What’s New in National Ambient Air Quality Standards?

Cindy Hodges & Tracey McDonald Air Quality Evaluation Section MDEQ-Air Quality Division

June 21, 2016 MECC Conference

What is the NAAQS?

Ambient air quality standards established by the USEPA to protect public health and welfare (among other things).

Pollutants monitored

• Nitrogen dioxide • Carbon monoxide • Particulate matter • Sulfur dioxide • Lead • Ozone • AQD monitors other things, not for NAAQS o Volatile organic compounds, semi-volatile organic compounds, metals, meteorological measurements History of NAAQS 1971 1978 1979 1987 1997 2006 2008 2010 2012 2015 CO 1 hour maximum: 35 ppm (1x per year). 8 hour maximum: 9 ppm (1x per year). Lead Calendar quarter average: 1.5 µg/m3. 3-month average: 0.15 µg/m3. NO2 Annual average: 53 ppb. 98th %ile of 1-hour: 100 ppb (3 years). Annual average: retained.

SO2 24-hour maximum: 0.14 ppm (1x per year). 1-hour average of 99th %ile: 75 ppb (3 Annual average: 0.03 ppm. year average). Previous revoked.

Ozone Total 1-hour maximum: 0.12 ppm 4th highest daily 4th highest daily 4th highest daily photochemical (1x per year). maximum 8 hour: maximum 8 hour: maximum 8 hour: 0.070 oxidants: 0.08 ppm (3-year 0.075 ppm (3-year ppm (3-year average). 1-hour: 0.08 average). average). ppm (>1x per year). P TSP & 24-hour average: 260 µg/m3 24-hour average: 150 µg/m3 Annual average: revoked. 24-hour average: retained a PM10 (1x per year). (1x/ year over 3 years). r Annual mean: 75 µg/m3. Annual mean: 50 µg/m3 (3-year t average). i PM2.5 Annual mean: Annual mean: Annual mean: 12.0 µg/m3 (3- c 15.0 µg/m3 (3- retained year average). u year average). 98th %ile of 24-hour 98th %ile of 24-hour average: th l 98 %ile of average: 35 µg/m3 retained 24-hour a (3-year average). t average: 65 e µg/m3 (3-year s average) Oxides of Nitrogen NO2 1971 1978 1979 1987 1997 2006 2008 2010 2012 2015 NO2 Annual average: 53 ppb. 1-hour: 100 ppb Annual avg: retained

Houghton Lake

Wayne County Monitors Livonia E. Seven Mile Roadway Eliza Howell (2) Grand Rapids-Monroe (NOy) Lansing Allen Park (NOy) NO2

The 2010 NO2 NAAQS Eliza Howell Near Road • added 1-hr standard • included a Near Road component Ø Phase 1: Eliza Howell Park in (2 sites) Ø Phase 2: I-96/Telegraph in Detroit Ø Phase 3: Grand Rapids (may be withdrawn by EPA) NO2

3-year average of the 98th percentile of 1-hr values 120

100ppb- 2010 NO2 NAAQS 100 Lansing

80 Houghton Lake ppb - E-7 Mile 60 Eliza Howell Roadway Concentration 40 Eliza Howell Downwind 20 NAAQS Standard

0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Three Year Average, Ending in Year. . . has not had an NO2 non-attainment area for the annual or 1- hour NAAQS since it was promulgated (1971). Carbon Monoxide CO 1971 1978 1979 1987 1997 2006 2008 2010 2012 2015

CO 1 hour maximum: 35 ppm 8 hour maximum: 9 ppm

Wayne County Monitors Livonia Roadway Eliza Howell (2) Grand Rapids- Monroe Allen Park • Been in attainment since the ‘80s • It’s rarely a concern • Nothing new on the horizon

Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10) PM 1971 1978 1979 1987 1997 2006 2008 2010 2012 2015 TSP & TSP: PM10: PM10: PM10 24-hr avg: 260 µg/m3 24-hr avg:150 µg/m3 24-hr avg: retained Annual mean: 75 µg/m3 Annual mean : 50 µg/m3 Annual avg: revoked PM2.5 24-hr avg: 65 24-hr avg: 35 24-hr avg: retained µg/m3 µg/m3 Annual mean: 12.0 µg/m3 Annual mean: Annual mean: 15.0 µg/m3 retained PM Particulate Matter

Sault Ste. Marie Seney • Currently in attainment for all PM standards.

Houghton Lake • EPA is starting their Manistee Wayne County Bay City Monitors next round of reviews, E. Seven Mile Livonia (2) Flint Linwood Port Huron Grand Rapids-Monroe W. Lafayette Grand Rapids-Wealthy Dearborn if kept on schedule, New Haven W. Fort St.

Holland Oak Park Lansing Allen Park Kalamazoo Wyandotte Ypsilanti NAAQS due in 2017. Coloma Tecumseh o PM ultrafine? nd o 2 : Urban visibility? PM Annual Average Concentrations

250 TSP, PM10 NAAQS Standard PM2.5 NAAQS Standard SWHS TSP SWHS PM2.5 SWHS PM10 200

Particulate 150

Matter 100 1987 PM10

Particulate ug/m3 Concentration Particulate NAAQS 2012 PM2.5 NAAQS 50 1971 TSP NAAQS 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS 0

Year

Michigan has had non-attainment areas in Southeast Michigan. Currently in attainment for all PM standards. Sulfur Dioxide SO2 1971 1978 1979 1987 1997 2006 2008 2010 2012 2015 SO2 24-hr max: 0.14 ppm (1x per year). 1-hr avg: 75 ppb. Previous Annual avg: 0.03 ppm. revoked.

Wayne County Monitors

Grand Rapids-Monroe Port Huron W. Fort St. Lansing Allen Park SO2 2010 Standard Step 1 – SE Michigan • State had to look at monitored violations and model sources of > 100 tpy in the area • A monitor violated 75 ppb standard (SWHS - 96 ppb) • We negotiated and EPA designated area as nonattainment in 2013 • AQD submitted State Implementation Plan (SIP) in May 2016 (Parallel FIP) • SIP provides for compliance by Fall 2018 by controlling SO2 sources o Carmeuse Lime o US Steel o DTE o DTE Trenton Channel o EES Coke* SO2

SO2 NAA in Southeast Michigan

SO2 2010 Standard Step 2 – St. Clair County • Modeled sources meeting criteria (except those in NAA) • Looked at 7 facilities w/Electrical Generating Units • DTE Belle River / St. Clair • AQD recommended a NAA boundary in Sept 2015 (red) • EPA should designate NAA soon • AQD must submit SIP around Dec of 2017 • SIP provides for compliance by June 2021 SO2 2010 Standard Step 3 – Northern Michigan • Sources emitting > 2000 tpy of SO2 that aren’t covered by other two steps • Two sources fit o Lafarge in Alpena (cement) o Escanaba Paper • Two “paths” - monitoring or modeling o Both are choosing modeling (actuals) • Recommend NAA by Jan 2017

SO2

th 150 SO2: 99 Percentile of Max Daily 1-Hrs 140 130 120 110 100 90 SWHS 80 70 Port Huron 60 NAAQS* (Adopted

parts per biollion (ppb) biollion per parts 50 in 2010) 40 *99th percentile of 1-hr 30 daily maximum, 20 10 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Three Year Average, Ending in Year… Lead (Pb) Pb 1971 1978 1979 1987 1997 2006 2008 2010 2012 2015

Lead Calendar quarter average: 1.5 µg/m3. 3-month average: 0.15 µg/m3.

East Jordan

Wayne County Monitors Vassar Belding (2) Port Huron-Rural Dearborn Grand Rapids- Monroe Oakland Co Int’l Allen Park Airport DEQ monitor Shutdown monitor Lead non- attainment area

Pb

• EPA is proposing to retain the current Lead standards without Chart based on EPA’s 2002 National Emission Inventory (NEI) with modifications documented in Tom Pace’s 05/01/08 revision (Jan 2015) memorandum and Marion Hoyer’s 05/12/08 and 05/14/08 memoranda to the docket. • DEQ submitted a Request for Redesignation to Attainment for 2008 Lead NAAQS Standard in January 2016. Pb

1.6

1.4 1978 NAAQS Standard 1.2 NAAQS Dearborn 1 Belding Merrick St

0.8 Belding Reed St

0.6 2008 NAAQS 0.4 Lead Concentration ug/m3 Lead Concentration 0.2

0 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 Year Pb Close-up of recent 5 years

3 Month Average for Lead 2010-2015

Merrick St-Belding Reed St-Belding

0.30

0.25

0.20

0.15 ug/m3

0.10

0.05

0.00

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Ozone O3 1971 1978 1979 1987 1997 2006 2008 2010 2012 2015 Ozone TPO: 1-hour max: 0.12 ppm 8 hour: 0.08 ppm 8 hour: 0.075 ppm 8 hour: 0.070 ppm 1-hour: 0.08 ppm

Sault Ste. Seney Marie

Benzonia Houghton Lake Manistee Scottville Harbor Beach Wayne County Monitors Muskegon-Green Creek E. Seven Evans Otisville Flint Port Huron Mile

Grand Rapids-Monroe Rose Lake Jenison New Haven Holland Lansing Oak Park Warren Allen Park Kalamazoo Ypsilanti Coloma Cassopolis Tecumseh O3 Ozone Trend 0.25

East 7 Mile O3 NAAQS Standard

0.2

0.15 2015 8-Hour NAAQS 1997 8-Hour NAAQS 2008 8-Hour 0.1 1971 1-Hour NAAQS NAAQS

1 hr 8 hr Ozone Concentration ppm Concentration Ozone 0.05

0

Year O3 2015 Ozone Standard • Reduced the NAAQS to 0.070 ppm • Adjusts the Air Quality Index breakpoints o Index used to communicate air quality to the public o More Clean Air Action Days • Extends the monitoring season (Mar-Oct) • New monitoring provisions o More monitoring of organics

O3 O3 Ozone Trend

0.105

0.100

0.095 Holland

0.090 Grand Rapids ppm

- Houghton 0.085 Lake Lansing 0.080 Flint Concentration Concentration 0.075 Port Huron

0.070 Seney

0.065 NAAQS

0.060 O3 Potential Ozone Non-attainment

Seney Sault Ste Marie

Based on 8-hr NAAQS of 0.070 ppm 2013-2015 data Frankfort Hoxyville Manistee Houghton Lake Scottville KEY: Harbor Beach MDEQ monitors over Unionville maximum value MDEQ monitors under Muskegon Evans Flint Otisville maximum value Port Huron Grand Rapids Tribal monitors over Jension Rose Lake Oak maximum value Park New Haven Tribal monitors under Lansing Holland Warren maximum value Ypsilanti Kalamazoo E. Seven Mile Coloma Allen Park Ann Arbor Tecumseh Cassapolis O3 Timeline - Implementation of Standard • By October 1, 2016: States (and tribes) recommend the boundaries of the non-attainment area(s). Based on 2013-2015 air quality data o Use Five Factor Analysis: Air Quality Data, Emissions Data, Meteorology, Geography, Jurisdictional Boundaries

• By June 1, 2017: EPA responds to states initial recommendations by proposing their own boundaries. EPA then takes comments on their proposal.

• By October 1, 2017: EPA issues final area designations; those designations likely would be based on 2014-2016 air quality data.

• 2020 to 2021: States and tribes complete attainment demonstrations (SIP), outlining how they will reduce pollution to meet the standards.

• 2020 to 2037: States are required to meet the primary (health) standard, with deadlines depending on the severity of an area’s ozone problem. O3 Requirements for NAA Classifications

i-SIP M S Emissions Inventory e a r r i Attainment in 3 years (Marginal) M o g u Attainment in 6 years (Moderate) i o s d , n S Nonattainment NSR – LAER and offsets 1.1:1 (marginal) a e e r v 1.15:1 (moderate), alternative site analysis l e a r t e RACT for NOx and VOC , e E x 15% VOC reduction t r e Vehicle Inspection/Maintenance m e Enhanced monitoring plans, clean fuels programs, VMT demo….. O3 Maximum allowable for 2016 th (4 high not to exceed in ppb) Holland Port Huron Lansing Max to meet Max to meet Max to meet Standard: 63 Standard: 66 Standard: 83

So far: So far: So far: 84, 80, 78, 76 82, 79, 78, 66 78, 76, 73, 70

2015: 72 2015: 75 2015: 64 2014: 77 2014: 71 2014: 65

(As of June 16, 2016) What’s on the horizon? Upcoming activities • EPA is supposed to evaluate each NAAQS every 5 years • Each NAAQS is at a different stage of review • State SIP milestones are at different stages o 2010 SO2 o 2015 Ozone o 2008 Lead o All others in attainment Near Road Monitoring: In September 2015 MDEQ received grant to collect air toxics data at two near road sites. Sampling to run for two years, beginning Spring 2016.

A New Monitoring Station in 48217 (EJ area in Detroit). Possible start date in July 2016.

Monitoring at Refineries: Perimeter benzene monitoring. Two week passive monitors must encircle the facility.

Coming up! • Regional Haze changes • Citizen Science Monitoring o Toolbox for personal air sensors https://www.epa.gov/air-research/air-sensor-toolbox-citizen-scientists • Climate change o Clean Power Plan o Vehicle standards • Transport of pollutants to other states (CSAPR) Thank you!