DOCSLIB.ORG

China Power System Transformation Abstract

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

China Power System Transformation Abstract China Power System Transformation Assessing the benefit of optimised operations and advanced flexibility options Abstract China Power System Transformation has a two-fold objective. First, it provides a summary of the state of play of power system transformation (PST) in the People’s Republic of China (“China”) as well as a comprehensive discussion of PST internationally. This includes a comprehensive review of all possible sources of power system flexibility (power plants, grid infrastructure, storage, and demand-side response) and a detailed discussion of market, policy, and regulatory frameworks to effectively mobilise power system flexibility. Second, it presents findings from a detailed power sector modelling exercise for China in 2035, building on the 2018 World Energy Outlook New Policies and Sustainable Development Scenarios. The modelling identifies the establishment of spot markets and trade between provinces as two of the main elements to improve system operation efficiency in China. In order to integrate very high shares of variable renewables consistent with the WEO SDS, activating the demand side – especially electric vehicles – and targeted use of electricity storage are found to be crucial for an accelerated transformation of the Chinese power system. reserved rights All Page | 1 IEA. China Power System Transformation Highlights Highlights • The rise of low-cost wind and solar power, deployment of distributed energy resources (DER) and increasing digitalisation are accelerating change in power systems around the world, including the People’s Republic of China (“China”). With the right framework conditions in place, these trends can combine, leading to a much stronger integration between the demand and supply sides while allowing a more rapid uptake of variable generation resources, notably wind and solar power. “Power system transformation” describes the processes that facilitate and manage changes in the power sector in response to these novel trends. • Power system flexibility – a concept that goes beyond power plant flexibility – is the crucial element for a successful transformation of the power system at growing proportions of wind and solar power in China. Traditionally, flexibility has been associated with the more flexible operation of coal power plants in China. However, the concept of power system flexibility is much broader. Apart from power plants, it can be provided by grid infrastructure, demand-side response, and electricity storage. Changes to market, policy, and regulatory frameworks are crucial for unlocking flexibility. • Establishment of spot markets and trade between provinces are two of the main elements to promote power system transformation in China. Building on the World Energy Outlook (WEO) New Policies Scenario, modelling results indicate that if current efforts to implement economic dispatch, boost short-term inter-regional trading and expand transmission interconnectivity succeed, annual power system operational costs in 2035 can be reduced by 15% or USD 63 billion (United States dollars) annually, and power sector CO2 emissions reduced by up to 750 million tonnes per year. • Power system flexibility is the most important cornerstone of a fundamentally transformed Chinese power system which achieves the goals of the Paris Agreement. Building on the WEO Sustainable Development Scenario, modelling results indicate that utilising advanced flexibility measures such as smart electric vehicle charging, demand-side response, and electricity storage can support the reliable integration of extremely high shares of variable generation without any substantial variable renewable energy curtailment in 2035, while simultaneously reducing power system operational costs between 2-11% and reducing the need for fossil generation capacity by up to 30%. Other clean energy technologies such as nuclear power and carbon capture and storage benefit from flexibility in the form of increased utilisation. • Accelerated progress on power sector transformation could bring substantial benefits in China and the world. An accelerated transformation of the Chinese power system could bring significant benefits in the drive to limit climate change in line with the Paris Agreement. China can use the path of power system transformation to make accelerated progress in restructuring its economy towards a pattern of growth in advanced high-quality industrial sectors, while making clean energy technologies affordable for countries around the world – including today’s developing countries, which will see a rapid increase in energy demand over the coming years. reserved rights All PAGE | 2 IEA. China Power System Transformation Executive summary Executive summary China Power System Transformation has a two-fold objective. First, it provides a summary of the state of play of power system transformation (PST) in the People’s Republic of (“China”) and a comprehensive discussion of PST internationally. Second, it presents findings from a detailed power sector modelling exercise for China in 2035, which explores the impact and value proposition of various public policy and technology deployment options currently under consideration by Chinese policy makers. The report provides a number of insights on possible Chinese PST pathways based on the results of this modelling exercise. Actions to boost flexibility and investment Power system transformation requires action to boost power system flexibility and support clean energy investment. Global experience suggests that PST requires the co-ordinated orchestration of actions across the entire value chain of electricity production and consumption to facilitate cleaner, more reliable, more resilient and more affordable power systems. A number of interventions can be made to support PST and promote the increasingly important characteristic of power system flexibility. Traditionally, flexibility has been associated with the more flexible operation of coal power plants in China. However, it encompasses all resources of the power system that allow for its efficient and reliable operation at growing shares of variability and uncertainty. Apart from power plants, it can be provided by grid infrastructure, demand-side response and electricity storage. In a transformed power system with higher shares of variable renewable energy (VRE), the importance of flexibility options beyond power plants increases sharply. This can open synergies with other developments in the energy sector, such as the deployment of electric vehicles (EVs). Modelling analyses Advanced energy modelling exercises explore the value of reform goals and innovative system flexibility measures. The energy modelling analysis presented in this report builds on two International Energy Agency (IEA) World Energy Outlook 2018 (WEO 2018) energy system scenarios for China for 2035. These scenarios provide the overall energy system setting, including installed power generation capacity. For this report, the power sector is modelled at a much higher level of detail, based on eight regions. In addition, different cases are analysed that represent changes in the way the power system is operated and how much power system flexibility is available. The New Policies Scenario (NPS) aligns with the achievement of China’s Document No. 9 reforms and aims to provide a sense of where today’s policy ambitions seem likely to take the energy sector in China. The NPS cases are used to explore the value of currently considered polices, notably the ongoing power market reform that aim to introduce spot markets and increase levels of cross-provincial trade. The SDS achieves the main energy-related outcomes of the Sustainable Development Goals, including delivering Paris Agreement commitments, achieving universal access to modern energy by 2030 and dramatically reducing negative health outcomes due to energy-related air pollution. Its vision is aligned with the “Beautiful China” initiative proposed at the 19th National reserved rights All Page | 3 IEA. China Power System Transformation Executive summary Congress in 2017 as the general blueprint for China’s future development. The SDS is used to explore the importance of advanced flexibility options – in particular on the demand side – to support a deeper transformation of the system. Spot markets and trade Establishing spot markets and trade between provinces are two of the main elements to improve system operation efficiency in China. China’s goal of a transition from fair to economic dispatch would result in significantly lower power system operational costs and improved ability to integrate wind and solar power. Detailed power sector modelling results for the NPS indicate that China’s ongoing market reforms to introduce economic dispatch make good financial sense and should strongly benefit the environment. Transferring to economic dispatch could yield an annual operational cost saving of approximately 11% or USD 45 billion (United States dollars) per year in 2035, sharply reducing VRE curtailment and power sector CO2 emissions by 15%. The implementation of spot markets in China is a crucial element of realising these benefits. Increasing power trading and further expanding regional transmission interconnectivity will yield substantial economic and environmental benefits, and promote clean energy investment. Boosting power trading has long been considered a national priority in China. While some cross- regional, mid- and long-term trading already occurs,
Recommended publications
  • Net Zero by 2050 a Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050

    Net Zero by 2050 a Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050

    Net Zero by 2050 A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050 A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050 Interactive iea.li/nzeroadmap Net Zero by 2050 Data iea.li/nzedata INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The IEA examines the IEA member IEA association full spectrum countries: countries: of energy issues including oil, gas and Australia Brazil coal supply and Austria China demand, renewable Belgium India energy technologies, Canada Indonesia electricity markets, Czech Republic Morocco energy efficiency, Denmark Singapore access to energy, Estonia South Africa demand side Finland Thailand management and France much more. Through Germany its work, the IEA Greece advocates policies Hungary that will enhance the Ireland reliability, affordability Italy and sustainability of Japan energy in its Korea 30 member Luxembourg countries, Mexico 8 association Netherlands countries and New Zealand beyond. Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Please note that this publication is subject to Switzerland specific restrictions that limit Turkey its use and distribution. The United Kingdom terms and conditions are available online at United States www.iea.org/t&c/ This publication and any The European map included herein are without prejudice to the Commission also status of or sovereignty over participates in the any territory, to the work of the IEA delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Source: IEA. All rights reserved. International Energy Agency Website: www.iea.org Foreword We are approaching a decisive moment for international efforts to tackle the climate crisis – a great challenge of our times.
  • Underreported Coal in Statistics a Survey-Based Solid Fuel

    Underreported Coal in Statistics a Survey-Based Solid Fuel

    Applied Energy 235 (2019) 1169–1182 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Applied Energy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apenergy Underreported coal in statistics: A survey-based solid fuel consumption and T emission inventory for the rural residential sector in China ⁎ Liqun Penga,b,1, Qiang Zhanga, , Zhiliang Yaoc, Denise L. Mauzeralld,e, Sicong Kangb,f, Zhenyu Dug, Yixuan Zhenga, Tao Xuea, Kebin Heb a Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China b State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China c School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China d Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA e Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA f Beijing Make Environment Co. Ltd., Beijing 100083, China g National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurements, Beijing 100026, China HIGHLIGHTS • Solid fuel consumption rises with the increase in Heating Degree Days. • A transition from biofuel to coal occurs with per capita income growth. • Estimated coal consumption is 62% higher than that reported in official statistics. • An improved emission inventory of the residential sector is built in China. • Our work provides a new approach of obtaining data for other developing countries. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Solid fuel consumption and associated emissions from residential use are highly uncertain due to a lack of Rural residential reliable statistics. In this study, we estimate solid fuel consumption and emissions from the rural residential Survey sector in China by using data collected from a new nationwide field survey.
  • Energy in China: Coping with Increasing Demand

    Energy in China: Coping with Increasing Demand

    FOI-R--1435--SE November 2004 FOI ISSN 1650-1942 SWEDISH DEFENCE RESEARCH AGENCY User report Kristina Sandklef Energy in China: Coping with increasing demand Defence Analysis SE-172 90 Stockholm FOI-R--1435--SE November 2004 ISSN 1650-1942 User report Kristina Sandklef Energy in China: Coping with increasing demand Defence Analysis SE-172 90 Stockholm SWEDISH DEFENCE RESEARCH AGENCY FOI-R--1435--SE Defence Analysis November 2004 SE-172 90 Stockholm ISSN 1650-1942 User report Kristina Sandklef Energy in China: Coping with increasing demand Issuing organization Report number, ISRN Report type FOI – Swedish Defence Research Agency FOI-R--1435--SE User report Defence Analysis Research area code SE-172 90 Stockholm 1. Security, safety and vulnerability Month year Project no. November 2004 A 1104 Sub area code 11 Policy Support to the Government (Defence) Sub area code 2 Author/s (editor/s) Project manager Kristina Sandklef Ingolf Kiesow Approved by Maria Hedvall Sponsoring agency Department of Defense Scientifically and technically responsible Report title Energy in China: Coping with increasing demand Abstract (not more than 200 words) Sustaining the increasing energy consumption is crucial to future economic growth in China. This report focuses on the current and future situation of energy production and consumption in China and how China is coping with its increasing domestic energy demand. Today, coal is the most important energy resource, followed by oil and hydropower. Most energy resources are located in the inland, whereas the main demand for energy is in the coastal areas, which makes transportation and transmission of energy vital. The industrial sector is the main driver of the energy consumption in China, but the transport sector and the residential sector will increase their share of consumption by 2020.
  • Can Brazil Replicate China's Successful Solar Industry?

    Can Brazil Replicate China's Successful Solar Industry?

    Can Brazil replicate China’s successful solar industry? He Nuoshu and Fabio Couto Jr. A solar power station in Xuzhou, Jiangsu province, southeast China (Image: Zhiyong Fu / Greenpeace) China’s booming solar market offers many lessons for other emerging economies This report examines the shared experiences of China and Brazil in both nations’ efforts to develop domestic solar industries. The report, which synthesises two articles and includes policy recommendations borrowed from the Chinese experience, first appeared on Diálogo Chino and is published in partnership with Instituto Clima e Sociedade (ICS). History China’s solar power sector started to boom in recent years – not only in manufacturing, but also in domestic installations – thanks to strong government backing and a favourable policy environment. The rate of growth has stunned the world, as has the falling cost, beating expectations even of industry insiders. By the end of 2015, China had 43 gigawatts of installed solar power, and had overtaken Germany, another country that saw strong industrial policy supporting solar power, as the global leader. Last year, eight of the top-10 solar PV module manufacturers were Chinese. But the history is a longer one. The Chinese government has supported research and development (R&D) on solar PV since the 1950s, mainly for its uses in space. A PV module manufacturing industry developed during the 1990s. It remained small and of variable quality but became a crucial part of providing energy access to remote communities. The Brightness Programme, launched in 1996, was the first national policy to bring electricity access to off-grid areas of western China using renewable energy.
  • Advantages of Applying Large-Scale Energy Storage for Load-Generation Balancing

    Advantages of Applying Large-Scale Energy Storage for Load-Generation Balancing

    energies Article Advantages of Applying Large-Scale Energy Storage for Load-Generation Balancing Dawid Chudy * and Adam Le´sniak Institute of Electrical Power Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Str. 18/22, PL 90-924 Lodz, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The continuous development of energy storage (ES) technologies and their wider utiliza- tion in modern power systems are becoming more and more visible. ES is used for a variety of applications ranging from price arbitrage, voltage and frequency regulation, reserves provision, black-starting and renewable energy sources (RESs), supporting load-generation balancing. The cost of ES technologies remains high; nevertheless, future decreases are expected. As the most profitable and technically effective solutions are continuously sought, this article presents the results of the analyses which through the created unit commitment and dispatch optimization model examines the use of ES as support for load-generation balancing. The performed simulations based on various scenarios show a possibility to reduce the number of starting-up centrally dispatched generating units (CDGUs) required to satisfy the electricity demand, which results in the facilitation of load-generation balancing for transmission system operators (TSOs). The barriers that should be encountered to improving the proposed use of ES were also identified. The presented solution may be suitable for further development of renewables and, in light of strict climate and energy policies, may lead to lower utilization of large-scale power generating units required to maintain proper operation of power systems. Citation: Chudy, D.; Le´sniak,A. Keywords: load-generation balancing; large-scale energy storage; power system services modeling; Advantages of Applying Large-Scale power system operation; power system optimization Energy Storage for Load-Generation Balancing.
  • Incorporating Renewables Into the Electric Grid: Expanding Opportunities for Smart Markets and Energy Storage

    Incorporating Renewables Into the Electric Grid: Expanding Opportunities for Smart Markets and Energy Storage

    INCORPORATING RENEWABLES INTO THE ELECTRIC GRID: EXPANDING OPPORTUNITIES FOR SMART MARKETS AND ENERGY STORAGE June 2016 Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 5 I. Technical and Economic Considerations in Renewable Integration .......................................................... 7 Characteristics of a Grid with High Levels of Variable Energy Resources ................................................. 7 Technical Feasibility and Cost of Integration .......................................................................................... 12 II. Evidence on the Cost of Integrating Variable Renewable Generation ................................................... 15 Current and Historical Ancillary Service Costs ........................................................................................ 15 Model Estimates of the Cost of Renewable Integration ......................................................................... 17 Evidence from Ancillary Service Markets................................................................................................ 18 Effect of variable generation on expected day-ahead regulation mileage......................................... 19 Effect of variable generation on actual regulation mileage ..............................................................
  • 1 2014 China Wind Power Review and Outlook

    1 2014 China Wind Power Review and Outlook

    2014 China Wind Power Review and Outlook 1 2014 China Wind Power Review and Outlook Written by Chinese Renewable Energy Industries Association (CREIA) Chinese Wind Energy Association (CWEA) Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) Authors Li Junfeng/Cai Fengbo/Qiao Liming/Wang Jixue/Gao Hu Tang Wenqian/Peng Peng/Geng Dan/Li Xiuqin/Li Qionghui Contents >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> I. China Wind Power Development Overview..........................1 I. China Wind Power Development Overview..................................2 1.1 General Development...............................................................2 1.2 The Development Potential of China Wind Power......................6 1.3 The Wind Power Equipment Manufacturing Industry: General Information...................................................................6 1.4 Development by Provinces, Autonomous Regions and Municipalities...........................................................................10 1.5 Construction of Large-scale Wind Bases.................................13 1.6 Wind Farm Developers............................................................13 1.7 Offshore Wind Power...............................................................15 1.8 Exports and Overseas Investment...........................................18 2. Key Issues for the Wind Power Industry....................................22 2.1 Adjustment of the Wind FIT.....................................................24 2.2 FIT Premium Reimbursement Delay and Its Impacts on the Supply
  • Evolving Relationship Between Nuclear and Renewables in a Near-Zero Energy System

    Evolving Relationship Between Nuclear and Renewables in a Near-Zero Energy System

    EVOLVING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUCLEAR AND RENEWABLES IN A NEAR-ZERO ENERGY SYSTEM Mengyao Yuan, Carnegie Institution for Science, 1-650-319-8904, [email protected] Fan Tong, Carnegie Institution for Science, 1-650-319-8904, [email protected] Lei Duan, Carnegie Institution for Science, 1-650-319-8904, [email protected] Nathan S. Lewis, California Institute of Technology, 1-626-395-6335, [email protected] Ken Caldeira, Carnegie Institution for Science, 1-650-319-8904, [email protected] Overview The electricity sector worldwide has seen increasing integration of variable renewable energy resources such as wind and solar photovoltaic (PV). This trend may continue in the coming decades, contributing to a transformation towards a near-zero emissions energy system. The high variability of renewable resources poses challenges to system robustness, highlighting the importance of reliable storage and flexible baseload power needed to fill the gap between intermittent generation and variable demand. Nuclear energy represents one prominent form of low-carbon baseload power. Recently, however, nuclear power plants have faced substantial competition from low-cost renewables and natural gas and are exposed to risks of early retirement in countries such as the US and Germany (Froggatt and Schneider 2015, Roth and Jaramillo 2017). Nuclear energy is traditionally considered a non-dispatchable generation technology, although recent French experience suggests that nuclear power plants can be operated flexibly to assume a more load-following role (Lokhov 2011). Nuclear power plants are also characterized by high fixed costs and low variable costs (Lokhov 2011). High fixed costs motivate high capacity factors, so even if nuclear power plants can be made technically dispatchable, there can be economic incentive to operate them as baseload generation.
  • Thermal Power Plant Repowering Project in Thailand Project Design Document】

    Thermal Power Plant Repowering Project in Thailand Project Design Document】

    【参考 6 Thermal Power Plant Repowering Project in Thailand Project Design Document】 Project Design Document for Thermal Power Plant Repowering Project in Thailand February 2003 165 CONTENTS A. General description of project activity..........................................................................167 B. Baseline methodology ..................................................................................................171 C. Duration of the project activity / Crediting period........................................................174 D. Monitoring methodology and plan ...............................................................................175 E. Calculations of GHG emissions by sources..................................................................179 F. Environmental impacts .................................................................................................183 G. Stakeholders comments ................................................................................................184 166 A. General description of project activity A.1 Title of the project activity Y Thermal Power Plant Repowering Project. A.2 Description of the project activity: Outline of the Project The Y Power Plant is the largest power plant in Thailand. It has total output capacity of 3,680MW. This output accounts more than 20% of the total electric power output capacity of Thailand. Both of its unit #1 and unit #2 each has an output of 550MW and they went into operation in 1983 and 1984, respectively. The amount of power generation to
  • Clean Energy Development in China --The Real Potential and Real Challenge

    Clean Energy Development in China --The Real Potential and Real Challenge

    Clean energy development in China --the real potential and real challenge Include a relevant picture or December 04, Tsinghua University event theme banner to make the slide more interesting Lixiao ZHANG, Professor School of Environment Beijing Normal University Today’s Topics 1 The resource potential and development status of China’s CE 2 Renewability of biomass energy in China 3 MFA/LCA/EA of wind power development in China Clean energy development in China Date and Location Pre-talk questions Why for clean production and recycling? What’s the difference between the concepts of clean energy, renewable energy, non-fossil energy? Do you think or believe clean energy will play a big role in future energy mix in China as well as at worldwide? Clean energy development in China Date and Location Changes of focus for sustainable development in China Xu, 2019 Clean energy development in China Date and Location Cleaner production and clean energy Clean energy development in China Date and Location Cleaner production and clean energy Clean energy development in China Date and Location The resource potential and development status of China’s CE Clean energy development in China Date and Location Clean energy family Hydroenergy Wind Energy Solar Energy Biomass Energy Geothermal Energy Nuclear energy Clean energy development in China Date and Location The resource potentialGLOBAL WIND ATLAS estimation MEAN WIND POWER DENSITY MAP CHINA Hydro energy resource Wind resource Solar resource Technical exploitation Explored capacity Type This map is printed using the Global Wind Atlas online application website (v.3.0) owned by the Technical University of Denmark.
  • China's Coal-Fired Electricity Generation, 1990-2025

    China's Coal-Fired Electricity Generation, 1990-2025

    LBNL-2334E ERNEST ORLANDO LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY China’s Coal: Demand, Constraints, and Externalities Nathaniel Aden, David Fridley, Nina Zheng Environmental Energy Technologies Division July 2009 This work was supported by the Dow Chemical Company through the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. Disclaimer This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. While this document is believed to contain correct information, neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor The Regents of the University of California, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by its trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or The Regents of the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof, or The Regents of the University of California. Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is an equal opportunity employer. China’s Coal Industry: Resources, Constraints, and Externalities
  • LCOE Analysis of Tower Concentrating Solar Power Plants Using Different Molten-Salts for Thermal Energy Storage in China

    LCOE Analysis of Tower Concentrating Solar Power Plants Using Different Molten-Salts for Thermal Energy Storage in China

    energies Article LCOE Analysis of Tower Concentrating Solar Power Plants Using Different Molten-Salts for Thermal Energy Storage in China Xiaoru Zhuang, Xinhai Xu * , Wenrui Liu and Wenfu Xu School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; [email protected] (X.Z.); [email protected] (W.L.); [email protected] (W.X.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 11 March 2019; Accepted: 8 April 2019; Published: 11 April 2019 Abstract: In recent years, the Chinese government has vigorously promoted the development of concentrating solar power (CSP) technology. For the commercialization of CSP technology, economically competitive costs of electricity generation is one of the major obstacles. However, studies of electricity generation cost analysis for CSP systems in China, particularly for the tower systems, are quite limited. This paper conducts an economic analysis by applying a levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) model for 100 MW tower CSP plants in five locations in China with four different molten-salts for thermal energy storage (TES). The results show that it is inappropriate to build a tower CSP plant nearby Shenzhen and Shanghai. The solar salt (NaNO3-KNO3, 60-40 wt.%) has lower LCOE than the other three new molten-salts. In order to calculate the time when the grid parity would be reached, four scenarios for CSP development roadmap proposed by International Energy Agency (IEA) were considered in this study. It was found that the LCOE of tower CSP would reach the grid parity in the years of 2038–2041 in the case of no future penalties for the CO2 emissions.