysis and wrote the paper. All authors collected and contributed data.

Acknowledgements: We are grateful to the management of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve, partcularly the Baoshan Administratve Bureau, for permission to conduct feldwork and logistcs support. We also thank the staf and wardens of the Nature Reserve, as well as colleagues from KFBG who helped in the surveys. Many friends partcipated in the feldwork, notably Dr. John Mackinnon, Dr. Yang Liu, Jack Tordof, Yat-tung Yu and Gao-feng Liao. Richard Lewthwaite and Shashank Salvi kindly assisted in species identfcaton. We gratefully acknowledge the records submited by Xiang-le Zeng, Xue-wen Peng and Xiang-yu Guan.

14415 Birds in Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Zheng et al.

INTRODUCTION STUDY AREA AND METHODS

The Gaoligongshan Mountains (hereafer GLGS) Tengchong secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature is a massive mountain range in the southwestern Reserve (hereafer TC-GLGS) is on the western slope of corner of China. It lies at the intersecton of two the southern part of GLGS. Tengchong sits at the meetng major biogeographic regions – the Palearctc and Indo- point of subtropical lowlands and subalpine uplands, Malayan realms. The southwest monsoon from the with an alttude range of 930m to 3,780m, creatng Indian Ocean brings plentful rainfall, creatng a perfect distnct vegetaton zones along the elevaton gradient. conditon for the rich biodiversity and high endemism According to Xue (1995), there are four major vegetaton (Peng et al. 1980; Dumbacher et al. 2011). The zones in TC-GLGS with two major alttudinal transitons unique biogeographic and geographic characteristcs between 1,800–2,000 m and near 2,800m, they are: of GLGS support diverse avifauna, with elements from (1) monsoon moist evergreen broadleaf forest below the Himalaya, southwestern China highlands (i.e., 2,000m; (2) mid-montane moist evergreen broadleaf the Hengduan Mountains), and southeastern Asian forest between 1,800m and 2,800m; (3) subalpine ecoregions, which has been atractng early biologists hemlock-rhododendron mixed forest between 2,700m and ornithologists since the 19th Century, and contnues and 3,200m; and (4) subalpine bamboo-rhododendron to this date. The southern secton of GLGS is part of thickets above 2,700m. Details can be found in Chan et two endemic bird areas (Yunnan Mountains and eastern al. (2019, present issue) Himalaya, Statersfeld et al. 1998) and an Important Bird There are six management sectons in TC-GLGS (Nos. Area (CN244, BirdLife Internatonal 2018). For details on 5–10 in Fig. 1); these made up the core of our survey GLGS and Tengchong, see Chan et al. (2019, this issue). sites. As the lower limit of the reserve boundary is at The long history of ornithological work in this 1,900m, representatve habitats in lower elevatons region began when Britsh zoologist John Anderson outside TC-GLGS were also surveyed, these include frst revealed the magnifcence of GLGS to the scientfc Heshun Wetland near Tengchong Town, Beihai Marsh community afer his expeditons to Yunnan in 1868 and Nature Reserve, Longchuan River protected riparian 1875 (Anderson 1871a,b, 1876, 1878). Many naturalists forest under the jurisdicton of TC-GLGS (Nos. 1, 3 & contnued to survey GLGS afer Anderson’s pioneering 4 in Fig. 1), and beter-quality riparian habitats along work; the most well-known is arguably the Britsh the Longchuan and Binglang rivers. Protected forests botanist George Forrest who was commissioned by Lord below 2,000m in Laifengshan Natonal Forest Park and Lionel Walter Rothschild to collect plant and animal Fanshanchu State-owned Forest were also visited (Nos. specimens in western Yunnan. The extensive collectons 2 & 11 in Fig. 1). made by Forrest from 1904 to 1931 produced some Our feldwork covered the full alttudinal range and important early literature on the avifauna of Yunnan annual seasonal cycle. A total of 334 man-days were (Rothschild 1926, 1927a,b,c). Modern ornithological spent conductng ornithological survey from April 2014 research was primarily conducted by Chinese scientsts, to May 2018 (dates shown in Table 1). Abundance notably by various insttutes under the Chinese Academy of birds were recorded using standard line transect of Sciences (Peng et al. 1980; Yang et al. 1995; Tang et al. methods (Sutherland 2006). Survey were conducted 1996; Yang & Yang 2004). Internatonal collaboratons during daytme with 8x32 Leica, 8x32 Olympus and between research insttutes also contributed invaluable 10x42 Minox binoculars, audio playbacks were used informaton for further understanding of the avifauna in occasionally to increase the probability of detectng GLGS (Stotz et al. 2003; Dumbacher et al. 2011). elusive species (e.g., frogmouth and pheasants). Ad hoc Since 2014, Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden and records of nocturnal birds encountered during mammal the Management Bureau of Tengchong secton of and herpetofauna night surveys were also included in Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve co-organized a the list. systematc biodiversity survey on major wildlife groups Previous studies highlighted the importance of (Chan et al. 2019, this issue). The updated biodiversity camera trapping as a complimentary survey method inventories from our survey provide baseline data for to obtain reliable avian diversity estmates, which is future research and monitoring, and more importantly, especially useful for detectng rare, elusive and/or large- lay the foundaton for efectve management of the sized terrestrial species (Dinata et al. 2008; Zhang et al. Nature Reserve. 2018). Camera traps were deployed extensively in TC- GLGS as part of a systematc mammal survey (Li et al.

14416 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14415–14433 Birds in Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Zheng et al.

Figure 1. Tengchong, Yunnan Province, China with survey locatons mentoned in text.

2019, this issue). A total of 147 camera-trap statons Internatonal (2017a); China Red List status followed were installed in the study area, covering elevatons Jiang et al. (2016). between 1,515–3,350 m. A good number of bird photos In total, 387 species were recorded, representng generated from 14,814 trap-nights were obtained and 75 families in 20 orders. Detectability curve (Fig. 2) these records were also included for bird list compilaton. generated based on the survey data demonstrated the TC-GLGS is part of the birdwatching golden triangle representatveness of our study. There are two species of western Yunnan, atractng many local and foreign listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN Red List, nine species birdwatchers. There is much online informaton on the listed as Vulnerable or Endangered by the China Red List. avifauna of Tengchong writen by traveling birdwatchers; We cross-checked our checklist with relevant literature however, many of these records are unauthentcated on the avifauna of the region (Peng et al. 1980; Yang et without detailed notes or associated photographs. al. 1995; Tang et al. 1996; Stotz et al. 2003; Yang & Yang Most of these birding records are not included in our 2004; Dumbacher et al. 2011; Liang et al. 2015), and 116 list, unless the records are signifcant and verifed by species were previously undocumented for Tengchong, photographs and locality data. including one new record for Yunnan, signifcantly updated the inventory of the local avifauna. The present bird list for Tengchong represents 48.9 of avian taxa RESULTS that have been documented in Yunnan province (Yang et al. 1995; Yang & Yang 2004). A complete bird list for Tengchong based on our The richest bird families recorded in TC-GLGS are of four-year survey is compiled in Appendix 1. Taxonomic robins and fycatchers (Muscicapidae, 43 species, 11.1 arrangement and IUCN Red List status followed BirdLife of total) (see Fig. 3). Another notable observaton is the

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14415–14433 14417 Birds in Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Zheng et al.

Table 1. Bird survey sites and dates in and around Tengchong secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province, China, 2014–2018.

Date Survey areas

24–30.iv.2014 2, 5, 7, 9

24–29.ix.2014 6, 9, 10

7–13.xii.2014 5, 6, 7, 10

10–15.iii.2015 8, 9

16–22.v.2015 7, 10

17–19.vii.2015 9, 10, 11

3–8.x.2015 5, 7, 10 Figure 2. Detectability curve of our bird survey in and around 14–16.x.2015 Binlang River and Longchuan River Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve, 27–29.xi.2015 Binlang River and Longchuan River Yunnan Province, China, April 2014–May 2018. 20–22.iii.2016 2, 3, 6

8–12.v.2016 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10 24–27.xi.2016 9, 10 Temmincks Tragopan Tragopan temminckii 20–22.ii.2017 1 Legally protected in China. Regularly recorded in mid 24–26.iv.2017 10 to high-alttude moist evergreen broadleaf forest by both

4–10.v.2017 7, 10 direct observatons and camera traps in Qushi, Datang

25–26.vi.2017 4 and Zizhi sectons. Up to three individuals recorded together by camera trap in Qushi on 21 December 2014. 21–25.xi.2017 10

24–26.v.2018 4, 5, 6, 9, 10 Mrs Humes Pheasant yratcus uiae Locaton numbers follows Figure 1. Listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN Red List, also legally protected in China. Recorded by camera traps from Datang and Qushi sectons. A pair was observed richness of babblers. A total of 54 species of babblers crossing a quiet country road in an orchard-secondary were recorded during the survey period, this fnding also forest mosaic at 1,700m at Dahaoping secton. Birds consolidates the designaton of GLGS as the center of were frequently seen by a reserve outpost at Qushi speciaton for Asian babblers (Wu et al. 2014). secton since 2017. Interviews with local villagers suggest Mrs Hume’s Pheasant is resilient to some degree S of huntng and habitat degradaton, and is usually found The annotated list below gives details of signifcant in disturbed habitats in lower elevatons outside the records, including species of conservaton signifcance reserve boundary. Its distributon range in Yunnan is and those with range extensions. restricted (Han 1997) and its habits make it vulnerable to habitat loss and poaching. Sclaters Monal Lophophorus sclateri Listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN Red List, also legally Lady Amhersts Pheasant rysolous aerstae protected in China. Recorded in bamboo-rhododendron Legally protected in China. Camera-trapped in thickets above 3,000m in Datang and Qushi sectons. Datang secton on 3 May 2016 and pair and singles were One male was recorded at 3,160m in Qushi secton on observed in Zizhi sectons on 21 May 2015 and 21 August 2 May 2018 (Image 1a). Sclater’s Monal was mainly 2016 (Image 1b), respectvely. Feathers of a male were found in subalpine-alpine habitats and migrates to lower collected in Zhengding secton on 10 March 2015. Local alttude in winter (Han et al. 2004; Luo et al. 2004). The villagers regard this species to be common in lower inaccessibility of its preferred habitats may contribute to elevatons around 2,000m and, as with Mrs Hume’s the low encounter rate. Previous study reported Sclater’s Pheasant, prefer habitat mosaic of secondary growth. Monal from all sectons in TC-GLGS along the mountain ridge (Han et al. 2004), but according to local interviews Hodgsons Frogmouth Batrachostomus hodgsoni poaching may have decimated some subpopulatons in Legally protected in China. One record in moist suitable habitats. evergreen broadleaf forest in Zizhi Secton on 11 May

14418 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14415–14433 Birds in Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Zheng et al.

Figure 3. Taxonomic families recorded during our bird survey in and around Tengchong secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province, China, April 2014-May 2018.

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14415–14433 14419 Birds in Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Zheng et al.

2016. The characteristc call of this species was recorded Wards Trogon Harpactes wardi at 23.46h at 2,330m in moist evergreen broadleaf Listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN Red List. This forest, which is higher than its normal elevaton range elusive, forest-interior species is nowhere common, at 300m to 1,900m (Holyoak 2018), it represented the but audio and photographic records from Zizhi (19 May northernmost record for China and the frst record for 2015), Datang (7 May 2016, 18 May 2018) and Jietou TC-GLGS. sectons (8 April 2018) confrmed its presence in TC-GLGS. All records were from mid-montane moist evergreen Asian Emerald Cuckoo Chrysococcyx maculatus broadleaf forest between 2,100m and 2,800m. Recorded in Zhengding, Dahaoping, Qushi sectons and Longchuan River protected riparian forest. This Yellow-rumped Honeyguide Indicator xanthonotus species may be a breeding visitor to Tengchong and Listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN Red List. courtship behaviours were observed in Qushi (28 April Recorded at Qushi (28 April 2014) and Datang sectons 2014) and Longchuan River protected riparian forest (10 (13 March 2015, Image 1e) near clifs in mid-montane May 2016). moist evergreen broadleaf forest at 2,100–2,200 m. New record for TC-GLGS. Though not included in the GLGS list Ibisbill Ibidorhyncha struthersii compiled by Dumbacher et al. (2011), specimens were Winter visitor recorded regularly in Zizhi secton collected from nearby Lushui County (Yang et al. 1995). along an open stony river (11 December 2014, Image 1c; 28 November 2015). Seven individuals recorded in Jietou Grey-headed Parakeet siacula nscii secton on 18 February 2018. First record for TC-GLGS. Listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN Red List, also legally protected in China. Populaton and Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus distributon range of this species has declined in China Listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN Red List. in recent decades. One and three birds were observed/ Winter visitor, a group of six individuals was spoted in photographed at Datang secton on 26 June 2017 and Zizhi secton on 12 December 2014. First record for TC- 6 June 2018, respectvely. A fock of more than 50 GLGS. individuals was found feeding on cones along the Longchuan River at 1,350m at Dahaoping on 25 June River Lapwing Vanellus duvaucelii 2017. It appears to be nomadic and visit Tengchong only Listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN Red List. in the summer months, as records are few but many Recorded in a reservoir 8km north of Tengchong Town villages reported the species. on 28 November 2015, also recorded in Jietou on 20 February 2018 (Image 1d). First record for TC-GLGS. Fire-tailed Myzornis Myzornis pyrrhoura Fire-tailed Myzornis breeds in high-alttude bamboo- Himalayan Grion Gyps himalayensis rhododendron forest (Liang et al. 2017) and migrate Listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN Red List, also to lower elevatons in winter. Birds were ofen seen legally protected in China. The sightng of three high- at 3,160m at Qushi secton (Image 1f). This species fying birds at Qushi secton over the main spine on 10 was also encountered twice in Zizhi secton: at 2,900m December 2014 is a frst record for TC-GLGS. Noted by on 20 May 2015 in subalpine hemlock-rhododendron Liang et al. (2015) in nearby Lushui County. mixed forest and in moist evergreen broadleaf forest at 2,480m on 25 Nov 2017. On the later occasion, it was Black Eagle ctnaeus alaiensis seen feeding on moss-covered tree trunk, aggressively Legally protected in China. Regularly recorded in all chasing of a Green-tailed Sunbird Aethopyga nipalensis sectons of TC-GLGS. It is worth notng there was only from the feeding site. First record for TC-GLGS. one previous record from TC-GLGS (Yang et al. 1995). Bar-winged Wren-babbler Spelaeornis troglodytoides This forest-dependent species was historically rarely Two individuals were observed in thick undergrowth recorded in China, but are becoming regularly sighted of moist evergreen broadleaf forest at 2,740m at Zizhi in some provinces, despite the ongoing degradaton of secton on 22 November 2017. forest landscape outside protected areas. The apparent rarity of Black Eagle in China in the past was atributed to Slender-billed Scimitar-babbler Pomatorhinus the species being overlooked or under-reported (Zhu et superciliaris al. 2014). Recorded at 2,900m in Zizhi secton on 29 September

14420 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14415–14433 Birds in Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Zheng et al.

© ue-Wen Peng a © Zheng Bi b

© Jiang-Bo Zhao c © Zheng Bi d

© Gang Lu e © ue-Wen Peng f

© Zheng Bi g © Gang Lu h

Image 1. Birds recorded in the Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve in 2014–2018. a— Sclaters Monal Lophophorus sclateri | b—Lady Amhersts Pheasant rysolous aerstae | c— Ibisbill Ibidorhyncha struthersii | d—River Lapwing Vanellus duvaucelii | e—Yellow-rumped Honeyguide Indicator xanthonotus | f— Fire-tailed Myzornis Myzornis pyrrhoura | g— Slender-billed Scimitar-babbler Pomatorhinus superciliaris | h— Himalayan Cuta uta nialensis.

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14415–14433 14421 Birds in Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Zheng et al.

2014 and 8 May 2017. Ten birds were seen at 2,150m in Tengchong to support a full community of avifauna, to Qushi secton on 16 March 2018 (Image 1g). the detriment of threatened species which prefer lower elevatons such as Mrs Hume’s Pheasant and River Yellow-throated Fulveta Schoeniparus cinereus Lapwing. At alttudes above 2,800m, upland species Recorded at Jietou secton on 11 March 2015. Stotz like Sclater’s Monal Lophophorus sclateri and Fire-tailed (2003) also recorded this species in Datang secton. Myzornis Myzornis pyrrhoura face less direct threats from anthropogenic actvites due to the remoteness Himalayan Cuta uta nialensis of their habitats and the fact that high elevaton areas A party of seven was observed feeding on nectar are also the core zone of the Reserve. Climate change, of the tree Rhodoleia forresti at 2,100m in Datang however, will likely disrupt the alttudinal zonaton of secton on 13 March 2015 (Image 1h). The species was montane communites. The possible range contractons frequently seen at 2,150m in Qushi secton. induced by climate change will put high alttude species under tremendous pressure (Gasner et al. 2010; Flousek Yunnan ia yunnanensis et al. 2015). The current bird species richness and Listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN Red List. This populatons need to be monitored closely to predict the Chinese endemic was recorded in Jietou secton on 10 impacts of climate change on the bird fauna of GLGS. March 2015. TC-GLGS have a long history of human habitaton, the inevitable habitat degradaton as well as rampant huntng Purple Cochoa Cochoa purpurea in the past all contributed to the loss of some biodiversity One sub-adult recorded in Zizhi secton at 2,900m on elements. The nature reserve network is, currently, the 7 Oct 2015 in subalpine hemlock-rhododendron mixed most important approach in protectng natural forests forest. First record for TC-GLGS. and biodiversity in Yunnan; however, it should be noted that the existng protected area system cannot Common Chanch Fringilla coelebs efectvely preserve all sites of conservaton signifcance. One individual photographed in subalpine bamboo- Although large areas of intact mid- to upper-montane rhododendron thickets at 3,287m on 13 November 2016 forests are currently protected, most lowland areas are at Qushi secton, which represented the frst record of devoted to setlements and agriculture. The rapidly this species in Yunnan (Zheng et al. 2017). growing human populaton contnues to put pressure on the low-elevaton ecosystems and biodiversity. Despite the intensity of our feld surveys, some DISCUSSION species of conservaton signifcance were not recorded by us: Yellow-breasted Buntng Emberiza aureola was The vast expanse of mid-montane moist evergreen a winter visitor to TC-GLGS and noted as common broadleaf forest protected by TC-GLGS harbours by Tang et al. (1996). It has been up listed to Critcally the highest bird species richness with the highest Endangered in 2017 because of the rapid decline of conservaton value; a patern consistent with a its global populaton (BirdLife Internatonal 2017b). study conducted in the adjacent Lushui secton of Absence of this species during surveys may refect its Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve (Liang et al. current conservaton status, but may also refect our 2015). In the nearby Hkakabo Razi region of northern lack of survey coverage in farmland habitat; a dedicated Kachin State, Myanmar, Rappole et al. (2011) recorded survey should be conducted in the future to gather 413 bird species at elevatons ranging from 500 to 3,000 more informaton about the status of Yellow-breasted m. While our bird list of 387 species from TC-GLGS is Buntng as well as other buntng species in Tengchong, comparable in species richness, it is obvious our current as the group as a whole is under sharp decline (Kamp bird list lacks many species/groups typical of lower et al. 2015). Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos were once elevatons; for example, the more tropical galliformes, observed in large numbers (Rothschild 1926), but its raptors, woodpeckers and hornbills recorded from populaton dropped rapidly since the 1960s (Yang et the 1,000–2,000-m hill forest belt in Rappole et al. al. 1995). Red-headed Vulture Sarcogyps calvus was (2011) are missing from TC-GLGS. In Tengchong, most reported from Tengchong by Yang et al. (1995), but has forests below 2,200m are excluded from the current not been reported in Yunnan since the 1980s. Global protected area network; the under-representaton of populaton of the Red-headed Vulture has been in lower elevaton habitats undermines the potental of precipitous decline, and is listed as Critcally Endangered

14422 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14415–14433 Birds in Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Zheng et al.

(Birdlife Internatonal 2017c). A juvenile White-bellied Edward B. Sladen and Colonel Horace Browne. MacMillan & Co., Heron Ardea insignis was found in nearby Lushui London, 479pp. Anderson, J. (1878). Anatomical and zoological researches: Comprising County, around 20km north of Tengchong, in 2014 (Han an account of the zoological results of the two expeditons to et al. 2015), suggestng Tengchong could be a potental western Yunnan in 1868 and 1875; and a monograph of the two cetacean genera, Platanista and Orcella. B. Quaritch, London. 2 distributon area for this Critcally Endangered species. vols., xxv-l-985 pp., xi-I–84 pp. We have organized target surveys covering suitable BirdLife Internatonal (2017a). Handbook of the Birds of the World habitats in major river basins in Tengchong, but no and BirdLife Internatonal digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 9.1. Downloaded on 12 October 2017. Available at: htp:// White-bellied Heron was encountered despite positve datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/BirdLife feedbacks by interviews and good habitats available. ChecklistVersion91.zip The Green Peafowl Pavo mutcus occurred in Tengchong BirdLife Internatonal (2017b). Emberiza aureola. In: IUCN 2017. 2017 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 18 April before the 1980s (Cheng 1987), but has not been 2018. Available at: htps://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS. recorded since (Wen et al. 1995); we found no trace of T22720966A119335690.en the species during the survey, nor any local reports. BirdLife Internatonal (2017c). Sarcogyps calvus. In: IUCN 2017. 2017 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 04 May 2018. Available at: htps://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS. T22695254A118371885.en CONCLUSIONS BirdLife Internatonal (2018). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Gaoligong Shan Nature Reserve (southern secton). Downloaded on 26 April 2018. With 387 documented avian taxa in our survey, TC- Chan, B.P.L., Z. Bi & S.Z. Duan (2019). Introducton to a four-year biodiversity survey of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal GLGS has immense bird species richness, especially Nature Reserve, in the footsteps of pioneering naturalists in western for a temperate region. It is an important site for the Yunnan, China. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(11): 14391–14401. preservaton of Asian montane forest birds, and an htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4438.11.11.14391-14401 Dinata, Y., A. Nugroho, I. Achmadhaidir & M. Linkie (2008). Camera integral part of the larger eastern Himalaya region that trapping rare and threatened avifauna in west-central Sumatra. Bird is a center of bird endemism and evoluton (Dumbacher Conservaton Internatonal 18: 30–37. et al. 2011; Renner & Rappole 2011). Dumbacher, J.P., J. Miller, M.E. Flannery & . Yang (2011). Avifauna of the Gaoligong Shan Mountains of western China: a hotspot of avian More conservaton efort should be allocated to species diversity. Ornithological Monographs 70: 30–63. lower elevatons below 2,000m, which face intensive Flousek, J., T. Telensk, J. Hanzelka & J. Reif (201). Populaton trends anthropogenic pressure for land use change, and is of central European montane birds provide evidence for adverse impacts of climate change on high-alttude species. PLoS ONE 10: largely outside the reserve boundaries. The secondary 1–14. forests and wetlands at lower elevatons could increase Gasner, M.R., J.E. Jankowski, A.L. Ciecka, .O. yle & .N. Rabenold landscape diversity and partally ofset species loss (2010). Projectng the local impacts of climate change on a Central American montane avian community. Biological Conservaton 143: from primary forests (Wang et al. 2016). There should 1250–1258. be actve collaboraton with the local communites Han, L. (1997). The distributon and habitat selecton of the Hume’s in developing restoraton projects to connect these pheasant in Yunnan Syrmatcus humiae). Chinese Biodiversity 5: 185–189. (in Chinese with English abstract) habitat fragments with TC-GLGS, which is in line with Han, L., C. He, B. Wang, . We, . Luo, . WU & M. Wei (201). the Chinese government’s Ecological Civilizaton goal The Discovery of White-bellied Heron in Yunnan. Sichuan Journal of Zoology: htp://www.scdwzz.com.cn/newsview. (Xi 2017). With support from ecological compensaton aspxnewsid1790&type3. Accessed on 22 October 2015. (in project like Mechanism of Compensaton for Ecological Chinese) Protecton and other restoraton projects, these Han, L., S. Huang, . Luo & H. Yang (2004). The distributon and conservaton of Sclater’s monal in Yunnan. Biodiversity Science 12: pockets of low-elevaton forests in community-owned 523–527. (in Chinese with English abstract) land could provide stepping stones for the recovering Hua, F., J. u. & D.S. Wilcove (2017). A New Opportunity to Recover wildlife populaton in the region (Hua et al. 2017). Natve Forests in China. Conservaton Leers 11: 1–8. Holyoak, D.T. (2018). Hodgson’s Frogmouth (Batrachostomus hodgsoni). In: del Hoyo, J., A. Elliot, J. Sargatal, D.A. Christe & E. de Juana (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the orld Alive. Lynx Edicions, REFERENCES Barcelona. (retrieved from htps://www.hbw.com/node/55149 on 17 May 2018). Jiang, Z., J. Jiang, Y. Wang, E. Zhang, Y. Zhang, L. Li, F. ie, B. Cai, L. Cao, Anderson, J. (1871a). A report on the expediton to western Yunan G. Zheng, L. Dong, Z. Zhang, P. Ding, Z. Luo, C. Ding, Z. Ma, S. Tang, via Bhamo. Ofce of the Superintendent of Government Printng, W. Cao, C. Li, H. Hu, Y. Ma, Y. Wu, Y. Wang, . Zhou, S. Liu, Y. Chen, J. Calcuta, India, 458pp. Li, Z. Feng, Y. Wang, B. Wang, . Li, . Song, L. Cai, C. Zang, Y. Zeng, Anderson, J. (1871b). On eight new species of birds from western Z. Meng, H. Fang & . Ping (2016). Red List of China’s Vertebrates. Yunan, China. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London Biodiversity Science 24: 500–551. (in Chinese with English abstract) 1871:211–215. amp, J., S. Oppel, A.A. Ananin, Y.A. Durnev, S.N. Gashev, N. Holzel, Anderson, J. (1876). Mandalay to Momien: A Narratve of the Two A.L. Mishchenko, J. Pessa, S.M. Smirenski, E.G. Strelnikov, S. Expeditons to estern China of 1868 and 1875, Under Colonel Timonen, . Wolanska & S. Chan (201). Global populaton collapse

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14415–14433 14423 Birds in Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Zheng et al.

in a superabundant migratory bird and illegal trapping in China. Stotz, D.F., E.J. Harris, D.. Moskovits, . Hao, S. Yi & G.W. Adelmann Conservaton Biology 29: 1684–1694. (eds.) (2003). China: Yunnan, Southern Gaoligongshan. Rapid Li, F., -Y. Huang, -C. Zhang, - Z, J-h Y & B.P.L. Chan (2019). Mammals Biological Inventories, No.4. The Field Museum, Chicago, 144pp. of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve in Tang, C., Y. u & L. Yang (1996). Birds of the Hengduan Mountains Yunnan Province, China. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(11): 14402– Region. Sciences Press, Beijing, 546pp. (in Chinese) 14414. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4439.11.11.14402-14414 Wang, L., S.S. Young, W. Wang, G. Ren, W. iao, Y. Long, J. Li. & J. Liang, D., G. Gao, L. Han. & . Luo (2017). Breeding Biology of Fire- Zhu (2016). Conservaton priorites of forest ecosystems with Tailed Myzornis (Myzornis pyrrhoura) In an Alpine Environment in evaluatons of connectvity and future threats: implicatons in the southwestern China. ilson Journal of 129: 568–575. eastern Himalaya of China. Biological Conservaton 195: 128–135. Liang, D., G. Gao, B. Wang, .W. Wang, Y.. Chan, .R. Wu, C. Zhao, Wen, ., . Yang, L. Han, L. Yang & W. Wang (199). Investgatons D.M. Jiang, L.. Han & . Luo (201). The diversity and vertcal on the current status of the distributon of Green Peafowl in China. distributon of the birds in middle Gaoligong Mountain, Yunnan. Chinese Biodiversity 3: 46–51. (in Chinese with English abstract) Sichuan Journal of Zoology 34(6): 930–940. (in Chinese with English Wu, Y.J., R.. Colwell, N.J. Han, R.Y. Zhang, W.J. Wang, . uan, C.L. abstract) Zhang, G. Song, Y.H. u & F.M. Lei (2014). Understanding historical Luo, ., L. Han & H. Ai (2004). Preliminary Report on the Movement and current paterns of species richness of babblers along a 5000-m and Habitat Preference of Sclater’s Monal at Mt. Gaoligongshan subtropical elevatonal gradient. Global Ecology and Biogeography in Winter. Zoological Research 25: 48–52. (in Chinese with English 23: 1167–1176. abstract) i, J. (2017). Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Peng, Y., T. Wei, L. Yang & G. Liu (1980). Investgaton Reports on Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strive for the Great Success of Vertebrates in Gaoligong Mountains, Yunnan Province, vol. 2: Birds. Socialism with Chinese Characteristcs for a New Era. Report at 19th Sciences Press, Beijing. (in Chinese) Natonal Congress of the Communist Party of China. Downloaded Rappole, J.H., T. Aung, P.C. Rasmussen & S.C. Renner (2011). on 11 April 2018. Available at htp://www.xinhuanet.com/english/ Ornithological Exploraton in the Southeastern Sub-Himalayan download/XiJinping’sreportat19thCPCNatonalCongress. Region of Myanmar. Ornithological Monographs 70: 10–29. pdf Renner, S.C. & J.H. Rappole. (2011). Bird Diversity, Biogeographic ue, J.R. (ed.) (199). Gaoligong Mountain Natonal Nature Reserve. Paterns, and Endemism of the Eastern Himalayas and Southeastern China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, 395pp. (in Chinese) Sub-Himalayan Mountains. Ornithological Monographs 70: 153– Yang, L., . Wen, L. Han, . Yang, W. Shi & S. Wang (199). The 166. Avifauna of Yunnan China, vol. 1: Non-Passerines. Yunnan Science Rothschild, L.W. (1926). On the avifauna of Yunnan, with critcal notes. and Technology Press, Kunming, China, 673pp. (in Chinese) Novitates Zoologicae 33: 189–343. Yang, L. & . Yang. (2004). The Avifauna of Yunnan China, vol. 2: Rothschild, L.W. (1927a). Supplemental notes on the avifauna of Passeriformes. Yunnan Science and Technology Press, Kunming, Yunnan. Novitates Zoologicae 33: 395–400. China, 1056pp. (in Chinese) Rothschild, L.W. (1927b). Correctons and critcisms to the artcle on Zhang, .W., Y.N. Gong, .J. Song, .C. Wang, C.T. Yang, Z.F. Shu & the avifauna of Yunnan. Novitates Zoologicae 33: 398–400. F.S. Zou (2018). Comparing the efectveness of camera trapping Rothschild, L.W. (1927c). Supplement to the avifauna of Yunnan. to traditonal methods for biodiversity surveys of forest birds. Novitates Zoologicae 34: 39–45. Biodiversity Science 26(3): 229–237. Sutherland, W.J. (Ed.) (2006). Ecological census techniques: a Zheng, ., S. Li, . Huang & F. Li (2017). Common Chafnch Fringilla handbook, 2nd editon. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, coelebs found in Tengchong, Yunnan. Chinese Journal of Zoology 52: 432pp. 496. (in Chinese) Staterseld, A.J., M.J. Crosby, A.J. Long & D.C. Wege (1998). Endemic Zhu, L., . Yang, G. Hao, . Huang, T. Liu, Z. Dai, . Wei, R.W. Bird Areas of the orld. Priorites for Biodiversity Conservaton. Lewthwaite & Y. Sun (2014). A review of the distributon of Black BirdLife Conservaton Series 7. BirdLife Internatonal, Cambridge, Eagle Ictnaetus malaiensis in mainland China. Forktail 30: 45–49. 816pp.

14424 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14415–14433 Birds in Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Zheng et al.

Appendix 1. Birds recorded from Tengchong secton of Gaoligongshan, Yunnan Province, China, 2014–2018. Conservaton Status: 1 IUCN Red List status, 2 China Red List status (EN Endangered, VU Vulnerable, NT Near Threatened, LC Least Concern, DD Data Defcient), 3 Natonal Key Protected Wild Animals status (I Class I, II Class II). First Record: YN First record for Yunnan, TC First record for Tengchong; Survey Locatons: A Heshun Wetland, B Laifengshan Natonal Forest Park, C Beihai Marsh, D Protected Riparian Forest, E Zhengding, F Dahaoping, G Qushi, H Jietou, I Datang, J Zizhi, K Fanshanchu State-owned Forest, L Other sites in Tengchong.

Conservaton status Survey Common name Scientc name 1 2 3 First record locatons Hill Partridge Arborophila torqueola LC LC - - G,H,I,J,L

Rufous-throated Partridge Arborophila rufogularis LC LC - TC D,F

Mountain Bamboo-partridge Bambusicola fytchii LC LC - - E,G,I,J

Sclaters Monal Lophophorus sclateri VU EN I - G

Temmincks Tragopan Tragopan temminckii LC NT II - G,I,J

Blood Pheasant Ithaginis cruentus LC NT II TC I

Mrs Humes Pheasant Syrmatcus humiae NT VU I - F,G,I

Lady Amhersts Pheasant Chrysolophus amherstae LC NT II - I,J,L

Common Pheasant Phasianus colchicus LC LC - - E,J,L

Silver Pheasant Lophura nycthemera LC LC II - E,F,H,I,J,L

Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea LC LC - - A,C,J,L

Common Pochard Aythya ferina VU LC - TC C

Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca NT NT - TC C

Garganey Spatula querquedula LC LC - - C

Gadwall Mareca strepera LC LC - TC C

Indian Spot-billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha LC - - - A,C,J,L

Mallard Anas platyrhynchos LC LC - TC J,L

Common Teal Anas crecca LC LC - - C

Litle Grebe Tachybaptus rucollis LC LC - - A,L

Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus LC LC - TC L

Black-necked Grebe Podiceps nigricollis LC LC - TC L

Speckled Woodpigeon Columba hodgsonii LC LC - - G,J

Ashy Woodpigeon Columba pulchricollis LC LC - TC I

Oriental Turtle-dove Streptopelia orientalis LC LC - - B,D,F,H,I,J,L

Red Turtle-dove Streptopelia tranquebarica LC LC - - I

Eastern Spoted Dove Spilopelia chinensis LC LC - - H,I,J,L

Wedge-tailed Green-pigeon Treron sphenurus LC NT II - G,I,J

Hodgsons Frogmouth Batrachostomus hodgsoni LC DD II TC J

Grey Nightjar Caprimulgus jotaka LC - II - F,G,J

White-throated Needletail Hirundapus caudacutus LC LC - - J

Himalayan Swiflet Aerodramus brevirostris LC NT - - G,I,J,K

Asian Palm-swif Cypsiurus balasiensis LC LC - - J,L

Pacifc Swif Apus pacicus LC LC - TC E,G,H,J

House Swif Apus nipalensis LC LC - - B,D,H,L

Green-billed Malkoha Phaenicophaeus trists LC LC - - D,E,F

Western Koel Eudynamys scolopaceus LC LC - - G,I,J

Asian Emerald Cuckoo Chrysococcyx maculatus LC NT - - D,E,G

Plaintve Cuckoo Cacomants merulinus LC LC - - G,J

Fork-tailed Drongo-cuckoo Surniculus dicruroides LC LC - - D,F,J

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14415–14433 14425 Birds in Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Zheng et al.

Conservaton status Survey Common name Scientc name 1 2 3 First record locatons Large Hawk-cuckoo Hierococcyx sparverioides LC LC - - B,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,L

Whistling Hawk-cuckoo Hierococcyx nisicolor LC LC - TC D

Indian Cuckoo Cuculus micropterus LC LC - TC D,G,J

Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus LC LC - - D,E,F,G,I,J

Oriental Cuckoo Cuculus saturatus LC LC - - D,G,I,J

Lesser Cuckoo Cuculus poliocephalus LC LC - - G,J

Ruddy-breasted Crake Zapornia fusca LC NT - - L

Black-tailed Crake Zapornia bicolor LC LC II - F,J

White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus LC LC - - A,C,D,H,I,J

Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio LC VU - - C

Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus LC LC - - A,C,L

Common Coot Fulica atra LC LC - TC J,L

Common Crane Grus grus LC NT II TC J,L

Black Stork Ciconia nigra LC VU I - J,L

Yellow Bitern Ixobrychus sinensis LC LC - TC C

Cinnamon Bitern Ixobrychus cinnamomeus LC LC - - I,L

Black-crowned Night-heron Nyctcorax nyctcorax LC LC - - L

Green-backed Heron Butorides striata LC LC - - A,L

Chinese Pond-heron Ardeola bacchus LC LC - - A,J,L

Catle Egret Bubulcus ibis LC LC - - C,D,E,H,J,K,L

Grey Heron Ardea cinerea LC LC - TC L

Purple Heron Ardea purpurea LC LC - TC C

Great White Egret Ardea alba LC LC - TC C,D

Intermediate Egret Ardea intermedia LC LC - TC C,J

Litle Egret Egrea garzea LC LC - - C,D,I,J,L

Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo LC LC - - A,J,L

Ibisbill Ibidorhyncha struthersii LC NT - TC H,J

Black-winged Stlt Himantopus himantopus LC LC - - L

Long-billed Plover Charadrius placidus LC NT - - J

Litle Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius LC LC - TC L

Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus NT LC - TC J

River Lapwing Vanellus duvaucelii NT NT - TC L,H

Grey-headed Lapwing Vanellus cinereus LC LC - - J,L

Red-watled Lapwing Vanellus indicus LC DD - - L

Greater Painted-snipe Rostratula benghalensis LC LC - - L

Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus LC NT - TC C

Eurasian Woodcock Scolopax rustcola LC LC - - F,J

Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago LC LC - TC L

Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus LC LC - TC L

Common Sandpiper Actts hypoleucos LC LC - - J,L

Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus LC LC - - H,J,L

Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus LC LC - TC L

Eastern Grass- Tyto longimembris LC DD - TC G,L

Collared Owlet Glaucidium brodiei LC LC II TC E,F,H,I,J,L

14426 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14415–14433 Birds in Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Zheng et al.

Conservaton status Survey Common name Scientc name 1 2 3 First record locatons Asian Barred Owlet Glaucidium cuculoides LC LC II TC D,F,H,J

Collared Scops-owl Otus lea LC LC II - F,G

Mountain Scops-owl Otus spilocephalus LC NT II TC F,I,J,L

Oriental Scops-owl Otus sunia LC LC II TC J

Brown Wood-owl leptogrammica LC NT II - B,G,J

Himalayan Owl Strix nivicolum LC - II - F,H,J

Spot-bellied Eagle-owl Bubo nipalensis LC NT II TC I

Tawny Fish-owl Ketupa favipes LC EN II TC I

Osprey Pandion haliaetus LC NT II TC J

Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus LC NT II - F,H,L

Oriental Honey-buzzard Pernis ptlorhynchus LC NT II - D,F,G,I,J

Jerdons Baza Aviceda jerdoni LC NT II TC G

Crested Serpent-eagle Spilornis cheela LC NT II - D,F,H,I,J

Himalayan Grifon Gyps himalayensis NT NT II TC G

Mountain Hawk-eagle Nisaetus nipalensis LC NT II - G,J

Black Eagle Ictnaetus malaiensis LC VU II - E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L

Bonellis Eagle Aquila fasciata LC VU II TC I

Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus LC NT II - J,L

Pied Harrier Circus melanoleucos LC NT II - C,H

Crested Goshawk Accipiter trivirgatus LC NT II - B,D,F,L

Besra Accipiter virgatus LC LC II - G,H,I

Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentlis LC NT II TC G

Black Kite Milvus migrans LC LC II - L

Grey-faced Buzzard Butastur indicus LC NT II TC G,J

Himalayan Buzzard Buteo refectus LC - II - E,H,J,L

Red-headed Trogon Harpactes erythrocephalus LC NT - - I,J

Wards Trogon Harpactes wardi NT NT - TC H,I,J

Common Hoopoe Upupa epops LC LC - - F,J

Common Kingfsher Alcedo ahis LC LC - - A,H,I,J,L

Crested Kingfsher Megaceryle lugubris LC LC - - G

White-breasted Kingfsher Halcyon smyrnensis LC LC - - L

Black-capped Kingfsher Halcyon pileata LC LC - - I

Great Barbet Psilopogon virens LC LC - TC B,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L

Golden-throated Barbet Psilopogon franklinii LC DD - - B,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K

Blue-throated Barbet Psilopogon asiatcus LC DD - - D,E,F,G,H

Yellow-rumped Honeyguide Indicator xanthonotus NT NT - TC G,I

Eurasian Wryneck Jynx torquilla LC LC - TC L

Bay Woodpecker Blythipicus pyrrhots LC LC - - E,F,G,H,I,J

Greater Yellownape Chrysophlegma favinucha LC EN - TC G,I,J

Grey-faced Woodpecker canus LC LC - - J

Grey-capped Woodpecker Picoides canicapillus LC LC - - B,G,I,J

Crimson-breasted Woodpecker Dryobates pernyii LC - - - G,I,J

Rufous-bellied Woodpecker Dendrocopos hyperythrus LC LC - TC J

Stripe-breasted Woodpecker Dendrocopos atratus LC DD - TC J

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14415–14433 14427 Birds in Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Zheng et al.

Conservaton status Survey Common name Scientc name 1 2 3 First record locatons Darjeeling Woodpecker Dendrocopos darjellensis LC LC - - I,J,L

Great Spoted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major LC LC - - G,I,J

Common Kestrel Falco tnnunculus LC LC II - H,J,L

Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo LC LC II - G

Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus LC NT II TC G,L

Grey-headed Parakeet Psiacula nschii NT DD II - D,I

Long-tailed Broadbill Psarisomus dalhousiae LC NT II TC D

Maroon Oriole Oriolus traillii LC NT - - D,G,I,L

Slender-billed Oriole Oriolus tenuirostris LC DD - - B,E

Black-headed Shrike-babbler Pteruthius ruventer LC DD - TC H,I,J

White-browed Shrike-babbler Pteruthius aeralatus LC LC - - B,D,E,F,G,H,I,J

Green Shrike-babbler Pteruthius xanthochlorus LC NT - TC D,G,I,J

Black-eared Shrike-babbler Pteruthius melanots LC DD - - G,I

Chestnut-fronted Shrike-babbler Pteruthius aenobarbus LC DD - TC J

White-bellied Erpornis Erpornis zantholeuca LC LC - - D,F,G,I,J

Grey-chinned Minivet Pericrocotus solaris LC LC - - F,G,H,I,K,L

Short-billed Minivet Pericrocotus brevirostris LC LC - - D,E,F,G,I,J,L

Long-tailed Minivet Pericrocotus ethologus LC LC - - F,H,J

Scarlet Minivet Pericrocotus fammeus LC LC - - B,D,E,F,G,I,J

Rosy Minivet Pericrocotus roseus LC LC - - F

Large Cuckoo-shrike Coracina javensis LC LC - - B,J

Black-winged Cuckoo-shrike Lalage melaschistos LC LC - - D,I

Bar-winged Flycatcher-shrike Hemipus picatus LC DD - TC D,G,H

White-throated Fantail Rhipidura albicollis LC LC - - D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K

Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus LC LC - - D,E,G,I,J,L

Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus LC LC - - B,D,E,F,G,I,J,L

Bronzed Drongo Dicrurus aeneus LC LC - - D,J,L

Hair-crested Drongo Dicrurus hoentous LC LC - - G

Oriental Paradise-fycatcher Terpsiphone anis LC NT - - D

Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus LC LC - - F,J

Burmese Shrike Lanius collurioides LC NT - - C

Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach LC LC - - B,C,D,F,G,H,I,J,K,L

Grey-backed Shrike Lanius tephronotus LC LC - - E,G,H,I,J

Grey Treepie Dendrocia formosae LC LC - - D,F,L

Yellow-billed Blue Magpie Urocissa favirostris LC LC - - J

Red-billed Blue Magpie Urocissa erythroryncha LC LC - - D,F,G,H,I,J,L

Eurasian Jay Garrulus glandarius LC LC - TC B,J

Eurasian Magpie Pica pica LC LC - - E,G,H,J,L

Southern Nutcracker Nucifraga hemispila LC LC - - J

Large-billed Crow Corvus macrorhynchos LC LC - - C,E,G,H,I,J,L

Yellow-bellied Fairy-fantail Chelidorhynx hypoxanthus LC LC - - B,E,F,G,H,I,J,L

Grey-headed Canary-fycatcher Culicicapa ceylonensis LC LC - - B,D,F,G,H,I,J,K,L

Fire-capped Cephalopyrus fammiceps LC LC - - E,H

Yellow-browed Tit Sylviparus modestus LC LC - - G,H,I,J,L

14428 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14415–14433 Birds in Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Zheng et al.

Conservaton status Survey Common name Scientc name 1 2 3 First record locatons Sultan Tit Melanochlora sultanea LC DD - TC D

Coal Tit Periparus ater LC LC - TC H,J

Grey-crested Tit dichrous LC LC - TC J

Green-backed Tit Parus montcolus LC LC - - B,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L

Great Tit Parus major LC LC - - A,B,D,F,G,H,I,J,L

Yellow-cheeked Tit Machlolophus spilonotus LC LC - - D,E,G,I,J,L

Oriental Skylark Alauda gulgula LC LC - - C,E,F

Zitng Cistcola Cistcola juncidis LC LC - - C

Hill Prinia Prinia superciliaris LC LC - - D,F,G,I

Plain Prinia Prinia inornata LC LC - - C

Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius LC LC - TC D,I

Pygmy Cupwing pusilla LC LC - - E,F,G,I,J,L

Russet Grasshopper-warbler Locustella mandelli LC LC - TC J

Striated Grassbird Megalurus palustris LC LC - - C

Asian House Martn Delichon dasypus LC LC - TC F,G,I,J,L

Nepal House Martn Delichon nipalense LC LC - - G,J

Red-rumped Swallow Cecropis daurica LC LC - - D,F,H,L

Barn Swallow Hirundo rustca LC LC - - B,D,F,G,H,I,J,L

Asian Plain Martn Riparia chinensis LC LC - TC D,J,L

Ashy Bulbul Hemixos favala LC LC - TC D

Mountain Bulbul Ixos mcclellandii LC LC - - B,D,E,F,G,I,J,K,L

Black Bulbul Hypsipetes leucocephalus LC LC - - B,D,E,G,H,I,J,K,L

Crested Finchbill Spizixos canifrons LC LC - - B,D,E,F,G,H,I,K,L

Striated Bulbul striatus LC LC - - E,G,I,L

Brown-breasted Bulbul Pycnonotus xanthorrhous LC LC - - B,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,L

Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer LC LC - - B,D,E,G,L

Flavescent Bulbul Pycnonotus favescens LC NT - TC D,F,G,H

Yellow-browed Warbler Phylloscopus inornatus LC LC - - B,H,J

Sichuan Leaf-warbler Phylloscopus forrest LC LC - TC J

Buf-barred Warbler Phylloscopus pulcher LC LC - - G,H,I,J

Ashy-throated Warbler Phylloscopus maculipennis LC LC - - B,F,G,H,I,J

Dusky Warbler Phylloscopus fuscatus LC LC - - J,L

Buf-throated Warbler Phylloscopus subanis LC LC - - F,I,J,L

Tickells Leaf-warbler Phylloscopus subanis LC LC - - I

Yellow-streaked Warbler Phylloscopus armandii LC LC - - G

White-spectacled Warbler Phylloscopus intermedius LC LC - TC F,G,I,J

Grey-cheeked Warbler Phylloscopus poliogenys LC LC - - I,J

Grey-crowned Warbler Phylloscopus tephrocephalus LC LC - - G,J

Bianchis Warbler Phylloscopus valentni LC LC - - H,J

Chestnut-crowned Warbler Phylloscopus castaniceps LC LC - - E,I,J,L

Greenish Warbler Phylloscopus trochiloides LC LC - - H

Large-billed Leaf-warbler Phylloscopus magnirostris LC LC - TC J

Blyths Leaf-warbler Phylloscopus reguloides LC LC - TC B,D,E,F,G,H,I,J

White-tailed Leaf-warbler Phylloscopus intensior LC LC - - E,F,I,J

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14415–14433 14429 Birds in Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Zheng et al.

Conservaton status Survey Common name Scientc name 1 2 3 First record locatons Grey-bellied Tesia Tesia cyaniventer LC LC - - G,I,J

Grey-sided Bush-warbler Cea brunnifrons LC LC - - G

Chestnut-headed Tesia Cea castaneocoronata LC LC - TC G,I,J

Black-faced Warbler Abroscopus schistceps LC LC - - E,G,H,I,J,K

Mountain Tailorbird Phyllergates cucullatus LC LC - - E,G,I,J

Broad-billed Warbler Tickellia hodgsoni LC LC - TC G

Brownish-fanked Bush-warbler fortpes LC LC - - C,D,F,G,H,I,J,L

Aberrant Bush-warbler Horornis favolivaceus LC LC - - G,J

Black-throated Tit Aegithalos concinnus LC LC - - B,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,L

Black-browed Tit Aegithalos bonvalot LC LC - - E,G,I,J

Fire-tailed Myzornis Myzornis pyrrhoura LC NT - TC G,J

Golden-breasted Fulveta Lioparus chrysots LC LC - - G,H

White-browed Fulveta Fulvea vinipectus LC LC - - G,H,I,J

Manipur Fulveta Fulvea manipurensis LC - - TC E,G,I,J,L

Spectacled Fulveta Fulvea rucapilla LC LC - - I,J

Spot-breasted guatcollis LC LC - - D,E,I

Brown Parrotbill Cholornis unicolor LC LC - TC G,H,J,L

Fulvous Parrotbill fulvifrons LC LC - - G,H

Black-throated Parrotbill Suthora nipalensis LC DD - - E,G,J,L

Brown-winged Parrotbill Sinosuthora brunnea LC LC - - B,D,E,F,G,H,I,J

White-collared Yuhina Yuhina diademata LC LC - - F,G,H,I,J

Striated Yuhina Yuhina castaniceps LC LC - TC D,I

Stripe-throated Yuhina Yuhina gularis LC LC - - E,F,G,H,I,J,L

Whiskered Yuhina Yuhina favicollis LC LC - - B,D,E,F,G,I,J,K,L

Rufous-vented Yuhina Yuhina occipitalis LC LC - - E,F,G,H,I,J,L

Chestnut-fanked White-eye Zosterops erythropleurus LC LC - TC E,G

Japanese White-eye Zosterops japonicus LC LC - - F,G,H,J,L

Oriental White-eye Zosterops palpebrosus LC LC - - D,E,F,H,I,J

Bar-winged Wren-babbler Spelaeornis troglodytoides LC LC - - J

Grey-bellied Wren-babbler Spelaeornis reptatus LC - - - G

Slender-billed Scimitar-babbler Pomatorhinus superciliaris LC NT - - G,J

Streak-breasted Scimitar-babbler Pomatorhinus rucollis LC LC - - D,E,F,G,H,I,J,L

Black-streaked Scimitar-babbler Erythrogenys gravivox LC - - - D,F,G,H,I,J,L

Rufous-capped Babbler Cyanoderma ruceps LC LC - - D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L

Rusty-capped Fulveta Schoeniparus dubius LC LC - - D,E,F,G,H,I,J,L

Yellow-throated Fulveta Schoeniparus cinereus LC LC - - H

Rufous-winged Fulveta Schoeniparus castaneceps LC LC - - B,E,G,H,I,J,K,L

Grey-cheeked Fulveta morrisonia LC LC - - B,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,L

Striated Laughingthrush Grammatoptla striata LC LC - TC I,J

Himalayan Cuta Cuta nipalensis LC LC - - G,I

Spoted Laughingthrush ocellatus LC NT - TC L Western Moustached Garrulax cineraceus LC LC - - D Laughingthrush White-browed Laughingthrush Garrulax sannio LC LC - - B,D,F,G,I,J,L

Black-throated Laughingthrush Garrulax chinensis LC LC - TC G

14430 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14415–14433 Birds in Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Zheng et al.

Conservaton status Survey Common name Scientc name 1 2 3 First record locatons Chinese Babax Garrulax lanceolatus LC LC - - E,I,J,K,L

White-throated Laughingthrush Garrulax albogularis LC LC - - J

Grey-sided Laughingthrush Garrulax caerulatus LC LC - - E

Scaly Laughingthrush subunicolor LC LC - - I

Blue-winged Laughingthrush Trochalopteron squamatum LC LC - TC G

Black-faced Laughingthrush Trochalopteron ane LC LC - - G,J

Red-tailed Laughingthrush Trochalopteron milnei LC LC - - I,J

Chestnut-crowned Laughingthrush Trochalopteron erythrocephalum LC LC - - E,F,G,J,L

Beautful Sibia Heterophasia pulchella LC LC - - E,G,H,I,J,L

Black-headed Sibia Heterophasia desgodinsi LC - - - B,D,F,G,H,I,J

Silver-eared Mesia Leiothrix argentauris LC NT - TC B,D,E,F,I

Red-billed Leiothrix Leiothrix lutea LC LC - - B,E,I,J

Red-tailed Minla Minla ignotncta LC LC - - B,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L

Scarlet-faced Liocichla Liocichla ripponi LC NT - TC B,F

Streak-throated Barwing Sibia waldeni LC LC - - G,H,I,J

Blue-winged Minla Siva cyanouroptera LC LC - - A,B,D,F,G,H,I,J

Bar-throated Minla Chrysominla strigula LC LC - - B,E,F,G,H,I,J,L

Rusty-fronted Barwing Actnodura egertoni LC LC - - E,F,G,I

Rusty-fanked Treecreeper Certhia nipalensis LC LC - TC G,H,J

Manipur Treecreeper Certhia manipurensis LC LC - - J

Bar-tailed Treecreeper Certhia himalayana LC LC - TC J

Hodgsons Treecreeper Certhia hodgsoni LC - - TC J

Chestnut-vented Nuthatch Sia nagaensis LC LC - - B,E,F,G,H,I,J,L

White-tailed Nuthatch Sia himalayensis LC NT - - G,H,I,J

Yunnan Nuthatch Sia yunnanensis NT VU - - H

Wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria LC LC - - I

Northern Wren Troglodytes troglodytes LC LC - TC H,J

Brown Dipper Cinclus pallasii LC LC - - I,J

Black-collared Gracupica nigricollis LC LC - - C,H

Chestnut-tailed Starling Sturnia malabarica LC LC - - L

White-cheeked Starling Spodiopsar cineraceus LC LC - TC A

Collared Myna Acridotheres albocinctus LC LC - - A

Crested Myna Acridotheres cristatellus LC LC - - A,C,E

Long-tailed Thrush Zoothera dixoni LC LC - TC I

Himalayan Forest Thrush Zoothera salimalii LC LC - TC G,H

Dark-sided Thrush Zoothera marginata LC LC - TC L

Scaly Thrush Zoothera dauma LC LC - - F,G

Purple Cochoa Cochoa purpurea LC LC - TC J

Eurasian Blackbird Turdus merula LC LC - TC D,E,H,L

Grey-winged Blackbird Turdus boulboul LC LC - TC L

Black-breasted Thrush Turdus dissimilis LC NT - - B,D,H,K

Eyebrowed Thrush Turdus obscurus LC LC - - F,I,L

Chestnut Thrush Turdus rubrocanus LC LC - TC G

Oriental Magpie-robin Copsychus saularis LC LC - - B,D,E,G,H,J,L

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14415–14433 14431 Birds in Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Zheng et al.

Conservaton status Survey Common name Scientc name 1 2 3 First record locatons Dark-sided Flycatcher Muscicapa sibirica LC LC - - F,G,I,J

Ferruginous Flycatcher Muscicapa ferruginea LC LC - - G,I,J,K

Brown-breasted Flycatcher Muscicapa muui LC LC - TC B

Rufous-bellied Niltava Niltava sundara LC LC - - G,I,J

Small Niltava Niltava macgrigoriae LC LC - TC G,J

Large Vivid Niltava Niltava oatesi LC LC - TC I

Fujian Niltava Niltava davidi LC LC - TC G,J

Large Niltava Niltava grandis LC LC - - B,I

Verditer Flycatcher Eumyias thalassinus LC LC - - B,D,E,F,G,I,J

Pale Blue-fycatcher Cyornis unicolor LC LC - - I,J

Hill Blue-fycatcher Cyornis banyumas LC LC - - D,G

Lesser Shortwing Brachypteryx leucophris LC LC - - I,J

Himalayan Shortwing Brachypteryx cruralis LC LC - - B,G,J

Indian Blue Robin Larvivora brunnea LC LC - - B

Siberian Rubythroat Calliope calliope LC LC - - F,I

White-tailed Blue Robin Myiomela leucura LC LC - - E,J

Himalayan Bush-robin Tarsiger rulatus LC - - TC B,G,H,I,J,L

White-browed Bush-robin Tarsiger indicus LC LC - TC F,I

Golden Bush-robin Tarsiger chrysaeus LC LC - - G,H,J

Litle Forktail Enicurus scouleri LC LC - - G,H,I,J

Slaty-backed Forktail Enicurus schistaceus LC LC - - D,I,J,L

White-crowned Forktail Enicurus leschenault LC - - TC D,E,H,I

Spoted Forktail Enicurus maculatus LC LC - - D,G,I,J,L

Blue Whistling-thrush Myophonus caeruleus LC LC - - D,G,H,I,J,K

Slaty-backed Flycatcher Ficedula erithacus LC LC - - G,H,I,J

Slaty-blue Flycatcher Ficedula tricolor LC LC - TC B,F,J

Snowy-browed Flycatcher Ficedula hyperythra LC LC - - E,G,J

Pygmy Blue-fycatcher Ficedula hodgsoni LC LC - - G,J

Rufous-gorgeted Flycatcher Ficedula strophiata LC LC - - G,H,J

Sapphire Flycatcher Ficedula sapphira LC LC - - J

Litle Pied Flycatcher Ficedula westermanni LC LC - - B,D,F,G,I,J,L

Red-throated Flycatcher Ficedula albicilla LC LC - - F,G,I

Blue-fronted Redstart Phoenicurus frontalis LC LC - - B,E,G,H,I,J,L

White-capped Water-redstart Phoenicurus leucocephalus LC LC - - D,G,H,I,J,L

Plumbeous Water-redstart Phoenicurus fuliginosus LC LC - - D,E,G,H,I,J,K

Daurian Redstart Phoenicurus auroreus LC LC - - B,F,H,I,L

Hodgsons Redstart Phoenicurus hodgsoni LC LC - - L

Chestnut-bellied Rock-thrush Montcola ruventris LC LC - - F,H,I,J

Blue Rock-thrush Montcola solitarius LC LC - - J

Grey Bushchat Saxicola ferreus LC LC - - B,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,L

Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata LC LC - - D,H

Common Stonechat Saxicola torquatus LC LC - - C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,L

Goldcrest Regulus regulus LC LC - TC F,I

Orange-bellied Leaird Chloropsis hardwickii LC LC - - D,F,G,H,I

14432 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14415–14433 Birds in Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Zheng et al.

Conservaton status Survey Common name Scientc name 1 2 3 First record locatons Blue-winged Leaird Chloropsis moluccensis LC LC - TC D

Yellow-bellied Flowerpecker Dicaeum melanozanthum LC LC - - E,G,I,J

Plain Flowerpecker Dicaeum minullum LC LC - - E,L

Fire-breasted Flowerpecker Dicaeum ignipectus LC LC - - D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L

Streaked Spiderhunter Arachnothera magna LC LC - - B

Fire-tailed Sunbird Aethopyga ignicauda LC LC - - E,G,H,I,J,L

Black-throated Sunbird Aethopyga saturata LC LC - - D,F

Green-tailed Sunbird Aethopyga nipalensis LC LC - - B,F,G,H,I,J,L

Goulds Sunbird Aethopyga gouldiae LC LC - - E,F,G,H,I,J,L

Alpine Accentor Prunella collaris LC LC - TC G

Maroon-backed Accentor Prunella immaculata LC LC - - L

Rufous-breasted Accentor Prunella strophiata LC LC - TC G,H,L

White-rumped Munia Lonchura striata LC LC - TC H

Scaly-breasted Munia Lonchura punctulata LC LC - - E

Russet Sparrow Passer cinnamomeus LC LC - - C,D,E,G,H,I,J,K,L

Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus LC LC - - H,J,L

Olive-backed Pipit Anthus hodgsoni LC LC - - F,H,I,J

Rosy Pipit Anthus roseatus LC LC - - C

Paddyfeld Pipit Anthus rufulus LC LC - - L

Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea LC LC - - E,F,I,J,L

Citrine Wagtail Motacilla citreola LC LC - - A,C

Eastern Yellow Wagtail Motacilla tschutschensis LC LC - - C,J

White Wagtail Motacilla alba LC LC - - B,C,D,E,F,G,I,J,K,L

Common Chafnch Fringilla coelebs LC LC - YN G

Brambling Fringilla montfringilla LC LC - TC H,I,J

Spot-winged Grosbeak Mycerobas melanozanthos LC LC - - J

Common Rosefnch Carpodacus erythrinus LC LC - - G,J

Scarlet Finch Carpodacus sipahi LC LC - - H

Vinaceous Rosefnch Carpodacus vinaceus LC LC - TC G

Crimson-browed Finch Carpodacus subhimachalus LC LC - TC G

Brown Bullfnch Pyrrhula nipalensis LC LC - - F,H,J

Grey-headed Bullfnch Pyrrhula erythaca LC LC - TC G

Gold-naped Finch Pyrrhoplectes epaulea LC LC - TC E

Dark-breasted Rosefnch Procarduelis nipalensis LC LC - TC J,L

Plain Mountain-fnch Leucostcte nemoricola LC LC - TC G

Black-headed Greenfnch Chloris ambigua LC LC - - C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J

Red Crossbill Loxia curvirostra LC LC - TC B,F,G,J

Tibetan Siskin Spinus thibetanus LC NT - TC L

Yellow-throated Buntng Emberiza elegans LC LC - - H,K

Litle Buntng Emberiza pusilla LC LC - - E,F,H,I,J,L

Threatened Taxa

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14415–14433 14433 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14434–1441

A T S

C G N N R, C

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) Jian-Huan Yang 1 , iang-Yuan Huang 2 , Jian-Fang Ye 3 , Shen-Pin Yang 4 , ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) ing-Chao Zhang 5 & Bosco Pui-Lok Chan 6 PLATINUM OPEN ACCESS 1,6 Kadoorie Conservaton China, Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden, Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR, China. 2,3,4,5 Yunnan Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve (Tengchong Bureau), 157 Laifeng Avenue, Tengchong 679100, Yunnan Province, China. 1 jhyang@kg.org (corresponding author), 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected], 4 [email protected], 5 [email protected], 6 boscokf@kg.org

Abstract: We present the results from a series of herpetological surveys conducted in the Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province, China between April 2014 and November 2018. A total of 59 species of and reptles (one salamander, 30 batrachians, four , and 24 snakes) were recorded during the surveys including three newly described amphibian species and 17 new records for Tengchong, 10 of which also represent new generic records for the area. Natural history notes of some litle-known species are presented. Our survey results clearly demonstrate that the herpetofauna diversity of this mountain range is stll underestmated and warrants further systematc study.

Keywords: Amphibians, ecology, new record, new species, reptles, species accounts, Yunnan.

DOI: htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4437.11.11.14434-14451 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F776600D-27E6-4DFF-9E80-0E4E4DF76491

Editor: Thomas Ziegler, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany. Date of publicaton: 12 September 2019 (online & print)

Manuscript details: 4437 | Received 27 July 2018 | Final received 27 June 2019 | Finally accepted 09 August 2019

Citaton: Yang, J.-H., X.-Y. Huang, J.-F. Ye, S.-P. Yang, X.-.C. Zhang & B.P.-L. Chan (2019). A report on the herpetofauna of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve, China. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(11): 14434–14451. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4437.11.11.14434-14451

Copyright: © Yang et al. 2019. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of this artcle in any medium by adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

Funding: This study is funded by Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden.

Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests.

Author details: J-H Y: Senior Conservaton Ofcer of Kadoorie Conservaton China Department at Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden. X-Y H: Head of Research Department of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve (Tengchong Bureau). J-F Y: Technical Ofcer of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve (Tengchong Bureau). S-P Y: Forest ranger of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve (Tengchong Bureau). X-C Z: Technical Ofcer of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve (Tengchong Bureau). B P-L C: Head of Kadoorie Conservaton China Department at Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden.

Author contributon: J-HY: conceived and designed the biodiversity survey, conducted feld surveys,analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, prepared fgures and/ortables, authored or reviewed drafs of the paper, approved the fnal draf. X-YH: conceived and designed the biodiversity survey, conducted feld surveys. J-FY: conducted feld surveys, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools. S-PY: conducted feld surveys, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools. X-CZ: conducted feld surveys, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools. BP-LC: conceived and designed the biodiversity survey, conducted feld surveys, authored or reviewed drafs of the paper.

Acknowledgements: We greatly acknowledge Jian Wang, Run-Lin Li, Jian Zhao, Hai-Long He, Hui-Quan Fu, Li-Yue Liu, Cheng-Kai Wang, Zhi-Hua Zhang, Guo-Liang Yang, as well as other colleagues and wardens, for their great help during feld surveys; Yun Li and Zhao-Chi Zeng for their assistance on molecular work. This study is funded by Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden.

14434 Herpetofauna of Tengchong secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Yang et al.

INTRODUCTION (2016), Yang et al. (2016a, 2016b), Yang & Huang (2019).

The Gaoligongshan Mountains (hereafer GLGS) is a sub-range at the southwestern end of the Hengduan RESULTS Mountains, lying along the west bank of the Nujiang River (The Salween) in the western part of Yunnan Province, In total, we documented the presence of 59 species China. GLGS is renowned for its unique geography and of amphibians and reptles in TC-GLGS, including signifcant biodiversity (Statersfeld et al. 1998; Chaplin one salamander, 30 batrachians, four lizards and 24 2005; Dumbacher et al. 2011). The frst herpetofauna snakes; voucher specimens were collected for all research of GLGS dates back to the 1860s when western but 12 species (see Appendix 1 for the list of voucher zoologist John Anderson explored the region (Anderson specimens). Leptobrachium tengchongense, Leptolalax 1876, 1878). Subsequent herpetological surveys were tengchongensis, and Scutger tengchongensis were conducted from tme to tme by Chinese herpetologists, revealed to be new species described by our team yielding a number of new species endemic to the region (Yang et al. 2016a,b; Yang & Huang 2019). A further 17 (Zhao & Yang 1997; Stotz et al. 2003; Yang & Rao 2008; species have not been previously reported in TC-GLGS Fei et al. 2009; Chan & Bi 2016). (Xue 1995; Yang & Rao 2008), and 10 genera were new The Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal records for the area. A species checklist of herpetofauna Nature Reserve (hereafer TC-GLGS) refers to the based on our survey is provided in Table 2. Voucher reserve area within the Tengchong county-level District, photographs were taken for all species recorded, a geographically located on the western slope of southern selecton of species are illustrated below (Images 1–7). GLGS draining the Irrawaddy River (24.933–25.833 In the following, selected species of special interest are 0N). For more details of the geography and ecology dealt with in detail, including newly described species, of Tengchong and the nature reserve, readers should globally threatened species, unidentfed species, and refer to Chan et al. (2019, this special issue). In April those with taxonomic issues, and where our feld data 2014, a biodiversity survey team, led by Kadoorie Farm provided additonal informaton on natural history of and Botanic Garden, started to conduct a biodiversity litle-known species. inventory of TC-GLGS. We herein provide a report on the herpetofauna of TC-GLGS based on our feldwork. R Tylototriton shanjing (Image 1a) This is the only tailed amphibian known from MATERIALS AND METHODS Tengchong. It was found at three sites during the surveys but is believed to be more widespread, because outside From April 2014 to November 2018, we conducted breeding season it disperses into forests, which makes a series of herpetological surveys in the following 10 detecton difcult. From April to June adults congregate sites in or adjacent to TC-GLGS: Site 1: Nankang; Site to mate in clear puddles and pools in forest as well as 2: Xiaodifang; Site 3: Dahaoping; Site 4: Hujianglin (the nearby farmland below 2,400m. The taxonomic chaos protected riparian forest along Longchuan River); Site between Tylototriton shanjing and its sister-taxon T. 5: Linjiapu; Site 6: Tiantaishan; Site 7: Xiaotanhe; Site verrucosus is stll not fully resolved (Nishikawa et al. 8: Dahetou; Site 9: Dazhuba; and Site 10: Cizhuhe (see 2014; Khatwada et al. 2015), and the distributon Fig. 1). For detailed informaton on survey sites see boundary between these two species is not determined Table 1. We followed the taxonomic treatments of Fei (Fei et al. 2012; Fei & Ye 2016). In this paper, we retain et al. (2009) and Frost (2018) for amphibians, and Zhao the validity of T. shanjing and regard the populaton in et al. (1998, 1999) and Uetz et al. (2018) for reptles. Tengchong as T. shanjing following Fei et al. (2012). It is Some voucher specimens are temporarily kept at the collected as a traditonal medicine in most of its range, herpetology collecton of Kadoorie Farm and Botanic and is listed as Near Threatened in the IUCN Red List. Garden, Hong Kong KFBG for further studies, and others are deposited at the Museum of Biology, Sun Yat- Bufo tuberospinius (Image 1d) sen University, Guangzhou SYS. For the identfcaton Compared with its sympatric congener B. of species, references used include Yang (1991), Zhao gargarizans, this species is more common in et al. (1998, 1999), Fei et al. (2005, 2009, 2012), Zhao montane forest habitats up to 2,700m throughout TC- (2006), Yang & Rao (2008), Guo & Deng (2009), Fei & Ye GLGS. It is associated with small streams where adults

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14434–14451 14435 Herpetofauna of Tengchong secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Yang et al.

Figure 1. Map of Tengchong, Yunnan Province, China, showing the surveyed localites in this study.

breed and lay eggs in pool sectons in between April tengchongense from the northern porton (Fei et al. and July. There has been much debate for the validity 2005; Rao & Wilkinson 2008; Yang et al. 2016b). of B. tuberospinius since its descripton; while some researchers insisted B. tuberospinius is a valid taxon Leptobrachium tengchongense (Image 2c) (Yang et al. 1996; Yang & Rao 2008), others regarded it as This is a new species discovered by our team, which a synonym of B. burmanus distributed in northeastern occurs in the northern porton of TC-GLGS between Myanmar (Fei et al. 2005, 2009, 2012). This has not 2,200–2,500 m (Yang et al. 2016b). According to our been fully resolved to date, thus in this paper we retain feldwork the two species of Leptobrachium from TC- the validity of B. tuberospinius following Frost (2018). GLGS, L. huashen and L. tengchongense, are allopatric but their ecological niches, distributon limits and contact Leptobrachium huashen (Image 2b) zone require further investgaton. L. tengchongense This species is found in the southern porton of TC- can be easily distnguished from L. huashen by having a GLGS. Representatves of the genus Leptobrachium bicolored iris with upper parts light blue, while the iris from TC-GLGS were previously regarded as L. chapaensis is uniformly dark brown in L. huashen; the black bands (Yang 1991; Xue 1995; Yang & Rao 2008), but recent on dorsal surfaces of the limbs are relatvely wider in L. morphological and molecular research has shown that tengchongense than in L. huashen (Yang et al. 2016b). the populaton consists of two distnct species, namely L. huashen in the south and the newly-described L.

14436 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14434–14451 Herpetofauna of Tengchong secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Yang et al.

Leptolalax tengchongensis (Image 2d) Table 1. Survey localites and dates in Tengchong Secton of This species was described during a recent survey Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve for this study, sorted by lattude from south to north. (Yang et al. 2016a). Leptolalax tengchongensis is characterized by having dorsal skin scatered with fne, Elevaton Site no. Locaton covered (m) Survey dates reddish tubercles; almost entrely black tympanum; 24–25.iv.2014 Site 1 Nankang 2,180 large black blotches present on fanks; iris not bicolored, 13–14.ix.2018 uniform dark brown and scatered with minute, coppery Site 2 Xiaodifang 2,150–2,400 10.iii.2015 23–24.ix.2014 retculatons. Leptolalax tengchongensis was found Site 3 Dahaoping 2,020–2,400 11–12.iii.2015 along a clear-water rocky stream and nearby seepage 15–17.v.2015 in well-preserved montane moist evergreen broadleaf 27–28.vii.2015 22–23.v.2018 forest at 2,100m at Site 5; male calls were heard during 9.v.2016 Site 4 Hujianglin 1,360 the April and May surveys. 24–26.vi.2017 28–30.iv.2014 Site 5 Linjiapu 1,900–3,000 9–10.xii.2014 Leptolalax sp. (Image 2f) 15–17.v.2015 This taxon was recorded along clear-water rocky Site 6 Tiantaishan 1,850–2,300 29–30.vii.2015 streams at Sites 3 and 5. At Site 3 male calls were Site 7 Xiaotanhe 2,000–3,100 22–23.vi.2017 heard in March when night tme air temperature was 26–27.iv.2014 ca. 3C. At Site 5, this species was sympatric with L. 13–14.iii.2015 17–18.iii.2016 Site 8 Dahetou 2,000–2,300 tengchongensis, but can be easily distnguished by 24.vii.2017 the male advertsement calls (peak frequency of male 23–4.iii.2018 24–25.v.2018 calls 4.1–4.3 kHz in Leptolalax sp. while 4.5–4.8 kHz Site9 Dazhuba 2,070–2,200 20–21.v.2015 in L. tengchongensis; each call contains 4–6 notes in 26–28.ix.2014 Leptolalax sp. while consistng of only two notes in L. 11–12.xii.2014 18–19.v.2015 Site 10 Cizhuhe 2,050–2,920 tengchongensis (Jian-Huan Yang, unpublished data, 10 31.vii.–1.viii.2015 April 2019.) and morphology: L. tengchongensis has a 20–21.iii.2016 10–11.v.2016 uniform dark brown iris in life, while Leptolalax sp. has a bi-colored iris with orange-yellow upper half and silvery white lower half. Further molecular and morphological studies are needed to clarify the taxonomic status of Megophrys cf. minor (Image 2g) Leptolalax sp. This small-sized Megophrys species appears to be very common throughout TC-GLGS, and was recorded Leptolalax cf. ventripunctatus (Image 2e) from all surveyed sites between 2,000–2,300 m. The This species is temporarily allocated to L. cryptc behavior of this species makes visual detecton ventripunctatus by having longitudinal skin folds a real challenge, but male calls were commonly heard on dorsum; irregular black spots present on venter; along small streams and seepages in well-preserved dermal fringes on toes narrow; fank with distnct black forests at 1,900–2,300 m between April and September. spots; and a bicolored iris with orange-yellow upper In view of the taxonomic chaos of small-sized Megophrys half and silvery white lower half (Fei et al. 2009; Yang in southern China (Chen et al. 2017), we cannot easily et al. 2018); however, its peak frequency of male calls assign this species to any known species on the basis (6.8–7.1 kHz) is remarkably higher than those of L. of morphology. Further study incorporatng molecular, ventripunctatus from Yingjiang county (6.1–6.4 kHz; morphological and acoustc methods is needed to solve see Yang et al. 2018). Due to the great morphological this problem. In this paper, we temporarily allocate this similarity of Leptolalax species (Rowley et al. 2015), species to Megophrys minor (see also Xue 1995; Yang & further molecular analysis is needed in order to obtain Rao 2008; Fei et al. 2009). the accurate identfcaton. This is the frst record of this species for Tengchong while the two congeneric species Oreolalax sp. (Image 3a) L. tengchongensis and Leptolalax sp. were recorded in A sub-adult and a juvenile were collected from Site high-alttude montane areas above 2,100m in TC-GLGS, 8 in May 2015. Subsequent molecular study revealed a Leptolalax cf. ventripunctatus was recorded at 1,360m sister relatonship to Oreolalax jingdongensis in the 16S with subtropical climate/biome at Site 4. rRNA gene fragment, but Oreolalax sp. stll presents a certain degree of genetc divergence (Jian-Huan Yang,

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14434–14451 14437 Herpetofauna of Tengchong secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Yang et al.

a © Jian-Huan Yang b © Jian-Huan Yang

c © Jian-Huan Yang d © Jian-Huan Yang

e © Jian-Huan Yang f © Jian-Huan Yang

g © Jian-Huan Yang h © Jian-Huan Yang

Image 1. Herpetofauna recorded in the Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve from 2014–2018. For site details refer to Table 1: a—Tylototriton shanjing from Site 1 | b—adult male Bombina maxima from Site 10 | c—a pair of Bufo gargarizans in amplexus from Site 10 | d—Bufo tuberospinius from Site 9 | e—uarynus elanostcus from Site 4 | f—an adult male Nanorana yunnanensis from Site | g—a pair of eervarya ultsriaa in amplexus from Site 4 | h—a pair of Hyla annectans in amplexus from Site 10.

14438 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14434–14451 Herpetofauna of Tengchong secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Yang et al.

a © Guo-Liang Yang b © Jian-Huan Yang

c © Jian-Huan Yang d © Jian-Huan Yang

e © Jian-Huan Yang f © Jian-Huan Yang

g © Jian-Huan Yang h © Jian-Huan Yang

Image 2. Herpetofauna recorded in the Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve from 2014–2018. For site details refer to Table 1: a—an adult Brachytarsophrys feae from Site 3 | b—an adult male Leptobrachium huashen from Site | c—adult male holotype SYS a004603 of Leptobrachium tengchongense from Site 8 | d—adult male holotype SYS a004600 of Leptolalax tengchongensis from Site | e—an adult male Leptolalax ventripunctatus from Site 4 | f—an adult male Leptolalax sp. from Site 3 | g—Megophrys cf. minor from Site 3 | h—an adult male Megophrys glandulosa from Site .

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14434–14451 14439 Herpetofauna of Tengchong secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Yang et al. unpublished data, 10 April 2019.). Morphological (Genbank No. EF453741). The TC-GLGS populaton comparisons are not possible as adult specimens with represents a new distributon record of this rarely known secondary sexual characteristcs are lacking, which is species and is far away from its known distributon areas essental for species identfcaton in this genus. Adult in north-western Yunnan Province and adjoining areas in specimens are needed to clarify its taxonomic status. Sichuan Province (Fei et al. 2009). A. jinjiangensis is now Oreolalax sp. is a new record for Tengchong. listed as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red.

cutger engcongsnsis (Image 3b) graminea (Image 4a) This species was described by our team during a A new record for Tengchong, this large stream frog is previous survey (Yang & Huang 2019). S. tengchongensis widely distributed in southern China and very common is very distnct from local anurans by dorsum having in stream areas (Fei et al. 2009); however, this species large conical-shaped and longitudinal tubercles covered was only found at Site 4 (ca. 1400m), although intensive by numerous tny black spines; adult males have a pair surveys at other sites (mostly above 2000m) have been of pectoral glands and a pair of axillary glands present on made, suggestng that it may be restricted to relatvely the chest, which are covered by dense tny black spines; low alttude forest areas. adult males have inner three fngers with black nuptal spines (Yang & Huang 2019). It was found in streamlets Polypedates braueri (Image 4c) and surrounding areas along the main ridge at 3,000m Recent molecular studies suggested that the species close to Site 7, which represents the southernmost in the Polypedates leucomystax complex from Tengchong, distributon limit of the genus Scutger worldwide. which was previously treated as P. megacephalus (Yang & Previous southernmost locality known for the genus was Rao 2008; Fei et al. 2009), is actually P. braueri (Kuraishi in Fugong County of middle-GLGS, 145km north of Site et al. 2013; Pan et al. 2013). 7 (Fei & Ye 2016). Rhacophorus puerensis (Image 4d, 4e) Amolops bellulus (Image 3d) This species was recorded from the southernmost This torrent frog was found in large rocky streams in and northernmost portons of TC-GLGS at Sites 1, 2 well-preserved forest at elevatons between 2100–2350 and 10 at 2,100–2,880 m elevaton, suggestng that it m, and currently is only recorded in the northernmost is widely distributed in TC-GLGS. During the breeding porton of TC-GLGS at sites 8 and 10. This species can season from late April to May, male calls were heard be easily distnguished from other stream by from the ground in puddle and grassland at forest edge, dorsum yellowish-brown above; lower fanks olive- and eggs were laid in foam nests in sof mud around green or blueish-green; upper lips light brown and stll water. Due to the lack of informaton about its unspoted. Adults were usually found perching on distributon, populaton and ecology, it is listed as Data rocks and streamside bushes during surveys in May and Defcient in the IUCN Red List. June. This species is to date only recorded from GLGS in Lushui County and Tengchong City (Yang & Rao 2008; Gracixalus sp. (Image 4h) Fei et al. 2012). Due to the lack of informaton about its This is the frst record of the genus Gracixalus from distributon, populaton and ecology, it is listed as Data GLGS (Fei et al. 2009; Fei & Ye 2016). Male calls of this Defcient in the IUCN Red List. species were widely recorded from south to north in TC-GLGS during surveys between April to July. The Amolops jinjiangensis (Image 3e) frogs were very difcult to collect, however, because all A new record for Tengchong, this species is rarely males were calling from the upper layers of small trees/ recorded in TC-GLGS and has been only found twice from shrubs ca. 3m from above the ground. Only one pair Site 7 in August and October 2018. During the survey (one calling male and one gravid female) was found in October, females were found being gravid and males together inside a small tree hole from Site 3 in May had distnct nuptal pads on fngers, suggestng they 2018. Subsequent molecular study revealed a sister may be breeding at that season. Molecular analyses relatonship to Gracixalus tanlinensis from northwestern revealed this populaton to be identcal with Amolops Guangxi in the 16S rRNA gene fragment, but Gracixalus jinjiangensis: there was no genetc divergence in the sp. stll presents a certain degree of genetc divergence 16S rRNA gene fragment between our specimens and a (Jian-Huan Yang, unpublished data, 10 April 2019). sequence of A. jinjiangensis from the Genbank database Detailed integratve taxonomical studies incorporatng

14440 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14434–14451 Herpetofauna of Tengchong secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Yang et al.

Table 2. Amphibians and reptles recorded in Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve, 2014–2018. For site details refer to Table 1.

Chinese common Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site Site 6 Site 7 Site 8 Site 9 Site 10 Taxon name AMPHIBIA

Bombinatoridae

Bombina maxima (Boulenger, 1905) 大蹼铃蟾* X

Bufonidae

Bufo gargarizans Cantor, 1842 中华蟾蜍* X X

Bufo tuberospinius (Yang, Liu & Rao, 1996) 疣棘溪蟾 X X XXXX

Duaphrynus melanostcus (Schneider, 1799) 黑眶蟾蜍 XX

Dicroglossidae

Fejervarya multstriata (Hallowell, 1861) 泽蛙 X X

Nanorana yunnanensis (Anderson, 1879) 双团棘胸蛙 XX XXXXXX

Hylidae

Hyla annectans (Jerdon, 1870) 华西雨蛙 X XXXXX

Megophryidae

Brachytarsophrys feae (Boulenger, 1887) 费氏短腿蟾 X

Leptobrachium huashen Fei & Ye, 2005 华深拟髭蟾 X X Leptobrachium tengchongense Yang, Wang & 腾冲拟髭蟾** XX X Chan, 2016 Leptolalax tengchongensis Yang, Wang, Chen 腾冲掌突蟾** X & Rao, 2016 Leptolalax cf. ventripunctatus Fei, Ye & Li, 腹斑掌突蟾* X 1990 Leptolalax sp. 掌突蟾属一种* X X

Megophrys glandulosa Fei, Ye & Huang, 1990 腺角蟾 XXX XXXX

Megophrys cf. minor Stejneger, 1926 小角蟾（暂定） XX XXXXXX

Oreolalax sp. 齿蟾属一种* XX X Scutger tengchongensis Yang & Huang, 腾冲齿突蟾** X 2019 Microhylidae

Microhyla ssipes Boulenger, 1884 饰纹姬蛙 XX

Ranidae Amolops bellulus Liu, Yang, Ferraris & Matsui, 丽湍蛙 X X 2000 Amolops jingjiangensis Su, Yang & Li, 1986 金江湍蛙* X

Amolops viridimaculatus (Jiang, 1983) 绿点湍蛙 X X XX

Babina pleuraden (Boulenger, 1904) 滇蛙 XXX XXXX X

Odorrana andersonii (Boulenger, 1882) 云南臭蛙 X XX XXXX

Odorrana graminea (Boulenger, 1900) 大绿臭蛙* X

Rana chaochiaoensis Liu, 1946 昭觉林蛙 X X XX X

Rhacophoridae

Gracixalus sp. 纤树蛙属一种* X XXX

Polypedates braueri (Vogt, 1911) 布氏树蛙 XX XXXXX

Rhacophorus burmanus (Andersson, 1939) 缅甸树蛙 X X XXX

Rhacophorus puerensis (He, 1999) 普洱树蛙 XX X

Rhacophorus rhodopus Liu & Hu, 1960 红蹼树蛙 XX XX

Salamandridae Tylototriton shanjing Nussbaum, Brodie & 红瘰疣螈 X X X Yang, 1995

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14434–14451 14441 Herpetofauna of Tengchong secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Yang et al.

Chinese common Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site Site 6 Site 7 Site 8 Site 9 Site 10 Taxon name REPTILIA

Agamidae

Japalura yunnanensis Anderson, 1878 云南攀蜥 X X X X

Pseudocalotes kakhienensis (Anderson, 1879) 蚌西拟树蜥 X

Scincidae

Scincella doriae (Boulenger, 1887) 长肢滑蜥* X X

Sphenomorphus indicus (Gray, 1853) 印度蜓蜥 X XX

Colubroidea

Archelaphe bella (Stanley, 1917) 方花小头蛇* X X

Coelognathus radiatus (Boie, 1827) 三索锦蛇 X

Elaphe carinata (Günther, 1864) 王锦蛇 XXX

Hebius octolineatum (Boulenger, 1904) 八线腹链蛇 XXX

Hebius modestum (Günther, 1875) 腹斑腹链蛇 XX

Lycodon fasciatus (Anderson, 1879) 双全链蛇 X X

Lycodon cf. septentrionalis (Günther, 1875) 白链蛇* X

Oreocryptophis porphyraceus (Cantor, 1839) 紫灰锦蛇 X X

Orthriophis taeniurus (Cope, 1861) 黑眉锦蛇 X XX

Psammodynastes pulverulentus (Boie, 1827) 紫砂蛇 X

Pseudoxenodon macrops (Blyth, 1855) 大眼斜鳞蛇 X XX X

Ptyas nigromarginata (Blyth, 1854) 黑线乌梢蛇 X

Rhabdophis leonardi (Wall, 1923) 缅甸颈槽蛇 X X XXXX

Rhabdophis himalayanus (Günther, 1864) 喜山颈槽蛇* X

Rhabdophis subminiatus (Schlegel, 1837) 红脖颈槽蛇 X

Sibynophis collaris (Gray, 1853) 黑领剑蛇 X

Elapidae

Bungarus multcinctus Blyth, 1861 银环蛇 X

Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836) 眼镜王蛇* X

Sinomicrurus kelloggi (Pope, 1928) 福建丽纹蛇* X

Pareatdae

Pareas sp. 钝头蛇属一种* X

Pareas nigriceps Guo & Deng, 2009 黑顶钝头蛇* X

Viperidae

Ovophis montcola (Günther, 1864) 山烙铁头 X XXXXXX

Protobothrops jerdonii (Günther, 1875) 菜花烙铁头* X X X

Trimeresurus yunnanensis Schmidt, 1925 云南竹叶青 X XX

Remarks: Species distributon is based on our own feld data, and do not represent true distributon range of these species in Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve. represents newly recorded species for Tengchong (refers to Xue 1995; Yang & Rao 2008); represents new species discovered during the surveys.

14442 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14434–14451 Herpetofauna of Tengchong secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Yang et al. morphological, molecular and acoustc data is underway worldwide, the King Cobra faces great pressures from in order to clarify its taxonomic status. habitat loss and over-exploitaton (Stuart et al. 2012), and it is now listed as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List. Lycodon fasciatus (Image 6a) One sub-adult specimen was collected from Site 7 in Sinomicrurus kelloggi (Image 7c) October 2018, which matches the diagnosis of Lycodon This is the frst record of the genus Sinomicrurus from fasciatus by having one small preocular; loreal elongate, GLGS. A photo of an individual of Sinomicrurus species not in contact with eye on lef side while in narrow contact was taken by a TC-GLGS warden at 2,020m from Site 3, with eye on right side; temporals: 2+3; supralabials but the specimen was not collected. The snake matches eight, 2nd to 4th ones touching the eye; dorsal scale rows the diagnosis of Sinomicrurus kelloggi by having reddish- 17:17:15, keeled on dorsal rows 7–9; solid black above brown dorsum and narrow transverse cross-bars above with 34 and 16 transverse pinkish-brown bands (in 2–3 body and tail, an inverted V shape of creamy white band scales wide) on body and tail respectvely; ventrals 195; present on head (Zhao et al. 1998; Zhao 2006). It is the and subcaudals 86, paired (Zhao et al. 1999; Zhao 2006). third record of the species from Yunnan Province (Yang & Rao 2008; Sun et al. 2015). Lycodon cf. septentrionalis (Image 6b) A new record for Tengchong. One adult female Pareas nigriceps (Image 7e) specimen (snout-vent length 955mm, tail length 210mm) This is a new generic record for GLGS. A single was collected from Site 7 in Oct 2018, which matches individual was recorded at Site 3 in May 2015, found the diagnosis of Lycodon septentrionalis by having one at night on shrub in old-growth forest at 2,050m. preocular; loreal not in contact with eye; temporals: Pareas nigriceps is a newly-described snake species 2+2; supralabials seven, 3rd and 4th ones touching the from adjacent Xiaoheishan in Longling County, with eye; dorsal scale rows 17:17:15, smooth throughout the type locality reported as 24.83671N, 98.76185E the body (however, versus feebly keeled in the original (2,067m) (Guo & Deng 2009). Our record represents descripton); ventrals 221; subcaudals 74, paired; solid the second documented locality for the species, and a black above with 29 and 13 narrow white transverse slight northern range expansion. Brief measurements bands on body and tail respectvely (Zhao et al. 1999; and scalaton characters of the specimen: SYS r001222, Zhao 2006). SVL: 525.9mm; tail length: 133.1mm. Supralabials 7/7, 7th elongate and largest; infralabials 7/7; preocular one; Rhabdophis himalayanus (Image 7a) subocular one; postocular absent; temporals: 1+2; A new record for Tengchong. A single juvenile ventrals 184; subcaudals 73, paired; dorsal scale rows specimen (snout-vent length 256mm, tail length 78mm) 15:15:15, dorsal fve rows slightly keeled; vertebrate was collected from Site 4 at 1,360m in June 2017, which scale slightly enlarged. Due to the lack of informaton on matches the diagnosis of Rhabdophis himalayanus by distributon, status and ecology of this recently described having one preocular, postoculars three; temporals: species, it is listed as Data Defcient in the IUCN Red List. 2+2, supralabials 8/8, 4th and 5th touching the eye; dorsal scale rows 19:19:17; ventrals 163; subcaudals 82, paired; Pareas sp. (Image 7d) two distnct narrow orange yellow transverse bands at A single specimen was collected from Site 9 which nuchal region, narrow and short dark brown transverse cannot be allocated to any known species in the genus. bands present on dorsum of body (Zhao 2006). In Brief measurements and scalaton characters of the China, this rare species was previously only known from specimen: nasal one; loreal touching the eye; prefrontal southeastern Tibet and Gongshan County in northern touching the eye; subocular and postocular fused; GLGS (Zhao et al. 1999; Zhao 2006). infralabials seven; anterior temporals two, posterior temporials three; 11 middle rows of dorsal scales keeled Ophiophagus hannah at mid-body; vertebral scales not enlarged; ventral A new record for Tengchong. Three adults were scales 173; subcaudals 62, paired. More specimens and encountered at Site 4 at 1,360m between 13.00h and genetc analyses are needed to clarify the taxonomic 16.00h on 9 May 2017. Intensive surveys at other sites status of this taxon. failed to detect this large-sized species, suggestng that it may be restricted to relatvely low alttude forest areas in Tengchong. Despite its wide distributon range

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14434–14451 14443 Herpetofauna of Tengchong secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Yang et al.

a © Jian-Huan Yang b © Jian-Huan Yang

c © Jian-Huan Yang d © Jian-Huan Yang

e © Shen-Pin Yang f © Jian-Huan Yang

g © Jian-Huan Yang h © Jian-Huan Yang Image 3. Herpetofauna recorded in the Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve from 2014–2018. For site details refer to Table 1: a—an subadult of Oreolalax sp. from Site 9 | b—adult male hototype SYS a00793 of cutger engcongensis from Site 7 | c— icroyla ssies from Site 3 | d—an adult male Amolops bellulus from Site 10 | e—an adult female Amolops jinjiangensis from Site 8 | f— Amolops viridimaculatus from Site | g—Babina pleuraden from Site 3 | h—Odorrana andersonii from Site 9.

14444 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14434–14451 Herpetofauna of Tengchong secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Yang et al.

a © Jian-Huan Yang b © Jian-Huan Yang

c © Jian-Huan Yang d © Jian-Huan Yang

e © Shen-Pin Yang f © Jian-Huan Yang

g © Jian-Huan Yang h © Jian-Huan Yang Image 4. Herpetofauna recorded in the Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve from 2014–2018. For site details refer to Table 1: a—an adult female Odorrana graminea from Site 4 | b—Rana chaochiaoensis from Site 7 | c—an adult male Polypedates braueri from Site 10 | d —an adult male Rhacophorus rhodopus from Site 3 | e—an adult male Rhacophorus rhodopus from Site 7, note the coloraton variaton on dorsum in life | f—an adult male Rhacophorus burmanus from Site 10 | g—a pair of Rhacophorus puerensis from Site 9 | h—an adult male Gracixalus sp. from Site 3.

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14434–14451 14445 Herpetofauna of Tengchong secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Yang et al.

© Jian-Huan Yang

a b © Jian-Huan Yang

c © Jian-Huan Yang d © iang-Yuan Huang

e © Guo-Liang Yang f © iang-Yuan Huang

g © Jian-Huan Yang h © Jian-Huan Yang Image . Herpetofauna recorded in the Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve from 2014–2018. For site details refer to Table 1: a—an adult female Japalura yunnanensis from Site 1 | b—Pseudocalotes kakhienensis from Site 7 | c—an adult Scincella doriae from Site 3 | d—Sphenomorphus indicus from Site 6 | e—Archelaphe bella from Site 8 | f—Elaphe carinata from Site 6 | g—Hebius octolineatum from Site 10 | h—Hebius modestum from Site 7.

14446 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14434–14451 Herpetofauna of Tengchong secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Yang et al.

a © Shen-Pin Yang b © Shen-Pin Yang

c © Shen-Pin Yang d © iang-Yuan Huang

e © Jian-Huan Yang f © iang-Yuan Huang

g © Jian-Huan Yang h © Jian-Huan Yang Image 6. Herpetofauna recorded in the Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve from 2014–2018. For site details refer to Table 1: a—Lycodon fasciatus from Site 7 | b—Lycodon septentrionalis from Site 7 | c—Oreocryptophis porphyraceus from Site 7 | d—freshly- killed Orthriophis taeniurus from Site 3 | e—Psammodynastes pulverulentus from Site 4 | f—an adult Pseudoxenodon macrops from Site 3 | g—a juvenile Pseudoxenodon macrops from Site 8, noted the coloraton variaton | h—Rhabdophis leonardi from Site 8.

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14434–14451 14447 Herpetofauna of Tengchong secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Yang et al.

a © Jian-Huan Yang b © ing-Chao Zhang

c © Guo-Liang Yang d © Jian-Huan Yang

e © Jian-Huan Yang f © Jian-Huan Yang

g © Ding-Long Li h © Jian-Huan Yang Image 7. Herpetofauna recorded in the Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve from 2014–2018. For site details refer to Table 1: a—a juvenile Rhabdophis himalayanus from Site 4 | b—Sibynophis collaris from Site 8 | c—Sinomicrurus kelloggi from Site 3 | d— Pareas sp. from Site 9 | e—Pareas nigriceps from Site 3 | f—vois ontcola from Site | g—an adult Protobothrops jerdonii from Site 9 digestng large prey | h—Trimeresurus yunnanensis from Site .

14448 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14434–14451 Herpetofauna of Tengchong secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Yang et al.

DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Anderson, J. (1876). Mandalay to Momien: A Narratve of the Two Our survey greatly enhances our understanding of Expeditons to estern China of 1868 and 1875, Under Colonel the herpetofauna diversity of TC-GLGS, with discoveries Edward B. Sladen and Colonel Horace Browne. MacMillan & Co., of at least three species new to science and a series of London, 479pp. Anderson, J. (1878). Anatomical and Zoological Researches: new regional records, including 10 new generic records. Comprising an Account of the Zoological Results of the Two A number of collected species are yet to be thoroughly Expeditons to western Yunnan in 1868 and 1875; and a Monograph of the Two Cetacean Genera, Platanista and Orcella, Vols. 1 2. identfed due to the lack of specimen series, and some London, xxv+985pp & xi+84pp. of these may prove to be new when more collectons or Chan, P.L.B. & Z. Bi (eds) (2016). Biodiversity of Tengchong, genetc data become available in the future. Informaton Gaoligongshan. Hong Kong: Kadoorie Conservaton China, Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden, Hong Kong, 443pp. for most recorded species can also be found in Chan & Bi Chan, B.P.L., Z. Bi & S.Z. Duan (2019). Introducton to a four-year (2016). Since we focused our eforts on well-protected biodiversity survey of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal montane forests at the elevaton band between 1900m Nature Reserve, in the footsteps of pioneering naturalists in western Yunnan, China. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(11): 14391–14401. and 3000m (see table 1), a number of herpetofauna htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4438.11.11.14391-14401 previously recorded from Tengchong (Xue 1995; Zhao & Chaplin, G. (200). Physical geography of the Gaoligong Shan area Yang 1997; Yang & Rao 2008) were not detected during of southwest China in relaton to biodiversity. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) 56: 527–556 our survey: Hoplobatrachus rugulosus (Wiegmann), Chen, J.M., W.W. Zhou, N.A. Poyarkov, B.L. Stuart, R.M. Brown, A. Microhyla heymonsi Vogt, Hemidactylus bowringii Lathrop, Y.Y. Wang, Z.Y. Yuan, . Jiang, M. Hou, H.M. Chen, C. (Gray), Hemiphyllodactylus yunnanensis (Boulenger), Suwannapoom, S.N. Nguyen, T.V. Duong, T.J. Papenfuss, R.W. Murphy, Y.P. Zhang & J. Che (2017). A novel multlocus phylogenetc Acanthosaura lepidogaster (Cuvier), emma Gray, estmaton reveals unrecognized diversity in Asian horned , Calotes jerdoni Günther, Sphenomorphus incognitus genus Megophrys sensu lato (Anura: Megophryidae). Molecular (Thompson), S. maculatus (Blyth), Ahaetulla prasina Phylogenetcs and Evoluton 106: 28–43. htps://doi.org/10.1016/j. ympev.2016.09.004 (Boie), Atretum yunnanensis Anderson, Plagiopholis Dumbacher, J.P., J.A. Miller, M.A. Flannery & .J. Yang (2011). blakewayi Boulenger, Ptyas korros (Schlegel), P. mucosa Avifauna of the Gaoligong Shan Mountains of western China: a hotspot of avian species diversity Ornithological Monographs 70: (Linnaeus), Naja kaouthia Lesson, and Trimeresurus 30–63. htps://doi.org/10.1525/om.2011.70.1.30 albolabris Gray. Most of these missing species occur Fei, L. & C.Y. Ye (2016). Amphibians of China. Vol. 1. Science Press, at lower elevatons and/or in disturbed habitats, where Beijing, 1040pp. Fei, L., C. Ye, J.P. Jiang & F. ie (200). An Illustrated key to Chinese we invested litle survey efort. Further surveys in these Amphibians. Sichuan Publishing Group and Sichuan Publishing habitats are needed to ascertain the current status House of Science and Technology, Chengdu, 340pp. and distributon of these species. Our results clearly Fei, L., S.. Hu, C.Y. Ye & Y.Z. Huang (2009). Fauna Sinica. Amphibia Vol. 2: Anura. Science Press, Beijing, 957pp. (In Chinese) highlight the fact that the herpetofauna of GLGS remains Fei, L., C.Y. Ye & J.P. Jiang (2012). Colored atlas of Chinese amphibians imperfectly studied and its diversity is undoubtedly and their distributons. Sichuan Publishing House of Science & underestmated. Future herpetological expeditons will Technology, Chengdu, 619pp. Frost, D.R. (2018). Amphibian Species of the World: an Online probably uncover more excitng fndings in TC-GLGS, Reference. Version 6.0 (accessed on 10 May 2018). Electronic especially in higher alttude habitats of the reserve. Database accessible at htp://research.amnh.org/herpetology/ The natural forests of Gaoligongshan Natonal amphibia/index.html. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Nature Reserve have been well protected, and we found Guo, . & . Deng (2009). A new species of Pareas (Serpentes: few anthropogenic actvites which are threatening Colubridae: Pareatnae) from the Gaoligong Mountains, the survival of amphibians and reptles, however, southwestern China. Zootaxa 2008: 53–60. htp://www.mapress. com/zootaxa/2009/2/zt02008p060.pdf local populatons of certain large-sized frogs are being hatwada, J.R., B. Wang, S. Ghimire, . Vasudevan, S. Paudel suppressed by over-collectng for human consumpton, & J.P. Jiang (201). A new species of the genus Tylototriton (Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae) from eastern Himalaya Asian in partcular Nanorana yunnanensis which fetches high Herpetological Research 6: 245–256. prices (USD 30–40 per kilogram) in local markets; its wild uraishi, N., M. Matsui, A. Hamidy, D.M. Belabut, N. Ahmad, S. populaton has declined dramatcally and is now listed Panha, A. Sudin, H.S. Yong, J.P. Jiang, H. Ota, H.T. Thong & . Nishikawa (2013). Phylogenetc and taxonomic relatonships of the as Endangered in the IUCN Red List. Our interviews also Polypedates leucomystax complex (Amphibia). Zoologica Scripta revealed that local people opportunistcally collect large 42(1): 54–70. htps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00562.x “rat snakes” from the genera Elaphe and Orthriophis for Nishikawa, ., M. Matsui & D.. Rao. (2014). A new species of Tylototriton (Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae) from central consumpton. Educaton outreach targetng this issue is Myanmar. Natural History Bulletn of the Siam Society 60: 9–22. called for if populatons of the afected species are to htps://doi.org/10.5358/hsj.34.38 recover to a natural level. Pan, S., N. Dang, J.S. Wang, Y. Zheng, D.. Rao & J.T. Li. (2013). Molecular phylogeny supports the validity of Polypedates impresus Yang 2008 Asian Herpetological Research 4: 124–133.

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14434–14451 14449 Herpetofauna of Tengchong secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Yang et al.

Rao, D.. & J.A. Wilkinson (2008). Phylogenetc relatonships of Yang, D.T. (1991). The Amphibian-Fauna of Yunnan. Beijing, China the mustache toads inferred from mtDNA sequences. Molecular Forestry Publishing House, iv+259pp. (In Chinese). Phylogenetcs and Evoluton 46(1): 61–73. htps://doi.org/10.1016/j. Yang, D.T., W.Z. Liu & D.. Rao (1996). A New Toad Genus of Bufonidae- ympev.2007.10.005 -Torrentophryne from Transhimalaya Mountain of Yunnan of China Rowley, J.J.L., D.T.A. Tran, G.J. Frankham, A.H. Dekker, D.T.T. Le, with Its Biology. Zoological Research 17: 353–359. T.. Nguyen, V.. Dau & HD Hoang (201). Undiagnosed cryptc Yang, J.H. & .Y. Huang (2019). A New Species of Scutger (Anura: diversity in small, microendemic frogs (Leptolalax) from the Central Megophryidae) from the Gaoligongshan Mountain Range, China. Highlands of Vietnam. PLOS ONE 10(5): e0128382 Copeia 107(1): 10–21. Staterseld, A.J., M.J. Crosby, A.J. Long & D.C. Wege (1998). Endemic Yang, J.H., Y.Y. Wang & B.P.L. Chan (2016b). A new species of the genus bird areas of the world: priorites for biodiversity and conservaton. Leptobrachium (Anura: Megophryidae) from the Gaoligongshan Bird Life Conservaton Series, No. 7 BirdLife Internatonal, Mountain Range, China. Zootaxa 4150(2): 133–148. htps://doi. Cambridge, United Kingdom, 846 pp. org/10.11646/zootaxa.4150.2.3 Stuart, B., G. Wogan, L. Grismer, M. Auliya, R.F. Inger, R. Lilley, T. Yang, J.H., Y.Y. Wang, G.L. Chen & D.. Rao (2016a). A new species Chan-Ard, N. Thy, T.. Nguyen, C. Srinivasulu & D. Jeli (2012). of the genus Leptolalax (Anura: Megophryidae) from Mt. Ophiophagus hannah. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Gaoligongshan of western Yunnan Province, China. Zootaxa 4088(3): 2012: e.T177540A1491874. Downloaded on 18 February 2019. 379–394. htps://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4088.3.4 htps://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T177540A1491874. Yang, J.H., Z.C. Zeng & Y.Y. Wang (2018). Descripton of two new en sympatric species of the genus Leptolalax (Anura: Megophryidae) Stotz, D.F., E.J. Harris, D.. Moskovits, . Hao, S. Yi & G.W. Adelmann from western Yunnan of China. PeerJ 6: e4586. htps://doi. (2003). China: Yunnan, Southern Gaoligongshan. Rapid Biological org/10.7717/peerj.4586 Inventories, No.4. The Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois, 144pp. Zhao, E.M. & D.T. Yang (eds.) (1997). Amphibians and Reptles of the Sun G.Z., W. Luo, & J.S. Wang (201). Kellogg’s Coral Snake Hengduan Mountains Region. Science Press, Beijing, 303pp. (Sinomicrurus kelloggi) Found in Laojunshan, Yunnan, China. Zhao, E.M. (2006) Snakes of China. Anhui Science and Technology Chinese Journal of Zoology 50: 242. Publishing House, Hefei, 372pp. + 279pls. (In Chinese) Uetz, P., P. Freed & J. Hoek (eds.) (2018). The Reptle Database. Zhao, E.M., .T. Zhao & .Y. Zhou (1999). Fauna Sinica. Reptlia. Vol. 2: htp://www.reptle-database.org. Accessed on 8 May 2018. . Science Press, Beijing, 394pp. (In Chinese). ue, J.R. (eds.) (199). Gaoligongshan Mountain Natonal Nature Zhao, E.M., M.H. Huang & Y. Zong (eds.) (1998). Fauna Sinica. Reptlia. Reserve. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, 395pp. (In Vol. : Squamata Serpentes. Science Press, Beijing, 522pp. (In Chinese) Chinese). Yang, D.T. & D.. Rao (2008). Amphibia and Reptlia of Yunnan. Yunnan Publishing Group Corporaton, Yunnan Science and Technology Press, Kunming, 411pp. (In Chinese).

1440 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14434–14451 Herpetofauna of Tengchong secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Yang et al.

Appendix 1. Voucher specimens collected during the survey. See materials and methods for museum abbreviatons.

Bombina maxima: SYS a003798–3800, coll. 18 May 2015, from Site 10 by Jian-Huan Yang (JHY, hereafer); KFBG 14446–14447, coll. 18 May 2015, from Site 10 by JHY. Bufo tuberospinius: SYS a003811, coll. 17 May 2015, from Site 3 by Jian Wang (JW, hereafer); KFBG 14350, coll. 27 July 2015, from Site 3 by JHY. uarynus elanostcus: KFBG 14457, coll. 25 June 2017, from Site 4 by JHY. Nanorana yunnanensis: SYS a003763, coll. 18 May 2015, from Site 5 by JHY; SYS a003796, coll. 17 May 2015, from Site 3 by JW; SYS a003843– 3844, coll. 18 May 2015, from Site 10 by JHY; KFBG 14117, coll. 13 March 2015, from Site 8 by JHY. Hyla annectans: SYS a003816–3818, coll. 22 May 2015, from Site 10 by JHY. Leptobrachium huashen: SYS a003751–3752, coll. 15 May 2015, from Site 5 by JHY; SYS a003779–3781, coll. 17 May 2015, from Site 3 by JW; KFBG 14301–14302, coll. 15 May 2015, from Site 5 by JHY. Leptobrachium tengchongense: SYS a004603, coll. 13 March 2015, SYS a004623–4627, coll. 17–18 March 2016, from Site 8, by YJH; SYS a004628– 4632, coll. 20–21 March 2016, from Site 10, by JHY. Leptolalax tengchongensis: SYS a004956, coll. on 29 April 2014, SYS a004957–4602, coll. on 16 May 2015, from Site 5, by JHY Leptolalax cf. ventripunctatus: KFBG 14462–14464, coll. 25 June 2017, from Site 4 by JHY. Leptolalax sp.: KFBG 14111–14115, coll. on 11 March 2015, from site 3 by JHY; KFBG 14295–14296, coll. on 15 May 2015, from Site 5 by JHY. Megophrys glandulosa: SYS a003757–3758, SYS a003762, coll. 15 May 2015, from site 5 by JHY; SYS a003792–3795, coll. 17 May 2015, from Site 3 by JW. Megophrys cf. minor: SYS a003755, SYS a00376–3761, SYS a003767, coll. 15 May 2015, from Site 5 by JHY; SYS a003782–3798, coll. 17 May 2015, from Site 3 by JW; SYS a003821–3827, SYS a003837–3839, coll. 18 May 2015, from Site 10 by JHY. Oreolalax sp.: KFBG 14356–14357, coll. 18 May 2015, from Site 10 by JHY. cutger tengchongensis: SYS a005793–5797, coll. on 22 June 2017, from Site 7, by JHY and Shen-Pin Yang (SPY). icroyla ssies: KFBG 14354, coll. 17 July 2015, from Site 3 by JHY; KFBG 14465, coll. 9 May 2016, from Site 4 by JHY. Amolops bellulus: KFBG 14425–14427, coll. 11 May 2016, from Site 10 by JHY. Amolops jinjiangensis: KFBG 14561–14567, coll. 20 October 2017, from Site 8, by SPY. Amolops viridimaculatus: SYS a003753–3754, coll. 15 May 2015, from Site 5 by JHY; SYS a003797, SYS a003812–3813, coll. 17 May 2015, from Site 3 by JW. Babina pleuraden: SYS a003775–3778, coll. 17 May 2015, from Site 3 by JW. Odorrana andersoni: SYS a003820, SYS a003831–3834, coll. 18 May 2015, from Site 10 by JHY. Odorrana graminea: KFBG 14429, coll. 9 May 2016, from Site 4 by JHY. Rana chaochiaoensis: SYS a003819, coll. 18 May 2015, from Site 10 by JHY; KFBG 14460–14461, 29 April 2014, from Site 5 by JHY. Gracixalus sp.: KFBG 14558–15559, coll. 22 May 2018, from Site 3 by JHY. Polypedates braueri: SYS a003770, SYS a003774, SYS a003814–3815 coll. 17 May 2015, from Site 3 by JW; SYS a003835–3836, SYS a003841–3842, coll. 18 May 2015, from Site 10 by JHY. Rhacophorus rhodopus: KFBG 14352--14353, coll. 27 July 2015, from Site 3 by JHY. Rhacophorus burmanus: SYS a003764, coll. 15 May 2015, from Site 5 by JHY; SYS a003829–3830, SYS a003840, coll. 18 May 2015, from Site 10 by JHY. Rhacophorus puerensis: SYS a003771–3772, coll. 17 May 2015, from Site 3 by JW. Tylototriton shanjing: SYS a003768–3769, coll. 17 May 2015, from Site 3 by JW. Japalura yunnanensis: SYS r001215, coll. 15 May 2015, from site 5 by JHY; SYS r001220, coll. 17 May 2015, from Site 3 by JW; KFBG 14389–14390, coll. 15 May 2015, from Site 5 by JHY. Pseudocalotes kakhienensis: KFBG 14391–14392, coll. February 2018, from Site 7 by SPY. Scincella doriae: KFBG 14361, coll. 24 April 2014, from Site 1 by JHY; KFBG 14362, coll. 17 May 2015, from Site 3 by JW. Sphenomorphus indicus: KFBG 14459, coll. February 2018, from Site 7 by SPY. Archelaphe bella: KFBG 14466–14467, coll. 23 May 2018, from Site 3 by JHY. Hebius octolineatum: SYS r001223, coll. 18 May 2015, from Site 10 by JHY; SYS r001225, coll. 20 May 2015, from Site 9 by JHY. Hebius modestum: KFBG 14557, coll. 11 May 2018, from Site 7 by SPY. Lycodon fasciatus: KFBG 14578, coll. 22 October 2018, from Site 7 by SPY. Lycodon cf. septentrionalis: KFBG 14579, coll. 22 October 2018, from Site 7 by SPY. Oreocryptophis porphyraceus: KFBG 14576, coll. 13 July 2018, from Site 7 by SPY. Psammodynastes pulverulentus: KFBG 14456, coll. 25 June 2017, from Site 4 by JHY. Pseudoxenodon macrops: KFBG 14450, coll. June 2017, from Site 3 by Philip Lo; KFBG 14451, coll. 13 March 2015, from Site 7 by JHY. Rhabdophis leonardi: SYS r001221, Dahaoping; SYS r001224, Site 9; KFBG 14344, coll. September 2014, from Site 8 by JHY; KFBG 14345, coll. 20 May 2015, from Site 9 by JHY; KFBG 14346, coll. 27 April 2014, from Site 8 by JHY; KFBG 14347, coll. 17 May 2015, from Site 10 by JHY; KFBG 14348, coll. on 19 July 2015, from Site 8 by JHY. Rhabdophis himalayanus: KFBG 14458, coll. 25 June 2017, from Site 4 by JHY. Pareas sp.: KFBG 14360, coll. 20 May 2015, from Site 9 by JHY Pareas nigriceps: SYS r001222, coll. 17 May 2015, from Site 3 by JW. vois ontcola: SYS r001217, coll. 15 May 2015, from Site 5 by JHY. Protobothrops jerdonii: SYS r001218, coll. 17 May 2015, from Site 3 by JW. Trimeresurus yunnanensis: SYS r001216, coll. 15 May 2015, from Site 5 by JHY.

Threatened Taxa

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14434–14451 14451 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 1442–14470

A

C (I: L) T S

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) G N N R, C ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Yik Fui Philip Lo 1 & Zheng Bi 2 PLATINUM OPEN ACCESS 1 Kadoorie Conservaton China, Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden, Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR, China. 2 Yunnan Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve (Tengchong Bureau), 157 Laifeng Avenue, Tengchong, Yunnan Province, China. 1 philiplo@kg.org (corresponding author), 2 bhqbz[email protected]

Abstract: The buterfy fauna of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve, western Yunnan, China was investgated during a series of feld surveys conducted between April 2014 and May 2018. A total of 216 buterfy species were recorded (Hesperiidae 41, Papilionidae 20, 21, 45, and 89), of which 179 represent new records for Tengchong. Signifcant fndings include paratype materials of a recently described genus and a subspecies, respectvely, as well as three natonal and fve provincial new records. Several obscure species were rediscovered during the survey, including two taxa that have not been recorded since their descriptons, Celaenorrhinus morena Evans, 1949 and Thoressa pedla pedla (Evans, 1956). The result of the survey is presented herein with notes on some litle-known species. Additonally, past records on Tengchong buterfy fauna were reviewed and a name is treated as nomen nudum.

Keywords: Eastern Himalaya, Hengduan Mountains, Kachin, Myanmar, natonal new records, western Yunnan.

DOI: htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4443.11.11.14452-14470 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6140D363-33DC-43B9-AC6C-A39D2E343214

Editors: Adam Coton & Shao-ji Hu (Pierce), Yunnan University, Kunming, China. Date of publicaton: 12 September 2019 (online & print)

Manuscript details: 4443 | Received 27 July 2018 | Final received 09 July 2019 | Finally accepted 16 July 2019

Citaton: Lo, Y.F.P. & Z. Bi (2019). A preliminary report on buterfy fauna (Insecta: Lepidoptera) of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve, China. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(11): 14452–14470. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4443.11.11.14452-14470

Copyright: Lo & Bi 2019. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of this artcle in any medium by adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

Funding: This study is funded by Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden.

Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests.

Author details: Y F P L: Senior Conservaton Ofcer, Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden; Fellow, Royal Entomological Society. Z B: Director, Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve (Tengchong Bureau)

Author contributon: YFLP conceived, designed and performed the analysis, and wrote the paper. Both authors collected and contributed data.

Acknowledgements: We thank Yu-Feng Hsu (Natonal Taiwan Normal University, Taipei), Li-Wei Wu (Natonal Taiwan University, Nantou) and Zhihua Zhang (Dongfang Forestry Department, Hainan) for taking part in some surveys. Xiang-Yuan Huang, Xing-Chao Zhang (TC-GLGS), Fei Li, Gang Lu, Chi Fung Mak and Bosco Chan (KFBG) provided their photo records. Motoki Saito (The Buterfy Society of Japan, Tokyo) provided reprints of Kachin survey reports. We are also grateful to the management of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve for grantng permission to conduct the survey and providing essental assistance on our feld works.

14452 Buterfy fauna of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Lo & Bi

INTRODUCTION & Duan (2016) described a new Lethe species from Tengchong. A further seven satyrid buterfy species Gaoligongshan (hereafer GLGS) is a mountain range from the subtribe Lethina were reported in Tengchong that runs north-south along the border between Kachin by Lang (2017). By 2017, 51 species of buterfy were State (Myanmar) and western Yunnan (China). GLGS documented for Tengchong, which likely underestmated part of the Hengduan Mountains of southwestern China, the rich biodiversity of this area. To update this and is well known for rich and unique biodiversity. The informaton, a series of joint biodiversity surveys were southern part of GLGS was designated a nature reserve organized by Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden (KFBG) in 1986 and recognized as a biosphere reserve in 2000 and the Tengchong Bureau of Gaoligongshan Natonal (UNESCO 2007), and the Tengchong secton is located on Nature Reserve during 2014–2018. The survey results the western slope of the reserve. For administratve and for buterfy fauna are presented herein, with a checklist geographic details see Chan et al. (2019, this issue). and notes on selected species of special interest. Tengchong was the frst area in GLGS to be explored by western zoologists, when Britsh zoologist John Anderson made a collectng expediton in Daying River METHODS and Tengchong of western Yunnan in 1868. One-hundred- and-eighteen buterfy species were collected during the Study areas expediton, including three new species described by Surveys were conducted primarily in the Tengchong Atkinson (1871) (Anderson 1878). Since detailed locality Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve informaton was not provided in Anderson’s report, (hereafer TC-GLGS) including all six management it is not possible to distnguish Tengchong material sectons (from south to north: Zhengding, Dahaoping, from the rest of his collecton. Following Anderson’s Qushi, Jietou, Datang and Zizhi). In additon, lower- exploraton, a number of naturalists visited GLGS in the elevaton forests of Laifengshan Natonal Forest Park early 20th Century, but their works contributed litle to and the protected riparian forest along Longchuan the knowledge of buterfy fauna of the region. River were also surveyed. Fieldwork covered elevatons Startng from the 1970s, GLGS has been frequently between 1,300m and 2,800m and was conducted during visited by Chinese and Japanese entomologists. The March to October, which is expected to cover the fight exceptonally high species richness of buterfies was periods of most buterfy species in the region. A total gradually revealed with the descripton of a number of 57.5 man-days were spent from April 2014 to May of new taxa (e.g., Yoshino 1995, 1997, 1999, 2008; 2018; survey details are shown in Table 1. For detail Huang 2001, 2002, 2003). Most eforts were focused informaton on geography, vegetaton and habitat of the on the Nujiang (Salween River) Valley on the eastern study area, please refer to Chan et al. (2019, this issue). slope of the mountain range, and the buterfy fauna of Tengchong on the western slope of GLGS received less Survey methods atenton and was not comprehensively documented. Daytme surveys were conducted in a variety of It was only briefy investgated during the Yunnan habitats when weather conditons were favourable forest pest survey from 1979 to 1982 organized by the for buterfy actvity (non-rainy, temperature 20C) Yunnan Provincial Department of Forestry, which listed along roads and major forest trails throughout the 482 buterfy species for Yunnan Province, of which 32 study areas, using standard 42cm diameter nets were recorded from Tengchong (Lee & Cao 1987). The to collect adult buterfies (superfamily ), discovery of Neorina neosinica Lee, 1985, an astonishing partcular atenton was paid at mud-puddling sites and satyrid buterfy, was perhaps the most notable fnding spots of nectar source. Some individuals were retained in Tengchong from that study. Lee (1995) & Xue (1995) as voucher materials or for identfcaton purpose. basically adopted the informaton in Lee & Cao (1987). Duplicate material that could be readily identfed in the Since 2000, several more buterfy species were feld was released immediately afer recording. Larvae added to the Tengchong list following taxonomic works were also recorded opportunistcally by examinaton on partcular groups. Three species of the genus of potental host plants. Verifed photo records of Thoressa were reported in Tengchong in a study of the important species taken by other members of KFBG and tribe Aeromachini from China (Huang 2009). Meanwhile, TC-GLGS were also included in the list. Xue (2009) listed four additonal skipper species from the same area in a study of Chinese Hesperiidae. Lang

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14452–14470 14453 Buterfy fauna of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Lo & Bi

Table 1. Survey sites and dates of this study (southern Tengchong Regarding species richness at genus level, the most includes Zhengding, Dahaoping and ushi sectons of TC-GLGS speciose genus was Lethe (Nymphalidae) with 16 species northern Tengchong includes Jietou, Datang and Zizhi sectons of TC- GLGS). recorded in the study area. Papilio (Papilionidae) and

Date Survey sites Man-day Nepts (Nymphalidae) were the second and third richest genera represented by nine and eight species, April 2014 Southern Tengchong, northern 4.5 Tengchong, Laifengshan respectvely. In additon, 10 genera in which at least September 2014 Southern Tengchong, northern 6.0 four species each were recorded in the present survey Tengchong (Table 2). May 2015 Southern Tengchong, northern 10.0 Tengchong July–August 2015 Southern Tengchong, northern 18.0 Conservaton status Tengchong, Laifengshan Two species, Troides aeacus and Bhutanits lidderdalii March 2016 Northern Tengchong 1.0 (Papilionidae), are listed on Appendix II of the Conventon May 2016 Northern Tengchong, Longchuan River 4.0 on Internatonal Trade in Endangered Species of Wild June 2017 Southern Tengchong, northern 11.0 Tengchong, Laifengshan, Longchuan Fauna and Flora (CITES), meaning that internatonal River trade is regulated. The global conservaton status of May 2018 Northern Tengchong 3.0 most Tengchong species have not been evaluated by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (2017) except Troides aeacus (Papilionidae), Ancema ctesia, and eugenes (Lycaenidae), which are listed as Near Identcaton Threatened (NT). Meanwhile, seven and 20 species have Voucher materials were pinned and mounted in been evaluated as Vulnerable (VU) and Near Threatened laboratory and a temporary catalogue number was (NT), respectvely, by the China Species Red List (Wang & assigned for each pinned specimen. A variety of Xie 2005). None of the buterfy species from Tengchong references were used for identfcaton (e.g., Evans are included in the Lists of Wildlife under Special State 1949; Eliot & Kawazoe 1983; Chiba & Tsukiyama 1996; Protecton (conventonally known as China State Key Koiwaya 2007; Huang 2009; Lang 2012, 2017; Wu & Protected Animal List in literature, e.g., Smith & Xie Hsu 2017). Higher classifcaton arrangement follows 2008), which is in need of revision. Hsu et al. (2017). For species groups that are difcult to identfy superfcially, such as members of the family Notable ndings Hesperiidae and the genus Ypthima, male genitalia were One-hundred-and-seventy-nine species are new also examined by dissecton following the protocol of records for Tengchong. Many of these species are Hsu (2015). known from adjacent areas and their occurrence in Tengchong was expected. Nevertheless, substantal range extensions of some taxa were observed, including RESULTS three natonal and six provincial new records, and several rare and obscure species were rediscovered. Detailed Buterfy species richness informaton of these, and notes on other species of A total of 216 buterfy species were recorded in special interest, are provided in the following species the survey, and these species belong to fve families: accounts. Hesperiidae (41 species); Papilionidae (20 species); Pieridae (21 species); Lycaenidae (45 species); and S Nymphalidae (89 species). Of the recorded species, 179 Celaenorrhinus morena Evans, 1949 (Image 1) species were hitherto undocumented for Tengchong New species record for China County. Some of the materials collected from the This is an obscure species that has not been recorded present study have been illustrated in Wu & Hsu (2017), since its original descripton. The records in Igarashi & and live adult photographs of selected species are Fukuda (2000) and Gogoi (2013) were misidentfcatons illustrated by Lo (2016). A list of the buterfy species of other species, probably C. leucocera (Kollar, 1844). collected in the present survey is provided in Appendix The male genital structure of the Tengchong materials 1. For reference purpose, a list of buterfies that were agrees with the descripton and illustraton in Evans recorded in Tengchong in earlier studies but absent in (1949). This species was previously only known from the present survey is listed in Appendix 2. India’s Naga Hills, Manipur, and Sikkim (Evans 1949);

14454 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14452–14470 Buterfy fauna of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Lo & Bi

Table 2. The 13 most speciose buterfy genera and their associated habitat preference in Tengchong, Yunnan Province, China.

Number of % of total Habitat Higher classicaton Genus species recorded species associaton

Nymphalidae: Lethe 16 7.41% Forest

Papilionidae: Papilioninae Papilio 9 4.17% Forest

Nymphalidae: Limenitdinae Nepts 8 3.70% Forest

Nymphalidae: Satyrinae Ypthima 7 3.24% Forest

Lycaenidae: Riodininae Dodona 6 2.78 Forest

Nymphalidae: Satyrinae Neope 5 2.31% Forest

Pieridae: Pierinae Pieris 5 2.31% Open

Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae Thoressa 5 2.31% Forest

Lycaenidae: Lycaeninae Chrysozephyrus 4 1.85 Forest

Nymphalidae: Satyrinae Mycalesis 4 1.85 Forest

Nymphalidae: Limenitdinae Euthalia 4 1.85 Forest

Lycaenidae: Lycaeninae Heliophorus 4 1.85 Open

Papilionidae: Papilioninae Byasa 4 1.85 Forest

the present discovery suggests that C. morena may sunlight, ofen fy swifly close to the ground and gather also occur in similar habitat of northern Myanmar. A at puddles. univoltne species was recorded only in July and August. Adults have typical behavior of the genus and ofen Polytremis gotama Sugiyama, 1999 (Image ) occur concurrently with C. ratna nujiangensis Huang, This is a poorly known skipper species that was 2001. thought to be confned to the east of the upper Mekong River (also known as Lancangjiang in China) in Ochlodes brahma (Moore, 1878) (Image 2) northwestern Yunnan (Sugiyama 1999; Fan 2006; Xue New species record for China 2009; Zhu 2012). The result of this study extends the This is primarily a Himalayan species with a disjunct range of this rare species to the Irrawaddy Basin on the populaton in northern Thailand (Chiba & Tsukiyama western slopes of GLGS. Males fy close to the ground 1996). The present discovery flls the distributon gap of and frequently perch on blades of tall grasses. the species. raiu andarinus stlelli Coton & Hu, 2018 Thoressa pedla pedla (Evans, 196) (Image 3) (Image 6) This taxon was described based on a unique male A recently described taxon from western Yunnan collected in Yunnan by well-known Britsh botanist and northern Myanmar (Hu et al. 2018). Two of the George Forrest in 1918 without detailed locality males collected in the present survey in Tengchong were informaton (Evans 1956). This mysterious skipper was designated as part of the paratypes. It is a univoltne rediscovered recently in Tengchong by two diferent species occurring in May. groups (Huang & Wang 2016; Lo 2016). A univoltne species which only occurs in May. Males are swif fyers Dodona kaolinkon Yoshino, 1999 (Image 7) and ofen gather at puddles with other congeneric Another poorly known species confned to GLGS. All species. previous records were restricted to the Nujiang Valley on the eastern slope (Yoshino 1999) and the materials Tsukiyamaia albimacula Zhu, Chiba & Wu, 2016 (Image collected in the present study represent the frst record 4) on the western slope of GLGS in the Irrawaddy Basin. It A species of a recently established monotypic genus, is a bivoltne species with adults being recorded in May described by materials from northern Myanmar, GLGS and September. Males ofen fy with congeneric species and northern Vietnam (Zhu et al. 2016). One of the along forest paths, setling on ground for long periods or males collected from the present survey in TC-GLGS was puddling on moist surfaces in groups. designated as a paratype. Males are actve under strong

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14452–14470 14455 Buterfy fauna of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Lo & Bi

1cm 1cm

Image 1. Celaenorrhinus morena Evans, 1949. © Yik Fui Philip Lo. Image 2. Ochlodes brahma (Moore, 1878). © Yik Fui Philip Lo.

1cm 1cm

Image 3. Thoressa pedla pedla (Evans, 196). © Yik Fui Philip Lo. Image 4. Tsukiyamaia albimacula Zhu, Chiba & Wu, 2016. © Yik Fui Philip Lo.

1cm 1cm

Image . Polytremis gotama Sugiyama, 1999. © Yik Fui Philip Lo. Image 6. Graphium mandarinus stlelli Coton & Hu, 2018. © Yik Fui Philip Lo.

1cm 1cm Image 8. Oreolyce vardhana nepalica (Forster, 1980). © Yik Fui Philip Image 7. Dodona kaolinkon Yoshino, 1999. © Yik Fui Philip Lo. Lo.

1446 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14452–14470 Buterfy fauna of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Lo & Bi

Oreolyce vardhana nepalica (Forster, 1980) (Image 8) has only been recorded twice in (D’ Abrera 1985: This taxon was once considered a Nepal endemic two males) and Vietnam (Monastyrskii 2005: 1 male). (Eliot & Kawazoe 1983) untl Huang (2003) reported its No specimen was collected in the present survey and presence in China, based on a single female collected the record is based on an unequivocal photograph taken on the eastern slope of GLGS. Three males collected in in southern Tengchong at an elevaton of 1,900m in June northern Tengchong in this study represent the second 2018. record in China and an adult of Chinese material is illustrated here for the frst tme. Neorina hilda Westwood, 180 (Image 13) New species record for Yunnan Province Heliophorus tamu kala Tytler, 1912 (Image 9) An eastern Himalayan species, recorded in New species record for Yunnan Province southeastern Tibet (Motuo area) by Evans (1915). It A Himalayan species distributed from Nepal to was also found in Kachin State of northern Myanmar northern Myanmar (Yago 2002). The presence of this recently (Shizuya et al. 2005a). The males collected in species in China was frst reported by Evans (1915) the present study are the frst record of this species in from southeastern Tibet (Motuo area). Three males Yunnan Province. A univoltne species which occurs in collected in this study represent the easternmost global summer, and is rare throughout its range. distributon and the frst record of the species in Yunnan Province of China. Symbrenthia doni Tytler, 1940 (Image 14) New species record for Yunnan Province rysoeyrus viaus ooan oiwaya, 2002 This Himalayan species was formerly regarded (Image 10) as a subspecies of S. brabira, a widespread Oriental New subspecies record for China species, and all previous Chinese records were confned The single male from Tengchong agrees well with to southeastern Tibet (Motuo area) (Huang 1998: as ssp. phoopan, a taxon previously only known from S. dalailama; Lang, 2012). The material collected in northern Laos (Koiwaya 2007). The other subspecies this study represents the frst record of this species in known to occur in China, originally described as ssp. Yunnan Province and the easternmost distributon of the yamanakai Fujioka, 2003 upon materials from Sichuan, species. was synonymized with akikoae Morita, 2002 by Koiwaya (2007). allia knyvei de Nicville, 1886 (Image 1) New species record for Yunnan Province Lethe brisanda de Nicville, 1886 (Image 11) There was confusion on the true identty of the New species record for Yunnan Province Kallima with blue bands on wings in China and two All previous records of this species in China were names, knyvei de Nicéville, 1886 and alompra restricted to the Motuo area of southeastern Tibet Moore, 1879 have been adopted in earlier studies (e.g., (Evans 1915; Huang 2000; Lang 2017; Wu 2017). The Huang 2000; Lang 2012) with all records restricted male collected in the present survey was the frst reliable to southeastern Tibet (Motuo area). Küppers (2015) record of this species in Yunnan. The Yunnan material clarifed that the blue Kallima in southeastern Tibet illustrated in Chou (1994) (as L. insana brisanda) was should be called K. knyvei, while K. alompra is a junior actually a misidentfcaton of another undetermined synonym of K. horseldii (Kollar, 1844) which has not taxon. been recorded in China. The male collected in present study is the frst Chinese record outside Tibet. Lethe tengchongensis Lang, 2016 (Image 12) This is a recently described species endemic to Tengchong (Lang & Duan 2016, present study). A DISCUSSION univoltne species which occurs only from August to September. They ofen fy near understorey bamboo The primary purpose of the present study is to assess growth and have typical behavior of the genus. the species richness of buterfy fauna in TG-GLGS. Survey efort was uneven at diferent sites which prevents Neorina neosinica Lee, 198 (Image 16) rigorous comparison of species assemblages or relatve With Tengchong as the type locality, this obscure species diversity along lattude and alttude. In general, species, apart from its original descripton (Lee 1985), the survey sites along the main ridge of GLGS support

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14452–14470 1447 Buterfy fauna of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Lo & Bi

1cm 1cm Image 10. rysoeyrus viaus ooan oiwaya, 2002. © Yik Fui Image 9. Heliophorus tamu kala Tytler, 1912. © Yik Fui Philip Lo. Philip Lo.

1cm 1cm

Image 11. Lethe brisanda de Nicville, 1886. © Yik Fui Philip Lo. Image 12. Lethe tengchongensis Lang, 2016. © Yik Fui Philip Lo.

1cm 1cm

Image 13. Neorina hilda Westwood, 180. © Yik Fui Philip Lo. Image 14. Symbrenthia doni Tytler, 1940. © Yik Fui Philip Lo.

more buterfy species than the enclaves, probably due to have univoltne populatons in Tengchong that can to diferences in habitat quality and alttude range. only be observed in well-defned, usually short, periods Although the results of this survey have expanded the of a year. With succession of buterfy assemblages species list of Tengchong buterfies by over three-fold, it throughout the warmer seasons, many species may should not be treated as a comprehensive inventory of have been overlooked in this survey. Such actvity the buterfy fauna of the area. The fight period of adult patern increases the difculty to assess the true species buterfies in TG-GLGS is characterized by pronounced richness of GLGS because considerable survey efort seasonality which complicates survey efciency. In fact, will be needed in order to cover the fight seasons of more than one-third of the recorded species appear all buterfy species. Another limitaton of the present

1448 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14452–14470 Buterfy fauna of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Lo & Bi

Table 3. Examples of TC-GLGS buterfy taxa conned to the western slope of GLGS and eastern Himalaya.

Scientc name Sources Hesperiidae Celaenorrhinus morena Evans, 1949 Evans 1949 Sebastonyma dolopia medoensis Lee, 1979 Huang 2009 Lycaenidae Huang 2000; Yago Heliophorus tamu (Kollar, 1844) 2002 Nymphalidae Lethe brisanda de Nicéville, 1886 Lang 2016 Neorina hilda Westwood, 1850 Huang 2000 Huang 1998; Lang Symbrenthia doni Tytler, 1940 2012 Image 1. allia knyvei de Nicville, 1886. © Yu Feng Hsu. Lang 2012; Kallima knyvei de Nicéville, 1886 Küppers 2015

eastern extension of the Himalaya and its western slope is categorized as part of the Himalayan southern slope region (Zhao 1986). Although majority of Tengchong buterfies are typical northern Indochina-southwestern China fauna, the present study reveals that it supports a number of taxa that are confned to the western slope of GLGS and eastern Himalaya, but absent in the rest of China (Table 3). Tengchong therefore represents the eastern distributon limit for many species of their global ranges. TC-GLGS supports a large number of forest-associated Image 16. Neorina neosinica Lee, 198. © Zheng Bi. and shade-loving species (Table 2), indicatng the area supports intact forest habitat. Many areas with old- growth forest in TC-GLGS have extensive understorey of dwarf bamboo, mainly in the genus Fargesia (Xue, 1995). survey was that habitats at higher alttude (2,800m) Exceptonally high diversity of the subfamily Satyrinae were not covered because of accessibility constraints. is noteworthy, especially the genus Lethe, which is To improve the completeness of the buterfy inventory, bamboo-associated and the most speciose genus of future feldwork should be conducted during periods the area (16 species, Table 2), including the Tengchong not covered by this survey, and sampling of the buterfy endemic L. tengchongensis. A similar patern was also communites in sub-alpine habitats is necessary. observed in neighbouring Kachin State of northern Given its high elevaton, Tengchong has a more Myanmar (Shizuya et al. 2005a,b). The tribe Aeromachini temperate climatc patern than subtropical lowland of the Hesperiidae family is another bamboo-associated at similar lattude. Species assemblage of Tengchong group that has high species richness in the study areas, buterfies also show similar tendency as it is dominated comprising fve genera and 11 species, including one by Oriental montane species intermixed with some endemic subspecies (Thoressa pedla pedla), which is not Palearctc representatves. Meanwhile, a few tropical unexpected as the Hengduan Mountains is recognized species also penetrate into the area; they are either as one of the centers of speciaton for the tribe (Huang restricted to lower elevatons at the protected riparian 2009). Tengchong is also home to many rare and forest along Longchuan River, or are well-known obscure species, some are already mentoned in the migrants (e.g., Appias spp. & Catopsilia pomona) which species account in the present paper, which further probably stray from the Irrawaddy lowlands. demonstrated the importance of TC-GLGS in conserving Geographically, GLGS can be considered as an the unique biodiversity of the region.

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14452–14470 1449 Buterfy fauna of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Lo & Bi

With only 29 of the Tengchong species evaluated, Eliot, J.N. & A. awazoe (1983). Blue buerfies of the Lycaenopsis existng internatonal and natonal conservaton group. Britsh Museum (Natural History), London, 309pp. Fan, .L. (2006). Taxonomy of Hesperiinae and Molecular Phylogeny assessments (Wang & Xie 2005; The IUCN Red List of of the tribe Gegenini (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from China. PhD Threatened Species 2017) are insufcient to refect the Thesis. South China Agricultural University, 213pp. Gogoi, M.J. (2013). Notes on some skipper buterfies (Lepidoptera: current conservaton status of buterfies in Tengchong. Hesperiidae) from Panbari Forest and its adjoining areas, Kaziranga- To identfy special conservaton needs for Tengchong Karbi Anglong, upper Assam, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa buterfies, especially those with highly restricted 5(13): 4759–4768. htps://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3340.4759-68 Hsu, Y.F. (201). A new species of Shaanxiana (Lepidoptera: distributon range, it is recommended to invest targeted Lycaenidae) from southern China. Zootaxa 4027(1): 130–134. eforts to assess their current status. It should be noted htps://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4027.1.6 that there have been considerable taxonomic changes Hsu, Y.F., J.. Zhu & Y. F.P. Lo (2017). The Checklist of Chinese Buerfies. The Straits Publishing House, Fuzhou, 30pp. on those evaluated species since the last assessment of Hu, S.H., A.M. Coton, F.L. Condamine, . Duan, R.J, Wang, Y.F. the China Species Red List in 2005, assessment updates Hsu, . Zhang & J. Cao. (2018). Revision of Pazala Moore, 1888: following these taxonomic changes are necessary. the Graphium (Pazala) mandarinus (Oberthür, 1879) group, with treatments of known taxa and descriptons of new species and new Meanwhile, according to the defniton proposed by subspecies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Zootaxa 4441(3): 401–446. Collins & Morris (1985), Bhutanits lidderdalii and Huang, H. (1998). Research on the buterfies of the Namjagbarwa several other members of Papilionidae occurring in Region, S.E. Tibet. Neue Entomologische Nachrichten 41: 207–263. Huang, H. (2000). A list of buterfies collected from Tibet During Tengchong are potental targets of low volume/ high 1993–1996 with new descriptons, revisional notes and discussion value trade. These large and showy buterfies are on zoogeography (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) (part 1). Lambillionea 100(1): 141–158. popular items among collectors and over-collectng Huang, H. (2001). Report of H. Huang’s 2000 Expediton to SE. Tibet for is a potental threat. Although no sign of commercial Rhopalocera. Neue Entomologische Nachrichten 51: 65–151. harvestng was detected in the study areas during the Huang, H. (2002). Some new nymphalids from the valleys of Nujiang and Dulongjiang, China. Atalanta 33(3/4): 339–360. survey, any unauthorized collectng actvity should be Huang, H. (2003). A list of buterfies collected from Nujiang (Lou Tse closely monitored and regulated by the authority. Kiang) and Dulongjiang, China with descriptons of new species, new subspecies, and revisional notes. Neue Entomologische Nachrichten 55: 3–114. Huang, H. (2009). Systematc and Taxonomic Study on the Tribe REFERENCES Aeromachini Tut (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from China. MPhil Thesis. Shanghai Normal University, 175pp. Anderson, J. (1878). Anatomical and zoological researches: comprising Huang, H. & C.H. Wang (2016). Rediscovery of Thoressa pedla (Evans, an account of the zoological results of the two expeditons to 1957) and Thoressa yingqii Huang, 2011 (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). western Yunnan in 1868 and 1875; and a monograph of the two Atalanta 47: 211–215. cetacean genera, Platanista and Orcella. B. Quaritch, London. 2 Igarashi, S. & H. Fukuda (2000). The Life Histories of Asian Buerfies. vols., xxv-l-985pp., xi-I-84pp. Vol. 2. Tokai University Press, Tokyo. 711pp. Atkinson, W.S. (1871). Descripton of three new species of diurnal The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (2017). Version 2017-3. Lepidoptera from western Yunnan collected by Dr. Anderson in www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 19 June 2018. 1868. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1871: 215– oiwaya, S. (2007). The Zephyrus hairstreaks of the World. Mushi-Sha, 216, pl. 12. Tokyo, 300pp. Chan, B.P.L., Z. Bi & S.Z. Duan (2019). Introducton to a four-year ppers, .V. (201). The Leaf Buerfies of the Genus Kallima biodiversity survey of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Doubleday, 1849. Goecke & Evers, Keltern, 27pp. Nature Reserve, in the footsteps of pioneering naturalists in western Lang, S.Y. (2012). The Nymphalidae of China Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera Yunnan, China. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(11): 14391–14401. Part I. Tshikolovets Publicaton: Pardubice, 456pp. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4438.11.11.14391-14401 Lang, S.Y. (2017). The Nymphalidae of China Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera Chiba, H. & H. Tsukiyama (1996). A review of the genus Ochlodes Part II. Tshikolovets Publicaton: Pardubice, 200pp. Scudder, 1872, with special reference to the Eurasian species Lang, S.Y. & S.Z. Duan (2016). Descripton of a new species of Lethe (Lepidoptera: Herperiidae). Buerfies 14: 3–16. (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) from western Yunnan, Chou, I. (ed) (1994). Monographia Rhopalocerorum Sinensium. Henan China. Zootaxa 4179(2): 295–300. htps://doi.org/10.11646/ Science and Technology Publishing House, Zhengzhou, 854pp. zootaxa.4179.2.10 Collins, N.M. & M.G. Morris (198). Threatened Swallowtail Buerfies Lee, C.L. (198). Some New Species of Rhopalocera in China V. of the World, The IUCN Red Data Book. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge, Entomotaxonomia VII (3): 191–194. 403pp.+ 8pl. Lee, C.L. (199). Yunnan Buerfy. China Forestry Publishing House, DAbrera, B. (198). Buerfies of the Oriental Region, Part II. Hill Beijing. House Publishers, Melbourne, 534pp. Lee, C.L. & W.C. Cao. (1987). Rhopalocera, pp. 1111–1175. In: Huang, Evans, W.H. (191). A list of buterfies caught by Capt. F.M. Bailey F.S. (eds) Forestry of Yunnan. Yunnan Science and Technology in S.E. Tibet during 1913. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Press, Kunming, China, 1622pp. Society 23(3): 532–546. Lo, Y.F.P. (2016). Buterfies of Tengchong, pp. 116–181. In: Chan, P.L. Evans, W.H. (1949). A catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, & Z. Bi (eds) Biodiversity of Tengchong, Gaoligongshan. Kadoorie Asia and Australia in the Britsh Museum N.H.. Britsh Museum, Conservaton China, Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Hong London. 502pp. + 53pl. Kong, 443pp. Evans, W.H. (196). Revisional notes on the Hesperiidae of Europe, Monastyrskii, A.L. (200). Buerfies of Vietnam, Vol. 1 Nymphalidae: Asia and Australia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (series Satyrinae. Dolphin Media, Hanoi, 162pp. + 35pl. 12) 9: 749–752. Shizuya, H., Y. Watanabe, M. Saito & T. Soe (200a). Basic informaton

14460 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14452–14470 Buterfy fauna of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Lo & Bi

on buterfies of Kachin State, Myanmar (Part 2). Buerles 39: ue, J.R. (199). Gaoligong Mountain Natonal Natural Reserve. China 29–39. Forestry Publishing House, Beijing. Shizuya, H., Y. Watanabe, M. Saito & T. Soe (200b). Basic informaton Yago, M. (2002). Comparatve morphology and identfcaton of the on buterfies of Kachin State, Myanmar (Part 3). Buerles 40: subgenus Kulua, with descripton of a new species from Vietnam 38–46. (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Heliophorus). Tijdschri Voor Entomologie Smith, T. & Y. ie (2008). A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton 145: 145–171. University Press, Princeton and Oxford, 544pp. Yoshino, . (199). New Buterfies from China. Neo Lepidoptera 1: Sugiyama, H. (1999). New buterfies from western China (VI). Pallarge 1–4. 7: 1–14. Yoshino, . (1997). New Buterfies from China 2. Neo Lepidoptera 2: UNESCO (2007). The MAB Programme, UNESCO – MAB Biosphere 1–8. Reserves Directory, Biosphere Reserve Informaton, China, Yoshino, . (1999). New Buterfies from China 5. Neo Lepidoptera 4: Gaoligong Mountain. Downloaded from htp://www.unesco.org/ 1–10. mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.aspcodeCPR+18&modeall on Yoshino, . (2008). New species and new subspecies of Lethe from 19 June 2018. Myanmar, China and Vietnam. Futao 54: 9–14. Wang, S. & Y. ie (eds) (200). China Species Red List, Vol. III Zhao, S.. (1986). Physical Geography of China. Science Press and Invertebrates. Higher Educaton Press, Beijing, 891pp. John Wiley, Beijing and New York, 221pp. Wu, C.H. & Y.F. Hsu (eds) (2017). Buerfies of China. The Straits Zhu, J.. (2012). A Taxonomy Study on the tribe Baorini Doherty, 1886 Publishing House, Fuzhou, 2036pp. (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae) of China. MPhil Thesis. Wu, Z.J. (2017). Lethe, pp. 441–493. In: Wu, C.H. & Y.F. Hsu (eds), Shanghai Normal University, 132pp. Buerfies of China. The Straits Publishing House, Fuzhou, 2036pp. Zhu, J.., H. Chiba & L.W. Wu (2016). Tsukiyamaia, a new genus of the ue, G.. (2009). Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Hesperiidae tribe Baorini (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae, Hesperiinae). Zookeys 555: (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidae) from China. PhD Thesis. Northwest 37–55. htps://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.555.6144 Agriculture and Forestry University, 529pp.

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14452–14470 14461 Buterfy fauna of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Lo & Bi

p.1401, fg.11-12 Illustratons in Illustratons & Hsu (2017) Wu

p.1309, fg.18 p.1327, fg.05 p.1318, fg.15 p.1318, fg.14 New to China to New Notes cNT New to China to New I VII VIII Flight period (Month) period (Month) Flight IV V VI III RPF OS LFS Locaton NTC

STC Huang, 2001 Felder 1862 Felder (Murray, 1875) (Murray, (Moore, 1865) (Moore, Moore, 1878 Moore, (Oberthur, 1891) (Oberthur, Lee, 1962 Fruhstorfer, 1911 Fruhstorfer, (Evans,1949) Evans, 1949 Evans, Oberthur, 1921 Oberthur, (Moore, 1884) (Moore, de Nicéville, 1889 de Nicéville, (Mabille, 1876) (Moore, 1878) (Moore, (Oberthür, 1896) (Oberthür, Carterocephalus alcinoides Carterocephalus Hesperiinae Ochlodes brahma (Oberthür, 1886) (Oberthür, Ochlodes thibetana Ochlodes bouddha Notocrypta feisthamelii alysos feisthamelii Notocrypta Notocrypta curvifascia curvifascia curvifascia curvifascia Notocrypta Scientc name and higher classicaton Scientc HESPERIIDAE Coeliadinae 1932 Evans, indica Hasora via Pyrginae Oberthür, 1896 Oberthür, Coladenia maeniata Capila pieridoides Celaenorrhinus morena (Mabille, 1876) Celaenorrhinus tbetana ouvrardi zulla Satarupa Pseudocoladenia dan fabia Pseudocoladenia 1949) (Evans, festa Pseudocoladenia Heteropterinae bicolor Barca Hasora taminatus bhavara Hasora taminatus Hasora anura Choaspes benjaminii japonicus Gerosis sinica narada Gerosis sinica Evans, 1949 Evans, Gerosis phisara rex Pyrgus maculatus thibetanus Celaenorrhinus ratna nujiangensis Appendix 1. Buterfies recorded during the present survey in Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve. Nature Natonal Secton of Gaoligongshan in Tengchong survey during the present recorded Appendix 1. Buterfies Locatons: STC Zhengding, Dahaoping and Qushi sectons of TC-GLGS; NTC Jietou, Datang and Zizhi sectons of TC-GLGS; LFS Laifengshan Natonal Forest Park; RPF Protected riparian OS Other sites. River; Longchuan forest along Vulnerable cVU List, Red Species China in Concern Least cLC status: Conservaton 2017; Lang, 6 2009, Xue 5 2009, Huang 4 1995, Xue 3 1995, Lee 2 1987, Cao & Lee 1 records: Historical Notes: Appendix II. and Flora, Species of Wild Fauna in Endangered Trade on Internatonal II The Conventon CITES List; Concern in IUCN Red Least LC List; in China Species Red

14462 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14452–14470 Buterfy fauna of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Lo & Bi

Illustratons in Illustratons & Hsu (2017) Wu p.1358, fg.13 p.1358, fg.09 p.1354, fg.03 p.1365, fg.03

p.1361, fg.15 p.1356, fg.59 p.1428, fg.05 p.1433, fg.12 p.54, fg.07 p.60, fg.20 p.66, fg.05 p.69, fg.12 p.125, fg.22; p.126, fg.23-24 p.80, fg.07 Notes cVU, CITES II CITES cVU, cNT, LC ,CITES II ,CITES LC cNT, 4 4 4 5 5 cVU cVU I VII VIII Flight period (Month) period (Month) Flight IV V VI

III RPF OS LFS Locaton NTC

STC Huang, 2003

Lee, 1979 Stchel, 1907 Huang, 2003 Huang, 2003 (Oberthur, 1920) (Oberthur, Zhu, Chiba & Wu, 2016Zhu, Chiba & Wu, Linnaeus, 1758 (Hewitson, 1869) (Hewitson, Tytler, 1939 Tytler, (Evans, 1932) (Evans, (C. & R. Felder, 1860) (C. & R. Felder, (Evans, 1956) (Evans, (South, 1914) (Moore, 1878) (Moore, Scientc name and higher classicaton Scientc Evans, 1941 Evans, torus Erionota Halpe sp. 1 Halpe sp. 2 Sovia separata magna separata Sovia grahami miliaohuae Sovia Aeromachus catocyanea amplifascia Aeromachus catocyanea Thoressa pedla Thoressa gupta nujiangensis Thoressa gupta (Evans, 1914) trachala tytleri (Evans, Potanthus PAPILIONIDAE Parnassiinae lidderdalii spinosa Bhutanits Papilioninae Troides aeacus Troides Evans, 1923 tytleri Evans, plutonius Byasa (de Niceville, 1885) (de Niceville, Thoressa pandita (Evans, 1937) Thoressa serena (Evans, dolopia medoensis Sebastonyma Thoressa baileyi Tsukiyamaia albimacula Tsukiyamaia Huang, 2003 micropunctata cf. Polytremis Sugiyama, 1999 Sugiyama, gotama Polytremis Polytremis eltola eltola eltola Polytremis Evans, 1949 Evans, baa Parnara bada Parnara (Doubleday, 1842) (Doubleday, polyeuctes polyeuctes Byasa Byasa dasarada ouvrardi Byasa (Tytler, 1939) (Tytler, latreillei tcona Byasa 1831 Gray, agestor agestor Papilio Papilio helenus Papilio Papilio bootes mindoni bootes Papilio

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14452–14470 14463 Buterfy fauna of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Lo & Bi

Illustratons in Illustratons & Hsu (2017) Wu p.161, fg.05 p.136, fg.09-10; p.137, fg.11 p.163, fg.09 p.185, fg.09 p.212, fg.03 p.230, fg.12 p.343, fg.15-16 p.395, fg.09-10 p.390, fg.11 p.362, fg.08

Notes 1 2 3 cNT 1 2 3 cNT 1 2 3 cNT 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 I VII VIII Flight period (Month) period (Month) Flight IV V VI

III RPF OS LFS Locaton NTC

STC Coton & Hu, 2018 Coton Linnaeus, 1758 (Fruhstorfer, 1909) (Fruhstorfer, (Fabricius, 1775) (Fabricius, (Doubleday, 1842) (Doubleday, Jordan, 1925 Jordan, Gray, 1846 Gray, Tytler, 1939 Tytler, Westwood, 1842 Westwood, Fruhstorfer, 1910 Fruhstorfer, Fruhstorfer, 1910 Fruhstorfer, (Moore, 1879) (Moore, Talbot, 1939 Talbot, Mell, 1943 (Tytler, 1912) (Tytler, indistncta Fruhstorfer, 1907 verityi Fruhstorfer, Linnaeus, 1767 (Wallace, 1867) (Wallace, Scientc name and higher classicaton Scientc Cramer, 1775 Cramer, protenor protenor Papilio xuthus Papilio Papilio arcturus Papilio Fruhstorfer, 1902 Fruhstorfer, bianor gladiator Papilio Papilio krishna thawgawa Papilio Papilio machaon Papilio Graphium sarpedon Graphium mandarinus stlwelli Lamproptera meges Lamproptera 1841 Westwood, cloanthus Graphium cloanthus Meandrusa lachinus aribbas PIERIDAE Pierinae Delias belladonna hedybia 1939 Tytler, Delias berinda cooperi perspicua Delias sanaca Tytler, 1939 Tytler, agathon bifurcata (de Nicéville, 1900) paracraea (de Nicéville, Aporia harrietae (Oberthur, 1886) (Oberthur, Aporia goutellei thestylis Prioneris thestylis Pieris brassicae nepalensis Pieris brassicae Pieris rapae yunnana Evans, 1926 Evans, indica Pieris canidia Pontna edusa praeclara Pontna Appias pandione lagela Pieris extansa bhutya Pieris extansa 1857 Ménétriés, melete Pieris melete Appias galba Coliadinae pomona Catopsilia (Wallace, 1867) (Wallace, blanda silhetana Eurema

14464 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14452–14470 Buterfy fauna of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Lo & Bi

Illustratons in Illustratons & Hsu (2017) Wu p.301, fg.15 p.1034, fg.19-20 p.1033, fg.12-13 p.1024, fg.02-03

p.1244, fg.11 p.1250, fg.03-04 ) Notes 3 1 2 3 LC cNT 1 2 3 cNT cNT 1 2 3 (as bulis 1 2 3 I VII VIII Flight period (Month) period (Month) Flight IV V VI

III RPF OS LFS Locaton NTC

STC (Swinhoe, 1910) (Swinhoe, Butler, 1876 Butler, Eliot & Kawazoé, 1983 Eliot & Kawazoé, (Cramer, 1780) (Cramer, Doubleday, 1842 Doubleday, Sugiyama, 1992 Sugiyama, (Moore, 1877) (Moore, (Moore, 1879) (Moore, (Moore,1865) (Moore, 1906) (Moore, Moore, 1865 Moore, (Kollar,1844) Evans, 1954 Evans, Ménétriés, 1855 Ménétriés, Hewitson, 1861 Hewitson, ssp. Hewitson, 1866 Hewitson, (Westwood, 1851) (Westwood, Scientc name and higher classicaton Scientc Eurema laeta sikkima laeta Eurema Eurema hecabe (Linnaeus, 1758) hecabe Eurema Dercas lycorias lycorias lycorias lycorias Dercas Calias eldii LYCAENIDAE Riodininae fegyas Zemeros Dodona ouida 1867 Dodona eugenes Bates, Westwood, 1851 Dodona egeon Westwood, Dodona dipoea Dodona adonira Yoshino, 1999 Yoshino, Dodona kaolinkon Abisara freda daliensis Stboges nymphidia nymphidia nymphidia Stboges nymphidia Abisara fylla Abisara neophron Curetnae Curets acuta naga acuta Curets Lycaeninae 1885) (Poujade, Zizina emelina thibetensis maha Zizeeria Everes huegelii dipora Everes Lampides boetcus (Linnaeus, 1767) Lampides boetcus Udara dilectus (Moore, 1879) (Moore, albocaerulea Udara albocaerulea 1884) (de Nicéville, marginata marginata Celatoxia Monodontdes musina musinoides Monodontdes (de Nicéville, 1884) (de Nicéville, argiolus iynteana lavendularis Celastrina Celastrina oreas yunnana Celastrina

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14452–14470 1446 Buterfy fauna of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Lo & Bi

Illustratons in Illustratons & Hsu (2017) Wu p.1213, fg.30 p.1119, fg.50 p.1182, fg. 14-15

p.434, fg.04 p.443, fg.11 p.456, fg.20 Notes New to Yunnan to New New to China to New LC 3 2, cNT 6 I VII VIII Flight period (Month) period (Month) Flight IV V VI

III RPF OS LFS Locaton NTC

STC (Koiwaya, (Koiwaya, Koiwaya, 2002 Koiwaya, (Tytler, 1915) (Tytler, Moore, 1883 Moore, (Cramer, 1777) (Cramer, de Nicéville, 1887 de Nicéville, (Stoll, 1782) (Stoll, Tytler, 1912 Tytler, (Hewitson, 1869) (Hewitson, Talbot, 1947 Talbot, (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hewitson, 1869) (Hewitson, (Elwes, 1887) (Elwes, sp. Scientc name and higher classicaton Scientc (Forster, 1980) (Forster, vardhana nepalica Oreolyce 1918) (Fruhstorfer, rovorea Orthomiella ponts 1793) (Fabricius, strabo strabo Catochrysops 1910) (Fruhstorfer, puspa gisca Acytolepis Jamides bochus sp. Prosotas (Evans, 1925) (Evans, dubiosa indica Prosotas 1918 Fruhstorfer, Heliophorus eventa Evans, 1932 Evans, Heliophorus brahma mogoka Heliophorus ila pseudonexus Eliot, 1963 Heliophorus ila pseudonexus kala Heliophorus tamu kirbariensis machimurai Chrysozephyrus 2002) Chrysozephyrus paona Chrysozephyrus Chrysozephyrus viatus phoopan viatus Chrysozephyrus Chrysozephyrus duma Chrysozephyrus Cheritrella truncipennis Sinthusa virgo Sinthusa Riley, 1939 Riley, rayata Sinthusa Chliaria kina Rapala 1865) (Hewitson, ctesia ctesia Ancema (Moore, 1884) (Moore, bhotea bhotea Maneca NYMPHALIDAE Danainae 1844) (Kollar, sita sita Parantca Euploea mulciber Euploea Parantca aglea melanoides Parantca Satyrinae Melanits leda (Doubleday, 1849) sura (Doubleday, Lethe Lethe goalpara gana Lethe

14466 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14452–14470 Buterfy fauna of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Lo & Bi

Illustratons in Illustratons & Hsu (2017) Wu p.493, fg.08 p.489, fg.05-06 p.517, fg.01 p.515, fg.05 p.541, fg.05 Notes cNT 6, cVU 2, cNT 6 Yunnan to New cNT 6, cVU 6 1 2 3, cNT cNT cNT 1 2 3 6 1 2 3 1 2 3 New to Yunnan to New cVU cNT I VII VIII Flight period (Month) period (Month) Flight IV V VI

III RPF OS LFS Locaton NTC STC Watkins, 1927 Watkins, Tytler, 1939 Tytler, (C. & R. Felder, 1862) (C. & R. Felder, Uemura & Koiwaya, & Koiwaya, Uemura Tytler, 1939 Tytler, Tytler, 1939 Tytler, Gray, 1846 Gray, Moore, 1881 Moore, Lee, 1962 Tytler, 1939 Tytler, (Hewitson, 1863) (Hewitson, Lang, 2016 Tytler, 1939 Tytler, (Poujade, 1885) (Poujade, serica Leech, 1892 serica (Atkinson, 1871) (Atkinson, de Nicéville, 1886 de Nicéville, Leech, 1890 Westwood, 1850 Westwood, (Hewitson, 1863) (Hewitson, Scientc name and higher classicaton Scientc (Poujade, 1885) (Poujade, ocellata ocellata Lethe Lethe neofaciata Lee, 1985 neofaciata Lethe sidonis Lethe Lethe maitryaLethe thawgawa Lethe kanjupkula burmana kanjupkula Lethe 1863 Hewitson, nicetas Lethe 1911 Fruhstorfer, verma sintca Lethe dinarbas hyrania Lethe Lethe brisanda Lethe oculatssima Lethe serbonis pallida Lethe Lethe tengchongensis tengchongensis Lethe (Poujade, 1884) (Poujade, luteofasciata Lethe Lethe andersoni Lethe Chonala praeusta burmana Chonala praeusta Neope muirheadii Neope armandii khasiana Neope yama kinpingensis Neope oberthueri qiqia Huang, 2002 Neope ramosa Neorina neosinica Lee, 1985 Neorina neosinica Neorina hilda Callerebia polyphemus annadina damaris (Tytler, 1939) (Tytler, kabrua satrica Rhaphicera Moore, 1857 Moore, sanatana francisca Mycalesis 1874 Moore, charaka gotama Mycalesis misenus Mycalesis suaveolens konglua Mycalesis Ypthima conjuncta montcola montcola conjuncta Ypthima 2000 (Moore, 1893) (Moore, sakra austeni Ypthima

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14452–14470 14467 Buterfy fauna of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Lo & Bi

Illustratons in Illustratons & Hsu (2017) Wu p.591, fg.12

p.682, fg.08

p.805, fg.01 Notes 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 New to Yunnan to New 1 2 3 1 2 3 I VII VIII Flight period (Month) period (Month) Flight IV V VI III RPF OS LFS Locaton NTC

STC Moore, 1872 Moore, (Blanchard, 1871)(Blanchard, Boisduval, 1846 Boisduval, (Linnaeus, 1763) Oberthür, 1920 Oberthür, (Drury, 1773) (Drury, Moore, 1872 Moore, 1999 (Hewitson, 1864) (Hewitson, (Leech, 1892) (Gray, 1846) (Gray, Hübner, 1819 Hübner, (Linnaeus, 1763) (Rothschild, 1899) (Rothschild, (Drury, 1773) (Drury, (Gray, 1831) (Gray, Elwes & Edwards, 1893 & Edwards, Elwes Tytler, 1940 Tytler, Shirzu & Shima, 1977 Shirzu (Linnaeus, 1758) Butler, 1871 Butler, Scientc name and higher classicaton Scientc Ypthima menpae Huang, Ypthima Ypthima persimilis Ypthima Ypthima confusa confusa Ypthima Uémura & Monastyrskii, 2000 & Monastyrskii, Uémura fronterii Ypthima zodia Ypthima Calinaginae Calinaga davidis buphonas Charaxinae (Tytler, 1940) thawgawa (Tytler, narcaea Polyura Polyura dolon grandis Polyura athamas Polyura Cyrestnae Cyrests thyodamas thyodamas thyodamas Cyrests (Fruhstorfer, 1914) (Fruhstorfer, issoria sordice Cirrochroa tyche mithila Cethosia biblis Cethosia Childrena childreni (Moore, 1858) rudra (Moore, Argyronome laodice hyperbius Argyreus hyperbius Nymphalinae cardui Vanessa Issoria lathonia isaaea (Herbst, 1794) (Herbst, indica indica Vanessa Kaniska canace canace canace Kaniska Symbrenthia doni Symbrenthia Symbrenthia lilaea Symbrenthia Symbrenthia niphanda Symbrenthia Junonia orithya ocyale Junonia orithya Aglais urtcae chinensis Aglais urtcae Araschnia prorsoides

14468 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14452–14470 Buterfy fauna of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Lo & Bi

Illustratons in Illustratons & Hsu (2017) Wu p.881, fg.06

p.947, fg.09

p.919, fg.26

Notes New to Yunnan to New cNT cNT cVU 1 2 3 cNT 2 cNT I VII VIII Flight period (Month) period (Month) Flight IV V VI III RPF OS LFS Locaton NTC

STC Westwood, 1850 Westwood, Doyere, 1840 Doyere, (Moore, 1858) (Moore, (Kollar, 1844) (Kollar, Oberthür, 1906 Oberthür, (Doubleday, 1848) (Doubleday, (C. & R. Felder, 1859) (C. & R. Felder, Moore, 1872 Moore, Doubleday, 1844 Doubleday, Oberthür, 1907 Oberthür, Evans, 1924 Evans, (Moore, 1859) (Moore, ssp. Moore, 1858 Moore, Westwood, 1850 Westwood, (Doubleday, 1848) (Doubleday, Oberthür, 1894 Oberthür, Scientc name and higher classicaton Scientc de Nicéville, 1886 de Nicéville, knyvei Kallima Kallima inachus Kallima (Gray, 1846) (Gray, nicea Stbochiona nicea (Kollar, 1848) Pseudergolis wedah (Kollar, Limenitnae Athyma opalina Athyma jina Athyma Auzakia danava Auzakia Parasarpa zayla zayla Parasarpa Parasarpa dudu Parasarpa (Doubleday, 1848) (Doubleday, daraxa Sumalia daraxa soma shania Nepts Evans, 1924 Evans, ochracea ananta Nepts Dilipa morgiana Libytheinae Moore, 1858 Moore, lepita Libythea lepita Moore, 1872 Moore, cartca cartca Nepts Nepts sappho astola sappho astola Nepts armandia Nepts dejeani Nepts 1906 nemorum Oberthür, Nepts themis theodora Nepts 1913 Fruhstorfer, sakota Euthalia Euthalia dubernardi Euthalia Euthalia nara Euthalia Euthalia franciae raja Euthalia Apaturinae Hestna nama Hestna Hestna persimilis Hestna

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14452–14470 14469 Buterfy fauna of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal NR Lo & Bi

Appendix 2. Buterfy fauna of Tengchong County reported by earlier workers that were not found in the present study.

The buterfy fauna of Tengchong County has also been briefy investgated by diferent researchers and some of the species reported in their works were not detected during the present survey. These species are listed below with reference source and notes on selected taxa. 1. Potanthus lydius (Evans, 1934) Xue 2009. 2. Parnara guata guata (Bremer & Grey, 1853) Xue 2009. 3. Byasa nevilli (Wood-Mason, 1882) Lee & Cao 1987; Xue 1995. 4. Papilio paris paris Linnaeus, 1758 Xue 1995. 5. Delias subnubila Leech, 1893 Lee & Cao 1987; Lee 1995; Xue 1995. 6. Delias patrua Leech, 1890 Lee & Cao (1987); Xue (1995). Delias lepida Lee, 1995, nomen nudum The name Delias lepida Lee in Lee (1995) very likely referred to the record of this species because D. patrua was the only Tengchong species listed in Lee & Cao (1987) but absent in Lee (1995), and both records had identcal feld informaton (Tengchong, 1,780m). Perhaps the author intended to publish lepida formally, but no acton was taken eventually. Since there was no descripton, reference nor indicaton accompanying the name lepida, it should be treated as a nomen nudum. 7. Aporia larraldei (Oberthür, 1876) Lee & Cao (1987); Lee (1995); Xue (1995) 8. Lethe siderea Marshall, 1881 Lang (2017). 9. Lethe lanaris Butler, 1877 Lee & Cao (1987); Lee (1995); Xue (1995). 10. Callarge sagia (Leech, 1890) Wu & Hsu (2017) Although most of the Tengchong records in Wu & Hsu (2017) originated from the present study, this species was an excepton. 11. Ypthima beautei Oberthür, 1884 Lee & Cao (1987); Lee (1995); Xue (1995); It is likely that the records of Y. beautei in Tengchong were actually Y. fronterii Uémura & Monastyrskii, 2000, a recently described species, which is quite common in Tengchong. 12. Ypthima chinensis Leech, 1892 Xue (1995). 13. Nepts hylas (Linnaeus, 1758) Xue (1995).

Threatened Taxa

14470 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14452–14470 Dr. Okan Külköylüoğlu, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey (Crustacea) Dr. Jesse Leland, Southern Cross University, New South Wales, Australia (Crustacea) Birds Dr. George Mathew, Kerala Forest Research Insttute, Peechi, India Dr. Mohilal Meitei, Manipur University, Camchipur, Manipur, India Dr. Hem Sagar Baral, Charles Sturt University, NSW Australia Dr. John C. Morse, Clemson University, Long Hall, Clemson, USA Dr. Chris Bowden, Royal Society for the Protecton of Birds, Sandy, UK Dr. John Noyes, Natural History Museum, London, UK Dr. Priya Davidar, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry, India Dr. Albert G. Orr, Grifth University, Nathan, Australia (Odonata) Dr. J.W. Duckworth, IUCN SSC, Bath, UK Dr. Renkang Peng, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia (Heteroptera) Dr. Rajah Jayapal, SACON, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India Dr. Nancy van der Poorten, Toronto, Canada Dr. Rajiv S. Kalsi, M.L.N. College, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, India Dr. C. Raghunathan, Zoological Survey of India, Andaman and Nicobar Islands Dr. Crawford Prentce, Nature Management Services, Jalan, Malaysia Dr. R. Ramanibai, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Dr. V. Santharam, Rishi Valley Educaton Centre, Chitoor Dt., Andhra Pradesh, India Dr. Bret C. Ratclife, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA Dr. C. Srinivasulu, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India Dr. Klaus Ruetzler, Smithsonian Insttuton, Washington, DC Dr. K.S. Gopi Sundar, Internatonal Crane Foundaton, Baraboo, USA Dr. Kareen Schnabel, NIWA, Wellington, New Zealand (Crustacea) Dr. Gombobaatar Sundev, Professor of Ornithology, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Dr. R.M. Sharma, (Retd.) Scientst, Zoological Survey of India, Pune, India (Lepidoptera, Prof. Reuven Yosef, Internatonal Birding & Research Centre, Eilat, Israel Coleoptera) Dr. Taej Mundkur, Wetlands Internatonal, Wageningen, The Netherlands Dr. Peter Smetacek, Buterfy Research Centre, Bhimtal, India (Lepidoptera) Dr. Carol Inskipp, Bishop Auckland Co., Durham, UK Dr. Manju Siliwal, WILD, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India (Araneae) Dr. Michael Hutchins, American Bird Conservancy, Washington, USA. Dr. G.P. Sinha, Botanical Survey of India, Allahabad, India (Lichens) Dr. V. Gokula, Natonal College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India Dr. K.G. Sivaramakrishnan, Madras Christan College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Dr. K.A. Subramanian, Zoological Survey of India, New Alipore, Kolkata, India Mammals Dr. P.M. Sureshan, Zoological Survey of India, Kozhikode, Kerala, India (Hymenoptera) Dr. Martn B.D. Stewe, The Natural History Museum, UK (Mantodea) Dr. Giovanni Amori, CNR - Insttute of Ecosystem Studies, Rome, Italy Dr. R. Varatharajan, Manipur University, Imphal, Manipur, India Dr. Daniel Brito, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil Dr. Eduard Vives, Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, Terrassa, Spain Dr. Anwaruddin Chowdhury, Guwahat, India Dr. John Veron, Coral Reef Foundaton, Townsville, Australia Dr. P.S. Easa, Kerala Forest Research Insttute, Peechi, India Dr. Hui Xiao, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, China Dr. Colin Groves, Australian Natonal University, Canberra, Australia Dr. James Young, Hong Kong Lepidopterists’ Society, Hong Kong Dr. Cecília Kierulf, Victorville, California Dr. R. Sundararaj, Insttute of Wood Science & Technology, Bengaluru, India (Isoptera) Dr. Kristn Leus, Copenhagen Zoo, Annuntatenstraat, Merksem, Belgium Dr. M. Nithyanandan, Environmental Department, La Ala Al Kuwait Real Estate. Co. K.S.C., Dr. David Mallon, Zoological Society of London, UK Kuwait Dr. Antonio A. Mignucci-Giannoni, Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico, Puerto Dr. George O. Poinar, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA Rico Dr. S. Arularasan, Annamalai University, Parangipetai, India (Molluscs) Dr. Sanjay Molur, WILD/ZOO, Coimbatore, India Dr. Himender Bhart, Punjabi University, Punjab, India (Hemiptera) Dr. Shomita Mukherjee, SACON, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India Mr. Purnendu Roy, London, UK (Lepidoptera) Dr. P.O. Nameer, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala, India Dr. Saito Motoki, The Buterfy Society of Japan, Tokyo, Japan Dr. Jill Pruetz, Iowa State University, Ames, USA Dr. Sanjay Sondhi, TITLI TRUST, Kalpavriksh, Dehradun, India (Lepidoptera) Dr. Ian Redmond, UNEP Conventon on Migratory Species, Lansdown, UK Dr. Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam Dr. Heidi S. Riddle, Riddle’s Elephant and Wildlife Sanctuary, Arkansas, USA (Hymenoptera) Dr. Kumaran Sathasivam, Marine Mammal Conservaton Network of India, India Dr. Xiaoli Tong, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China (Thysanoptera) Dr. Karin Schwartz, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia. Dr. Nitn Kulkarni, Tropical Research Insttute, Jabalpur, India (Orthoptera) Dr. Christoph Schwitzer, University of the West of England, Clifon, Bristol, BS8 3HA Dr. Robin Wen Jiang Ngiam, Natonal Parks Board, Singapore (Odonata) Dr. Jodi L. Sedlock, Lawrence University, Appleton, USA Dr. Lional Monod, Natural History Museum of Geneva, Genève, Switzerland. Dr. Lala A.K. Singh, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India Dr. Asheesh Shivam, Nehru Gram Bhart University, Allahabad, India Dr. Mewa Singh, Mysore University, Mysore, India Dr. Rosana Moreira da Rocha, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitba, Brasil Dr. Meena Venkataraman, Mumbai, India Dr. Kurt R. Arnold, North Dakota State University, Saxony, Germany (Hemiptera) Dr. Erin Wessling, Max Planck Insttute for Evolutonary Anthropology, Germany Dr. James M. Carpenter, American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA Dr. Dietmar Zinner, German Primate Center, Götngen, Germany (Hymenoptera: Dr. A.J.T. Johnsingh, Nature Conservaton Foundaton, Mysuru and WWF-India, India Dr. David M. Claborn, Missouri State University, Springfeld, USA (Diptera) Dr. Paul Racey, University of Exeter, Devon, UK Dr. Kareen Schnabel, Marine Biologist, Wellington, New Zealand Dr. Honnavalli N. Kumara, SACON, Anaikaty P.O., Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India Dr. Amazonas Chagas Júnior, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brasil Dr. Ashwin Naidu, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA Dr. Marc W. Holderied, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Fishes Dr. H. Raghuram, The American College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India Dr. David Olson, Zoological Society of London, UK Dr. Neelesh Dahanukar, IISER, Pune, Maharashtra, India Dr. Paul Bates, Harison Insttute, Kent, UK Dr. Carl Ferraris, Smithsonian Insttuton, Portland, USA Dr. Hector Barrios-Garrido, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia Dr. M. Afzal Khan, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India Dr. Jim Sanderson, Small Wild Cat Conservaton Foundaton, Hartord, USA Dr. Topiltzin Contreras MacBeath, Universidad Autónoma del estado de Morelos, México Dr. Dan Challender, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK Dr. Heok Hee Ng, Natonal University of Singapore, Science Drive, Singapore Dr. David Mallon, Manchester Metropolitan University, Derbyshire, UK Dr. Rajeev Raghavan, St. Albert’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India Dr. Lukas Rüber, Department of Vertebrates, Natural History Museum, Switzerland Other Disciplines Dr. Anjana Silva, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka Dr. Robert D. Sluka, Chiltern Gateway Project, A Rocha UK, Southall, Middlesex, UK Dr. Aniruddha Belsare, Columbia MO 65203, USA (Veterinary) Dr. Kevin Smith, IUCN, Cambridge, UK Dr. S. Jayakumar, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India (Climate Change) Dr. E. Vivekanandan, Central Marine Fisheries Research Insttute, Chennai, India Dr. Jef McNeely, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland (Communites) Dr. W. Vishwanath, Manipur University, Imphal, India Dr. Stephen D. Nash, Scientfc Illustrator, State University of New York, NY, USA (Scientfc Dr. J. Jerald Wilson, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Illustrator) Dr. Davor Zanella, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croata Dr. Mandar S. Paingankar, University of Pune, Pune, Maharashtra, India (Molecular) Dr. A. Biju Kumar, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India Dr. Jack Tordof, Critcal Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Arlington, USA (Communites) Dr. Frederic H. Martni, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hanolulu, Hawaii Dr. Ulrike Streicher, University of Oregon, Eugene, USA (Veterinary) Dr. Hari Balasubramanian, EcoAdvisors, Nova Scota, Canada (Communites) Amphibians

Dr. Indraneil Das, Sarawak, Malaysia Reviewers 2016–2018 Dr. Sushil K. Duta, Indian Insttute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Due to pausity of space, the list of reviewers for 2016–2018 is available online. Dr. Annemarie Ohler, Muséum natonal d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France

Reptles

Late Dr. S. Bhupathy, SACON, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India Dr. Llewellyn D. Densmore, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, USA Dr. Eric Smith, University of Texas, Arlington, USA Dr. Gernot Vogel, Heidelberg, Germany Dr. Anders G.J. Rhodin, Chelonian Research Foundaton, Lunenburg, USA Dr. Raju Vyas, Vadodara, Gujarat, India Dr. Pritpal S. Soorae, Environment Agency, Abu Dubai, UAE. Dr. Olivier S.G. Pauwels, Royal Belgian Insttute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium Dr. Anders G.J. Rhodin, Chelonian Research Foundaton, Lunenburg, USA The opinions expressed by the authors do not refect the views of the Dr. Oguz Turkozan, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey Journal of Threatened Taxa, Wildlife Informaton Liaison Development Society, Zoo Outreach Organizaton, or any of the partners. The journal, the publisher, the host, and the partners are not responsible for the accuracy of the politcal Journal of Threatened Taxa is indexed/abstracted in Bibliography of Sys- boundaries shown in the maps by the authors. tematc Mycology, Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS Previews, CAB Abstracts, EBSCO, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, Index Fungorum, JournalSeek, Natonal Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NewJour, OCLC WorldCat, Print copies of the Journal are available at cost. Write to: SCOPUS, Stanford University Libraries, Virtual Library of Biology, Zoologi- The Managing Editor, JoTT, c/o Wildlife Informaton Liaison Development Society, cal Records. No. 12, Thiruvannamalai Nagar, Saravanampat - Kalapat Road, Saravanampat, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035, India NAAS ratng (India) 5.10 [email protected] PLATINUM The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. OPEN ACCESS All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of artcles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

September 2019 | Vol. 11 | No. 11 | Pages: 14391–14470 Date of Publicaton: 12 September 2019 (Online & Print) www.threatenedtaxa.org DOI: 10.11609/jot.2019.11.11.14391-14470

Monograph Communicatons

Introducton to a four-year biodiversity survey of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve, in the footsteps of pioneering naturalists in western Yunnan, China – Bosco Pui Lok Chan, Zeng Bi & Shao-Zhong Duan, Pp. 14391–14401

Mammals of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China – Fei Li, Xiang-Yuan Huang, Xing-Chao Zhang, Xing-Xi Zhao, Jian-Huan Yang & Bosco Pui Lok Chan, Pp. 14402–14414

Current status of birds in Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve, China – Xi Zheng, Fei Li, Zheng Bi, Xing-Chao Zhang, Ji-Guo Han & Bosco Pui Lok Chan, Pp. 14415–14433

A report on the herpetofauna of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve, China – Jian-Huan Yang, Xiang-Yuan Huang, Jian-Fang Ye, Shen-Pin Yang, Xing-Chao Zhang & Bosco Pui-Lok Chan, Pp. 14434–14451

A preliminary report on buterfy fauna (Insecta: Lepidoptera) of Tengchong Secton of Gaoligongshan Natonal Nature Reserve, China – Yik Fui Philip Lo & Zheng Bi, Pp. 14452–14470

Publisher & Host

Partner Member

Threatened Taxa