The Symbolic,the Imagrnary,and the Real : Inauguralmeeting of SFP,Paris : 8tl'July 1953: JacquesLacan
P1-52of On the Names-of-the-Father: Jacques Lacan. translatedby BruceFink
JacquesLacan spoke on "The Synrbolic,the Imaginary, and the Real" immediately beforewriting the so-calledRome Report on "The Functionand Field of Speechand Langua-eein Psychoanalysis"(published in theEcrits) during the summerof 1953,a paperthat markedthe publicdebut of "Lacan'steaching," as it was latercalled. The earliertalk includedthe first thematicpresentation of the famoustriad that undergirdedall of Lacan'swork for the next threedecades and that went on to becomeits essentialobject - not merelya conceptualobject, but a mathematicaland materialone as well in the form of the Borromeanknot andits derivatives.
Publishedin Frenchat EcoleLacanienne de Psychanalyse - Pas tout Lacan - 1950i1959: ,. ", Available, ,".,,.http.//wu'w.ecole-lacanienne.net/documents/1953-07-08.doc
Cetteconferer'rce ( Le.symbolique,l'imagirtaire el le reel r.firtpronortceele Bjuillet 1953pourout'rir les actit,itesde la Societt.fi'curEctisede Psvchcuralvse. Cette versirtrt e.stannoncee dans le cataloguede la Biblirfihit1uede I'e.l.p. contmever.sion J.L. Il existeplusieurs autres version.s,sensiblement di//erentes a certains endroits,dont une pante dan.sle Bulletinde l'Associationfreudienne, 1982, n" I.
Referencesto SigmundFreud Wolf Man . The Historyof an InfantileNeurosis : 1918(SE XVII) RatMan : Notesupon a caseof Obsessionalneurosis . 1909 (SE X) Beyondthe pleasureprinciple 1920(SE XVIII) My friends, you can see that, for the first so- called scientific presentation of our new Sociery, I have selecteda title that is quite ambitious. I will thus begin first by apologizing for it, asking you to consider this presentation both as a summary of viewpoints that those here who are my students know well, with which they have become familiar over the past two years through my teaching, and also as a sort of preface or introduction to a certain orientation for studying psychoanalysis. Indeed, I believe that the return to Freud's texts which my teaching has focused on for the past rwo years has convinced me - or rather us, all of us who have worked together - that there is no firmer grasp on human reality than that provided by Freudian psychoanalysis and that one must return to the source and apprehend, in every senseof the word, these texts. One cannot escape the conclusion that psy- choanalytic theory, and at the same time its technique, which form but one and the same thing, have undergone a sort of shrinkage and, to be quite frank, decay.For, in effect, it is not easy to remain at the level of such fullness. 'S7olf Take, for example, a tefi like that of the I SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY, AND THE REAL THE SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY, AND THE REAL }.IL,
Man lTbe History of an Infantile Neurosis(r9r8), I SE XWII. I thought of taking it this eveningas a basisfor and as an exampleof what I wish to ( )ne thing cannot escape us at the outset that there is in analysisa whole Portion presentto you. But although I gave a Seminar 'r,rrnely, on it last year, I spent the entire day yesterday .rf our subjects' realiry Lriell that escapesus. It rereadingthe caseand quite simply had the feel- .lid not escapeFreud when he was dealing with just ing that it was impossible to give you even an crrchof his patients, but, of course' it was as approximateidea of it hereand that therewas but tl-roroughlybeyond his graspand scope. 'We one thing to be done - to givelast year's Seminar should be struck by the way in which he againnext year. speaks of the Rat Man, setting him apaft from Indeed,what I perceivedin this incrediblerexr, his other patients. He concludes that he can see "fine, after the work and progresswe made this year on in him the personaliry of a intelligent, and him with other the caseof the Rat Man lNotes Upon a Caseof cultured man," and he contrasts ObsessionalNeurosis (t9o), SE X], leads me to patients he has worked with. This is not so much \Wolf think that what I stressedlast year as rhe crux, the case when he speal
'W.hat behaviorsand habits - we are led very quickly to rhe experienceof speakinginvolve? is the a number of difficultiesand deadends. Going in cssenceand exchangeof speech?And to raise at this direction, we cerrainly don', go to the point the same time the question of psychoanalytic of situating them in a global considerationof lrractice lexpirience). psychoanalyricpractice, but we go ever further Let us begin with this practice as it is initially toward a cemain number of opacities that arise presentedto us in the first theoriesof analysis. and that then tend ro rurn analysisinto a practice What is this neuroticwhom we deal with in psy- that seemsfar more irrational than it realiy is. choandysis?W-hat is going to happen during the It is striking tWhat ro see how many subjectswho analysis? about the shift [in focus] from the have recently engagedin analysishave talked, in consciousto the unconscious?Vhat arethe forces their first way of expressingthemselves regard- that give a certain existenceto the equilibrium we ing their experience,about its possiblyirrational call the pleasureprinciple? character,whereas it seems,on the contrary, that To proceedquickly, I will saywith Raymond de there is perhaps no more ffansparent technique Saussurethat the subjecthallucinates his world. around. The subject's illusory satisfactionsare obviously Of course,in an analysiseveryrhing goes in this of a different order than the satisfactionsthat find direction: we fall in with a certain number of the their object purely and simply in reality lriell. A patient's more or lesspartid psychologicarviews, symptom has never satedhunger or slakedthirst we speakabout magicalthinking, we speakabout in a lasting manner, unlessaccompanied by the all kinds of registersthat indisputabllhave their absorptionof food or drink. No doubt a general valueand areencounrered in a very dynamic fash- decline in the subject'slevel of vitaliry can result ion in psychoanalysis.There is but one step from in extremecases, as we seefor examplein natural that to thinking that psychoanalysisitseli oper- or artificial hibernation, but this is conceivable atesin the registerof magical thinking, and this only as a phasethat cannot last without leading step is quickly taken when one does nor decide to irreversible damage.The very reversibiliry of 'what first to raisethe primordial question: does a neurotic problem implies that the economy of 'I'HE AND THE REAL THE SYMBOLIC. THE IMAGTNARY, AND THE REAL SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY' satisfactionsthat were involved in it were of a priestess[Chrysis], even if this caseis but a partic- different order, and infinitely lesstied to fixed trlarcase in a largerwhole. It involvesan element organicrhythms, evenif they command someof that goesmuch further and that intersectsall the them. This definesthe conceptualcategory that phenomenathat biologistsmention concerning includesthe sort of objectsI am in the process instinctual rycles, especiallyin the register of of qualifying as imaginary, if you are willing to sexualiryand reproduction. grant this term its full rangeof implications. Apart from the still uncertain and improbable On this basis,it is easyto seethat the order of studies concerning neurological relays in sexual imaginary satisfactioncan be found only in the cycles, which are hardly what is most solid in sexualrealm. their studies,it hasbeen demonstrated that these All of this is but a precondition for analytic cyclesin animals themselvesdepend upon a cer- tain number of triggering mechanismsthat are practice.And it is not astonishing,even if things 'S7hat had to be confirmed, verified, and inaugurated,1 essentiallyimaginary in nature. is most would say,by psychoanalyticpractice itself. Once interestingin studiesof instinctual rycles, their having gone through the experienceof analysis, limits, and their definition is that, in testingacer- things seem to be perfectly rigorous. The term tain number of releasersto determine the lowest "libido" merelyexpresses the notion of reversibil- degreecapable of producing an effect - in order iry that implies that there is a certain equivalence to figure out exactly what these releasemecha- or metabolism of images.In order to be able nisms are- researchershave been able to provoke to conceptualizethis transformation, a term artificially in animalsthe activationof parts of the relatedto enerry is necessary.This is the purpose sexualbehavioral cycle in question. servedby the word "libido." \(hat is involvedis, The fact is that, within a specific behavioral naturally,something quite complex. cycle, a certain number of displacementscan Imaginary satisfaction is obviously not the always occur under certain conditions. Indeed, simple fact that Demetrius was satisfied by biologists have not found any better term than having dreamed that he possessedthe courtesan th. ,r.ry one that seryesto designatethe primal
IO II ,fHE THE SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY. AND THE REAL SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY' AND THE REAL
sexual troubles and mainsprings of symptoms in \We thus posit that a behavior can become our patients:"displacement." For example,in the imaginary when its directednesstoward images middle of a combat cycle, one can observe the ,rnd its own value as an image for another sub- swift supervening of a segment of display behav- jcct make it capableof being displacedoutside of ior. In birds, one of the combatants suddenly rhe cycle that assuresthe satisfactionof a natural beginspreening itself. need. On this basis,neurotic behavior can be A thousand other examples could be given. I said to be elucidatedat the level of instinctual am not going to enumerate them here today. I economy. am just trying to indicate that the element of fu for knowing why it is alwayssexual behavior displacement is an essentialmainspring of the set Ithat undergoesdisplacement], I neednot return of behaviors related to sexualiry. No doubt, these ro this exceptto provide a brief indication. The phenomena do nor occur in this realm alone. But fact that a man may ejaculateuPon seeinga slip- the studies by Konrad Lorenz on the functions of prerdoes not surpriseus, nor are we surPrised images in the feeding cycle show that the imagi- when he usesit to bring his partner to feel better nary plays just as eminent a role there as in the disposedtoward him. But surelyno one imagines realm of sexual behavior. In man, it is principally that a slipper can serveto abate an individual's at the latter level that we find ourselvesfaced with hunger pangs,even exffeme ones. Similarly, what this phenomenon. we dealwith constantlyis fantasies.During ffeat- Let me puncruare this discussion by saying tnent, it is not uncommon that the Padent or that the elements of displaced instinctual behav- subjectrecounts a fantasylike that of performing ior displayed by animals can give us a rough idea fbllatio on the analyst. Is that an element that of a symbolic behavior. Vhat is called symbolic we would characterize as an archaic cycle of his behavior in animals is the fact that a displaced biography?Or relegateto a prior period of under- segment of such behavior takes on a socialized nourishment?It is quite obvious that we wouldn't value and servesthe animal group as a marker for dream of such a thing, regardlessof the incorPo- a certain collective behavior. rative characterwe attribute to such fantasies.
r) IMAGINARY' AND THE REAL THE SYMBOLIC. THE IMAGINARY. AND THE REAL I'HE SYMBOLIC, THE
will \What does this mean? It can mean many ()n a primitive oral stageof sexuality,but we things. In fact, we must realizethat the imaginary n()t say that this fellatio performer is constitu- I mean can hardly be confusedwith the domain of what rionally a fellatio performer. By which is analyzable.There may be another function rlratthe fantasyor imaginaryelement in question assess than that of the imaginary.It is not becausewhat lrrrsmerely a symbolic value that we must ts analyzableencounters the imaginary that the .rnly asa function of the momenr in the analysis arise imaginary can be confused with the analyzable. :rrwhich it occurs.In effect,the fantasydoes us about The imagilhry is neither the entireryof what can even if the subjectdoes not alwaystell that be analyzednor of what is analyzed. it - and it doesso frequendyenough to show It is Let us return to the exampleof our fetishist, it ariseswithin the psychoanalyticdialogue. to evenif it is rather rare. If we acceptthat what is .lcsignedto be exPressed,to be spoken,and a very involved here is a sort of primitive perversion,it .rv-tolire somethitg - somethingthat has in is not impossibleto envisionsimilar cases.Let us .lifferent meaningdepending on the moment supposeit involves an imaginary displacement the dialogueat which it arises. merely like the kind we find in the animal kingdom. So what doesthis mean?First, it is not Suppose,in other words, that the slipper here is becausea phenomenonrepresents a displacement a strict displacementof the female sexualorgan, - in other words, is inscribed in imaginary Phe- since fetishism is far more common among .omena - rhat it is an analyzablephenomenon. if it males.Were therenothing representingan elabo- Second, a phenomenon is analyzableonly ration on this primitive given, it would be as representssomething other than itself' unanalyzableas is this or that perversefixation. Conversely, let us return to the case of the patient or subjectin the grip of a fellatio fantasy. 2 This is somethingthat has a completelydifferent '['o about' meaning.'W'e can no doubt considerthat this fan- broach the topic I wish to speak range tasy representsthe imaginary, a certain fixation namely, symbolism, I will saythat a broad
r4 rt THE SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY, AND THE REAT, IHE SYMBOLIC. THE IMAGINARY, AND THE REAL
of imaginary functions in analysisbear no other irystericalsymptoms, to begin with the simplest relation to the fantasmaticrealiry they manifest ,,1 symptoms, which always provide something than the syllable"po" bearsto the simplv shaped ,'..ltrivalentto a sexualactiviry, but never a univo- vaseit designatesfin French,the r in pot(meaning ..:rl equivalent. On the contrary, they are always pot or vase)is silentl. "police" "poltroon," In or 1,,rlyvalent,superimposed, overdetermined, and, the syllable"po" obviouslyhas an enrirelydiffer- ,rrdced, constructed in the exact same way as ent value.one could usea vaseto symbolizethe unages are constructed in dreams. \ile find here syllable"po." In the term "police"or "poltroon,,' ,r coming together or superimposing of sym- it would be necessaryro add other equallyimagi_ l,ols that is as complex as a poetic phrase whose nary rerms that would not be taken for anything r()ne,structure, puns, rhythms, and sound are all other than syllablesdesigned ro complete th. , r'ucial. Everything occurs on several levels and word. p:rrtakesof the order and register of language. This is how we musr understandthe symbolic 'lhe impoftance of this will perhaPsnot sink in that is involved in psychoanalytic exchange. language is origin"lly. 'Whether if we do not try to seewhat it is a marrer of real symproms,bun- Of course, the question of the origin of lan- gled actions,or whateverwe constandy find and quage is a topic that can easily lend itself to refind, which Freud referred ro as its essential organized, collective, or individual delusions.We reality, it is alwaysa marter of symbols- symbols rnust not engage in that sort of thing. Language organizedin languageand which thus function cxists. It is something that has emerged. Now on the basis of the link beween the signifier rhat it has emerged, we shall never know either and the signified, which is equivalenrro the very when or how it began, or how things were before structure of language. it came into being. The notion that a dream is a rebuscomes from But still, how can we express what is perhaps Freud, not from me. The fact that a symprom one of the most primitive forms of language? expressessomething structured and organized Consider passwords. I am choosing this example like a language is sufficiently manifesied by deliberately because the illusion, when we speak
t6 17 THE SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY, AND THE REAL IHE SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY, AND THE REAL
of language,is alwaysto believethat its significa- l:rnguageof love.The latter consists- in the final tion is what it designares.But this is not at all the sl)asmof ecstasyot, on the contrary, as part of case.Of course,it designatessomething, it serves rhe daily grind, dependingon the individuals- in a certain function at this level. But a password tuddenly callingone's sexual partner by the name has the properry of being chosen in a way that .rf a thoroughly ordinary vegetableor rePugnant is thoroughly independentfrom its signification. :rnimal.This certainlyborders on the quesdonof But what if the latter is idiotic? The Scholastics rhe horror of anonymiry. It is no accidentthat reply - one should no doubr never reply - that ccrtain of these animal names or more or less the signification of such a word is to designate roremicprops are found anewin phobia.The rwo the personwho pronouncesit ashaving such and havesomething in common. The human subiect sucha properrycorrespondingto the questionthat is,as we shallsee later, especially Prone to vertigo, makes him pronounce the word. Others would ,rnd to get rid of it he feelsthe need to create saythat it is a poor examplebecause it is selected ,omething transcendent.This is not insignificant from within a convention. But this makesit even irr the origin of phobia. better. On the other hand, you cannot deny that In these two examples,language is Particu- 'W'e a passwordhas the most preciousqualities, since larly devoid of significadon. can clearlysee it can help you avoid getting killed. here what distinguishessymbols from signs This is how we can considerlanguage to havea namely, the interhuman function of symbols. function. Born among the ferociousanimals that 'lhis is somethingwhich is born with language primitive men musr have been- ir's not unlikely, and which is such that, after the word has truly judging on the basisof modern men - a password becomepronounced speech, the two Partnersare is something thanks to which a group is consti- no longer what they were before. This is what tuted, not something thanks to which the men in words are for, as I've shown you now using the a group are recognized. simplestexamples. There is another realm in which one can medi- You would, moreover,be wrong to believethat tVhether tate upon the funcdon of language:rhe srupid theseare not fully fedged examples. in
r8 r9 THE SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY, AND THE REAL I TIF] SYMBOLIC, THE TMAGINARY, AND THE REAL
the caseof passwordsor words of endearmenr,we ()f course, the neurotic advances toward this are talking with - by God about something that is full,blown in '.'\perience, this original pathway, scope.[Not so in the caseofl a conversationthat what he has at his disposal. \What he believes at an averagemoment of your careeras a student lusr is that he must play the part of the doctor you have at a dinner with equally averageprofes- i' rnself, he must inform the analyst. Naturally, sors,where the signification of things exchanged rrr vor.lr everyday practice, you set him straight, has a charactertantamount to that of conversa- ...rving that that's not what it's about, but to tions with peopleyou meer on the streeror rhe ,pcak and preferably without seeking to put his bus - nothing but a certain way of getting your- rlrotrghts in order or organize them - in other self recognizedis involved without putting himself, in accordance here and this justifies ''u,t)rds, Mallarm6's claim that languageis "comparableto rvith a well-known narcissistic maneuver, in the worn coins that arepassed from hand to hand,in 1,laceof his interlocutor. silence." In the end, the notion we have of the neurotic Let us consider on this basiswhat happens is that gagged speechlives in his very symptoms, when the neurotic comesin for an analysis. ,peech in which a certain number, let us say, of He too beginsro say things. \fe must not be rransgressions with respect to a certain order are surprisedif, at the outset, the things he sayshave cxpressed,which, by themselves,loudly fustigate no more weight than the ones I just alluded to. rhe cruel world in which they have been inscribed. Nevertheless,something is fundamentally differ- trailing to realize the order of symbols in a living ent, which is that he comes ro the analysr to fashion, the subject realizesdisorganized images exchangesomething other than idle chatter and fbr which these ffansgressionsare substitutes. bandities. Something not insignificant is already -Ihis is what will initially get in the way of any implied in this situation, since, in shorr, it is true symbolic relationship. 'W'hat his own meaning that he has basically come to the subject expressesfirst when he speaks seek.Something is mystically placed here on the is the register of what we call resistances,which personwho listensto him. can only be interpreted as the fact of realizing an THE .THE SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY, AND THE REAL SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY' AND THE REAL
image or imagesof early experience hic et nunc, t hemselves in psychoanalytic practice was cer- here and now, in the analyric situation with the r:r.inly a significant moment in analytic history. 'lhis analyst.The entire theory of resistancewas built was first spoken about in a coherent fashion upon this, but only after the major recognition in Reich's article, one of the first articles on the of the symbolic value of sympromsand of every- topic published in the International Journal of thing that can be analyzed. l's.ychoanalysis,at the same time at which Freud Now, what psychoanalysisencounters is pre- constructed the second stage in the development cisely something orher than realizing symbols. ,,f psychoanalytic theory, which is no other than It is the subjecr'stemptation ro constitute this the theory of the ego. imaginary referencepoint here and now in psy- Around this time, in r9zo, das Es lthe id] choanalyticexperience. appears.At that moment, we began to perceive, \7e call this an arremptby the subjecrto draw the within the register of the symbolic relationship analystinto his game.This iswhat we see,for exam- - and it must always be maintained there - that ple, in the caseof the Rat Man, when we perceive rhe subject resistsand that this resistanceis not a - quickly, but not immediately,and Freud doesn't simple inertia opposed to the therapeutic move- either - that, by recounting the grand obsessional rnent, as in physics one could say that a mass storF of the rat torture, the subject atremprs to resistsacceleration. It establishesa certain bond realizehere and now with Freud the very imagi- that is opposed as such, like a human action, naryanal-sadisric relationship that makesthe story to the therapist's action, excePt that the thera- piquant. Freud perceivesquite astutelythat some- pist must not be misled by it. The patient is not thing is involved that is translated and betrayed opposing him as a real person lrdalitil, but rather physiognomicallyon the subject'svery face and as a certain image that the subiect pro,iectsonto that he qualifies as"horror at a jouissanceof his own him, to the extent to which it is realized in his ofwhlch he himselfwas unuulAre." place. The momenr ar which peoplewere able ro gauge These terms are, in fact, merely approximate. and posit as resistanceelements that manifest The notion of an aggressiveinstinct is also born
22 2J THE SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY, AND THE REAL THE SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY' AND THE REAL
at this momenr, the term fustntdobeing addedto presence.There is nothing to this that has not libido, not without reason,for from the moment rrlreadybeen given to us in the semanticregister at which its goal [words missing here . . .] the of certain human grouPs.Read, in this regard, essentialfunctions of these imaginary relation- the book by Leenhardtentitled Do Kamo. shipssuch as they appearin the form of resisrance, I wouldn't giveit my highestrecommendadon, another registerappears that is linked ro norhing but it is expressiveenough and quite approach- lessthan the specificrole played by the ego. ,rble.It is an excellentintroduction for thosewho I will nor go into the theory of the ego today needto be introduced to the topic. You will see exceptto saythat, in any coherentand organized therein that, among the Kanak people of New analytic notion of the ego, we musr absolutely (,aledonia, something rather peculiar occurs define the ego's imaginary function as the uniry et the semantic level - namely, that the word of the subjectwho is alienatedfrom himself. The "speech"signifies something that goesmuch fur- ego is something in which the subject cannot rher than what goes by that name for us. For recognize himself at first except by alienating rhem, speechis alsoan action. Note that it is for himself. He can thus only refind himself by us too, for to giveone's word is a kind of act.But, abolishing the ego's alter ego. Here we see the amongthe Kanaks,it is alsosometimes an object development of the dimension that is dready - in other words, somethingthat one carries,a referred to as "aggressiveness,"which is quite sheaf f6erbe),fot example. It can be anything. distinct from aggression. But, on this basis,something exists that did not 'S7'e musr now take up anew the question existbefore. in the following rwo registers:speech and the Another remark should also be made. This imaginary. mediatingspeech is not purely and simply medi- Speech, as I showed you in an abbreviated adng at an elementarylevel. It allowstwo men to form, plays rhe essentialrole of mediation. From transcendthe fundamental aggressiverelation to the moment it is realized,mediation changesthe the mirage of their semblable.It must be some- two partnerswho find themselvesin eachother's rhing elseas well for, if one thinks about it, one
2"5 .I'HE THE SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY, AND THE REAI, SYMBOLIC. THE IMAGINARY, AND THE REAL seesthat not only doesit constitute this media- the contraction of the pupils - with the ringing 'W-hen tion but it alsoconstitutes realiry itself. ,,f-a bell. they eliminated the light stimu- This is quite obvious if you considerwhat is Ius, the subjects' pupils would contract when the calledan elementarysrrucrure - in other words, lrcll was rung. In a further step, the researchers an archaicstructure - of kinship. The srrucrures to trigger the same reaction simply by '''ranaged of kinship are not alwayselementary. Ours, for having the subjects hear the word "contract." Do example,are especiallycomplex, but, in truth, vrlu believe this resolvesthe question of language they would not existwithout the systemof words ,rnd symbolization? If, instead of the word "con- that expressthem. And the fact is that the prohibi- rract," the researchershad enunciated some other tions that regulateamong us the human exchange word, they could have obtained exactly the same involvedin marriagelalliancesl, in the strict sense results.\What is involved is not the conditioning of the word, are reduced to an excessivelysmall ,rf a phenomenon but what is involved in symP- number. This is why we tend to confusererms roms: the relationship berween symptoms and such as father,mother, son, and so on, with real rhe entire system of language, the significative relationships.It is becausethe systemof kinship svstem of interhuman relations as such. relationsis extremelyreduced, in its boundaries Psychoanalysis precisely intersects these and in its field. But it concernssymbols. rcmarks and shows us their scope and presence JulesH. Massermanpublished a very nice arti- irr detail. The crux of what I just told you is in cle in the InternationalJournal of Psychoanalysisin fact the following: any analyzable relationship 1944entitled "Language, Behaviour and Dynamic that is, any relationship that is symbolically Psychiatry."Ore of the exampleshe givesthere interpretable - is always inscribed in a three-term shows clearly the weaknessof the behaviorist relationship. standpoint. Massermanbelieves he can resolve As we have already seen in the very structure of the question of language'ssymbolism by pro- speech, what is libidinally realizable between two viding an exampleof conditioning. Researchers subjects requires mediation. This is what gives its coordinatedpeople's auromatic reaction to light true value to the fact, asserted by psychoanalytic
z6 .,-, THE SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY, AND THE REAL HE SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY, AND THE REAL
theory and demonstrated by experience,that personagewho, in relation to the subject, repre- nothing can be interpretedin the end - for that scnts a transcendent personage- in other words, is what is at stake - except via Oedipus. This .rn image of mastery by means of which the sub- meansthat everyrwo-rerm relationship is already ject's desire and fulfillment can be symbolically more or less marked as imaginary in scyle.In rcalized. At this moment another register mani- order for a relationshipto take on its symbolic lests itself which is either that of the law or that value,the mediation of a third personageis nec- .rf guilt, depending on the register in which it is essarywho, in relation ro the subject, realizesthe experienced. transcendentelement thanks to which his rela- tion to the object can be sustainedat a certain distance. , Berweenthe imaginary relation and the sym- bolic relation lies the entire distanceattributable You can tell that I am abbreviatingthings herea to guilt. This is why, as psychoanalyticpractice little bit. I hope it is not too disconcerting,how- showsus, people alwaysprefer guilt to anxiery. ever, since these are things that I have repeated Thanks to the progressmade by Freud's doc- rnanytimes in our meetings. trine and theoy, we know that anxiery is always I would like to underscoreonce again an impor- linked to a loss- in other words,to a transforma- rant point concerningthe symbolic register. tion of the ego, to a rwo-rerm relationshipthat As soonas the symbolic- that which is involved is on the verge of vanishing, and which musr when the subject is engagedin a truly human give way ro something that the subject cannor relationship- is involved, as soon as a commit- approach without a certain vertigo. This is the rnentis madeby the subjectthat is expressedin the registerand nature of anxiery.As soon as a third registerof I, by * "I want" or "I love you," there parry is introduced, as soon as it enrersinto the is always something problematic. The temporal narcissisticrelationship, the possibiliryof a real elementmust be considered,which raisesa whole mediadon opens up essentiallyby means of the rangeof problemsthat must be dealtwith parallel
z8 29 THE SYMBOLIC, ,I'HE THE IMAGINARY, AND THE REAL SYMBOLIC. THE IMAGINARY. AND THE REAL
to the quesrionof the relationshipbemeen the roncept. Now, something that seemsso obscure symbolicand the imaginary.The questionof the '',vhenone reads about it in Hegel - namely, that temporalconstitution of human action is insepa- rhe concept is time - is illustrated here. It would rable from that of the relationship between the rcquire a one-hour lecture to demonstrate that symbolic and the imaginary. Although I cannor rhe concept is time. Curiously enough, Jean discussthis topic fully this evening, I must at I lvppolit., in his Ug+r French] translation of leastindicate that we encounterit consranrlyin I Iegel'sPhenomenologt of Spirit, confined himself psychoanalysisand in the most concretemanner. ro adding a footnote saying that this is one of Here too, in order to understandit, we musr rhe most obscure points in Hegel's theory. But, begin from a structural and, so to speak,existen_ rhanks to Freud's example, we can put our finger tial notion of the significationof symbols. on the simple point which consists in saying that One of what appearsto be the most well-estab- rhe symbol of the object is precisely the object lished points in psychoanalytictheory is that of rlrat is here ll'objet kl.When it is no longer here, automarism, so-calledrepetition automatism [or we have the object incarnated in its duration, Sep- "repetition compulsion"], the first example of :rrated from itself, and which, owing to this very which Freud explained so clearly in Bryond the [act, can be in some sensealways present for you, PleasurePrinciple f(tgzo), SE XWII, pp. r4_ry1. ,rlwayshere, always at your disposal. This points \7e see there the first form of i' the ro the relationship that exists between symbols -"rt.rv making: the child abolisheshis toy by making it ,rnd the fact that everything that is human is pre- disappear.This primitive repetition [i.e., tcrved as such. The more it is human, the more it -"kirrg the toy disappearand reappearagain and again]oi is preserved from the shifting and decomposing temporal scansionis such that the identiry of the rrspect of natural processes. Man gives every- objectis maintainedin both presenceand absence. thing human that has lasted - himself first and This givesus the precisescope or signification lilremost - a certain permanence. of the symbol inasmuch as it is relaied to the Let me give another example. If I had wanted object- in other words, to what is known asthe to broach the question of symbols from a
3o JT REAL THE SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY, AND THE REAL fHE SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY, AND THE
different angle, instead of beginning from the r hose who developed it in this register because word, speech,or smallsheaf, I would havestarted rhey have nothing else- with bracketing or even from the tumulus over the chiefs tomb, or over cxcluding what Freud placed under the heading the tomb of anyone ar all. \7hat characterizes ,rf the death instinct, which he essentially called our speciesis preciselythe fact of surrounding repetition automatism. cadaverswith something that constituresa grave, Reich provides us with a rypical example of marking the fact that this personlived. A tumu- rhis. For him, everything the patient recounts manifests its lus or any other sign of burial warranrs being is flatus uocis, it's the way instinct called a "symbol." Ir is something humanizing. rrrmor. The point is significant and very impor- I term "symbol" everythingwhose phenomenol- rant, but it is merely a stage in psychoanalytic 'When ogyl havetried to demonsrrare. practice. the entire symbolic comPonent I obviouslyhave my reasonsfor pointing this of psychoanalytic Practice is bracketed, the death out to you. Indeed, Freud'stheory had to go so instinct is itself excluded. far as to highlight the notion of a death instinct. Of course, death as an element does not mani- The analystswho, aftervrard,srressed only the ele- fest itself only at the level of symbols. It also ment of resistance- in other words, the elemenrs manifests itself in the narcissistic register. But of imaginary acrion in analysis, more or less there it concerns something else. Death in the cancelingour the symbolic function of language narcissisticregister is much closer to the element - are the sameones for whom the death instinct of final nullification that is linked to every rype is a notion that has no raisond'€tre. of displacement and about which one can con- To realize- in the strict senseof the word ceive, as I already indicated, that it is the origin - to bring the image back ro a certain realiry or source of the possibiliry of symbolically trans- lrieA, after having included in it, of course, a acring realiry lrieA. But it is also something that particular sign of this realiry lrietl as an essen- has much lessto do with the element of duration, dal function, to bring psychoanalyticexpression temporal projection, or the future as the essential back to reality lrieA, is alwayscorrelated - among term in symbolic behavior as such.
J2 )3 THE REAL THE SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY, AND THE REAL I IE SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY, AND
-Ihe As you can tell, I must go a bit quickly over r5: This is the initial position. analyst is these things. There is much ro say about all of .r symbolic person as such, and he is sought out them. The analysis of notions as different as insofaras he is both a symbol of omnipotence and those that correspond to the terms of resistance, rs already an authoriry or master. Seeking him transference resistance,transference as such, the out, the padent adopts a certain stance which is distinction berween what one should strictly call :rpproximately as follows: "You're the one who stance is completely transferenceand what should be left ro resisrance, l)ossessesmy truth." This all of that can quite easily be theorized in rerms illusory, but it is the rypical stance. of the fundamental notions of the symbolic and 11:Next, we have the realizingof images - that the imagrnary. is, the more or lessnarcissistic instating in which In concluding today I would simply like to the subject enrers into a certain behavior that is 'why? illustrate my remarks. One should always pro- ,rnalyzed as resistance. Becauseof a certain vide a little illustration for what one discusses. relation lrapportf , iI, This is merely an approximation in relation ro elements of formalization that I have developed IMAGINATION much more exrensively with my students in the IMAGE Seminar - as regards,for example, the caseof the Rat Man. It can be completely formalized with iI: This stands for caPtivation by images, the help of elements like those that I will indicate which is essentiallyconstitudve of all imagi- to you. This will show you what I mean. nary realizationinsofar as we consider it to be Here is how an analysis could, veA schemati- insiinctual. The realizingof imagesis such that cally, be written from its beginning to its end. the female sticklebackis captivatedby the same colors as the male stickleback, and that they r S- r I- i LzR-i S-s.S-S1-.SR-r R- r S, enter progressivelyinto a certain dance which 'what leads them you know where. constitutes in other words, realizingsymbols. it in analytic pracdce?I am situating it for the
14 J' THE SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY, AND THE REAL IIIE SYMBOLIC. THE IMAGINARY. AND THE REAL
time being in a circle. See further on [schema ,,f ,rll health.The goal is not, as peoplebelieve, missingJ. r, :rclapt to a more or less well-defined or well- After that, we have zR,where .I is transformed ,'rqrrnized realiry lrde[], but to get one's own into R. This is the phase of resistance,negative - that is, one's own desire - recognized. transference,or even,in ',',rliry extremecases, delusion \s I have emphasized many times, the goal is to that there is in the analysis.some analysts tend :i('r it recognizedby one's semblables- in other ro go ever further in ,.Analysis this direction. is a rr',,rcls,to symbolize it. well-organizeddelusion," as I once heard one of At this point, we come to rR, which allows us my teacherssay. This formuration is partially but r., rcach rS in the end - which is preciselywhere nor rotally inaccurare. tr'.'began. Wh_athappens next? If . the ourcome is good, if lt cannot be otherwise, fot, if analysis is the subjectis not thoroughry disposedto f,..o-- lrtrmanly viable, it can only be circular. And an ing psychotic, in which casehe remains at the ,rrralysiscan go through this same rycle several stageiR, he moveson ro i.g, the imagining of sym_ Iilnes. bols. He imaginessymbols. .ve hav. ,=ho,rsand iS is the analysisproper. It involveswhat is examplesof the imagining " of symbolsin analysis, rvrongly referred to as the communication for example, dreams. A dream is a symbolized ,f- unconsciouses.The analyst must be able to image. rrnderstandthe gamehis subjectplays. He must Here sScomes in, allowing for a reversal.It is understandthat he himself is the male or female the symbolizingof images - in other words,what stickleback,depending on the kind of dance is known as interpretation. One reachesit only initiatedby his subject. beyond f.t g9i"g the imaginary phase which sSstands for symbolizing symbols.The analyst basicallyencompasses The elucida_ is the one who must do that. It's not a problem tion of symproms through interpretation now firr him as he himself is already a symbol. It is begins:s.LSI. preferablethat he do it thoroughly, with culture Next we have S& which is, in short, the goal and intelligence.This is why it is preferableand
36 37 THE SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY, AND THE REAL I I II, SYMBOLIC' THE IMAGINARY' AND THE REAL
even necessarythat he have as complete a back- I r'ill ,ry to discussmore completelyand more ground as possiblein cultural matrers.The more i,n(r'ctely in the report that I hope to deliverto he knows about them the better. s.! must not \ ()u soon in Rome on the subjectof languagein come in until a certainstage has been reached. l,rvchoanalysis. The subjectalmost alwaysforms a certainmore or lesssuccessive uniry whose essentialelement is constituted in the transference.And the ana- Discussion lyst comes to symbolizerhe superego,which is the symbol of symbols.The superegois simply l'r'of. Daniel Lagachethanks the lecturer and speechlune parole) that saysnorhing. The analyst ,|)erS up the floor for discussion.Mrs. Marcus- hasno problem symbolizingthat speech,which is lil:rjan indicatesthat she did not understand preciselywhat he does. t r'rtaiowords, for example,"transcendent."'$?'hat rR is the work the analystdoes. It is improperly rhc speakersaid about anxietyand guilt madeher designatedwith the famous rerm "benevolent rhink of agoraphobia. neutraliry," about which people speakany old which way, and which simply meansthat, ro an I L. - Anxiery is tied to the narcissisticrela- analyst,all realitiesare basicallyequivalent, all of rionship.Mrs. Blajan has provided a very nice them are realities.This sremsfrom the idea that illustration of it with agoraphobia,for there is all that is real is rational and vice versa.This is r1omore narcissisticphenomenon around. Every what musr give him the qualiry of "benevolence," time I havecommented on a casein my Seminar, upon which negativetransference falls apart, and I have alwaysshown the different stagesltempsl which allows him to bring the analysissafely to of the subject'sreactions. In eachcase in which harbor. we find a two-stagephenomenon - in obsession, All of this has been said a bit rapidly. I could for example - the first stageis anxiery and the have spoken to you of many other things. But secondis guilt, which provides relief from the it was merely an introduction, a prefaceto what anxiery in the form of guilt.
38 j9 THE SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY, AND THE REAL I 1IF, SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY, AND THE REAL
The word "transcendent" seemedobscure to ,lt'spite the studies that have been devoted ro you. It is nevertheless nor a very metaphysicalor rlrt' ropic, there is one thing that is quite certain, even merapsychological rerm. I will ffy to illus_ is that totemism is linked to the prohi- trare it. \what does 'r'lrich it mean in the pre.is. contexr lririon of cannibalism - that is, the injunction in which I usedit? rrot ro eat the other. The most primitive form of In the subject'srelationship to his semblable- lrrurranrelationship is certainly the absorption of the two-term or narcissistic relationship - there rlrc substanceof one's semblable.Here you can is always something that has faded away. The , l..':rrlysee the function of totemism, which is to subject feels that he is the other and that the t rr'ate a subject that transcends the semblable. other is him.. This reciprocally defined subject I rlon't believe Dr. Gessain will contradict me is an essential stage in the constitution of the lrt're. human subject.It is a sragein which he cannot lhis intersects one of the points that interesrs subsisteven though his strucrureis alwayson the vou the most, the relationship berween children verge of appearing, especiallyin certain neurotic ,rnd adults. To children, adults are transcendent strucrures. \Where the specular image applies insofar as they are initiated. W.hat is rather curi- m-aximally, the subject is merely the-refection ous is that children are no less transcendent to of himself, Hence his need ro construct a point .rdults. By system of refection that is character- that constitutes something " rranscend,ent,which istic of all relations, a child becomes for an adult is preciselythe other qua other. r he subject of all mysteries. This is the source A thousand examples could be offered. Let us of the confusion of tongues ber'ween children consider that of phobia - that is, the fact that a ,rnd adults that we must take into account when similar anxiery corresponds to the subsistencein rreating children. the human parrner 'W'e of animal images,which are could take other examples, in particular foreign and g"t:.. separatefrom hum"n images. examples related to what constitutes the sexual In fact, whateverwe may think of the real histori- rype of Oedipal relations, which involves the sub- cal origin of totemism, and it is not ffansparenr ject in some way and yet simultaneously goes
4r THE SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY, AND THE REAL I I I I1 SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY, AND THE REAL beyond him. \7e seethere the constitution of a .rrr:rlyst,namely, the analyst as a person, as he is form at a certaindistance. ( ()r'rsrirutedin his being? How is it possiblethat, rlrrough this imaginary and symbolic experience, SergeLeclaire - You spoke ro us about the sym- rlrt' subject winds up in the final phase with a bolic and the imaginary.But you didn'r talk ro us lirrrired but striking knowledge of the analyst's about the real. srructur€?This in and of itself raisesa problem rlr:rt I was not able to broach this evening. l. L. - I did talk about it a little bit, nonethe- less.The real is either totaliry or the vanished ( iror(es Mauco - Perhaps we need to recall to instant. In analytic practice, it alwaysappears for rrrind the different rypes of symbols. the subjectwhen he runs up againsrsomerhing, for example,the analyst'ssilence. I 1..- A symbol is, in the first place, an emblem. Through analytic dialogue, somerhing quite striking occurs that I was not able to emphasize ( icorgesMauco - Symbols are lived experience. this evening. It is a facet of analytic experience l;or example, a house is known first of all by " that, in and of itself,would requirefar more than and is later elaborated and disciplined 'vnrbol, just one talk. Let me take an altogetherconcrere . ollectively. It always evokes the word "house." example,that of dreams,about which I no longer recall whether I said earlier that they arecom- I t,. - Let me say that I do not entirely agree. posedlike a language.In analysis,they serveas a I:rnest Jones has drawn up a little catalogue of language.A dream that occursin the middle or ar the symbols that one finds at the roots of analytic the end of the analysisis part of the dialoguewith cxperience which constitute symptoms, the the analyst.So how is it that thesedreams - and ( )edipal relationship, etc. - and he demonstrates many other things as well, lsuch as] the way in rhat what is at stake are always essentiallythemes which the subjecrconstitutes his symbols- bear rclated to kinship relations, the master's author- the absolutelygripping mark of the realiry of the ity, and life and death. All of which obviously
42 4J THE IMAGINARY' AND THE REAL THE SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY, AND THE REAL I II H SYMBOLIC'
The creation involve symbols. The latter are elements that ,, rrrbols,all fall under that heading. introduction of a have nothing whatsoever to do with realiry. A r,l symbols accomplishesthe being that is completely encaged in realiry, like rrt'rvrezliry into animal realiry. an animal, hasn't the slightest notion of them. ( and elab- At stake here are precisely the points at which tt'{)r{€sMauco . but sublimated foundation for later the symbol constitutes human realiry, where it ,,r,rtcd. This provides the creates the human dimension Freud constantly l.rrrguage. emphasizeswhen he saysthat the obsessiveneu- with you there' For rotic always lives in the register of what involves I L. - I completely agtee relationships,logi- the elements of greatest uncertainry: how long ('\:rmple,in order to designate appeal to the one's life will last, who one's biological father is, t r:rns themselves quite naturally "kinship." model of a transitive and so on. There is no direct perceptual proof of rt.r.lr It's the first any of that in human realiry. Such things are con- r..'lationship. structed and constructed primitively by certain ( from anxiery to symbolic relations that can then find confirma- )rtaue Mannoni - The shift related to the analytic situation itself. tion in realiry. A lchild's] father is effectively its rirrilt seems and not to guilt' progenitor. But, before we can know who he is r\ nxiery can lead to shame idea not of a punisher with certainty, the name of the father creates the When anxiery evokes the is shame that appears' function of the father. l,ut of being ostracized, it into doubt instead I believe thus that symbols are not elabora- Anxiery can also be translated that it is because the tions of sensationsor of realiry.'What is properly of'guilt. It seems ro me transforms into symbolic - and the most primitive of symbols - .,,',"iyr, is present that anxiety introduces something else, something different strilt. into human reality, something that constitutes all The analytic situa- the primitive objects of truth. l. L. - I quite agree with you. felt by the \What is remarkable is that symbols, symbolizing r ion is unusual - the analyst [is Patient
44 45 THE SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY, AND THE REAL I I I I1 SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY, AND THE REAL
to be the one who] possessesspeech and judges - I I . - Indeed,I did not come backto fetishism. becausethe analysis is quite thoroughly oriented llrt' fetishis a transpositionof the imaginary.It in a symbolic direction and becausethe analyst irt'tr)trleS a symbol. has substituted speech for what was missing there, becausethe father was merely a superego- \ tluestion is raisedby Dr. Pidoux. in other words, a law without speech, inasmuch as this is constitutive of neurosis, inasmuch as I | . - Symbols are involved in even the slightest neurosis is defined by transference.All of these .rtt ing out. definitions are equivalent. There are, in effect, infinite routings to the reacrion of anxiev, and I )irlier Anzieu -'ilf,hen Freud developed his clini- it is not out of the question thar cerrain of them ,,rl theory, he borrowed models from theories appear in psychoanalysis. Each one deservesto be , u n-cnt at his time. I would like to know if those analyzed in its own right. ,,'.,delscome from the registerofsymbols or from The question of doubt is much closer to the rlrc imaginary, and what origin should be given symbolic constirution of realiry. It is in some rc them. As for the preliminary schema that you sensepreliminary rc it. If there is a position that 1,''oposedtoday, are we talking about a change one can essentially qualify as subjecrive, in the ,,1'rnodels which would allow us to conceptual- sensein which I mean it - in other words, that clinical data adapted to cultural evolution or 'ze this is the position that constitutes the whole ,rIrout something else? situation - it is clearly this one. \il7hen and how is it realized?That would require a whole separare l. t-. - It is more adapted to the nature of things, discussion. rl we consider that everything involved in analysis rt of the nature of language - that is, in the final Wladimir Granoff raises a question regarding .rrralysis,of the nature of a logic. This is what jus- fetishism. rifies the formalization I provided as a hypothesis. As for what you said about Freud, I do not
46 47 THE SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY, AND THE REAL I I llr SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY, AND THE REAL
agree that, regarding the subject of transference, I r,rttq:oiseDolto - You say realiry and symbols. he borrowed the atomistic, associationistic, or $, lr:rt do you mean by realiry? 'what even mechanistic models of his era. strikes me is the audaciry with which he accepted love, I I . - Let me provide an example. Giving some- purely and simply, as something nor to be repu- r, | | t' 1rchild as a gift is the very incarnation of love. diated within the register of transference. He in I ,r' humans, a child is what is most real. no wise considered love to be an impossibiliry 'W.hen or a dead-end, something that goes beyond the I ,',rrt1oiseDoho - a child is born it sym- bounds. He clearly saw that transference is the l',lizes a gift. But there can also be a gift without very realization of human relationships in their r child. There can thus be speech without most elevated form, the realizing of symbols, r,ilrguage. which is there at the ourser and which is also there at the end of all that. I L. - I am alwayswilling to sayit: symbolsgo The beginning and the end always involve lrt'vond speech. transference.In the beginning, potentially: owing to the fact that the subjecr comes [to seeus], the l:rangoise Doho - \We always arrive at the same transferenceis there ready to be constituted. It is ,;rrcstion, "\(hat is the real?" And we always there right from the outset. rn:rnageto move away from it. There is another The fact that Freud included love in it is some- rvay in which to apprehend psychoanalytic realiry thing that must clearly show us ro what degree rhan this one, which to my psychologicalsensi- he gave symbolic relations their full range ar lriliry seemsquite extreme. But you are such an the human level. Indeed, if we were to bestow a t'xrraordinary teacher lmattrel that we can follow meaning on love - a borderline experiencewe can \/ou even if we only understand later. barely talk about - it would be the totd conjunc- Sensory apprehension is a register of realiry, tion of realiry and symbols, which constiture one ,rnd it has a foundation that seemsmore sure to and the same thing. rne, since it is prior to language. If there is no
48 49 j"{*di4wh&*didiS$i qn li: "
AND THL, RI]AI, THE SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY, AND THE REAL I 1II1 SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY,
image of one's body, The child tried to draw a mouth with a own everythingoccurs for ',,.,11th." the adult with the verbalexpression of the imagi- , r.rvorr.But he placed it on the kid in a place that nary.As soon as the other has ears,the subject t rrr the kid's throat. He would lose his head, his cannot speak. ,,'rclligence,and his notion of a vertical body if lrt' spoke.In order to speak,one must be surethat I. L. - Do you think a lot about the fact that rlrcre is a mouth and that there are ears. othershave ears? I 1,. - That is all fine and good, but the very FrangoiseDoho - I don'r, bur children do. If I rrrrerestingfacts you highlight are connected to speak,it is becauseI know that there areears to \()rnething that was completely left aside' the hear. Prior to the Oedipal stage,children speak ( onstitution of the body image qua the ego's evenwhen thereare no earsto hear.But afterthe ( trbild, and with this ambiguous knife-edge, the Oedipal ageone cannotspeak if thereare no ears lnrgmented body. I'm not sure where you are around. rioing with this.
tJ(hat of the l. L. - do you mean? l:rangoiseDolto - Language is but one ir'ages. It is but one of the manifestations of FrangoiseDoho - In order to speak,there must be rhe act of love, but one of the manifestationsin a mouth and ears.So a mouth remains. ivhich being, in the act of love, is fragmented' \rVe are not complete since we need to be com- not know l. L. - That is the imaginary. pleted when we need speech.One does rvhat one is saying - it is the other [who knows FrangoiseDobo - I met with a mute child yes- what one is sayingl, assuming the other hears terday who drew [a picture of a child with] eyes one. Vhat occurs through language can occur but no ears.As he is mute I saidto him, "It's not rhrough many other means. surprisingthat the kid can't speak- he has no
to 5r THE SYMBOLIC, THE IMAGINARY, AND THE REAL ai.
3 o-I OctaueMannoni - Just one remark. Drawings are not images;they are objects.The questionis a whether an image is a symbol or a realiry.This is aA extremelydifficult. (f) >1 'r-' .D; : L. - One of the most accessibleways by which I. ();=. one can approachthe imaginary, at leastin the =11 phenomenologyof intention, is by saying that oa the imaginary is everything that is artificially reproduced. vX; t'l (t) '! X;
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52