Commission on Information The Foundations of Disorder Knowledge Center and

Selected Experts The term Information disorder was coined by researcher on the Topic: Dr. Claire Wardle to describe the broad societal challenges associated danah boyd with misinformation and disinformation, generally on the digital partner researcher at Research, landscape, that contribute to the pollution of our evolving informa- founder and president tion ecosystem. Misinformation is the unintentional spread of false or of Data & Society Research Institute misleading information, shared by mistake, or under a presumption @zephoria of truth. Disinformation—false or misleading information that is delib- Renee DiResta erately spread with an intent to cause harm or damage—is neither technical research new nor unique to the modern day. manager at Stanford Observatory @noUpside From Octavian’s campaign against Antony in Ancient Rome to ‘The Great Moon ’ of 1835, disinformation has been Kolina Koltai postdoctoral researcher a favored weapon of politicians, civic leaders and mischief makers at the Center for an around the world. Yet the rise of the internet and the exponential Informed Public at the University of Washington growth of social use across cultures and has @KolinaKoltai dramatically increased the speed and impact of false narratives. The Meghna Mahadevan tactics behind disinformation vary widely and further complicates disinformation defense strategist with our understanding around motivation and intention. Knowing United We Dream how it’s done is just as important when trying to understand why. Thomas Rid professor of Strategic Reading Resources: The Future of Truth and Digital Democracy: Studies, Johns Hopkins Misinformation Online Accelerating A New University Information Disorder: (Janna Anderson And Field Of Knowledge @RidT Toward An Interdisciplinary Lee Rainie, Pew Research (Knight ) Framework For Research Center) Claire Wardle And Policy Making : From Election co-founder of First Draft (First Draft) The Misinformation to Insurrection @cward1e Campaign Was Distinctly (Avaaz report) A short guide to the One-Sided Tackling misinformation: history of ’fake ’ (Renee DiResta, What researchers could do and disinformation ) (International Center for with data (HKS ) The long fuse: Misinformation Misinformation Review) and the 2020 election Addressing false information Video: A Brief History (Election Integrity during the 2020 election Of Disinformation, And Partnership report) What To Do About It and lessons for the future (Matt Tait, University of 20/20 Vision: Lessons (American Press Institute) ) learned about the challenges of disrupting The Long and Brutal misinformation in 2020 History of (First Draft article series) (Jacob Soll, ) Combatting Digital : Thomas Rid on Disinformation An Evaluation and digital Of The William And Flora disinformation Hewlett Foundation’s (Brookings) Disinformation Strategy (Hewlett)

1 Commission on Information Regulation Models Disorder Knowledge Center from Other Parts of the World

Selected Experts E!orts by various European countries to address distrust and on the Topic: disinformation vary across the continent. Regulating big technolo!y Victoria De Posson companies and social media platforms is an approach the U.S. has yet Disruptive Competition Project to e"ectively take, presenting opportunities for the American govern-

Evelyn Douek ment to learn, adapt and act. lecturer at Harvard Law School @evelyndouek Reading Resources: Digital Services Act: Southeast Asia’s Ensuring a trustworthy and Disinformation Crisis: Where Dr. Aleksandra Social media: How do other safe online environment the State is the Biggest Bad Kuczerawy governments regulate it? while allowing freedom Actor and Regulation is a Senior Fellow and (BBC) of expression Bad Word Researcher at KU Leuven (Victoria De Posson, (Jonathan Corpus Ong, @AlexandraQu The Disruptive Competition Insights from the Social Needs a BBC Christoph Schmon Project) Sciences) (Foreign Policy, 2021) International Policy , Trump, and Tough Government Responses to director, Electronic How the EU’s new digital Decisions: EU Freedom of Disinformation on Social Frontier Foundation services act can help Expression and the Digital Media Platforms: France @EFF build trust and tackle Services Act () illegal content (Christoph Schmon, (Victoria De Posson, Government Responses to Electronic Frontier Disruptive Competition Disinformation on Social Foundation) Project) Media Platforms EU Code of Practice on (Library of Congress) Disinformation: Briefing Note for the New European Commission (Carnegie Endowment)

Law prohibiting election misinformation struck down (CBC)

2 Commission on Information First Amendment Disorder Knowledge Center and Section 230

Selected Experts Section 230 has become a political football in terms of platform on the Topic: accountability and responsibility regarding the spread of online mis Dr. Mary Anne Franks and disinformation. “One highly in!uential piece of misinformation President of the Cyber Civil Rights Initiative and is that the tech industry is biased against conservative "gures and Professor of Law at the conservative content,” shared Dr. Mary Anne Franks, president of University of Miami @ma_franks the Cyber Civil Rights Initiative as part of a question for Facebook, Twitter and Google CEOs. “Conservative "gures and content actu- Eric Goldman internet law professor, ally perform very well on social media sites such as Facebook, even Santa Clara University though they disproportionately violate companies’ policies against Law School @ericgoldman misinformation and other abuse.” With members of Congress intro-

Jeff Kosseff ducing the SAFE TECH Act to address Section 230 concerns, ques- assistant professor of tions are being raised about how this could a#ect rights protected by cybersecurity law at the United States the First Amendment. Naval Academy, author of “The Twenty-Six Words That Created Reading Resources: Section 230: Everything You Six Constitutional Hurdles the Internet” Need to Know—Tweets, For Platform Speech @jkosseff The history of Section 230 Free Speech, Beyond Regulation (60 Minutes, with Jeff (Mike Masnick, podcast) (Daphne Keller, Center Mike Masnick Kosseff) for Internet and Society) founder and CEO of Hello! You’ve Been Referred the Copia Institute Speech on the internet: Here Because You’re Mapping Worldwide @mmasnick The First Amendment and Wrong About Section 230 Initiatives to Counter Section 230 are different Of The Influence Operations (Marketplace) Decency Act (Carnegie Endowment for (Mike Masnick, Techdirt International Peace) )

How Section 230 Enhances the First Amendment (Eric Goldman, American Constitution Society)

3 Commission on Information Cognitive Science Disorder Knowledge Center and Behavioral Economics

Selected Experts Social media may have provided a space for mis and disinformation on the Topic: to spread, but questions around why people believe and share false Meredith Broussard content and how they became radicalized must be addressed as well. research director at the NYU Alliance for Public What roles do cognitive biases and mental shortcuts, as described by Interest behavioral economics, and the development of algorithms affect or @merbroussard even degrade our information ecosystem? Panayiota (Pani) Kendeou Educational Psychology, Reading Resources: Political psychology in the Fake News and co-author of the digital (mis)information age: Anthropology: A Debunking Handbook ‘Exit Counselors’ Strain To A model of news belief Conversation on Technology, @Kendeou Pull Americans Out Of A and sharing Trust, and Publics in an Age Eric Saund Web Of False Conspiracies (Preprint) of Mass Disinformation Research scientist (Tovia Smith, NPR) (Journal of the Association How Cybersecurity Experts in Cognitive Science for Political and Legal COVID , conspiracy Can Nudge Users To Make and AI Anthropology) theories build on boredom, Safer Choices Jason Stanley beliefs (Kathrin Wesolowski, (Perry Carpenter, Forbes) philosophy ) How Facebook got @jasonintrator addicted to spreading misinformation (Karen Hao, Tech Review)

4 Commission on Information Platform Response Disorder Knowledge Center and Accountability

Selected Experts Social media platforms and Big Tech play a pivotal role in both on the Topic: the spread and response to online mis and disinformation. Questions Emily Bell regarding transparency, responsibility and accountability have risen founder, director, Tow Center for Digital as independent researchers and technologists work to understand at Columbia how to approach studying platform impact when data and access University @Emilybell are restricted. Platform-led efforts, policies and research have been developed internally and with nonprofit organizations, but questions Erin Gallagher social media researcher still remain over their effectiveness. @3r1nG

Timnit Gebru computer scientist and Reading Resources: Can “Inoculation” Build Platform Interventions: How co-founder, Black in AI Broad-Based Resistance to Social Media Counters All Change No Fix: How Big @timnitGebru Misinformation? Influence Operations Tech’s “Self regulation” fails (Jigsaw) (Partnership for Countering Ifeoma Ozoma our democracy Influence Operations, Why content moderation Founder and Principal (Decode Democracy) Carnegie Endowment for costs billions and is so of Earthseed International Peace) A Dozen Experts with @IfeomaOzoma tricky for Facebook, Twitter, Questions Congress YouTube and others Bringing Truth to the Nicol Turner Lee Should Ask the Tech CEOs (CNBC) Internet Senior Fellow— — On Disinformation and (Democracy Journal) Governance Studies, Extremism Facebook’s Oversight Board Director—Center (Just Security) makes an imperfect case Social Media and for Technology for private governance Democracy: The State of the Can an Oversight Innovation, Brookings (Brookings) Field, Prospects for Reform Board Created by Facebook (Social Science Research @drturnerlee You and the Algorithm: It Actually Fix the Company’s Council) Failings? Takes Two to Tango (Mother Jones) (Nick Clegg, Medium) Improving Social Media: The People, Organizations We need to know more Distraction Helps and Ideas for a Better about political ads. But can Misinformation Spread. Tech Future transparency be a trap? Thinking About Accuracy (All Tech is Human) Can Reduce it (Madelyn Webb, Bethan (Jigsaw) John, NiemanLab)

5 Commission on Information Intersection of Disinfor- Disorder Knowledge Center mation and Marginalized Communities

Selected Experts Communities of color and other marginalized groups have on the Topic: consistently been disproportionately affected and targeted by mis Nora Benavidez and disinformation. According to a report by the Senate Intelligence PEN America @AttorneyNora Committee on Russian interference in 2016, “no single group of

Farai Chideya Americans was targeted by IRA information operatives more than . By far, race and related issues were the preferred @farai target of the campaign designed to divide the Brandi-Collins Dexter country.” In 2020, these tactics focused on suppressing voter turn- Shorenstein Center @BrandingBrandi out and spreading medical distrust in minority communities, creat-

Claudia Flores-Saviaga ing societal harm and individual risk. Understanding the history of Fellow at Facebook targeted disinformation campaigns is critical when trying to develop Research, Ph.D. candidate in the whole-of-society solutions. HCI Lab at West Virginia University @saviaga Reading Resources: Michael Tubbs on The challenge of disinformation, racism, combating fake news Sherrilyn Ifill Failure to understand Black and news deserts in Asian American President, NAACP and Latinx communities (Akintunde Ahmad, communities Legal Defense Fund will result in a critical Columbia Journalism (Terry Nguyen, Vox) @Sifill_LDF misunderstanding of the Review) How a racialized Jacquelyn Mason impact of disinformation COVID-19 infodemic disinformation special projects (Jacquelyn Mason, First exacerbates existing campaign ties itself to manager, First Draft Draft) religious and racial The 1619 Project @JacquieSMason From vote to virus, prejudices (Joan Donovan, Brandi- Shireen Mitchell misinformation campaign (Harrison Mantas, Poynter) Collins Dexter, Columbia founder, Stop targets Latinos Journalism Review) ‘An unquestionable truth’: Online Violence (Will Weissert, AP) Religious misinformation in Against Women the coronavirus pandemic @digitalsista (Jaime Longoria, Daniel Olivier Sylvain Acosta Ramos and Madelyn Professor of Law at Webb, First Draft) Fordham University @oliviersylvain

Bridget Todd communications director at UltraViolet @BridgetMarie

Khuram Zaman Adjunct Professor at Georgetown University @zamandigital

6 Commission on Information Cults, Conspiracy Disorder Knowledge Center Theories and Thwarting Online Radicalization

Selected Experts Mis- and disinformation has driven individuals to embrace fringe, on the Topic: radical views. Its roots go back decades as a cyclical relationship Becca Lewis between public curiosity and the media and entertainment industry Ph.D researcher at Stanford and Data have led to the dramatization and amplification of cults and conspir- and Society acy theories. The advent of social media and tech platforms gave rise @beccalew to algorithmic targeting and private online groups, driving people Daniel Koehler deeper into partisan camps and fabricated belief networks resulting Research Fellow at the Polarization and in dangerous, disinfo-fueled events around the world. Extremism Research and Innovation Lab at the “Center for University Reading Resources: Why Countering Violent Could One of Your Excellence (CUE)” of Extremism Programs Are Facebook Friends Be The American University I Escaped the Cult. But I Bad Policy Next QAnon Shaman? Janja Lalich Couldn’t Escape the Cult (The Brennan Center for (John Semley, The Nation) Ph.D., a researcher, Mentality Justice) Facebook’s Militia Mess author, and educator (Narratively, Daniella Young) Online Extremism: Research (Tech Transparency Project) specializing in cults and What we can learn from Trends in Internet , extremist groups 7 Insights From Interviewing conspiracy theories Radicalization, and Counter- Believers Sander van der Linden (BBC, Zaria Gorvett) Strategies (Jigsaw) (International Journal of Professor of Social How to talk to conspiracy Conflict and Violence) Psychology in Society theorists—and still be kind in the Department (Technology Review, Tanya of Psychology at the Basu) University of Cambridge and Director of the Cambridge Social Decision-Making Lab @Sander_vdLinden

Dr. Alexander Meleagrou-Hitchens Research Director of the Program on Extremism at The George Washington University @amhitchens

Peter Neumann founding director, International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation (ICSR) at King’s College @PeterRNeumann

Travis View QAnonymous podcast host @travis_view

7 Commission on Information Decline of Trust Disorder Knowledge Center in Institutions

Selected Experts A decline in trust in American institutions is both a contributing on the Topic: factor in and a victim of information disorder. In 2019, a Pew Martin Gurri Research study showed that the public’s trust in both the federal gov- a former media analyst at the CIA ernment, , and in their personal circles have decreased. @mgurri Prior to the pandemic, a majority of the respondents said they Richard Edelman trusted medical doctors, researchers and scientists, but trust in scien- CEO of Edelman, tists and medical researchers declined. In an essay published in 2020, Edelman Trust Index @richardwedelman Richard Edelman, CEO of the communications firm Edelman, said

Rebecca Stavick “every institution must play its part in restoring facts to their rightful CEO, place at the center of public discourse as the essential step to emerg- Information Trust @RebeccaStavick ing from information bankruptcy.”

Ethan Zuckerman UMass Amherst; former director of the MIT Reading Resources: ‘An Epidemic of Crisis in Democracy: Center for Civic Media. Misinformation.’ New Renewing Trust in America The elites have failed Author of “How Report Finds Trust in (Knight Commission (Vox) do we Regain Trust Social Institutions on Trust, Media and Diminished Further in 2020 Democracy) in Institutions?” How to Put Out (Time) @EthanZ Democracy’s Dumpster Fire 2021 Edelman Trust (The Atlantic) The ongoing fight against Barometer racism in newsrooms (Report) Outgoing Washington (Jon Allsop, Columbia Post editor Marty Baron Most Americans—especially Journalism Review) reflects on the state of Millennials—say libraries American journalism Americans have lost can help them find reliable, (PBS Newshour) faith in institutions. trustworthy information That’s not because of (Pew Research Center) Trump or ‘fake news’ The Global Trust Crisis (Bill Bishop, (Foreign Policy) Washington Post)

8 Commission on Information Crisis in Disorder Knowledge Center and Media

Selected Experts Local news, in crisis before the pandemic, is now facing a cataclysm. on the Topic: Ad revenue has been decimated and consolidation has driven record Elizabeth Green job cuts. Access to critical trustworthy information for millions Co-founder & CEO, Chalkbeat, of Americans is declining at alarming rates across the country. Into @elizwgreen that void has entered partisan information sources, often riddles Graciela Mochkofsky with falsehoods. Local reporters were unprepared to address the Executive Director for onslaught of misleading and false content that spread on social media Center for Community Media and Spanish and via word-of-mouth accounts on testing, masks and vaccines, Language program complicating the information ecosystem even more. director, Craig Newmark Graduate School of Journalism at CUNY @gmochkofsky Reading Resources: Give local journalism a Watch Author Margaret fighting chance by creating Sullivan Explain How the Tracie Powell Losing The News: The a demand for it Decline of Local Journalism founder of All Decimation of Local News (Alan Miller, Poynter) Undermines American Digitocracy and a John and the Search for Solutions Democracy It’s Bigger than : S. Knight Journalism (PEN America—Full report) (Margaret Sullivan, Time) Fellow at Stanford, Time for Mainstream Program Officer, A New Tool To Measure Journalism to Reckon with News And America’s Kids: Borealis The Health Of Local News Monetizing Disinformation How Young People Perceive @TMPowell Ecosystems and Eroding Truth And Are Impacted By (Knight Foundation) (Farai Chideya, Medium) The News Jim Steyer (Common Sense Media) founder, Common Sense How the government can Media, @jimsteyer help save local news without @CommonSense endangering its Margaret Sullivan (Poynter, Steven Waldman, Washington Post Report for America) @Sulliview

Steven Waldman President & Co-founder, Report for America @stevenwaldman

9 Commission on Information Disorder Knowledge Center and Disinformation

Selected Experts Social media has both evolved and complicated the information on the Topic: landscape. Algorithmic targeting and private groups have driven us Joan Donovan further into partisan camps and deepend mistrust into alternative Research Director of the Shorenstein Center viewpoints. Many legacy and digital media are operating in seemingly on Media, Politics and different realities, dependent more so on either political influence or Public Policy at Harvard Kennedy School audience demands. Disinformation campaigns, reaching a crescendo @BostonJoan in the last year demonized officials at all levels of government and Brian Guay expanded into areas of public health. Americans were exposed to Ph.D. Candidate, content that depicted elected leaders and candidates as active dan- Duke University @BrianMGuay gers to their livelihoods and values, with January 6 a consequential

Young Mie Kim outcome. This level of polarization is a critical fracture in the demo- professor, University of cratic fundamental of political discourse. Wisconsin–madison

Dave Rand Professor of Reading Resources: Whose Anger Counts? How shared partisanship Management Science (Whitney Phillips, leads to social media and Brain and Cognitive Social media is making a Boston Review) connections Sciences at MIT bad political situation worse (Peter Dizikes, MIT News) Disinformation Fuels Distrust @DG_Rand (Rani Molla, Vox) And Even Violence At All Facebook Is a Craig Silverman Fake News Gets Levels Of Government Doomsday Machine media editor at More Engagement on (Sarah McCammon, NPR) (Adrienne LaFrance, Buzzfeed Facebook—But Only If It’s The Atlantic) @CraigSilverman Right-Wing (WIRED) Political sectarianism in Whitney Phillips America (Science) professor, Comm & Rhetorical Studies, @wphillips49

10 Commission on Information , the Disorder Knowledge Center Commercial Sector and Disinformation

Selected Experts Areas of concern regarding mis and disinformation are not limited on the Topic: to social media platforms and political discourse. Businesses, Steven Brill corporations and financial markets can be greatly affected by false or Co-CEO, NewsGuard misleading information, intentional and otherwise. Whether it’s to Michelle Ferrier Executive Director manipulate stock prices, damage reputations or target con- at Media Innovation sumer confidence, disinformation has become a dangerous tactic that Collaboratory/Founder, and firms may not be prepared to effec- Troll-Busters.com @mediaghosts tively counter. It’s important to understand how brands, businesses

Chris Perry and companies are currently being targeted and how they respond to Global Chief attacks such as on an organizational level. Innovation Officer, Weber Shandwick @cperry248 Reading Resources: Fake news can cause What Comes After The John Poulos ‘irreversible damage’ to Coherence Crash? CEO, Dominion Trust, Misinformation And companies—and sink (Chris Perry, Medium) Voting Systems (lived Why Brands Need To Be their stock price Mergers: Commission experience expert) More Careful Than Ever (Claire Atkinson, NBC News) (Marian Salzman, Forbes) fines Facebook 110 million Disinformation: Companies for providing misleading Brands Face A New in the crosshairs information about Online Threat: (James Blake, Security WhatsApp takeover Disinformation Attacks Magazine) (2017) (Robert Mcmillan, The Wall Street Journal) Fake news threatens our Dominion vs. Fox News businesses, not just our Filing Business must politics (2020) combat fake news (Matthew F. Ferraro, Dominion Voting Systems (Edelman, 2019) Jason C. Chipman, CEO John Poulos talks Washington Post) elections, death threats Disinformation attacks are and lawsuits spreading. Here are 4 keys (Axios, 2021) to protecting your company (Lisa Kaplan, Fortune)

11 Commission on Information Nation-State Disorder Knowledge Center Threats

Selected Experts Nation-state actors have carried out influence operations during on the Topic: elections in both Europe and the United States. Even though tac- Anne Applebaum tics such as network operations, provocations and the coordinated Atlantic Staff writer @anneapplebaum spreading of disinformation have been revealed, this has not

Graham Brookie deterred the activity from and . Disinformation efforts director of the Atlantic have increased during the pandemic and concerns about future Council’s Digital threats and targets have increased. Forensic Research Lab (DFRLab) @GrahamBrookie Reading Resources: is main target The Fake News Machine: Ron Deibert of Russian disinformation, How Propagandists Abuse director of Citizen Lab Tackling disinformation is EU says the Internet and Manipulate Camille Francois national security issue says (Reuters) the Public chief innovation former NSA general counsel (Trend Micro) (CBS News, Michael Morell Don’t Wait for Them to officer, Graphika Find You: What You Need Chinese hackers @camillefrancois speaks with former NSA general counsel Glenn to Know Today About targeted Uyghurs living in John Kelly Gerstell) Nation-State Threat Actors US, Facebook security CEO, Graphika (Podcast, blog, Secure team finds @apidictionist The Norwegian Intelligence Works) (CNN) Service’s assessment of Alicia Wanless current security challenges The changing landscape Mapping Worldwide director of the (2021) of disinformation and Initiatives to Counter Partnership for cybersecurity threats: A Influence Operations Countering Influence recap from Verify 2019 (Carnegie Endowment for Operations, Carnegie (Hewlett) International Peace) Endowment for International Peace @lageneralista

Clint Watts senior fellow at the Center for Cyber and Homeland Security at George Washington University and a Foreign Policy Research Institute fellow, @selectedwisdom

12 Commission on Information Emerging Disorder Knowledge Center Disinformation Threats

Selected Experts The Capitol siege by white nationalists, Trump supporters and on the Topic: militia groups on January 6 that was grown out of a social media-led Renee DiResta disinformation campaign has revealed new concerns from internet technical research manager at Stanford experts, threat researchers and more. How will tactics evolve, Internet Observatory what sites will bad actors migrate to and what types of digital @noUpside technology will be used to disrupt society in the weeks, months Cameron Hickey and years to come? Program Director for Algorithmic Transparency @cameronhickey Reading Resources: How to deal with AI- Assessing The Real Threat enabled disinformation Posed By Siwei Lyu What will misinformation (John Villasenor, Brookings) Technology SUNY Empire look like in 2030 (and will we (International Banker) Innovation Professor be better at spotting it by Survey XII: Digital New then)? Normal 2025—After the Deepfake master behind Giorgio Patrini Outbreak—Hopes and those viral Tom Cruise CEO of Deeptrace Labs (Laura Hazard Owen, NiemanLab) worries for the evolution of videos says the technology Deborah Raji humans and digital life in should be regulated computer scientist in The Supply of the wake of the arrival of (Fortune) AI accountability Disinformation Will Soon the COVID-19 pandemic @rajiinio Be Infinite (Report, Elon University) (Renee DiResta, Melissa Ryan The Atlantic) digital researcher on Alt-right for CARD Strategies @MelissaRyan

13 Commission on Information Civic Disorder Knowledge Center and Media Literacy

Selected Experts Increasing the public’s media literacy and civic educational on the Topic: understanding has been viewed as a critical solution to the mis Danielle Allen, and disinformation problem American society is facing. Studies by Stephen B. Heintz, and Eric P. Liu research institutions and programs by schools and libraries have chairs, Commission reflected an increasing demand for civic engagement and digital on the Practice of Democratic Citizenship media literacy, and hopes that it can push back against political polarization and online radicalization. Michael Caulfield digital information literacy expert working at Washington State Reading Resources: Massive investment in Alan Miller says National University Vancouver social studies and civics News Literacy Week @holden Media and Information education proposed to is about solving the Literacy: Reinforcing address eroding trust in misinformation “pandemic” Francela Chi de Human Rights, democratic institutions (Jan 2020, CNN’s Reliable Chinchilla Countering Radicalization Joe Heim, Washington Post) Sources podcast) VIP of Partnerships and Extremism at EquisLabs (UNESCO report) Why Civic Education Is Key Want to Stop the Next to Protecting Democracy Crisis? Teaching Cyber Patrisse Cullors Media Literacy & (Douglas F. Challenger, New Citizenship Must Become a co-founder, Black Lives Misinformation: England Board of Higher National Priority Matter Movement Getting Started Education) (Time) @OsopePatrisse (Monmouth Dan Gillmor University resource) Arizona State University, News Co/Lab @dangillmor

Myaisha Hayes Campaign strategies director with Media Justice @MyaishaAyanna

Alan Miller Founder and CEO of the News Literacy Project

Terry Ao Minnis Senior Director of Census and Voting Programs with Asian Americans Advancing Justice, @Tao_Minnis

14 Commission on Information Appendix Disorder Knowledge Center

Recommended readings and resources not shared as materials for commissioners but useful for all those interested in the work surrounding information disorder.

Digital Resources Disinformation @EUvsDisinfo Exploring New Ways Annotated Bibliography (EU East Stratcom to Build Resilience to (The Citizen Lab) Task Force) Misinformation (Jigsaw) Untangle misinformation Political Polarization using predictive media (Pew Research Center) European Digital Media intelligence Observatory Exploring Media Literacy (Newswhip) Education as a Tool for How Social Media Has Media & Migration Lab Mitigating Truth Decay Harmed the Growth of (University of Central (Rand.org) Democratic Culture by Florida) Design Media Literacy Education (Berkley Center) Misinformation, in Libraries for Adult Disinformation and What Audiences The Infodemic Cleanse: Government Can Do (American Library How to detoxify your About Them Association) information diet (Governing.com) (Marc Ambinder)

Case Studies, Reports Shifting attention to Joan Donovan’s Media Online Extremism: Research and Examples accuracy can reduce Manipulation Case Study Trends in , misinformation online Radicalization, and Counter- (Nature) Strategies What Americans Know and (International Journal of Birtherism of a Nation Don’t Know about Facebook Conflict and Violence) (The Atlantic) and Google (Center for Media Do we need a Paris Butterfly Attack: The Engagement, UT-Austin) Agreement for tech? Here’s Origins Of Fake what world leaders and tech Social Media Accounts How disinformation chiefs say () evolved in 2020 (World Economic Forum) (Brookings) Fake news victims are Collaborative Models for using lawsuits to shut down “This is Our House!” A Understanding Influence the lies. Can courts cure Preliminary Assessment Operations: Lessons this plague? of the Capitol Hill Siege From Defense Research (USA Today) Participants (Carnegie Endowment for (Program on Extremism, International Development) George Washington University)

15 Commission Information Disorder Alice Marwick Dean Freelon Brendan Nyhan on Information Academics Associate Professor of Associate professor, political science Disorder and UNC Hussman School of professor, Dartmouth Knowledge Principal Researcher at the Journalism and Media @BrendanNyhan Center for Information, @dfreelon Lisa-Maria Neudert Center Technology and Public Life Sam Wooley Ph.D candidate, Oxford @alicetiara Researcher and assistant Commission on AI Marc-André Argentino professor with a focus & Good Governance Research Fellow, on emerging media @lmneudert International Centre for and Irene Pasquetto the Study of Radicalisation propaganda, UT-Austin Assistant Professor at the @_MAArgentino @samuelwoolley University of Mutale NKonde School of Information CEO, AI for the People, @IrenePasquetto AI advisor to UN @mutalenkonde

Information Disorder Chloe Colliver Jiore Craig Nina Jankowitz Researchers digital policy and Vice President and disinformation fellow, research at Institute for Director of the Digital The Wilson Center Strategic Dialogue Global Practice at GQR Research @wiczipedia @ChloeColliver2 @JioreC

Information Disorder Maria Ressa Jane Lytvynenko Daniel Funke Journalists co-founder of Rappler senior reporter, staff writer, PolitiFact @mariaressa Buzzfeed News @dpfunke @JaneLytv Brandy Zadrozny Will Sommer senior reporter, NBC News Ben Collins Politics reporter, @BrandyZadrozny senior reporter, NBC News @oneunderscore__ @willsommer Davey Alba reporter, Donie O’Sullivan Kevin Roose The Times reporter, CNN tech , @daveyalba @donie @kevinroose Shayan Sardarizadeh , BBC @Shayan86

Information Disorder Ben Nimmo Alexios Mantzarlis in Tech Global IO Threat Intel News and Information Lead, Facebook Credibility Lead, Google @benimmo @Mantzarlis

Information Disorder Louise Dube John King Hahrie Han and Civics Executive Director, iCivics fmr Education Secretary in political scientist at Johns @louise_dube the Obama Administration Hopkins University and @JohnBKing Inaugural Director of the Peter Levine SNF Agora Institute Associate Dean for Archon Fung @hahriehan Research, The Jonathan M. Citizenship and Self- Tisch College of Civic Life Government, Harvard at Tufts University Kennedy School @peterlevine @Arfung

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