UEFA EURO 2004 in Portugal

.SIAK-Journal – Zeitschrift für Polizeiwissenschaft und polizeiliche Praxis

Gomes, Paulo Valente (2005): UEFA EURO 2004 in Portugal. 10 Key-Issues for a successful tournament SIAK-Journal − Zeitschrift für Polizeiwissenschaft und polizeiliche Praxis (1), 3-10.

doi: 10.7396/2005_1_A

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Gomes, Paulo Valente (2005). UEFA EURO 2004 in Portugal. 10 Key-Issues for a successful tournament, SIAK-Journal − Zeitschrift für Polizeiwissenschaft und polizeiliche Praxis (1), 3-10, Online: http://dx.doi.org/10.7396/2005_1_A.

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Online publiziert: 4/2014 AUSGABE 1/2005

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10 Key-Issues for a successful tournament Paulo Valente UEFA EURO 2004 in Portugal Gomes

The organization of a European Foot- the one hand, provide clear guarantees for Paulo Valente Gomes is a ball Championship, the third major the Portuguese people that public funds senior police officer of the sport event in the world, is one of the would properly used in the construction of Portuguese Public Safety greatest challenges for every European the stadiums and, on the other hand, en- Police. country. It requires huge financial, sure that these stadiums would be comple- human and technical resources, the ted on time and in compliance with all the review of coordination, organizational prerequisites set down by UEFA2. structures and strategies, the reinforcement of international cooperation net- Tasks and responsibilities. In the securi- works and, last but not the least, the ty preparations of every major event, it is motivation and mobilisation of the pop- vital that tasks and responsibilities of the ulation, so as to create the environment different parties are clear and that there for conviviality amongst many people are no gaps between each one's jurisdic- coming from all over the world. This tion. The Portuguese Government ensured championship is a unique opportunity its full responsibility for security and safety for a country's projection in the interna- out of the security perimeters of the stadi- tional arena, promoting its culture and ums and, in case of public order incident, its ability to successfully organize a also inside those perimeters. The organ- major event. izer would be responsible for security and safety inside those perimeters, under nor- Organizational structure. The organiza- mal conditions, ensuring the implementa- tional model chosen for the tournament tion of a private security and safety struc- was completely different from those of the ture and the necessary conditions for the previous tournaments. Instead of assigning work of the public services inside those the organisation of the tournament to the perimeters. Since the beginning, coopera- Paulo Valente Gomes, Dr. national FA (model of EURO 96) or cre- tion between the State bodies and the ating a specific foundation (model of organiser was very fruitful and healthy. Degree in Police Studies and EURO 2000), UEFA and the Portuguese Every party was aware of its duties and Law, and a master in Law and Government decided that the best option responsibilities and aware of the fact that Security Management (French would be to create two different anony- security and safety were the major priority High Police College and Lyon mous societies – Portugal 2004 and EURO in the organisation of the tournament. University). Deputy Head of 2004 – with different social objects: As a result of this tournament, Portugal the Internal Security • on one side, PORTUGAL 2004, S.A. could improve radically the stadiums secu- Coordinating Office and the would be accountable for monitoring and Deputy Head of the State controlling the construction programme of Committee for the Security and the stadiums and other infra-structures. Safety of UEFA EURO 2004, The State had a share of 95% and the at the Minister of the Interior Portuguese FA 5% of the actions; and and the 1st Vice-Chairman of Vocabulary: • on the other side, the real organizer of the Standing Committee of the the tournament, EURO 2004, S.A., respon- challenge = Herausforderung European Convention on sible for the design, planning, promotion reinforcement = Verstärkung Spectators Violence, of the conviviality = Fröhlichkeit and organisation. This society had the fol- tournament = Turnier Council of Europe. lowing share: UEFA: 55%; Portuguese FA: to assign = zuteilen e-mail: 1 accountable = verantwortlich 40%; and State: 5% . to estimate = schätzen [email protected]; The Portuguese Government estimated in compliance with = unter Beachtung (Einhal- [email protected] that the creation of PORTUGAL 2004, S.A. tung, Befolgung) von prerequisites = Voraussetzung, was crucial for implementing a transparent Grundvoraussetzung programme of supervision which would, on

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rity and safety management model, intro- was the review of the private security sys- ducing the new following features: tem, including for the first time a steward- In the security preparations of every • clear share of security and safety respon- ing system under its umbrella. On the other major event, it is vital that tasks and sibilities between the organiser and police/ hand, the legislator took the opportunity to responsibilities of the different parties gendarmerie, review the law on sport-related violence, are clear and that there are no gaps • private management of security inside the which had been enacted in 19983. These between each one's jurisdiction. stadiums: implementation of a command are some of the main innovations of the and control room and a stewarding system, reviewed law: security forces must check headed by the stadium security coordina- security conditions, previously: if missing tor, security measures are not adopted by the • possibility of a volunteering system, as a organizer, the event is cancelled (art. 20, complement of stewarding, pars. 1 and 2); police/gendarmerie have a • stadiums emergency plans (internal/ subsidiary responsibility inside the stadium external), perimeter, if public order incidents occur, • stadiums internal regulations and and the police/gendarmerie commander is Security and safety were the major • significant improvement of comfort, the only one entitled to take the stadium priority in the organisation of the safety and security in the new stadiums. evacuation decision (art. 20, pars. 3 and tournament. 4). For the first time, several sport-related Legal Framework. With a view to the se- behaviours are considered as crimes, curity and safety of the tournament, the namely: black-market (art. 21); qualified Government enacted several laws and damage (art. 22); participation in fight, on a regulations, with the following purposes: journey to/from the match (art. 23); throw- • implement the coordinating structures for ing "missiles" into the competition area the event, (art. 24); invasion of restricted areas (art. • adopt the principles and guidelines of 25); and riots (art. 26). international regulations and recommenda- The Government also decided to enact a tions in the fields of security at football temporary law addressed to improve the There was a very significant review venues and international police cooperat- efficiency of the police, criminal justice and and update of the legal framework in ion and exchange of information, immigration systems, namely, in order to the field of security and, more specifi- • systematise and modernise the national tackle hooliganism4. cally, the security at sports grounds, legal framework on security and safety at This law, whose period of force was the since law, for its deterring and preven- sports venues, 1st of June to the 11th of July 2004, imple- tative nature, could minor the possibili- • review the private security legal frame- mented provisions such as: ty of disorder and violent behaviour work and implement the stewarding • shift courts, for summary criminal proce- during the tournament. system under its umbrella and dures, in the hosting and neighbouring • temporarily reinforce the police/gendar- cities, merie, judicial and immigration service • coactive measures: possible to prohibit powers as regards public order, criminal attendance, absence and contacts, as a procedure and deportation procedures, respectively. There was a very significant review and update of the legal framework in the field of security and, more specifically, the security Vocabulary: at sports grounds, since law, for its deterring and preventative nature, could minor tournament = Turnier venue = Veranstaltungsort the possibility of disorder and violent riot = Ausschreitung, Tumult, Aufstand behaviour during the tournament. A first provision = Regelung, Vorkehrung topic that was addressed by the legislator

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SECURITY & SAFETY MACROSTRUCTURE Prime Minister High Council for UEFA EURO 2004TM Internal Security Minister of the Interior

Secretary of State of the Interior Strategic Guidance coactive measure, when there is strong Coordination evidence of crime, STATE COMMITTEE FOR THE SECURITY AND SAFETY FOR EURO 2004 • police/gendarmerie are able to use elec- General Co-Ordinator tronic surveillance devices in public places, Deputy Co-Ordinator on a permanent basis, to capture and Portugal 2004, SA & EURO 2004, SA Representatives of Security & Safety Forces/Services record image and sound, with a view to (GNR, PSP, PJ, SEF, SIS, DGAM, INAC, SNBPC, INEM) react promptly to public disturbances and Operational Guidance - National Level to collect relevant criminal evidence, • exceptional cautionary police measures: prevention and safety body search, to sup- fety & National National porters and their equipment, in public National National National National Coordinator for Coordinator Coordinator Coordinator for Coordinator for Logistics Coordinator for Structural Sa transports, to avoid introduction of danger- for Public Safety hnological Devices Administration & Private Security for Public Security Medical Emergency ous objects; in crowded public places, to Tec Operations violent-prone supporters, their equipment Civil Protection and vehicles; to bring a suspect to a police Public Security Private Security station, either for complete identification or Security Forces Local Level for preventive reasons; for special security reasons, a criminal police official can forbid suspects from acceding to specific public places/events, for up to 48 hours. security agencies: PJ (Judiciary Police), The Government also decided to National Coordination. The coordination SEF (Immigration Service), SIS (Security enact a temporary law addressed to between the national security and safety Intelligence Service), DGAM/PM (Maritime improve the efficiency of the police, agencies, the agencies acting in the differ- Police) and INAC (Civil Aviation National criminal justice and immigration ent public policies, the national and local Authority). systems, namely, in order to tackle level and between the State and the organ- The Committee had the following powers hooliganism. izer are a matter of great importance for and responsibilities: implement the general the overall success of a major tournament guidelines, according to national and inter- involving such different issues and levels. national legislation; approve the master The Council of Ministers' Resolution plan and the security specific plans of nº 109/2002, July 24th, set up the State every national agency; advice on the oper- Committee for the Security & Safety of ational scenarios; advice on the internal EURO 2004, responsible for coordinating and external emergency plans; approve all the national agencies and bodies con- the security perimeters of the stadiums; tributing for the security and safety of the advice on the recruitment, training and tournament. qualification of stewards; ensure close co- For the Portuguese public administra- This Committee was coordinated by the tion, the organization of such a tourna- secretary-general of the National Security ment had a huge impact on the people Coordinating Office, which, as general co- and public organizations perceived ordinator of the Committee, guided the cooperation and coordination. action of: Vocabulary: • the national coordinators (also represen- ting their agencies) for the following six electronic surveillance devices = elektronische Überwachungsapparate (-geräte) main areas: Public Security; Safety, Struc- cautionary police measures = warnende Polizei- tural & Technological Safety; Private Se- maßnahmen violent prone = zu Gewalt geneigt curity, Administration & Logistics and Medi- tournament = Turnier cal Emergency, and advice = Rat, Ratschlag, Empfehlung, Vorschlag • the representatives from other national

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Football fans during the operation with foreign police services; ensure coordination between the organiser, EURO 2004 in Portugal. police and safety and local authorities; monitor compliance with security and safety laws and regulations, during the construction of the stadiums; advice on the ticketing policy (tickets and accreditation); and proposition of legislative measures. For the Portuguese public administration, the organization of such a tournament had a huge impact on the people and public organizations perceived cooperation and coordination. The focus of different public bodies and agencies on the same objec- tive, forced them to review and change several principles and practices, adapting themselves to work in a more collaborative way, both horizontally and vertically. The tournament was a real laboratory, in the sense that it enable the public administration, at almost all levels, to test its ability to cooperate and coordinate different people and organizations with the very same goal: the success of UEFA EURO TM 2004 . The outcomes are quite positive, since cooperation and coordination proved to be effective and a new collaborative attitude was implemented in the different security and safety agencies.

Police Profile. Police and gendarmerie profile and approach was a key-factor for the success of the tournament, since the cool and friendly attitude and behaviour of police officers and gendarmes on the spot prevented several potentially violent situations and minor incidents from escalating. All the principles and guidelines in this regard were effectively carried out by the front line officers and commanders. Policing should be carried out balancing discretion in procedures with a suppor- ting and deterring visibility, within the following gradation5:

Police and gendarmerie profile and approach was a key-factor for the success of the tournament, since the cool • Assistance and civic support, and friendly attitude and behaviour of • Deterrence by presence and attitude, police officers and gendarmes on the • Intervention, in order to know and solve problems, spot prevented several potentially violent • Repression, in a proportional way, to re-establish normal situation with previous situations and minor incidents from warning when possible and convenient. escalating.

Police Units. Moreover, the use of police units on the field, addressed to re-establish and maintain public order, was grounded in the following four criteria: • Prevention, ensured by the significant increase of police/gendarmerie presence, namely in the most critical areas of the pre-positioning of specialized units and of the adoption of deterring tactics,

• Knowledge of the situation using updated and reliable information provided by the Vocabulary: national and/or local police information centres, • Flexibility, grounded in reserve units with high mobility and in policing tactics easi- compliance = Erlaubnis, Zustimmung accreditation = Beglaubigung ly adaptable to rapid changes, attitude = Haltung • Proportionality enabling a rapid and effective response in a necessary way and gradation = Abstufung, Einteilung deterrence = Abschreckung within the respect of the citizens' fundamental rights and liberties. attitude = Haltung Once again, the low profile and non-provocative attitude in normal situations and convenient = geeignet, passend a tactical intervention based in a gradual response according to the seriousness of

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the incident proved to be the more effective useful information, mutual expectations policing approach. A high profile police pre- and needs and sence in peaceful but potentially violent sit- • the increasing role of the diplomatic re- A high profile police presence in uations can be perceived as provocative presentatives in the preparation of the tour- peaceful but potentially violent situa- by violent prone fans and be the pretext for nament ensuring the liaison and imple- tions can be perceived as provocative violence escalation. menting services for adequate response to by violent prone fans and be the pre- their nationals before and during the tour- text for violence escalation. International Cooperation and Ex- nament. change of Information. Information on supporters, namely the violent-prone and Technology. Communication and informa- violent ones, as well as the adoption of tion technologies are more and more preventative measures in the home coun- important for the effectiveness of the police tries is vital for organizing a peaceful inter- work and for the adequate management of national football competition. Experience a major international event. In the con- of UEFA EURO 2004 reinforced the follo- struction or reconstruction of stadiums, wing best practices in the field of internatio- command and control rooms, thousands of nal police cooperation: CCTV cameras inside and outside the sta- • effective national policies, like the British diums, electronic turning styles and other Communication and information tech- one, based on the identification and prose- safety technologies were implemented in nologies are more and more important cution of violent supporters, preventing the sporting infra-structures. Besides that, for the effectiveness of the police work them from leaving the country before and new communication systems and jamming and for the adequate management of during the tournament, and on maximizing devices, video conference between the po- a major international event. the positive role of social-educational initia- lice headquarters were set up, enabling the tives, security and safety services to have up- • the role of bilateral agreements, which dated and relevant information. Explo- facilitates the relationship and practical sives detection, accreditation and ticketing procedures in the fields of exchange of were further areas where new technolo- police intelligence, criminal justice cooper- gies were important tools for a safe and ation and deportation of citizens, secure environment. • the importance of selecting and training Nevertheless, national authorities and skilled and motivated members of the na- the organizer of the tournament were al- tional police delegations, ways very keen to ensure the balance bet- • the role of spotters in assisting and sup- ween security and safety, on one hand, porting local police/gendarmerie in the and the civil liberties and the festive nature Nevertheless, national authorities and field, namely through the identification, liai- of the event, on the other side. the organizer of the tournament were son, prosecution and guidance of their always very keen to ensure the balan- national supporters, ce between security and safety, on • the extensive interpretation of the EU one hand, and the civil liberties and legislation as regards the constitution of the festive nature of the event, on the police delegations, including new areas of other side. Vocabulary: cooperation such as terrorism, immigration and liaison with international judicial co- violence-prone = zu Gewalt geneigt tournament = Turnier operation, expectation = Erwartung • the importance of previous meetings and CCTV camera (closed circuit television camera) = Überwachungskamera discussions between police forces of the jamming device = Stauvorrichtung organizing and participating countries, detection = Entdeckung, Erkennung together with the leaders of the relevant accreditation = Beglaubigung supporters groups, in order to exchange

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Media Policy. At the strategic level, the and the cities' events programmes were relationship with the national and interna- critical factors for creating a relaxing and This relationship between the security tional media was ensured by the general friendly atmosphere. UEFA sponsored, for national officials and the media was coordinator of the State Committee for the the first time, the implementation of an built in a consistent way and based on Security and Safety of EURO 2004 and his European-level coordinating structure, truth, confidence and objectiveness. deputy, respectively, in order to make sure headed by FARE, which worked together that the message was the same. This rela- with some of the major national football tionship between the security national offi- fans' associations in the implementation of cials and the media was built in a consist- fan embassies during UEFA EURO 2004TM. ent way and based on truth, confidence Moreover, there was an important political and objectiveness. There was always a engagement in rising the awareness of clear separation between the information local mayors of the hosting and lodging on the security policy, which was up to the cities, about the relevant role of the local heads of the Committee or the political hospitality policies, which proved to be level, and the technical or policing issues, quite effective in the preparation of the which were up to the local commanders or cities for the event, in providing attractive their press and public relations officers. events programmes and, last but not least, The media were part of the security strat- in mobilizing the local communities for the The media were part of the security egy as a relevant tool for passing over, tournament. strategy as a relevant tool for passing both internally and abroad, the message over, both internally and abroad, the on the security concept, the police/gendar- Community Engagement. The mobilisa- message on the security concept, the merie profile and approaches, the national tion of the vast majority of the Portuguese police/gendarmerie profile and authorities' expectations on the foreign around the tournament, contributing in a approaches, the national authorities' supporters' behaviour. It was very impor- significant way for the friendly and convi- expectations on the foreign tant to explain, through the press, that cer- vial atmosphere, and, more specifically, supporters' behaviour. tain incidents were not connected or nec- around the Portuguese national team was essarily linked with football fans or the tour- a very interesting phenomenon, from sev- nament itself, in order to avoid an escala- eral perspectives. One of the factors that tion of football-related violence. were behind this sociological phenomenon were communication abilities of the coach Prevention and Hospitality Policies. The of the national team, whose wishes mobi- security concept drawn up by the State lized every Portuguese around the nation- committee, as well as the security concept al team, and, through it, around the nation- of the organizer considered social-educa- al symbols, rising the national pride and tional prevention measures, like the con- self-esteem of the people to unprecedent- In short, the success of the tourna- tacts with the leaders of relevant support- ed levels. The positive results of the Portu- ment in terms of security could be ers' groups, fan-embassies, fan-coaching guese national team seemed to be, at the summarized in 6 Cs: Capacity, Com- same time, the consequence and the munication, Co-ordination, cause for that collective positive wave, Co-operation, Confidence and which also had a positive impact on the Conviviality. welcoming way local people hosted foreign Vocabulary: supporters. Another positive factor for en-

tournament = Turnier gaging all the community was the televi- fan-embassies= Fan Botschaften sion broadcasting policy, agreed upon by ability = Fähigkeit, Vermögen, Begabung the public and private channels, which en- national pride = Nationalstolz self-esteem = Selbstachtung abled the free broadcasting of all the ma- unprecedented = beispiellos tches of the tournament in one of the four channels.

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Zusammenfassung

Last but not least, the high quality of the Die Organisation der Europäischen players, the excellent work of the referees, Fußballmeisterschaft – der weltweit high competitiveness and the increasing drittgrößten sportlichen Veranstaltung uncertainty of the results, focused press – ist eine große Herausforderung für and every people's attentions on the pitch, jedes europäische Land. In einer Welt on pure football, rather than in lateral and voll von Risken und Ungewissheiten accessory issues like football-related vio- kommen Sicherheitsfragen bei Groß- Vocabulary: lence. veranstaltungen eine besondere Be- referee = Schiedsrichter deutung zu. Ihnen kommt, eingebettet competitiveness = Konkurrenzfähigkeit Final remarks. Behind this apparently in eine klar definierte Strategie, ein attitude = Haltung equipped = ausgerüstet, ausgestattet sein amazing success is the planning and oper- besonderer Stellenwert für den Erfolg to predict = vorhersagen, voraussagen ational capacity, the willingness and pro- eines großen internationalen Sporter- fessional attitude of the organizer, the eignisses zu. Die UEFA EURO im Som- State agencies and their personnel, the mer 2004 wurde in Portugal veranstaltet national community and the supporters. und sowohl hinsichtlich der sportlichen Besides the favourable environment cre- Ergebnisse als auch der gewährleiste- ated through the motivation and engage- ten Sicherheit für alle Teilnehmer als er- ment of the vast majority of the Portuguese folgreiches Turnier anerkannt. people and the very good sporting results Der Artikel befasst sich mit zehn of the Portuguese national team, perhaps Merkmalen, die als Grundsätze für den the most important factors, as regards Bereich Sicherheit identifiziert wurden. security, were the low profile of policing Möglicherweise die wichtigsten Fak- and a pre-positioning, gradual and quick toren dieser Sicherheitsstrategie sind response to incidents, on one side, and an die auf die Kunden gerichtete Aufmerk- Roteiro the official effective international police cooperation samkeit – sowohl intern als auch ex- football of the EURO. and exchange of police intelligence (exit bans), which prevented several thousands of identified hooligans from travelling abroad during this period. For Portugal, the benefits of having a new model of security and safety of football venues, better equipped and motivated police forces, an enhanced knowledge and culture of management, coordination and cooperation, at all levels, as well as ten excellent football stadiums, are extraordi- narily relevant. Nevertheless, we believe that the emotional and economic impact, as well as the positive image of the country at the international level, although diffi- cult to predict and quantify in the medium- long term, are undoubtedly the most important added-value brought by UEFA EURO 2004TM. In short, the success of the tournament in terms of security could be summarized in 6 Cs: Capacity, Communication, Co-ordination, Co-operation, Confidence and Conviviality.

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Zusammenfassung Literaturhinweise

tern – und die daraus gewonnenen Er- 1 Law-Decree n.o 33/2000, 14 March, as regards the kenntnisse. Ein elementarer Punkt ist society EURO 2004, S. A., revised by the Law-Decree der Polizeieinsatz, da menschliche Res- n.o 267/2001, 4 October; and the Law-Decree sourcen als der wichtigste Wert jeder n.o 268/ 2001, 4 October, as for the society Portugal Organisation angesehen werden müs- 2004, S.A.. sen und daher eine entscheidende Bedingung für jede effektive Umset- 2 The Government's support to the Portuguese appli- Ein elementarer Punkt ist der zung einer Sicherheitsstrategie sind. cation to organize the tournament was stated in the Polizeieinsatz, da menschliche Res- Weiters waren der Zugang und die Council of Ministers' Resolution 117/98, enacted on sourcen als der wichtigste Wert jeder Einstellung der Polizei serviceorien- 19 September. Organisation angesehen werden müs- tiert, mit anderen Worten, es wurde der sen und daher eine entscheidende Blickwinkel auf die Erwartungen und 3 The reviewed law on sport-related violence (Lei Bedingung für jede effektive Umset- Wünsche des Publikums und generell nº16/2004, Aprova medidas preventivas e punitivas a zung einer Sicherheitsstrategie sind. der Öffentlichkeit gerichtet. Dieser An- adoptar em caso de manifestação de violência asso- satz schuf die Grundlage für eine an- ciadas ao desporto) was enacted on 11 May. steckende festliche und fröhliche At- mosphäre. Drittens war das umfassen- 4 The temporary law (Lei Orgânica nº 2/2004, de und auf den neuesten Stand ge- Estabelece o regime temporário da organização da brachte Wissen über Risken, Bedro- ordem pública e da justiça no contexto extraordinário hungen, Öffentlichkeit und Umwelt eine da fase final do Campeonato Europeu de Futebol - wesentliche Voraussetzung für die an- Euro 2004) was enacted on 12 May. gemessene Planung und Durchfüh- rung der Sicherheitsmaßnahmen. Der 5 The police profile and approach were clearly set up Aufbau einer flexiblen und effizienten in the operational guidelines, approved by the State Koordinations- und Kooperationsstruk- Committee on March 2003 and further developed in Der Aufbau einer flexiblen und effi- tur auf internationaler, nationaler und the security and safety master plan, enacted on zienten Koordinations- und lokaler Ebene ermöglichte den Ent- 18 March 2004 by the same Committee. These gene- Kooperationsstruktur auf inter- scheidungsträgern – von den höchsten ral rules and procedures are further detailed in the nationaler, nationaler und lokaler politischen Ebenen bis hin zum einzel- specific operational plans of the different police forces. Ebene ermöglichte den nen Exekutivbeamten an vorderster Entscheidungsträgern durch die Front – durch die schnelle Weitergabe Weiterführende Literatur und Links: schnelle Weitergabe von von Informationen ein korrektes Verhal- Informationen ein korrektes Verhalten ten und ad hoc Entscheidungen. Law-Decree n.o 33/2000, 14 March 2000 und ad hoc Entscheidungen. Schlussendlich ermöglichten die mo- Law-Decree n.o 267/2001, 4 October 2001 derne Infrastruktur der Sportstätten Law-Decree n.o 268/2001, 4 October 2001 und das einzigartige Klima, die Land- Law no. 16/2004, 11 May 2004 schaft, die Kultur und die Gastronomie Organic Law no. 2/2004, 12 May 2004 Portugals sowie die warmherzige Gast- freundlichkeit der Portugiesen, Rah- For further research in the field of the Portuguese menbedingungen für eine neue euro- internal security system and the tournament, you can päische Fankultur: eine Kultur der consult the following relevant sites: Fröhlichkeit sowie des ehrlichen und fairen Spiels. www.portugal.gov.pt, www.mai.gov.pt, www.mj.gov.pt. www.pgr.pt, www.gnr.pt, www.psp.pt, www.pj.pt. www.sef.pt, www.sis.pt, www.marinha.pt, www.inac.pt. www.inem.min-saude.pt, www.portugal2004.pt. www.euro2004.pt, www.fpf.pt.