$li||lIlll’$ anarchist fortnightly vc:,.37 110.12 26 1976 w'.:'sLw PEZTCE IIVEII. lillilllll ! THE NUMBER of people killed in the Johannesburg township of Soweto has risen to 109 with 1,100 injured. figures are expected to be revised lat- REPORT COMPILED BY D.O M. and K. O‘ M. - er when a substantially higher toll will be shown. I MAIN T RIA L ACCOUNT September 23 gardai (police) raided the homes of known anarchists through- This massacre of protesting Black out Dublin. According to anarchist Africans reminds us of a previous in- ON WEDNESDAY June 9th, two sources in Ireland about 200 raids were anarchists, Noel and Marie Murray, cident in the white man's rule of South- carried out - directed not only at anar- were sentenced to hang on July 9th, by ern Africa. At that time, in March chists but also against the relatives a three-man tribunal in Dublin, for al 1960, it was a Sharpeville, a township and friends of the previously imprison- legedly killing a policeman in Septemb near Vereeniging. The Africans were ed anarchists - in what appears to be er 1975 when escaping after a bank protesting over the carrying of passes an attempt to use the ‘guilt by associa- raid. Sentence of 12 years on a charge and had gathered at the police station tion‘ methods also employed by the Bri- of armed robbery, 6 years each on sep- to surrender themselves for not car- arate charges of possessing firearms tish police in the Angry Brigade trials. rying these identity cards which they and 5 years for having explosives were Considerable brutality was used during were required to do by law. The also imposed, giving a total of 35 years i the subsequent interrogations, one de- demonstratbrs were fired upon and each. Thethird accused, Ronan Stenson, tainee spending two weeks in hospital 56 men, women and children killed is being granted a separate trial on recovering. On October 9, Noel and and 162 injured. similar charges because of his poor Marie Murray and Ronan Stenson (who physical and mental health. Stens on, had been picked up earlier and released)" The Soweto demonstrations centre was described by his psychiatrist as were arrested and beaten into signing around a government ruling that Afri- being "tense, extremely agitated, and ‘confessions’ which were subsequently can schoolchildren i.n ‘white' urban showing crisis upset of panic proporti- accepted as valid evidence. Mr. Just- areas must be taught in both English ons". ice Pringle, who presided at the court, and Afrikaans. In other areas, such claimed, however, that no factual bas- as the so-called Bantu Homelands, Noel Murray went on the run in 1974 is existed for any of the allegations a- everyone has a choice. As an when he jumped bail during a trial con- gainst the Gardai, that the statements example of this, all "homelands" gov- had been made freely and voluntarily cerning arms and explosives offences, ernments have stopped the teaching of for whicir. three anarchists were'i.mpri- and that both accused had been properly Afrikaans in favour of English. soned, and 3-Iarie Murray was given a treated by the Gardai. However when two-year suspended sentence. On llth the Murrays were brought to trial the This differential illustrates the need September 1975, an off-duty garda Irish straight press complied with a needs of what can only be described as (policeman) Michael Reynolds, died request from Justice Pringle not to re- a racial slave state. Where the rul- after being shot through the head in a port on the evidence relating to the ad- ing ‘whites‘ need the Africans they missability of certain statements of public park in the Raheny area of Dub- 'i have to have a knowledge of the two lin while chasing bank raiders. On the accused until the court had decided languages used by the ‘whites’ in the on their admissability. Important evi- towns and cities. Afrikaans is indeed dence pertaining to the fact that the the language of the white ruling class. JMMLTJ ‘confessions‘ had been made under dur- It is the masters‘ language. But even I_ ess did not, therefore, find its way in- slaves need some education and must Bland! Embassy to the daily papers. converse with their masters. And so ON TI-IE night of Thursday, 17 June the although the number of Black children portals of the South African Embassy The sentences were the culmination facing onto Trafalgar Square in London at school has risen to nearly four I of a 7-weeks‘ trial during which the millions, three quarters of these re- were covered in blood-red paint. The Murrays vehemently protested the un- ' ' " r\ -I _ ".'::1 O _ paint also covered the pavement in front L just nature of the proceedings and de- of the Embassy. i manded a fair trial. Because of this they were removed to the cells, where The next morning tarpaulins covered the proceedings were relayed by micro"-_ the portals in a vain attempt to cover up phone to them. Earlier, speaking in ...,1______H_ (/1OC‘. -iI ICA South Africa's shame. There had obvi- .- .- .l. _ = H I ously been an attempt to wash off the _ --0- 0. }3@ Krugersdorp paint soon after the incident but this had V 4"W"I\.-, V resulted in the paint running into the 0:0}:0.0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:o:0 0 0:0:0 0 0:0:0:0.0:0:0‘0:0:0‘0:0:0‘0:0:0’0:0:0:0 {(0.0 0:010 0:010) 0 Q-In-q_= 1 \. \ --5 cracks of the pavement. \ PICKET'0 PICKET'0 Anyone passing in front of the Embas- sy can now see large patcte s of very IN SUPPORT OF clean stone with a pink tinge a.nd red paint in the cracks in the pavement . MARIE MURRAY and NOEL MURRAY Let us hope that the displeasure we
I take at the presence of murderers‘ am- "'1-1: '- at '. -..Q‘ ( I ‘\ bassadors will become manifest to such THE BANK OF IRELAND L an extent that they will be forced to l 106 Kilburn High Road, London N". W. 6 leave and return to their, by now, tenu- ous home groun d. SATURDAY, JUNE 26th (starts 10am) until JULY 9th. Let us also hope that the people of I H0-.'\"uun. H0~1'_5E__.__ South Africa will achieve real libera- , A LL -groups, comrades and sympathi- tibn from oppression soon. sers are urged to attend and support. Francesco. I 0V0‘0.0.0O V 9 0V0,0,0v 0 03.0.0Y 1:0 0 0,0,00% 0 0,0,0vv00v00.0;-,0 0 0.30vr 0‘0.0,0vv 0‘0‘01-"Orv0.0.0 0,0,0vf 0.0‘0it 0V10,0 0 0‘0‘I 0 "5CHOOL' S OVER, TEACHER. " I
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SCHOOL'S oven I TEACHER 0' - 0 M ‘- . -.. -I I "-;;t.f?:--31:1. *.‘.l I ceive about four years education in the schools. If further evidence of dis- his own defence, Noel Murray had MARIE: Are you afraid of what we crimination is needed, the government challenged the prosecution‘s- evidence, have to say‘? spends £ 300 a year on every white based as it was on statements not given schoolkid, and only £18 on Africans. voluntarily. Noel said that if the court Pringle then ordered the accused to rejected part of these statements then be forcibly removed from the court. Even before these demonstrations it must cast doubts on all of the state- After an adjournment of 20 minutes members of African school boards ments. None of the other evidence put she was brought back for sentencing had been sacked by the authorities for forward by the prosecution, none of the and as Mr. Pringle began to pronounce the death sentence on her, she inter- refusing to teach Afrikaans in their items found in his home or anywhere schools. But the Black secondary else, could be placed in their possess- 1'\1Pted Saying "This Law and Order Government has timed this for the schoo1_children realise that they are ion at the time of the crimes. The elections. " Once again she was re- slaves. They still have to carry the only thing which might make this evid- hated passes wherever they go. Eve ence valid was the statements. He moved. Noel refused to reenter the court to hear sentence, saying "I‘m Every aspect of their lives will be continued that statements of admission were not generally regarded as suffici- not going up there, I don't consider it controlled, they know this from how a court. " their parents have been bonded to an ent evidence in any murder trial. employer, restricted in movement Marie Murray pointed out that the pro- Justice Pringle refused the Murrays and even separated one from the secution‘s case involved admitted spec- . ulation on what were the thoughts of the right to appeal against the convict- other. They have seen the arrest and ions and sentences, but said they and imprisonment of people for not the late Garda Reynolds as he passed could appeal against his refusal to the carrying - even just forgetting to the bank and started the chaser. "I Court of Criminal Appeal. carry - this card. think when the prosecution feels it nec- essary to enter the realms of specula- At 1 6 they will have to carry this tion it shows basic weaknesses i.n their On 14th June Noel lodged his appeal, card. But all around they see the case.;" Continuing, she said that the which is not expected to be heard until part dealing with the death of Gar.da African taking over from the white late July. We have just heard as we man. This change of masters from Reynolds must be first-hand knowledge were going to press (21st June) that white to black had already started at or imagination. In this case there was Marie has now lodged an appeal. Noel nothing to connect either herself or her the time of Sharpeville, but now only is being held in the Curragh Military husband with the robbery or the mur- Rhodesia and South Africa remain. Detention Centre, Co. Kildare, Eire der. She concluded, "On the evidence Time is fast running out for these (along with the anarchists imprisone d in you only point to one or the other of us slave states where the human dignity 1974) and Marie in Limerick Prison of the black African is trodden on so --not both, and I submit that no court (along with Rose Dugdale, Marion that a minority of ‘".--bites‘ can live could"find both of us guilty. There is Coyle) where her right to receive mail and enjoy a higher standard of living no evidence apart from a doubtful is severely restricted. than they could if they lived in Europe. statement by Noel, to convict us of the crimes with which we are charged." Protests should be addressed to The government has blamed the ‘riots’ 1) The Irish Embassy, 17 Grosvenor on outside ‘agitators‘ but as one South Before sentence was passed Noel African paper has said, the real agita- said there was a great amount of evid- BACKGROUND ON “TI-IE “NEW tors as ‘poverty, frustration, and the ence that he could bring forward in his cruel laws of apartheid‘. But at last and Marie's defence if they were given EARTH" GROUP the ‘Wind of Change‘ which Mr. Mac- the chance of a fair trial. Marie then The arrest and trial of the Murrays millan spoke of in his hypocritical thanked the tribunal for having vindic- marks only the latest phase of the Gar- speech in Captetown 1960 , is becoming ated every word she and Noel had said. dai attack on New Earth, a Dublin an- a reality. It has taken a long time, since this farce started. The follow- archist group with Black Cross conn- much longer if you are daily subjected ing exchange ensued: to apartheid, for the wind to reach the ections. On March 20th 1974, Paul Stephens, the group's international southern part of Africa. In his speech Justice Pringle: Please restrict your- Mr. Macmillan warned the South Afri- self to the question secretary, was arrested and charged with petrol bombing the Spanish cultur- can government that they, the British of sentence. al institute in Dublin on March 3rd (an government, could not just mind its MARIE: Please Mr. Pringle, show own business when apartheid "affects some courtesy. I did not attack carried out to protest the garot- ting of Puig Antich in Spain the previ- my business too". But since then we interrupt you. ous day). Later, all the members of have had reports about these same bus- J. P, : Don't interrupt the court. the New Earth group were arrested iness interests paying starvation wages MARIE: This is not a court. No sen- to the African worker-. We haven't tence you can give is justi- and four of them, Columba Longmore, Bob Cullen and the Murrays (along seen the hypocritical Guardian, which fied. This is not a court. If you with Des Keane and Edward Jones who is willing to report and attack these wish, have us ejected from the dock and were not members of the group) were companies in its columns, turn down; pass the death sentence." charged with armed robbery, posses- advertising from these same companies. J, P.: Will you stay quiet Z It has been business as usual for Brit- sion of firearms and explosives, and ish capitalism, who have been only too with causing explosions at Iberia Air- willing to exploit the cheap slave labour ways offices and various finance hous- provided by the racialist police state. of South African goods. Indeed all the es in Dublin. All were originally official Labour Movement could do in granted bail of £ 4000 and sureties but Mr. Vorster, the South African this country was organise a one month's this was subsequently withdrawn n-om prime minister, has said his comi.ng consumer boycott., the irony of which all but Marie Murray. Noel went on talks with Mr. Kissinger would not was that it was the same month in the run until his arrest in 1976. They stop his government from taking firm which the Sharpeville shootings took were found guilty and received senten- action: "the maintenance of law and place. The white working class failed ces of '2' years (Cullen), 5 I-'\=-“BPS (T-10118‘ order is more important". This is to aid their black comrades. We _.,Q:1g;::1ore) , 4 years (Keane) and 2 the same type of reaction as that which failed in helping to avoid the bloodshed years suspended (Marie Murray). followed Sharpeville. It is the reacti- of last week. For the type of rule the white racialists have imposed can only on of people trapped in a closing net of The group's plans to start a new their own making. Sharpeville ended end in a bloodbath unless others on the libertarian monthly to be called "New outside give the oppressed their solid- the non-violent attempts of the Pan- Earth Resistance" collapsed as a re- arity. When that bloodbath comes the African Congress and African National sult of these arrests and the police white supremists‘ rule will end. May Congress to a peaceful change. And we confiscated the group's files and dup- of ‘white‘ Europe failed to respond to it be soon. licator. P. T. these organisations‘ call for a boycott D.O‘M 8: K. 0'1)-‘T. -
_ I.-_%;_,L-L33 EEQTIOHS 3 THEY MUST NOT HANG
Place, London, S.W.1. O 2) President O Dalaigh, Aras an Uach- taran, Phoenix Park, Dublin, Eire.
LIn.forn:a tion from Irish anarchist sour- ces; People's News Service; Black F1agJ cause the social inequalities and tensi- COMMENT "WHAT will happen if the PCI (Italian Communist Party) gets into power?" ons in Italy have increased, thus bring- The Murrays were tried in Dublin's "WHAT will happen if the PSI (Italian ing about a need for a change i.n the Socialist Party) vote increases?" mode of governing the nation. The "Special Criminal Court", which is a 3-judge tribtmal presided over by the "THE latest opinion polls show Commu- Christian Democrats with their corrupt <74-year-old Justice Denis Pringle. nists and Christian Democrats running methods based on clientelism can no There is N0 jury in such courts and the neck and neck. Turn to page . . . for at longer guarantee stability of the ruling judeges can be any barrister, solicitor detailed analysis!" system whilst the Communists and Soc- or military officer of seven years‘ ialists meet better the needs of contem- standing. These courts were set up At the time of writing (Sunday 20th porary capitalism. Since the manage- to try I.R,A. offenders because of the June) Italians are flocking to the polling ment of capital is increasingly 'béing alleged difficulty of protecting jurors stations in order to register a vote for centralized into the hands of state inst-'; .itutions and the multinationals there is from intimidation and reprisals -- but one set of liars rather than several a need for a more powerful ruling why the Murrays who have absolutely others. The results will be known by no link with the I. R.‘“A. should have the time this issue is dispatched but the class in the shape of a technobureauc- been tried in this court, and not by outcome is irrelevant. Of the various racy, of which "the traditional left" of jury, is one of the more sinister as- alternatives (which will be sorted out by PCI and PSI is rapidly becoming the pects of this case. the parties after the election rather than political form of expression. by the people's votes) none is relevant A major talking point in Dublin legal to the problems facing the people living All this fuss, of course, is only real- circles after the sentencing centres on in Italy except that repression nay or ly of interest to those with political and the availability of an executioner, as may not increase. If the Communists economic interests i.n the control ofthe there is no official executioner in Ire- get into power the worst thing that can levers of power. The rulers‘ interests land and traditionally a British hang- happen is that some politically naive are completely opposed to the interests man has been used. There have been Camerican commander engineers (tog- of those who are exploited in their reports of an un-named British execu- ether with the fanatical fascists in work, of those who are forced to bear tioner, who recently carried out hang- Italy's armed forces) a military coup hunger and unemployment, of those ings for the Smith regime in Zimbabwe, sincerely believing that he is helping to who are totally excluded from the mak- being used -- and Mr. Harry Allen, save Italy from Red dictatorship. All - ing of economic and political decisions, Britain's offlcial hangman and one-time the "political experts" assure me, how- and to the interests of the oppressed apprentice to Albert Pierpoint, has ever, that Italy is not at all like Chile masses in general. said he will carry out the hangings if and that everything will be all right. The requested "because it is the right thing The "political experts" can always say During the electoral campaign every to do". Support for the proposed exe- afterwards that they were wrong speak- party on the list i.nvites everyone to cutions has come from Mrs. Reynolds, ing from the comfort of their university vote their candidates in, on the grounds widow of the murdered garda, and from offices but the Italian people will t have that they are the only ones who are the British Police Federation who have to live with the result of various States‘ able to represent the people's inter- li.nked it to their call for the return of reactions to this mass spectacle known ests. Since people once in power at- capital punishment in Britain. as an election. tain a privileged position they do all they can to ensure that they remain in The last execution in the Republic The 5th June issue of L‘Internazionale power, and this involves the safeguar- was in 1954 although in the post-war devoted the whole of its front page to the ding of their own interests primarily, period 18 death sentences, including subject of the elections with the banner it seems suicidal for us i.n our subord- three on women, were passed. How- headline of "Astensionismo Elettorale inate positions to delegate to others ever, all but three of these (all on men) Anarchico : Arma del Proletariato per the task of malcing decisions for our- were commuted to life sentences. This La Rivoluzione Sociale" (‘Anarchist selves. Because of this, we must re- might lead one to suppose that the Electoral Abstension : Arm of the pro- fuse to delegate power to professional Murrays could automatically expect a letariat for the social revolution‘). politicians who, using the excuse that reprieve -- but this, due to recent they are representing us in parliament, changes in the law, is not so. Since Elections secure consentfor the sys- practice forms of oppression on the 1963, under the Criminal Justice Bill, tem. The Italian people have been asked people similar to those used in any capital punishment (for murder) is to vote for a "new" parliament because dictatorial system. abolished except for killings of, e, g, there was no guarantee of stability for a diplomat, garda, etc. WHICH ARE the various coalition formulas which the As an economic exile I should like to LIKELY TO HAVE POLITICAL MOT- ruling classes had tried out with the know whether the parties who attain IVES. As a result the Murrays have fodder available to them in parliameri: . power will place their own interests effectively been labelled "terrorists" The mass-media have been looking to- first (i. e. solve the present capitalist in the modern sense, and public outcry wards a possible Communist-Socialist crisis by making life harsher for the against their sentences is consequently coalition as the only way to solve what workers, the poor and the alienated) more muted. President O Dalaigh they call a "general crisis" of democ- or whether they intend to halt the sys- alone can commute the sentences, but racy which goes beyond mere economic tem of oppression which has ensured only on the recommendation of the gov- matters. Anarchists, however, do not that millions of Southerners have had ernment, and in view of Premier Cos- accept this imposition of so-called opi- to emigrate to increase the amount of grave‘s known "law and order" stame nion by the mass-media which whilst cheap labour in North West Europe this cannot be taken for granted. How- pretending to inform actually serves and America. The Communists, for ever Michael Mullen, a member of the the interests of the status quo. By instance, constantly argue that it is Irish Senate and Irish Transport and concentrating people's energies around constant mismanagement of the econo- General Workers‘ Union leader, has a peripheral activity (i. e. elections) of my by the Chrisian Democrats over the called for the hangings to be called off, the parliamentary power system the past 30 yearswhich has brought about as have prominent legal figures, Fin- rulers have, for the time being, guaran- this situation and they also point out ally, one might that that this same teed the acceptance and continuation of the obvious fact that the economic im- . . Irish government protested diplomati- that system. balance between North and South and ally to Franco's regime over the 197.5 between rich and poor has been const- r-__ - ..~—~'->1 executions of left-wingers. These elections have come about be- \. g - 0 - 0’u I i i INDUSTRIAL REPORT I hospital or college cccofding to class.
In the past the teachers have never consid- I ered themselves port of the industrial work SIIIISIIIIII IIEVIIIIITIIIIIIIIIIIS I force and in demonstrations for higher wages they have flcunted the social slogan that "Dustmen ecm more than teachers“, thereby ONE HAS o built-in reflex sympathy with I have no pclrticulcr feelings regdrding free creating the assumption I-hot their demand for anyone struggling to protect his or her job, and loading and I write, with oonplete honesty, higher wages is cl social and not on economjg and in this hour of scvoge cuts in the social that I enjoy watching the clcoholics con'ying right. With £ 4,000 c year, the William services for the first time for more than o quor- their cases of wine onto the public places for Tyndale balls up and c situation wherein prin- Tter of o century teachers in the junior, prim- while I regret that they should destroy them- ciples clre daily going for 0 burton, the ‘sit fir1Mii— I ory and secondary schools ore now having to seIves in this fashion I find c plecsure in I I in‘ of the student trainee teachers must be I Iecm the miserable Iesson that hos olwoys wctching my foxes put to c use that gives c I counted cs the greatest protest pmtfcl I in in- been the common heritage of the Iobouring sod comfort cnd harms nobody but my unfortu- > dustrial history. I witnessed 1-he banners of class: that of Iiving in weekly expectation of nate recipients. But oII those who have protest and ‘sit in‘ decorate the wcIIs of Finding c dismissal notice and one‘s ‘cords‘ poured through the teacher training colleges Gflmefi, Digby Stuart and the Froebel Col- enclosed within i-he poy pocket. There was hove betrcyed the children of the working leges and this with the fuII clpprovcl of the always the comforl-obIe assumption peculiar to cIoss who fed, clothed and housed them during _._I_LI; educational Establishment and notional press, the educational and medical trodes that the those Iong cnd.pIecscnt training yeors for find tbflt Sdme sunny dcy the revolutionary State must and would olwoys provide and that there ore 1,000,000 people within these isl- I -1 force went home and stayed home for the pub- I ct the end of the State's I-ruining course there onds unable to recd or write. And I would Iic hols -- on crrny hod Iiterully Ieft the wos c guaranteed job for Iife, cutomctic, stdte without being able to produce o single bottIefieId to go home to ted. What these time sewing promotion and the economic sec- stcltistic that the 1,000,000 uncI'~Ie to read or student trainee teachers have foiled to under- urity to cmclyse in conferences and wordy com- write is c tragedy peculiar to the State work- sfond is that they ore non-productive and their mittees their contribution to their society and ing-clcss schools and that it would be impos- I ‘YI sit in is cs ineffective cs that of 0 group of the duty of the community in relation to their sible to find o middIe—cIcss child of cvercge j. Old Age Pensioners. No police ct the gates medical and educational ideals. The doctors‘ intelligence unable to reqd or write. I con- I of the colleges, no blocklegs, only c tiny not and will not accept that c child con enter strikes were o needed catharsis for generations I -minority propagating o lost ccuse and on in- o school at the age of five, spend ten years fed overlong on the Victorian public relations Fl different mojority clreody obeying the Careers pop of the dedicated and idealistic scjwbones, ct Icrger and Iorger desks without anyone be Officers and looking for another form of train- for when the doctors said, in effect, Iet the ing cwore that the child cannot recd on open ing grunt , plus the fact that the employed bastards die unless we get more wages‘ they page or pen CI simple Iine,- and all the pretty teachers hove not risked and will not risk their rcised themselves up to the IeveI of the middle finger pdinfings, cII the school ‘visits’, c:II frcgiIe hold on employment by risking their class image of the commonlworkmcn. the pIcy gl’OUpS.Cll'e c betrayal of c trust by jobs in defence of those too Iozy, stupid or those who have c vested interest in the educa- indifferent to fight their own battle. I know So too with the teachers in the State schools. I tional system from the headmaster, the teach- whot these political economic cuts mecn and In c period of abnormal Iobour shortage It ers, the school keeper to the ‘Iody who dishes in committee I have argued to oppose them for seemed that everyone was in the ‘teaching out the dinners‘. I they mean the Ioss of the surplus teacher used Icrk‘. Ask where he or she was and the ons- for the remedial class to oid those children wer wcs that they hcd gone in for teaching. It is crrogcnce to claim to ted-ch, but the 1 hardly able to reod and write, and It meons Meet he or she when the State training was working class have had to pcy too high c that the wcsh basin in the infants‘ clcss ccnnot finished and the drudgery of the schoolroom price in that they have been used as human be fixed. These are the conc.'e4'e Issues that
0 was their hired Iot and one Ieorned that they fodder by o sociol service manned over the » have to be defended and the teachers‘ econo- :puI d not accept the ‘authoritarian structure of long yeons by many who ore no more 1-hon the mic security wiII onl be defended when they the educational system‘ ond they had now rejectoble dross of our industrial system, semi- I stand in line wilh the rest of the industrial and moved into group thercpy or dromo apprecia- educcted themselves and in mcmy instances un- ogrcricn woge class. No workers are going to tion. But the simple fact is "little comrade" fortunate neurotics insisting on controlling black the Gornett, Digby Stuart and the Froc- the free loading in that particular cred is over children's, lives cs Cl dangerous therapeutic beI coIIeges when these people cannot even be and cs Tony Turner of the SPGB would hummer reIedse for their own inadequacies. The bothered to mount Cl picket on the gates and at out from his platform In Hyde Pork, Sundoy teaching trade within these islands hos always four o'clock go home to tec, for the beIIef fhflt after Sunday in the days of the I930s‘ two been accepted cs the province of the Iower they hove c right to the good Iife is not valid million unemployed, "You con be o muster middle class just cs nursing is o working-class when too many men and women, the factory mariner, hove soiled the seven secs, skippered emotional outlet, and if you would dispute fodder of on incompetent educational system, eVeryi'I'tIn_g fromscil to steam but if you didn't this, then check the number of coloured girls have to fight the some bottle without o grunt have c ship then you were just another unem- in nursing against those in the teacher training and without the EstcbIishment‘s opprovcl . ployed worker." So translate ship to school . colleges and observe how they divide into Lumpenproletoricn
THE ANNUAL Conference of the Nati- onal Association of Head Teachers heanl several highly aware if reactionary speeches last week. Mr.‘ Stanley IIIIIIIIIIIII IIIII WIIIIT? Dixon from Epping said that it was a said that it is not political leaders (e. g. I thing we can be certain of is that they shameful and frightening prospect that the sociology students) who will make want to live and enjoy life. ten out of every class of 30 would go the revolution but people themselves. out from school to the dole queue. That includes this vast army described The fear that they might not accept a by Mr. Dixon. Further, we shed no mundane existence prompted Mr. Swal- “We shall finish up with an army of tears that these youngsters will not re- 1.__17v4 f_ low from Ongar to suggest to the same <1
least able, least articulate youngsters gard school as of any relevance. School I conference a programme of national I mainly from working class and least is a means of training for the accept- service for school leavers directed at privileged homes, including immigrant ance of bourgeois standards and for the community service rather than the homes. A vast army; they are going acceptance of authority. Neither of‘ armed forces. He also questioned what to react. They are not going to regard these is relevant to the underprivileged he called the trend towards making not school as of any relevance if at the end What is more, if. these youngsters de- working too attractive. of the day there is no means of earning cided to revolt it would be very unlikely > a living. that they would have their actions cur- So Mr. Swallow suggests that these tailed by heated debates between the youngsters be mechanized through a I ‘They may not be so well organized as various shades of Marxist intellectuals. I national service scheme to provide a the National UI1i°n °f Students, but they ‘Indeed the stock Marxist answer to these useful source of cheap labour. This is are a far more fertile breedingiground people's problems is the Right to Work disadvantageous for everybody concern- than all the socilogical departments of campaign. However, we are forced to ed in several ways. Firstly, posts and our universities rolled into one. " ask whether these school-leavers actu- vacancies will not be filled but will ally want to spend their lives doing mun- merely be carried out by drafted labour. Of 001-IP86. We anarchists have always danejobs for too little money. The one The people drafted i.nto National Service
m i
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i 1 V l t lN MAY 1914 the anarchist movement oom- tion on the French model in 1914, following memorated the centenary of Bakunin's birth. the republicdh revolution of 1910 -- which Kropotkin, who was then living in Brighton, brings his message right up to date in 1976. wasn't well enough to attend the meeting in H - N W) London on May 20th, but he sent a message which was printed in FREEDOM in June 1914 Dear Comrades, (together with a tribute from Max Nettlau, the anarchist writer and biographer of Bakunin, l am so sorry that l cannot be with you for which is much too long to reprint here), and is the commemoration of the birthday of our iust as suitable to commemorate the centenary great teacher, Michael Bakunin. There are of Bakunin's death in July 1976. few names which ought to be as dear to the revolutionary worl will both have no right to organize and a very efficient deterrent and cure at ' i.n a free society but there would also be made to feel ashamed for grumbling the same time‘! be no barriers for a young person who since they are being handed a job as a wished to learn how to do certain jobs. charity. The scheme would also be a The conference also pointed out the A person would never in their lives useful first step towards militarizing shameful situation whereby other become that sub-species of human the co1mtry's youn_g$ers again so as to European countries indulge i.n far more known as a "pupil" either. Neverthe- complete the job of teaching them sub- industrial training than Britain for their less, until we achieve our goal of a servience to authority. school leavers and pointed to the fact free society we should not rejoice at that whilst seven tenths of school- the prospect of someone leaving school The conference also decided to take leavers' jobs i.n West Germany were and being made to feel a failure because action on the need for special provision covered by training facilities, in Brit- he or she is jobless and the fact that H for disruptive pupils. ' So not only does it ain 300,000 boys and girls leaving the State is unconcerned about this the educational system bore the pants > school each year could not get training (except to worry about the possibility off certain people so that their only from any source. Whilst it is obvious of rebellion) is even more evidence of outlet is the one that is taught them by that the present economic crisis and the absurd notion that the State is. the teacher (i. e. violence) but these unemployment rate are due to the in- If, however, a person comes to the headmasters also want to government competence of the archaic nation-state logical conclusion that he or she does to take measures to deal with their with regard to the present stage of not wish to work for this society's more unruly products. The proposer development of capitalism it is also l interests then he or she deserves all of the motion, Miss Aldridge, suggest- sad that the underprivileged who have our support. The right to live must ed that some newly-qualified teachers always suffered through a bad start :i.n - not be made subject to conditions such unable to get jobs should be retrained l life as regards the present reigning as compulsory subservience. Further, to cope with diruptive pupils and at- system should also be discarded as since the amount of self-satisfying act- tached to schools so that the pupils I useless and a problem to be suppress- ' ivity which could be carried out by ind- could_be handled on a more individual ed. People do have a right to live and ividuals if they were freed from the basis. The mind boggles I the present system decrees that to i shackles of wage-slavery is probably live you must obtain money and to ob- enormous, society as a whole is lack;- Mr. Clifford Fisher of New Maiden, tain money you have to hire yourself to ing the benefit of a whole range of cre- Surrey, was less concerned about new- some sort of employer. It seems only i ative effort which the present absurd H ly qualified teachers getting jobs as l logical within the terms of reference ~ system prevents. bouncers in tough schools and was also of the present system that the unskilled l much harsher in his attitudes towards underprivileged school leaver should l Anarchists are all in favour of re- l the disruptive pupil. He suggested ll have training facilities available. training. We want people to trai.n that disruptive pupils should be with- F themselves to be free from the autho- drawn from schools and placed in However, as anarchists we are led I ritarian bilge they are drowned in and boarding schools or even in psychiatric to question what they are being trained are forced to believe. Malatesta said wards of mental hospitals. "That is for. The answer is wage slavery in that Government is a disease of the where some of them should be, " he boring and socially useless jobs. mind and we believe that we can be said. We are indeed surprised to see Freely associating collective forms of A cured. he didn't suggest capital punishmert as l work would not only be socially useful Francesco. '<.'=<.‘.'f.L>f.. - — i- _.- ‘ l will repeat what I wrote when Schweitzer's was jailed again, this time for wearing essay originally appeared (Minus One 13, a KKK uniform. He made tape record- March/April 1966): l ings on behalf of the Klan. Later, he was imprisoned again - this time for "Anarchists are certainly a-legalists, and two and a half years - for an attack on :- sometimes il-legalists, but it does not follow an Indian shop. After he was released, that every law-breaker is therefore an anar- .- he joined the National Front. He also l chist. If J.-P.S. had written ‘The anarch- applied to join the successor to the V ist is the criminal per excellence“ - using ~ PEOPLE'S - HABITAT NSM, the British Movement. At the the term 'criminal' in the sense that Stirner present moment, his campaign is being does as the mocker of the 'sacred' - then l "'People's Habitat -A Festival of Alternative l supported by the National Front. I would agree with him. As his statement Living", 29 MEX - 6 June i976. O stands, however, it reminds me of the rom- 1l antic tosh that used to be writ-ten about our l FELT that "People's Hcbitat" didn't quite Such is Robert Relf and the squalid I ‘comrades the thieves‘ by anarcho-commun- get off the ground or perhaps it was too far off gang of "patriots" who are supposed to ists in the _l880s and 1890s. The ordinary be defending us from "hordes" of Asia- the ground. However, l went as a mere con- criminal issimply the other side of the coin sumer and did not contribute very much . lt tic aliens !" With friends like Relf and 1 of the law. They stand and fall together. " was a pity the many competent and talented 1 the Nazi Front, who could possibly anarchists did not get together onthis, particu- want enemies ? Yours sincerely, larly as we have a great body of literature rele- PEN. S. E. Parker. vant to this project. t *because of danger to his health from ¢ The most spectacular item was the windmill the hunger-strike he maintained for FOOLS‘ PARADISE " I about forty days, the judge exercising which (apart from the expensive brick tower) antly increasing. ‘ Their answer to could be built cheaply to perform as a power his prerogative to absolve Relf from his "unpurged contempt of court". The this problem amounts to a formula for source. The aim was to pump water to the sign remains on his house. increasing capitalist involvement (i. e. allotments on the filled-in Surrey Docks at exploitation) through further State con- Rotherhithe, south-east London. With the con- — trol and intervention . That is just tinuing drought l hope it is soon connected to a I-—“ LETTER "what the Christian Democrats have pump-. 2 r been doing over the past 30 years. Of RIGHT-WING ANARCHISM course, "Our hands are clean!" say Many residents are taking advantage of the the Communists. "Maybe so," I say, example and enterprise of Hilary Peters who in "but how long will they remain that runs an urban animal farm at Dog—and-Duck Dear Editors, way?" One particular phenomenon of Wharf following an agreement with the Port of Italian political life is that the people London Authority for temporary allotments on Whatever one may think about Jack Robin- who found it convenient to don a black the disused docks. However, many tenants son's 'ramblings' on "Right-Wing Anarchism" shirt and shoot at the partisans and so appear to accept the temporary nature of the (FREEDOM Review l2 June) his views on an- 4- on, and shout "Viva il Duce" did so unl- enterprise as the local authorities prepare to archist-individualism, which is_n_o1 the same til it became more convenient to vote thing, leave much to be desired. To specify : cover the area with various commercial enter- —-41-_~Q-..-—;-It-nun-_r-as4‘ Christi.an Democrat and participate in prises . l) Anarchist-individualists are neither 'Right', the corrupt technobureaucracy set up til nor ‘Left, nor ‘Centre’. These are arbit- ll | by them. Now, many old blackshirts , I lt seemed difficult to acquaint tenants with 1 rary Elitical terms, whereas anarchist-indivi- 1 and ex-Christian Democrats, are all ' the problems facing human society and the dualism is a-political. y_ good antifascists and are prepared to altematives were not very systematically or 2) His iluotation from Irving Horovitz is noth- vote PCI or PSI. competently laid out . This may have been l l ing ut question-begging. Which Americ- because of thediversity of views, which was Delegation of power serves not only to L an anarchist-individualists became "chauvinists" why it was a pity that we‘»were not there. t 1 guarantees consensus for the system l and "conservatives"? Who "joined intellectu- t Alan Albon . al bonds with know-notmrgism"? He does not but to kill the will to fight for our om say, and until he offers concrete evidence and interests since we are often happy to — demonstrates that any individuals he can name P leave these troublesome aspects of our V . ‘. constituted a ma'ori of American anarchist- l tedious lives to someone else. Anarch- OLK HERO ? t individualists, his cgrge will remain merely i ists know, however, that this system of 1'. l malicious rhetoric . power whose main weapon is obligation MR. ROBERT RELF, now released * of power through voting must be fought 3) His remarks on "the British individualist from his jail sentence for contravening 1 if we are to achieve an egalitarian and the Race Relations Act by advertising movement" simply display his ignorance. free society. The Italian anarchists‘ his - actually his wife's - house "For Once more, who is it that quotes from Stimer, conscious action during the elections but does not Ea him? As for the silly com- Sale to an English Family" only, has ll has been the total abstension from '\ become something of a "folk" hero to parison with measles, what was the young voting, the British Press. Is he not a "true- Robinson's reply'to the inevitable confonnist blue" Englishman? A hitherto "law- elder who told him that he would "grow out " Anarchists propose direct action, to abidi.ng" citizen? of his anarchism when he got older? be carried out personally by all individ- 4) "The simple truth about Stimerism" is that uals whose freedom has been taken away Well, not quite., Though you would Robinson's version is neither simple nor by the Government, the multinationals, never know if you only read the English true. No-one who has read The Ego and His the police, army, etc. . . , without dele- press. Own can claim it as a QUIZ; to the Robinson]- gation or any other form of mediation, E71-Jtopia. Stimer's view of individuation in- and also propose free association For those readers of this paper who cludes both conflict and "co-operation" as through non-hierarchical federations may not be aware of Mr." Relf's back- gient to be used by the conscious egoist based on complete equality between ground, the following may be of interest‘. for is or her own ends, but he in no way com- comrades. Through direct action anar- Mr. Relf already knows about prison mits one to co—operation and "mutual aid" as chists propose struggle on all fronts life. j rinci les . Those who seek in his work sup- against every form of authority, every port for humanitarianism are due for a nasty form of hierarchy, every state, and a- Twelve years ago, Robert Relf was and deserved shock. (One might, in passing, gainst all exploitation either by individu- jailed for three months when he refused ask- why something which one had better suf- als or the state. to pay a fi.ne for daubing racist slogans fer early in life, like measles, suddenly be- 4 on walls in Warwick. At the time he comes transformed into a useful ingredient for The anarchist programme makes was a member of Colin Jordan's Nation- living "communally in society"?) sense now and always has done. There- al Socialist (i.e. Nazi) Movement. fore, all those Italian voters who have Soon after he left the Jordfl-nites, pre- 5) l am puzzled by the point of citing flocked to the polls seeking their salva- sumably because they did not help him, Schweitier's O ldios , since l cannot‘see tion in the vote are living in a fools‘ or were not "extreme" enough. He any necessary connection between "pure sel- paradise. joined the Ku Klux Klan; and in 1965 he fishness and "the criminal". For the record, V Francesco. EDINBURGH Bah Gihson, 7 Union Street. 5p, (post on up to 15 = 6‘§.p). MEETINGS FIFE -- see West Fife. . "Dawn" monthly (libertarian, anti-militarist) GESGOW. Jim %Farlane, c7o Charlie C/0 Nomian Lockhart, 62 Melrose Street, EAST LONDON Libertarians Group hold reg- J Baird, 122 Berneray Street, Milton, Glasgow Belfast 9. ular fortnightly meetings at 123 Lathom Road G22 7AY E.6. Details from Ken, tel.552-3985. INTERNATIONAL CAMPS GLASGOW Lihertarian gcialist Group, 90 Switzerland: IIJly 6-I5 at Malville, Enquiries Graphics group also starting. Next meeting John St. Glasgow C1 or tel. Dave 339-4236 to Grouper James Guillaume, Pastfach 599, Wednesday June 30th, 7.30 pm about racism. znmnjs-.lIInl.a.IIw.-..|-Imp.» for details of weekl meetin s SOCIAL ACTION Projects (Drug Dependants |.'E'E"“'r>s¢7o__'r_LcahaM<.=r;=i»9FI'L'_i‘:..,12 Winston Zurich. Care Group) Meeting 8. social gathering Sat. France: July 15-August 15 at St. Mitre les Gardens, Leeds.6 I 17th July2.30 pm at 6 Endsleigh St, London -R_e-rn_—Erts (on highway D50 between lstres and LEICESTER. Peter 8. Jean Miller, 4I Norman WC1. Anybody interested invited. Martigues, 50 km. west of Marseilles). Apply Street, Leicester. tel. 549652 NORTH WEST narc ist Federation for meet- to Frandés PORTILIAT, 3 square Guy de Mau- OXFORD. c7o Jude, 38 Hurst Street ings, actitrlties and newsletter write 165 Rose- passant, Groupe Milion, 13110 PORT DE PORTSMOUTH Caroline Cahm, 2 Cljiad-Eerton hill Road, Bumle , Lancs. BOUC, France. Gardens, Pembroke Park, Old Portsmouth SOUTH EAST London Lihertarians Group meets ST. ANDREWS c7o Haggis, Students‘ Union, Wednesda s. Contact Georgina tel.852 6323. University of St. Andrews. PRISONERS KINGSTON Lihertarian Group. lnterested 50---bi:-.-.I-II-n.u.-n17‘!nun!-~u_;‘_.-snubin-In‘:-_ DUBLIN ANARCHISTS Bob Cullen, Des ersons contact Pauline tel. 549 2564. -_...-,-_ STIRLING, write Nick Sherington, 25 Church- Keane, Columba Longmore:_Military Deten- Anarchists7Lihertarians in Colchester area int- ill Drive, Bridge of Allan tion Centre, Curragh Camp., Co. Kildare, erested in local group contact Hilary Lester, I WEST FIFE write John Deming, Ia Apin Crer _ I Eire. 32 Wellesle Rd. Colchester for details of mtg cent, Dunfermline. I MARIE MURRAY and NOEL MURRAY - see HYDE PARK Speakers Corner IMaFhle Arch) I news pages, but protest letters to the Minister Anarchist Forum alternate Sundays 1 pm. Proposed Federation - individuals or groups in- * S eakers, listeners and hecklers welcomed. terested in forming a Yorkshire Anarchist Fede- for Justice, 72-76 St. Stephen's Green, D.ub- S. E. PARKER, editor of Minus One, is will ration contact Leeds Group. lin 2; the Irish Ambassador, I7 Grosvenor ing to speak on various aspects of anarchism 8. III Place, London SWIX 7HR. I OVERSES _ THE STOKE NEWINGTON FIVE Welfare individualism to groups in London and the I 1 1 I r AUSTRALIA Committee still needs funds for books 8c. Home Counties. For more information write to I I I I 1 Canberra Anarchist Group, 32/4 Condomine Box 252 Camden High Street, London NW1. him at 186 Gloucester Terrace, London W.2. I Court, Turner, Canberra ACT 2601 0 NEXT DESPATCHING date for FREEDOM is WE WELCOME news, reviews, letters, ort- Thursday 8 July. Come and help from 2 pm icles. Latest date for receipt of copy for next onwards. You are welcome each Thursday Review is Monday 28 June and for inclusion afternoon to early evening for informal get- in news section date is Monday 5 July (Qmd together and folding session . receipt by Thurs. 1st July is more helpful). Melboume : Martin Giles Peters, c='o Dept. BAKUNIN CELBRATIONS LONDON . GROUPS » of Philosophy, Monash University, Melbourne. A Bakunin Parry will be held at the Roebuck ABERDEEN c/o S. Blake, 167 King Street, New South Wales : P. Stones, P.O. Box 25, Wan-awong, NSTN 2502 Public House in Tottenham Court Road, WC2 Aberdeen . Sydney: F.A.A. and "Rising Free" monthly, (no. 108a: nearest tubes Goodge St. or War- BATH anarchists and non-violent activists con- . Box 92, Broadway, 2007 Australia. ren St.) starting about 7.45 pm on Sunday 27th tact Banana c/o Students‘ Union, The Univer- NEW ZEALAND June. There'll be records, (but not at disco sity, Claverton Down, Bath _ write to the movement at Anarchy, P.O. Box level), dancing, self-managed singing, con- BIRMINGHAM Black 8. Red Group, Bah Prew 22-607, Christchurch. versation, drinking, etc. 50p on the door, all 40¢ Trafalgar Rd. Moseley, Birmingham I3. profits to good anarchist causes. BOLTON anarchists contact 6 Stockley Ave , PEOPLE/ORGAN IZATION S/Wants 8.c . Harwood, Bolton. (tel. 387516) ' A meeting about Bakunin will be held at the BURNLEY. Michael Sweeney, 165 Rosehill MERSEYSIDE PEOPLE'S HISTORY. The groups Centro lberico, on the lst of July (the 100th I r anniversary of his death) starting at 7.30 pm. Road, Burnley, Lancs. BBI1 2QX I need people with a view to taping their memor- I I Speakers from the Anarchist Workers‘ Associ- CAM3RlDGE c7o Peter Silcock, 51 Cit Road I ies of local events. lnterested in the following I CORBY anarchists write 7 Cresswell Walk, r 1911 Strike and ‘Bloody Sunday‘ ation, the Anarchist Black Cross and others. . Corby Northants NN1 2LL 1919 Police Strike : 1919 Police Strike : 1919 COVENTRY, Peter Come, c7o Students Union the Rhyll mutinies : 1926 General Strike, 8.c. Universit of Warwick, Coventry Memories of people involved in the political DUNDEE. Al'trs arr' Dempster, c 7o Student‘s and other movements, shoP stewards movement, § Union, Airlie Place, Dundee. syndicalist;anarchist;IWW-feminist and the DURHAM, Martin Spence, 17 Avenue Road, political parties of the 'left'. More details High Shincliffe, Durham. from 25 Tumilty Avenue, Bootle, L20 9HU SEND THIS FORM to FREEDOM PRESS, I (tel. 051 5763) I 84B Whitechapel High Street, London E1 7QX EDUCATION: Wanted, full or part-time teach- I ers from September at an independent school I year (26 issues) £ 4.30 ($10.00) supported by the A,S. Neill Trust Assn. Write 6 months (13 issues) £ 2.15 ($5.00) P. A. Dacre, 12 Harborough Road, Polygon, 3 months (7 issues) £ 1.15 ($2.50) Southampton, Hants. 3 - 16 June (These rates are for surface mail all over the ANARCHIST TRANSPORT Workers -- an att- world; airmail rates on request.) . empt to orqanise. Contact Adam 01-2'47 4829 I LIVERPOOL: J.G. 35p; STOCKHOLM: I 1 Wanted: Ist edn. (1970) Underground‘Graph- O.l‘l. 40p; LONDON W.5.: M.M. £ 1.44; Please send FREEDOM for ...... ics by Graham Keen and Michel La Rue, CARDIFF: J.L.H. 70p; WEMBLEY: J.P.W. to Aardemy Editions. Offer to Mick Cropper, E. 1.10; WOLVERHAMPTON: J.K.W. 20p; I 2 Fishers St., Nuncargate, Kirl miti- black 8. white 3p each, red 8. bIack(Bakunin) . Vl"eY¢"'d Press, C°l¢l"°5ieF- 9 I 9 I surrigr-t31r=r -".110 't"OL.3'T 1-rd 13 in W . Review 26 1916. PART TWO also be said that any acceptable account of the subject would have to include the division between the emigration in France and the underground i.n Spain and the disputesover methods IN MY FIRST article (FREEDOM, 17 April and 1 May) I of action against a total dictatorship. described George Woodcock's double thesis about recent de- velopments in anarchism -- that the historical movement had Woodcock mentions that "national federations re-emerged ceased to exist by the time he wrote his book Anarchism in i.n France, Britain, Italy and elsewhere" after the war, but 1960-1961, and that the new anarchism which emerged after he insists that "they did not reassume the importance of their its publication in 1962 is essentially different from the old. predecessors acquired before the Russian Revolution". This In this article I shall argue that both these theses are incor- is of course an irrelevant comparison -- the question is not rect -- that the historical movement continued and still con- whether anarchism after 1945 became as important as it had tinues to exist, and that the new anarchism is not essentially been before 1917 , but whether it was significant enough to different from the old (though there. have of course been many count as a recognisable continuation of the movement which changes both before and since the early 1960s). existed from the 1860s to the 1940s. The first problem, is what happened to the old anarchism. It In France, anarchists took their place in the resistance to is cert'ai-n that the historical movement which is the subject the Nazi occupation. After the war the Anarchist Federation of Woodcock's book had collapsed by the ti_me he closed his was bedevilled by bureaucratism and parliamentarism, but story, at the end of the 1930s, and had not fully recovered by during the late 1940s it was important enough to produce a the time he began writing it, at the end of the 1950s; and it is paper which reached a circulation of 100 ,000, Of course probable that the "nadir of anarchism" came as he says in the there was a decline duri.ng the 1950s,‘ but anarchists were early 1950s, when he himself ceased to take part in the move- still active in the labour movement, i.n the Garry Davis world ment. But it is not so certain whether Woodcock was right to citizenship movement, in the Algerian independence move- say in his book that the surviving anarchist groups and activi- ment, and i.n the resistance to the Gaullist putsch in 1958. It ties were "only the ghost of the historical anarchist move- would be wrong to exaggerate the libertarian influence of wri- ment", or to add in his postscript that traditional anarchism ters like Breton and Camus, singers like Brassens and Ferré, survives only "as a kind of fossil faith preserved mainly by militants like Armand and Lecoin, but it would also be wrong Italian grocers and vine-growers in the United States, by to ignore them. marble workers in Carrara, and by Spanish refugees, ageing and dwindling rapidly, in Mexico and Languedoc". Anarch- In Italy, anarchists sim:L1B.rly' took their place i.n the resist- ism had of course been physically suppressed by Fascist and/ ance to the Fascist regime, and they were the only left- or Communist regimes in most of Europe from the early wingers whom the Allied occupation refused to allow freedom 1920s to the early 1940s, but there is plenty of evidence that of activity. After the war the Anarchist Federation was be- it did not just survive but actually revived much more vigor- devill.ed by problems similar to those i.n France, but here a- ously than Woodcock suggests during the late 1940s and early gain it maintained an honourable struggle in the face of great 1950s. difficulties. To take the example of the last major movement described As for Britain, Woodcock doesn't go as far as James Joll in the book, Spanish anarchism since the Civil War is dismis- in ignoring British anarchism altogether, but he does omit all sed in the postscript as follows: the aspects of the postwar movement other than those he him- self was involved in or approves of. It is not enough to say After 1939 a few groups of FAI militants maintained a that organised anarchism "re-emerged" in this country with- brief guerilla struggle in the mountains of Andalusia; out adding that it did so during rather than after the war, and a few raids were made across the Pyrenees from France, but these were of little consequence, and Spanish anarch- that the national organisation became specifically syndicalist and survived on a small but active scale until the 1960s. ism shrank i.nto a movement of refugees encysted in Woodcock himself belonged to the intellectual wing of the memories of the past. movement, and he is possibly right to emphasise it, but he is surely wrong to ignore the militant wing which followed the There is some truth in this view, but it is not the whole truth, traditional policies of class struggle and industrial action ; and a very different sory is given in several recent books on N21 may have been an important magazine, but so was Direct the subject by writers with first-hand knowledge of the re- Action. He might also have mentioned that FREEDOM, of p markable events they describe. Woodcock takes virtually no which he was an editonduring‘ the 1940s, continued through account of the anarchist resistance to the Franco regime in- side Spain -- syndicalist agitation in the towns and guerrilla the nadir of the 1950s into the revival of the 1960s and on into action in the countryside -- which has been maintained conti- the 1970s, as a fortnightly, then as a weekly, and now as a nuously since 1939 and which has been marked by the execu- fortnightly again, maintaining a traditional anarchist presence tion of dozens and the imprisonment of thousands of militants throughout this period. He might also halve noticed that most over a period of nearly forty years. He doesn't even mention of the new anarchist organisations formed during and after the the strikes of the 1950s and 1960s, or the careers-of such revival of the 1960s have been of a traditional kind -- the guerrilla leaders as Pacerias and Sabate, who should surely Black Flag group, the Anarchist Syndicalist Alliance, and the be named in the tradition of Durruti and Ascaso; he does Organisation of Revolutionary Anarchists/ Anarchist Workers mention these two heroes of an earlier generation, though he Association definitely belong to what he would call the old an- depreciates their contribution (and misspells Durruti's name), archism rather than the new. but he ignores the two heroes of our time who were killed fighting as old anarchists against the old enemy in 1957 and In the British connection, it is curious that Woodcock men- 1960 respectively -- just before he began his book, tions the international congresses in Berne (194.6), in Paris \ (194.9), and in Carrara (1968), but not the one in London Woodcock's version of Spanish anarchism since 1939 may (1958) -- just before he began his book. turn out to be correct, but it must be said that the opposite version of such writers as Miguel Garcia, Octavio Alberola, Woodcock gives no details about the survival of traditional and Antonio Tellez should at least be considered, _and it must anarchism after the war i.n Germany, Scandinavia and the Low J I' Countries , and outside Europe in North and South America, writers. _Above a.L|., there was nothing surprising about anar- in India, China and Japan. In all these areas the old anarch- chist participation i.n such events. Woodcock has an odd pas- ism may have been as unsuccessful after the Second World sage here : War as it had been after the First World War, but it seems absurd to pretend that it didn't really exist. 'I‘he spectacle of the black flag of anarchism flying beside the red flag of socialism over the Sorbonne and the Bourse [he Boursefl was in fact truly symbolic of the Woodcock states that the 1950s was "a period of hibezmtion eclectic attitude towards revolutionary doctrines that for anarchist ideas". Perhaps it was for him, but it was he inspred most of the student and worker rebels. . . period of Colin Ward's FREEDOM column on "People and Ideas" and Chris Farley"s Peace News column on "The New But in his original chapter on Spai.n he explained that anarcho Politics", both of which made regular application of libertar- syndicalists flew a black and a red flag which "symbolised a.n ian ideas to new circumstances, and vice versa; it was the attempt to unite the spirit of later anarchism with the mass period of Albert McCarthy's Jazz Montgy and the Malatesta appeal of the International", and during the Civil War anar- Club; it was the period when Paul Goodman was writing ab- chosyndicalists and other socialists often found themselves out education and youth and Murray Bookchin (as Lewis on the same barricades ; and of course back in 1917 the Herber) was writing about ecology and technology, when black and red flags flew together as the anarchists fought Daniel Guérin was calling for a revival of the synthesis of alongside the various other revolutionary socialists to over- libertarian socialism and George Molnar was calling for the throw the Tsarist and liberal regimes iin Russia. It is diffi- recognition that anarchism could only be a form of permanent cult to know exactly what Woodcock is trying to say -- except protest; it was the period when the post-Ghandian movement that what he said in his book is true, whatever might have in India, led by Vinoba Bhave and Jayaprakash Narayan, be- happened since. gan the vast Bhoodan-Gramdam movement which TWoodc_ock himself believes "does represent perhaps the most extensive No one is denying that anarchism is not the same as it was commitment to basic anardiist ideas in the contemporary before 1917 or 1939 or 1960-1961. But it is no coincidence world"; it was the period of the foundation of such papers as that the revival of the 1960s was accompanied both by the Noir et Rou in France and the University Libertarian in republication of the old books written by members of the his- Britain land Woodcock contributed to the latter, so he must torical anarchist movement and also by the publication of have noticed it), and of such groups as the Situationists i.n new books written by students of it -- including Woodcock's France and the New Left in Britain; it was the period of the own book. Ironically, what he intended as a funeral text for growth of anarcho-pacifism from individual civil disobedience a dyi.ng movement has been used as a study text for a reviv- towards mass direct action; it was the period of the cracks ing one. The sad" thing is that he has found it necessary to in the structure of post-Stalinist Communism in East Germain. spoil it by drawing an unpleasantly patronising caricature ny in 1953 and in Poland and Hungary in 1956, The last two of old anarchism and a less unpleasant but equally distorting phenomena, after all, led directly to the revival of anarchism caricature of new anarchism. f in the 1960s. If anything was in hibernation at that time, it wasn't anarchist ideas but Woodcock's powers of observation. Thus Woodcock calls the old anarchism "a structured move- Woodcock then says that the revival ofthe 1960s "has cert- ment" -- but when was it ever such? He says it "had devel- ainly taken place" but has done so "mainly outside the groups oped its own orthodoxies of thought, its own rigidities of and federations that carry the tradition which stems from action" -- but was this true in France, in Russia, in Spain, Bakunin and Malatesta". There are two short replies to this or indeed anywhere else? He says it has not survived "with argument -- that such revivals always take place ‘to a large its martyrology and its passwords all complete" -- but did it extent outside existing channels, and that nevertheless the ever exist so ? He says that "the dormancy d the movement traditional anarchist organisations were to some extent in- extended even to the Spaniards" -- but has Spanish anarchism volved in the revival. ever been dormant ? He s ays that the "modest revival of the old anarchist movement along traditional lines" after the Sec- ond World War was "largely a reunion. of veterans" -- but was it largey such ? He says that in the later revival "the To take the example of the major outbreak of the new anar- broadening appeal of libertarian ideas has . . . led to their chism described in Woodcock's postscript, the part of the adulteration" -- but wasn't it always so ? He says that nowa- traditional anarchism in the French "events" of 1968 is dis- days "anarchism often appears as only one element in what missed as follows: "The ageing intellectuals who publicly can be described as a climate of rebellion, an insurrectionary represented anarchism in France played no part in inspiring frame of mind, rather than a new revolutionary ideology" but the event"; and "the leaders of the French Anarchist Feder- isn't this what has been happening ever since the First Inter- ation admitted that they had no influence as an organisation". national ? He said that "one finds it mingled with strains of But the leadi.ng representatives of anarchism, or of any other Leninism and early Marxism" -- but hasn't one frequently politicalideology, seldom inspire spontaneous episodes in any done so, ever since Bakunin himself ? revolutionary movement -- indeed that is precisely what an- archist theory would lead us to expect! Nevertheless, apart Woodcock says that the new anarchism is "a trend of the from Woodcock's acceptance of the part played by "certain young a.nd especially of the middle-class young", and quotes dissident student ‘groups of anarchists" and of "anarchist the FREEDOM readership survey, which he dates as 1962 elements" in other groups, it is clear that many members of but which was actually done at the beginning of 1960 -- before the rank-and-file of the traditional anarchist movement took he began writing his book. The age and class characteristics a full part in the struggles and the occupations and also that which he now attributes to "the new libertarianism“ of the some of the leading spokesmen of the movement were i.nspir- 1960s actually belonged to the old libertarianism at the- end ed by traditional anarchism. Daniel Cohn-Bendit, whose an- of the 1950s whose significance he has repeatedly denied. archist credentials Woodcock has often denied, stated during ‘His confusion arises from the fact that he read about the sur- the events that he was an anarchist and was influenced by vey in Anarchy 12 (February 1962), too late for his book. If Bakunin, the anarcho-syndicalists, the Kronstadt rebels, he had been following the anarchist press, he could have read Makhno, and Volin; and his brother Gabriel confirmed the much more about it in several issues of FREEDOM during affiliation, distinguishing between "old" and "new" anarchists early 1960; indeed, if he had been in close touch with the an- but also emphasising the continuitybetween the two (see the archist movement, i.n Britain or anywhere else, he would Magazine Littéraire interviews with them, translated i.n have known that his view of the old anarchism was wrong be- Anarchy 99). The book they wrote together after the events ~ fore he began his book: and if he had got his view of the old shoed i.n greater detail how both old and new anarchism were a,narchj,srn right, he might have got his view of the new anar- chism right too. _ combined i.n their view of "leftism". N. W. At a more striking level, it should not be forgotten that many of the famous graffiti of May 1968 were traditional an- archist slogans, often quotations from the classical anarchist (TO BE CONTINUED) 1% determined to defect the Nazi menace and being hampered in their ef- forts by on crmy of bureoucrctic Blimps. Q Freedom's Bottle is how one publisher characterised the Second World War, and the myths that hove grown up since hove glossed over the fcct that the oufhorities had quite o bit of difficulty finding recruits for this greot bottle. For the first time in British history, peacetime conscripti- on wcs introduced in April l939, ond the minimum cge for o conscrlpt, , ,_ ,A GIRL of~_seventeen volunteering and belng cccepted.for on antl- which throughout the 'l4—'l8 wcr hcd been 20, wos reduced to l8 the oii'croft buttery; d doctor‘ prescribing benzedrlne for on overworked form- doy wor wos declored. The conscription of women between the ages of er to keep him awoke during horvest time; o worker being sentenced to l8 ond 40 that followed in l94l was precisely because there wos c dearth one month's hcrd lobour for leaving his employment without permission. of volunteers for wor work, porticulorly in the aircraft industry. Mcny women, if the interviews ore anything to go by, seemed to hove reacted A desperate Nczl Gennony on its lost knockings? Didn't the Nazis in magnificently. One dodge wos to volunteer for something relatively. the lost days of their short-lived Reich descend to using very young and cushy rcther than wcit to be directed into munitions. Or to go into the old in its defence? Perhcps, but what is Forgotten, and by c post-war Lcnd Army rcther than the ATS. A reputed vcriction on self-inflicted generation probobly not even known, is thot the United Kingdom wos the wounds in the women's services wos to get oneself pregnant, and hence first counhy ever to introduce conscription of women, on cl moss scole, in on immediate discharge -- although if this is true it demonstrates just‘ December 1941. Further, the three events mentioned above, and select- how desperate some women felt their lot to be. ed ct random, occurred in the U. K., and were o common rother than on exceptional occurrence. But even the ovenue of volunteering for certoin industries cs on escape from more obnoxious ones wos blocked by l943 when one wos directed A Of course when I soy "descend to" I'm simply using c phrase to moke o into on industry or c service not of one's choice. So unsure, back in point. l'm not interested here in moking any morol points, but of iolting 1940, hcd "Condldus" of the Doll Sketch been cs to how well the Brit- people from the accepted view of the "lost war", beccuse for British peo- ish-might stand up to the grect Ettle that he wrote in his regular column, ple, despite Koreo, Mcloyc, Kenya and Cyprus, it wos their "lost wor". "Item number one on our cgendc should be to secure o greater measure of unifty of command over the whole country than oppeors to exist ct pres- As c wor boy, conceived in I944 and born between VE and VJ dcys, l ent. . . lt might even be odviscble to declare mcrtlcl low ct once "', and wos brought up in on otmosphere drenched with the "lost wor", on otmos- that "we must become more totalitarian than the totolitcricns if hereafter phere inevitably warped by Britain's diminishing role in World offcirs. we ore to be cble to coll our souls and liberties our own " .' His nerves Therefore, in that time of uncertainty (cnd it's os true now, probably, cs were obviously showing. Not so o leoder writer on the front page of the it wos in the '50s) one could turn with relief to memories of the lost wor. some issue. lt reassured recders that "Britcin stands fast — resolved to Even if the Yonks hcd token over our role in World politics we, cfter cll, resist any attempt ct invasion . . .Stonding with us is the Empire and cll won the wcr. It wos o universally known foct that whilst they hcd- hcd its vcst resources. x See middle poges. " The middle pcges revealed that the numbers, we hod hod the guts cnd determination. And the Jcps were "Padres go into Training, Too". The training consisted of throwiqp only mcking inroads on British exports beccuse (o) they fed their workers bolls ct eoch other to make them fit for orgny service cs chaplains . Oh on bowls of rice ond (b) they were cheop imitators of British engineering well, never mind. We would soon have the best health service in the know-how. And the Jerrys? Well the Labour Pcrl-y was forever passing world, if nothing else. resolutions opposed to the re—om1oment of those uncivilised brutes -- wcr ll Hungry to Cl mun. We British, of course, were renowned the world over for our sense of foirploy ond iustice, which doesn ‘t quite explain Moloyo, The Wor Machine kept going through the wor in much the some woy cs Kenya, Suez, Cyprus, Aden. . .Oh well, never mind, we still had the o peacetime government did then and does now : by getting people to Best Health Service in the World. occept o repressive hierarchy using feor cs the weapon of that accept- once. In the some wcy thct you wouldn't tell your foreman in the '30s, And so on. But myths, like mud, if you throw enough, stick. Besides or your old mcn for thct matter, to go hung himself, similarly you would- the esteemed services of Jock Hawkins, Dirk Bogorde, Kenneth More and n't tell the sergeant to go ond take c running jump. To do so wos incon- Vera Lynn, the other heroes who won the wor were Montgomery, who ceivable. Although if it iust so happened that you didconceive of it, would rother go ip the iungle with Moo than with cnyone else, and c one- o suitable punishment, guaranteed to break your will to resist, would be time odmirer of Adolf Hitler -- Winston Churchill. in store for you. The myth, for this wcr boy, started to totter o little the moment l left On September l2, 1945 Mountbatten fonnolly accepted the surrender the restricted home life l hod hcd and went out to eorn c living. Stories of the Jqocnese forces in South Ecst Asia. For the publisher, Freedom's that I heclrd from workmotes were often ct odds with the TV wor document- Bottle wos over, but for me , unbeknown ct the time, it had just started cry versions and the Ronk Pinewood Productions l lopped up as c kid ct -- o hcttle with my own intemcl feor and feeling of incdequclcy and the the loccl Odeon. (Where in foct would British TV be if it didn't have outside reclity of parents, teachers and later on employers. Por millions the Second World Wcr to fill its screen hours?) of others on this lslond the "Bcttle" wos still going on cs the homeless squatted in-empty houses, and the rosh of strikes thot hod built up prior to A couple of yeors ogo I wos doing some background research for c 1945 - the Kent miners and the Tyneside shipbuilders, for instance - rcdlo ploy l had set in the lost wcr and l come ocnoss further tantalising erupted into bitter disputes involving dockers qnd the Smithfield mect glimpses of the lesser known side of that wcr. Fronz Borkencu - author porters5.' The newly elected Lobour Govemment wasted no time in us- of SEnish Cockpit, on ostute observation of Spanish Civil Wor politics - ing conscript troops (sogle fresh from defeating the "Nazi menace") in commented to Orwell in l94O that he considered England to b_e gin the defeating these strikers . This should have surprised no one. The Wcr first stages of o revolution '., Perhaps it wos beccuse of this, rather than Cabinet hcd included Labour ministers of ‘the calibre of Emest Bevin, c_ from fecr of the Germans, Orwell thought, that the Govemment refused hated wcrtlme Minister of Labour who, besides anything else, hod intro- to "Arm the People", and instructed the LDV (Loccl Defence Volunteers duced Regulction IAA, whereby o strike lecder might gain him or herself to send in all revolvers in 1940, so Orwell thought, they got into the A 5 yeors imprisonment or o £ 500 fine. wrong honds lf readers ore interested in following this period up l recommend The Whether it wos the fecr of cu Teutonic gouleiter or o gun-toting revolu- Peo le's War by Angus Colder (Panther). lt's certainly better, cs?- tionory locol , the upper classes were certainly packing their offspring off genercl socqcl survey of the period, thcn Normcn Longmote's How We in droves to Concdc. One of their number, Sir Henry Chonnon, who Lived Then (not to be confused with the poperbcck series How We Used hod sent his son Poul ocross the Atlantic (he later become Minister of Ed- To [ive , which he port-edits). Norman Longmcte's book tends to rein- ucation in Heath's government), was busy getting his gardener to bury the force the myth of the "we're cll in it together volunteering", but is family heirlooms on the estote in Essex". nevertheless useful for those who, like myself, did not live through the period. There's no doubt thct, cs in cny wcr, there were some massive social upheovols going on, but there is nothing to suggest from interviews l Lastly, for the record, l7 wos the minimum age for volunteers and hove been doing for o proposed book, that Britain wos on the verge of o the girl was my mother. The former and his wife worked on occasions, revolution in l940. with double summertime, up to 20 hours per day l They live in Somer- set. To leove your job without o suitable reason, or for giving no recs- What hos emerged is the totcl coercive grip on every conceivable os- on ct cll wos cl punishable offence. The worker sentenced to one month pect of dolly life by the British Wor Cobinet, sanctioned, dport from the month's hcrd labour wos reported in the Strotford (East London) Express occosioncl murmurings, by Pcrlicment. This is in contrast to the cher- c couple of weeks before VE Doy. He ohviously hcd the right idea. ished myth of the lost wor being fought by sober minded citizens quietly The report stated that he had been absent or lote 82 times in less than 12 WALKING THE TlGHTROPE ' l WAS most gratified to read Nina Staffa's review of Housing : An Anarchist A roach , not least because it may help to shift a few copies off the shelves and reassure Freedom Press that it was worth bringing out, but.also because he makes it clear that the book is as much about the strategies and dilemmas of anarchism as about housing. There are afew lf we want to preserve ourselves in an embalming fluid of revolutionary points where l believe he is still in the grip of conventional Marxist or rectitude, it is our. own fault if we fail to make any effective contact Fabian thinking . with the common life going on all around us. By chance my own ans- wet’ (written for a Flemish paperback addressed to a non-anarchist audi- 1. The enomwous drift to the cities in the poor countries is not because ence) is printed in the same issue of FREEDOM (15th May). l think of the capitalist suction-machine but because of the immeasurably great- that the task of anarchist propagandists is to win friends and influence er life chances in the city. Nowhere is there equal iustice between people, and especially to change the way they think about the issues city and country. Even in China it is still a punishment for the urban that confront them in theirdaily lives. The extent to which we fail to intelligentsia to be sent to do their stint among the peasants. Even in do this is the extent to which we remain an infinitesimal minority, con- Peru the ‘radical’ land refomts have not yet touched the lives of the demned to talk to each other instead of to the outside world. Labels rural poor. As to "self-managed slavery" he ought to read another new like "bourgeois" and "reformist" don't help a bit in this task. They are anarchist book on housing: John Turner's Housing b Peo le (Boyars). the left-wing equivalent of swearwords and are just as meaningless. 2. l think Nino Staffa is quite wrong about Ebenezer Howard, and Best to leave them to the Marxist sects. wrong to take the fashionable line that the plight of the poor in our de- caying cities is due to the New Town policy. l would criticise this l "don't have any illusions over the current popularity in the field of policy from a quite different point of view and would urge him to read housing of people like John Turner and myself, though it's nice to be the full text of my paper "The Do lt Yourself New Town". Parts of listened to for a change. After all, he and I are both in our fifties and this are printed in ioumals as far apart as the May Munici I Review have been saying the same things for half our lifetimes to a handful of and the June Undercurrents, but please, NS, read the full version anarchists and architects. Official policy is bankrupt, and in such which l self-indulgently put in the March Bulletin of Environmental Ed- circumstances anyone peddling an altemative approach gets a hearing, ucation (30p by post from TCPA, 17 Carlton House Terrace, l3En especially when the altemative appears to shift responsibility from gov- SWIS. emments to people. But there is a world of difference between getting 3. And incidentally, if the TCPA is the kind of organisation he thinks listened to, getting a few altemative experiments off the ground, and it is, how come that I , anemployee of theirs, am able in their own actually changing the system. We are walking the tightrope, not bet- iournals and from their own platforms, to deliver damaging attacks on ween that precious revolutionary integrity and absorption into the syst- the planning system and the way it operates? And how come that it is em, but between a laissez-faire faith in self-help and a collectivist the only organisation in the country to run a Planning Aid service to ideology of equality . advice victims of the planning system? My iob is to run their environ- I We aren't the first anarchists to find ourselves in this dilemma. mental education service for teachers and is in no way to push some l- Proudhon said Property is Theft. He also said Property is Freedom. On kind of TCPA part-y line, though l get a certain pleasure from the fact the ideological plane it would be a worthwhile task to work out an anar- that Kropotkin, the founder of Freedom , had close links with the found chist philosophy of tenure, of both housing and land, which goes beyond ers of the TCPA (these too are traca in my "Do it Yourself New Town" the easy slogans. Similarly with planning, which is about land-use con- paper) . flicts ; books like mine attack the govemmental planning system, but § beyond casting doubts on the pretensions of participation, we have got These points made, l think that Nina Staffa raises issues of great im- nowhere as near to evolving an anarchist philosophy of planning as we portance for anarchist propagandists. He talks of a great gaping wound have in the case of housing. No doubt there are anarchists for whom in anarchist thought. Well, if it's a wound, it's a self-inflicted one. concepts like "tenure" and "planning" are the very antithesis of anarch- ism. But they are affected by these concepts every day of their lives so it's important someone or other in the movement should think about them I REMEMBER DURING THE WAR. . . They might even find them a means of bringing the sanity and rationality 3 months, and as there can only be a maximum of 92 days in a three- of an anarchist approach to people who had never in their lives consid- months period the authorities were obviously counting the occasions ered that there are alternatives to capitalism and.the state. Colin Ward. when he pissed off in the aftemoons as wel I And now a list. l would like to hear from anyone who was a war work- er; a land army girl; a C.O.; who dodged call up by going on the run; HOUSING BY PEOPLE an overseas volunteer who either stayed in the U. K. or returned home - after the war; anyone who was in contact with gypsies or knew of any; anyone involved in the BEF withdrawal from France 1940; a fighter pilot; and anyone who sewed in the Far East. A strange list l agree, but all HOUSING BY PEOPLE : Towards Autonomy in Building En- will be revealed, if I can find a publisher, one day. And l'd also like vironments, by John F. C. Turner (Marion Boyars, £2.25). to hear from any folk who happen not to fall in any of the above catego- ries, no matter how mundane they may think their story to be. My adda- ress is 14 Bective Road, Forest Gate, London, E.7. Thanks. Pete Grafton. IT IS FORTUNATE that this book has appeared so soon after Colin Ward's Housing : An Anarchist Approach (Freedom Press, £1, 25). Although both books treat the problem of Orwell, Collected Essafi , Joumalism and Letters, Vol. 2 pp.387/8 housing from similar standpoints the subject matter and man- (Penguin). ner of presentation of the two books is different yet highly zibid. p.403 complementary. Colin Ward refers to popular initiatives in housing and hence the squatter settlements of South and Cent- 3Chi s, the Diaries of Sir Hen Channon (Penguin). For an insight in- ral America and it is John Turner's work that Colin Ward re- tto tEe feeble character of English upper class mentality this book is fers to. It is a shame, therefore, that John Turner's small truly amazing. Unfortunately it is now out of print. paperback book has what, for some, is the inaccessible price of £2, 25. 4Great Newspapers Reprinted No.18, Daily Sketch , Tuesday, June 18, 1940. In my review of Colin Ward's book ("Bourgeois or Subvers:- ssee How Labour Govemed : 1945-51, Direct Action Pamphlet No.5 ive? " FREEDOM 29 May 1976, VoL 37 no. 11) I referred to ' (Syndicalist Woflzers Federation). P.S. Can whoever borrowed my copy these squatter settlements, using the disparaging term "self- please retum it ! Also see Labour Govemment Vs. The Dockers 1945- managed slavery". John Turner's book has convinced me 1951, Solidarity Pamphlet No. that this is not the case but I'm still not satisfied as regards the overall economic issues. Whilst the b00l< dcII10nStI‘at8S 6There was one commendable exception that I know of the Government's how autonomy in the environment is the sole means of surviv- attempt at strike-breaking. Four lonyloads of parachutists detailed to al for these people on very limited incomes and also that at- go to Smithfield ended up spending the day at Hastings, thanks to the tempts by central authorities to provide housing(right through clever navigation of one of the drivers. Instead of getting the MBE for fromthe provision and control of resources to the provision this heroic action all four drivers were put on a charge, but the ring- of the housing unit) is an absurdity I still maintain that the s leader lived to tell the tale. 13’ who has been rehoused (after his own) ag-ltation).in a public housing project. He is required to spend 55 per cent of his income on housing and as a consequence is ill from under- nourishment. On top of this ‘his sons must spend 5 per cent - . \ a . of the family income on transport to work. Of course, in their squatter settglement they could walk to where they work- ed . The house met with the required government standards squatter settlements are allowed to exist because they do not but it was bleak, of uniform style, and the family head was interfere with the status quo in these countries. Where John suffering physically as a result of paying the rent to live Turner gets interesting for us is that he wants this autonom- there. ous approach to spread for the good of everybody and also for the good of our ecology. However, I see no conflict between The next example is a young factory worker and his family the condemnation of capitalism and adherence to John who illegally bought a plot of land and started by building a Turner's ideas. Indeed, beingpanti-capitalist is not a Marx- two-room dwelling. As the family grows he willbe able to ist monopoly, and emigration (either nation to nation or from extend his home to provide more rooms and the cost of acqui- country to city) is a result of the ‘evolution of capitalist prod- sition, building and then upkeep of services later to be provi- uction. Whilst it may be a punishment for the urban intelli- ded would always remain minimal while the value of the house gentsia in China to do their stint in the countryside, the would rise probably even higher than a legally built middle- dream of most Calabresi emigrants is to return to their vil- class home eventually. The interesting thing is that the fact- lages i.n Calabria, or failing that to the nearest big town in l ory worker intended to also add a shop, a pigsty, and so on, Calabria. Of course, for many this dream remains a dream I and is free to do so. t and those who manage to return find an even worse situation i than when they left. The reason for this deterioration in the The Government employee, however, has a salary at a lev- local situation in Calabria is the increasing dependence, l el about twice that of the factory worker and lives in a much since the setting up of the "Cassa per Il Mezzogiorno" in smaller public housing dwelling but he was happy with the low 1950, on State and other institutions rather than the autonom- proportion of his income he had to spend on housing. The ous approach advocated by John Turner, Colin Ward and Government employee is not free to sell his house and hence company. However, the state bureaucrats, the mafia, the move, for several years, and there are many restrictions on multinationals and so on, will not_l_oosen their stranglehold what he can or cannot do with his house. Nevertheless, the on Southern Italy (or elsewhere) merely because people want 1 value of the autonomously built factory worker's house will to fend for themselves. Indeed, the point will surely come inevitably be much higher and provide greater freedom. when self-build schemes, for instance, will be blocked for M political reasons and thatis the reason why I as an anarchist The most interesting example is "Mama. Elena's low-income want to see these institu: ions overthrown and not merely ac- communal household". Mama Elena has managed to build so commodated into the lifestyle of a city. far a 6-room house with a crude shop in the street. This was after living i.n provisional huts on squatted territory, suf- Of course, Colin Ward is right in saying that people move fering several police-enforced removals, and then seeing“ that to the city because of increased life chances but they do not the police did not return, decided to build more permanent always make this choice voluntarily (I would suggest hardly housing. The large plot which her people have squatted "has ever). John Turner's book, however, provides the direction enabled a semi-communeof 19 very low income people with towards which we should be aiming not only in housing but al- l unstable incomes to live ii relative comfort and security". so in other matters such as industry, ecology and so on. 1. Colin Ward writes: "Turner is not a great believer in the Colin Ward, in his introduction to Turner's book, identifies value of books (the present one was wrung out of him by Ivan what he calls "Turner's three laws of housing". The First lllich's admonition that he was burying his ideas under a .lot of Law, which he quotes from Turner's book Freedom to Build of Peruvian mud bricks). . 1' In the final chapter of the book, (Collier Macmillan, New York 1972) is: "When dwellers therefore, John Turner sets out a Programme of "further control the major decisions and are free to make their own action I now consider essential. . . Housing by People ~is contribution to the design, construction or management of addressed primarily to those who share and believe in certain their housing, both the process and the environment produc- _|__r*_1_m principles and methods". ad stimulate individual and social well-being. When people have no control over nor responsibility for key decisions in Turner identifies three principles for practice, makes four the housing process, on the other hand, dwelling environ.- proposals and outlines four methods. The "Three Principles ments may instead become a barrier to personal fulfilment for Practice" are as follows: and a burden on the economy. " First there is the necessity of self-government in local The Second Law "says that the important thing about hous- affairs for which the principle of local and personal freed- ing is not what it is, but what it does in people's lives, in om to build must be maintained. -Second is the necessity oth_o_r_ words that dweller satisfaction is not necessarily re- for using the least necessary power, weight, and size of" lated to the imposition of standards". Finally, the Third Law tools for the job (whether managerial or technological). . . says that deficiencies and.imperfections i.n your housing are Thirdly, there is the principle that planning is an essen- infinitely more tolerable if they are your responsibility than tially legislative, limit setting function, and must cease if they are somebody else's". to be confused with design, which has to do with laying down lines of action. =i= Following on from these three assumptions he makes four The book is interspersed with much theory and philosophy proposals as part of a "clear programme for thought, re- concerning these basic points outlined by Colin Ward and with search, action and development": detailed case studies of how people in differing housing situa- tions coped compared to the other case studies, both financi- Proposal One is to set up an international communications ally and as regards non-monetary satisfaction. His examples network in order to intensify the use of existing channels are taken from Mexico City and all help to prove his main of communication (both formal and informal) in ways that contention that it is absurd for centralized institutions to pro- increase universal access and reduce the risks of exploit- vide housing units for people since their needs and priorities ation by centralizing powers. 9-1'9 111511113913’ Va-1'19-blc. In other words, "housing is not what (He intends this communications network for people engaged it is, but what it does in people's lives". in the type of activity referred to in his book. ) The first example is a young car-painter living i.n a shack Proposal Two is to set up a number of centres where case he has built__for himself and family in his comadre's (god- materials will be collected, J indexed and made available mother's) yard and by having had his housing costs minimized to those needing access to the precedents set. All such he is able to feed his family adequately and save for the future centres will be interconnected so that anyone can search out of what would otherwise have been a totally inadequate the rest for particular documents or topics. income. (From these centres he wishes to see those who share the v l E'&0nC‘, on The second example is of an ageing mason, an ex-squatter l4 principles and methods outlined to develop a theory which can involvement by Central Government.) However, that central also be applied in practice. He believes, indeed that there institution’ need not be Central Government and may even turn "can be no information without theory". ) our to be some form of body to execute decisions arrived at collectively over a large area (by whichever way this is un- Proposal Three is to institute a new school of the built en- derstood) in an anarchist society. vironment: not to create a new organization, but to estab- lish the fact that there is such a school and that it exists I believe that these principles and proposals are worth quo- by virtue of many scattered individuals and a few groups ting here in full, since they are the whole poi.nt of the book. and small organisations. The medium of the school is Turner wants these ideas to be spread and acted upon by the international communications network. more and more people. Finally, the Fourth proposal is to "initiate a programme Turner's approach is a sound one which ought to be follow- for the design of prescriptive law that will generate self- ed by anarchists in formulating practical approaches to the governing form". He believes that not only are prescriptive problems we intend to deal with. Instead of looking at the laws inadequate but they are also dams. ging to people's hous- difference between rich and poor and then at-tempting to bring ing prospects since they attempt, through a centralized insti- the poor up to the same level as the rich (a strategy doomed tution to cater for wishes, desires and aspirations of people to failure) Turner has looked at how the poor solve their own which, after all, only people themselves can do adequately. problems and has elaborated his approach from there. In his Proscriptive laws, however, would merely set limits of act- case studies the people who managed their housing, food and ion beyond which people in self-managed or self-built housing so on the best were the poorest. The car painter in his could not go. The actual design, location and building should shack, the factory-worker and Mama Elena in her self-built be left as decisions for the people themselves. commmiity house. After all, the rich are rich through the exploitation of the poor and hence their solutions are irrelev- It is the last of these proposals which, as an anarchist, I ant to the formation of an anarchist society. find at first sight disturbing for it entails a certain degree of Nino Sl:affa.. human being "fellow traveller" is among the would be sick indeed to be remembered, if at most damning. It implies, to me, a closet all, as a "fellow traveller" as l imagine Colin commitment - a failure of nerve which leaves Maclnnes would have been, had he known ETTE an escape route in case the chips ever really that was to be his fate. Dear eds, do come down. l never met Nlaclnnes and I ieff cloves. know of him by his books, his public life and Nick's tribute. lt seems to me he ‘cant out‘ N.W. replies:- l don't really understand what l enioyed Nick Walter's warm and richly politically and sexually whereas your true Jeff Cloves is complaining about, l don't know earned tribute to Colin Maclnnes (Review, 15 fellow traveller never fully declares his or about selection or acceptance as an anarchist, May) but it raised some interesting points on herself. and l don't care. how "anarchists" see themselves and others. I didn't simply say "Colin Maclnnes was an George Melly is another example of a per- l sometimes feel as though somewhere hid- anarchrst, because hrs case wasn t so srmple son anarchists are sympathetic to but never I | 0 . Before the early I960: he drdn t call hrmself den in the "formal anarchist movement" (what- seem to count as one of themselves. Maybe ever that may be) there is an MCC type sel- one, l descrrbed how durrng the early 1960s he George, unlike Maclnnes, has never declared ection committee which picks the players for drd call himself one, and drd valuable work himself an anarchist - although his life, such the anarchists‘ test team. Nick's article for the cause, after the 19605 he d|dn't call as l'm aware of it, is as solid an affirmation very clearly indicates that Maclnnes was a hrmself an anarchrst, or Ot'l)!l'l"lll"tQ else l trred of anarchy as I've encountered. l'm also talented player but not q_uit_e_ sincere (?), or to respect hrs intensely personal positron aware of course that Nick's tribute doesn't something, enough to be given the Freedom actually question Maclnnes's sincerity but his l see nothmg wrong wrth fellow-travellers - of Lords. placement with the "sympathisers" and "fellow people who sympathrse wrth a partrcular ld80"' travellers" still rankl es. Sometimes it seems logy but don't want to make a total commit- On Nick's own-evidence Maclnnes thought as though anarchists are suspicious of worldly ment. Anarchists, above all, should respect himself an "unconscious anarchist" in the success and equate it necessarily with oomph?" such people. Most of us begin like that, many fifties - by the sixties "he decided he had be- mise. lf there is that doubt in Nick's mind of us end like that, and a libertarian society come a conscious one, and he began to pro- about N_Gclnnes he should say so straightly. would depend on them. claim the fact and explain what anarchism l sometimes wonder if Arthur Moyse, for ex- was and why it was worth taking seriously". ample, would lose his place in the team if his l suppose the test is that real anarchists Elsewhere in his article Nick details the inst- collected works were suddenly published by never worry about whether they are real anar- ances whereby Maclnnes used his position as chists. - Weidenfeld and Nicolson and received with an established writer to proclaim anarchist critical acclaim in the liberal press. ideas and publicise anarchist literature and ioumals. Finally he acknowledges '1. .he l am, of course, open to accusations of per- was almost the only successful writer of our sonal bias in this whol e argument since when l Fl time who was not corrupted by success, living used to write fairly frequentl for FREEDOM l SOME FREEDOM PRESS as he had lived before, giving away money was abused for propounding l'-gzieral views in an PUBLICATIONS --- when he had more than the essential minimum, anarchist paper. lt was clear that as far as so ABOUT ANARCHISM, Nicolas Walter seeking no soft options or false honours, seem- some readers were concerned I would never be 15p (post 6p) 400'. ing. the same person at the end as he was at accepted as a real anarchist - or even a fel- ABC of ANARCHISM, Alexander the beginning of his career". low traveller come to that. In the end l gave Berkman 25p (post llp) 75c up writing but, meeting an ex-editor of ANARC I-IISM AND ANARC HO-SYNDIC - So here we have a self-proclaimed anarchist, FREEDOM after some years of silence, l was ALISM, Rudolf Rocker 20p (9p) 65c who used his own trade to further anarchist plunged back into a defence of myself as he ANARCHY, Errico Malatesta ideas and ideals, who lived humbly without was still raising some hoary old objection to a 25p (9p) 75c senseof property, was unspoiled bycritical review l once wrote. success and did not sell out - and yet he is BAKTUNIIN AND NECHAEV , Paul Avrich 20p (9p) 65c lumped in with "some prominent sympathisers" Now, fairly recently, a letter from FREE- THE STATE, Its Historic Role, (who - George Melly?) and finally, and DOM invited me to contribute again providing most damningly, Nick says of him. . . ."Of all P. Kropotkin 2919 (9Pl 550 "you dont write about football". So, after HOUSING : AN ANARCHIST APPROA our fellow-travellers since the war, he was sixteen years of involvement with the anarch- the most consistently anarchic and the most APPROACH, Colin Ward £1. 25 (18%-p) ist movement l still don.'t know whqt ypu have $3.00 completely sympathetic . " to doand whatyblihave to write to be accept- LESSONS OF THE SPANISH REVOLU- ed._ Like Colin Maclnnes, perhaps, what in- 5o why isn't he an anarchist - nowhere in TION, v. Richards cloth £1.50 (42p) itially attracted me to anarchy was the anar- $4. 00 Nick's piece does he say "Colin Maclnnes chists themselves - an appreciation of their COLLECTIVES IN THE SPANISH was an anarchist" - and l'm interested lo know ideas came later. Also, like him, l believed why. lf Nick knows something we readers REVOLUTION, Gaston Leval myself to be an anarchist and endeavour to cloth £4. 00 (48p)$10. don't know now's the time to tell because of apply anarchist principles to my own life. l all the damning things that may be said of a Paper £2. 00 (431)) $5. 15 lation having ruled out hunting-food modate to a world in which unquesti- LAND FOR THE PEOPLE, compiled gathering, we are stuck with agricult- oned Western supremacyand with it Herbert Girardet. (Crescent Books, ire and the problem of-"ensuring its ’ Western.imperialism have finally 8a Leigtrton Crescent, London N,'W,‘5. management and non-ownership has to gone - and with them the conditions £1.20). be resolved. essential to maintaining industrial economies of the type which has evolved from and since the Industrial THIS IS a book on land use and owner- Writing about "Food : the Internati- Revolution. No overdeveloped ship, and there are contributions by onal Context", Malcolm Gldwell says country, least of all Britain, can ex- eleven authors. It gives a history of he does not belong to the school of wri- pect to remain unaffected by the en- how'land came to be in private owner- ters that has earned the title of "doom ormous changes in store, and im- ship and the various forns of land use and_gloom"_because he believes that possible though it is to forecast with and land tenure. events in Asia and China are indicating accuracy the specifics it is surely that there are solutions to the ecologic- only prudence to act upon the assump The book starts with a.Land-Manifesto al problem. However he points out that _ tion that, to have at least a good which, summarised, states the obvious in the afflnent parts of the world the chance of weathering the storm, that land is life and should not be owned convulsions of the world economy have Britain had better Elan to be self- and that a balance should be achieved not yet had the same effect as on the sufficient eventuagy -- and 110 Start between agriculture and industry. Third World where resources are moving towards that ultimate goal There is an introducticn by Satish Kum- small. There is an assumption that as from now. ar, editor of our contemporary Resurg- living standards can go on rising, MUST BRITAIN FEED ITSELF‘? ence. He sees the problem of the though to my mind those standards have movement as "the protection of land, long been quantitive at the expense of Michael Allaby i.n the chapter under production of food and distribution of declining quality. this heading points out how, while other food". He points out, rightly, that nations tended to protect their agricul- people are‘ born with a body but no legal Caldwell thinks that the Western Em- ture , Britain is unique in having up to right to any space whatever unless one pire - and with it capitalism - is in its the Second World War deliberately run inherits it. Once, when arrested at terminal throes of disintegration and it down: the industrvwas onlv saved Greenham Common at a Committee of decay. The question to be asked is by wars. Had the industrialists and their political instruments had their 100 demonstration, I made this very whether the new direction will be autho- way, this island would have been a vast point to the magistrates -- that they riatarian or libertarian. The answer and the whole legal system are party to to this must be in the consciousness of factory from end to end. However the wholesale robbery with violence the ul- the majority. short term economics applied since the timate consequences of which are yet Second World War in the context of to be seen. The whole world became the farm of complex market situations have tended the industrialised west as a market to to result in alternative gluts and short- * be supplied and a resource to be tapped ages quite artificially produced. Now The British agricultural scene, in its industrialised farming has arrived at Robert Waller, in the book's section destruction in the interests of industri- what Michael Allaby describes as a on "Land : Enslaver or Liberator‘?'=', al development, can only be compared ‘Catch 22' situation in that yields have deals with Agriculture and Alienation. with that of Russia under Stalin. With reached a point in which it is imposs- A recently discovered tribe i.n the Phil- loss of the Empire, our industrial heg- ible to increase them. At the same lipines neither hunts nor farms but emony is at an end without the political time the agricultural industry has be- feeds on gathered fruits, have no words will for the revolutionary changes such come almost wholly, except for potash, for ‘hate’, 'enemy', 'metal', are with- a situation makes necessary. The reliant upon imported oil and materials. out jealousy, aggressiveness or sexual wroter points out that the Conservat- In fact the import costs of maintaining proniiscuity. It should however be re- ives have always favoured the restric- industrial agriculture probably outweigh called that undist. zbed Eskimoes were tion of British agriculture, being, as the savings in imported food. similar in their social attitudes. Wal- he says, concerned with "exchange If the efficiency of our farming can be ler outlines the growth of agriculture, value". The Labour party has to some measured by the wealth of the largest the enclosure of land and the disputes extent considered use value and though producers Britain, with the highest over ownership which is essentially urban- and industrially rooted has con- output per man,w_is_at the top of the hierarchical in‘ structure, and the use sistently protected home agriculture. league. However the economics in eco- of slave power to work such an agricul- On the uncertainties facing Britain the logical terms are that the price is be- turil society. He draws attention to writer concludes: coming more than the resources can the fact that the way land is owned and pay. “For instance, to quote (p. 55): managed determines the culture and In any case, surely this very uncert- character of every society: ainty strengthens the case for aiming The large increases we have enjoyed at agzicultural self-sufficiency? in the live-stock sector have necessi- For Western man the land is capital, Devoting resources of capital and tated housing animals and birds in- to be let for rent or sold. The vari- labour to hopeless pursuit of the mir- doors, where the regulation of their ations i.n the economic value of land age of winning an ever-growing share environment must be the responsibil- degrade it in this system into a com- of a shrinlcing world market would ity of the farmer, not of nature. This modity bought and sold with i.nsuffici- surely be, in the circumstances, for consumes energy,-large amounts of ent respect either for nature or the Britain a disastrous and tragic waste energy. In his study of the efficiency needs of the community as a whole. of both available resources and of with which energy is utilised i.n food Without the right to any land of their the time still left to her to adjust production (described in The Man- own, the majority of men are reduc- tack to the ever more strongly blow- Food Eguation, to be published by ed to the status of labourers working i.ng wind of change, heralding the Academic Press) Gerald Leach _ for others, however well paid they Hurricane to come. For it will take points out that while the most primi- may be. time toundertake the structuT'a'l tive caf ipighfarmers among the people changes in the British economy and- of Papuaf New Guinea derives some- As Waller points out, density of popu- British society necessary to accom- thing like 20 units of foode__energy_for ix. i c:'an£".bn 77. /6] 1 ‘t 16 [can t Q»: 7. /5'] lapsedccondition, rather thancreating ' a different system of taxation which presupposes bureaucracies, banks and every unit of energy he expends, the The enclosures were the first mani- usu;-y_ modern British battery farmer ex- festation of a system which freely dis pends six times more energy than his cards people according to the require Dave Elliottt in "Lessons of Land hens yield. On this basis, the Papu- ments of profit. There is no reason Settlement" shows its difficulties under an is 120 times more efficient than to accept this as the inevitable condi- a capitalist system and the impossibil- the Imperial Tobacco Company, Bri- tion of manldnd: we always have other ity of stmcess unless the social struct- tain's largest poultry farmer! options. After 300 years Gerrard ure of society is equitable and just. His Wi.nstanley's description of commerci- closing paragraph clearly points out, if Allaby's answer is twofold: more peo- al attitudes seems to have grown in land settlement is not to be just another ple to replace excessive mechanisation stature: ". . . this hardiness of heart concentration camp forthe unemployed, and more use- of organic waste to re- begets luxury and lust of the flesh, that "Land settlement is one asfict of place chemicals. and this runs into all excess with this overall strategy but if the power of greediness and being in discontent a- the status quo is to be challenged, then ENC LOSURES AND CLEARANCES gainst any that crosses his pleasure we must both avoid co-option and integ- till his heart becomes fully like the rate this campaign with other struggles." Martyn Partridge gives a good hist- heart of a beast, as it is apparent i.n ory of enclosure, its advantages and some at this day", Herbert Girardet, the compiler, on a disadvantages from a crops point of chapter on "New Towns or New Villages" view an_d the creation of the vast group REFORM AND REVOLUTION goes into the problems and possibilities ‘of landless and rootless labourers of integrating town and country, recalls » which in spite of ephemeral prosperity Andrew Lycett reviews various abort- attempt to do it. Pointing out of course most of the working class remain. ive attempts at land reform, including that the country was at one time much that of Zapata in Mexico, and says it is more populated -- vast tracts of land Gerrard Winstanley on St. George's a sad, recurring story of peasants out- are now only populated by tractors. He Hill (now a place of quite ostentatious manoeuvred by bourgeois and bureau- advocates a new and closer link between cratic elements who take over the revo- food production and human settlements. privilege, then common land) addressed himself to the privileged : lution. I would point to a refreshing exception: the collectives i.n Spain, A chapter in this very thoughtful book and the book published by Freedom in which our friends Kropotkin, Colin "For though you and your ancestors Press (Collectives i.n the §panish Revo- Ward, Bookchi.n, Goodman are quoted got your property by murder and theft, lution, by Gaston Leval) could well be and" you keep it by the same power on "Reviving the Land", a plea for read in conjunction with this book. habitat reconstruction as a positive and from us ’1that have an equal right totthe economic source of food is an interest- land with you by the righteous law of In a further article advocating "Prin ing proposition which, given a non-ex-L creation yet we shall have no occasion ciples of Land Reform" Robert Waller ploitive society, may well be tried, par- bf quarrelling (as you do) about that disturbing devil, called particular reviews Henry Ge°rgeI adV°°ateS °°m' ticularly the use of rough and wet lands. munal ownership of land and rent to the It is a plea for a remm to a more ba1_ property. For the earth, with all her fruits of corn, cattle and such like, °°mmuF-ity 91 9- land tax» and Pr°°99dS anced environment and could well be to give us George's well known argu- necessary and feasible. was made to be a common storehouse ments . of livelihood to all mankind, friend In conclusion, Steve Hobbs lays out and foe, without exception. " H°WeVe1‘: 15° me this 1-S an added 991:‘ "Theory and Practice" of land reform, plication which does nottreally solve t e influenced by the Gramdam movement. A poor law was enacted in 1662 to salve the consciences of the privileged, a P1‘°b1em 9f m9n9§’ and wages System This is an attempt by those associated which was 131‘-gel? created by the en°1°' with Resur Enos and Undercurrents to forerunner of the social services, which , sures and created a means of exploita- deal with the problem-——"'--‘Ofremming fland merely deal with the consequence of pri=- I tion that replaces slavery and serfdom. to its rightful place as a common vilege without abolishing it. 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