International Journal of Global Science Research ISSN: 2348-8344 (Online) Vol.3, Issue 6, October 2016, pp. 406-420 Available Online at www.ijgsr.com © Copyright 2014 | ijgsr.com | All Rights Reserved

Research Paper

Usages of Reservoirs in Gwalior Region Madhya Pradesh India

Yogesh Singh* and Rao R. J. Indira Gandhi Academy of Environmental Education, Research and Eco-Planning, Jiwaji University, Gwalior-474011 India School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior-474011 India *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Received: 05/09/2016 Revised: 12/09/2016 Accepted: 30/09/2016

Abstract : Dams and reservoirs the water been growing controversy about the failure bodies that is very important for us and for of these projects to address environment and whole universe. At present, more than social concerns. These dams extend major 45,000 large dams and an estimated 800,000 contribution in fish culture and drinking small dams regulate the world’s River; some water supply. Dams, large and small, are have been built to supply water including planned, constructed and operated to meet irrigation, control floods, provide for human needs in the generation of energy, navigation, fishing and recreation, and irrigation for agricultural production, flood importantly to generate electricity. The control, supply of drinking water, and reservoirs have played a powerful role in various other purposes. economic development; however, there has Keywords: Irrigation, Reservoirs

INTRODUCTION Dams between 10 and 15 meter also fall into Dams, wetlands and aquatic ecosystems are this category if: crest length is over 500 m or the biological machine of the earth. They are spillway discharge over 2000m 3s-1 or the basis for life and the livelihoods of local reservoir capacity is more than one million communities. Understanding, protecting, cubic meters. Dams have one of the most and restoring ecosystems at River basin important roles in utilizing water resources. level is essential to foster equitable human These were constructed long years before development and the welfare of all species. gaining present information about hydrology Dams transform landscapes and create risk and hydromechanics. They are not ordinary irreversible impacts. The International engineering buildings. Dam projects which Commission of Large Dams (ICOLD) are useful in meeting the demand for water defines large dams as dams with a height of in desired times and in regulating stream 15 meter or more from foundation to crest. regimes have undertaken an important function in the development of civilization

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International Journal of Global Science Research ISSN: 2348-8344 (Online) Vol.3, Issue 6, October 2016, pp. 406-420 Available Online at www.ijgsr.com © Copyright 2014 | ijgsr.com | All Rights Reserved (J. Manatunga).Modern dam construction sustainable management of the water, taking began during the second half of 19 th century, into account the economic and social even though they had been built since development and the environmental impacts, ancient times. At the turn of twentieth which came out because of the mentioned century (1900), there were 42 dams in India. studies, has gained an increasing importance During 1901 to 1950, about 250 dams were (Sait, M., 2008). The more than 45,000 added. That is, at the time of the beginning dams around the world helped many of plan period (1950-51), after India gained communities and countries’ economies in independence in 1947, there were about 300 utilizing and harnessing water resources dams. During the next twenty years, there from half of the world has dammed Rivers has been a spurt in the dam construction primarily for food production, energy activity in which 695 dams were added generation, flood control and other domestic bringing the total number of dams to nearly use. 1000 up to the year 1970. The dam building Dams supported 30-40% of the entire activity intensified during the next two irrigated area of the world and thus decades and at the end of 1990, the total supported 12-16% global food production. number of dams constructed by India stood Hydropower provides about 19% (2,650 at 3,244 without accounting for 236 TWh43/yr.) to more than half of 63 numbers of dams for which the year of countries’ electricity supply. Around 12% of construction is not available. Due to all dams supplies water for drinking and dwindling economy, only 115 dams could sanitation (WCD Report, 2000). In India, be added after 1990 and today about 695 recent research shows that development- dams are at various stages of construction. caused displacements over the last five As per the National Register of Large dams, decades affected over 50-55 million people India has as on today 4,291 large dams (Fernandes, 2005); by sector, India’s dam including the 695 dams under construction construction alone accounts for the single (World Commission on Dams, IV.5, Options largest displacements. In China, recent Assessment- Large Dams in India-1999). research shows at least 45 million people Nearly 700 dams were built every 10 years displaced; dams (for power, irrigation and up to 1950s. This number grew rapidly after drinking water) account alone for over half 1950s. While the dams were built and of this number (Shi and Chen, 2004). The completed, it was observed that there was WCD report estimates dam-triggered something missing and detrimental. displacements worldwide as between 40-80 Although the effects of water on human life million people, even without counting those and the development of civilizations are well losing their common lands but not also known all over the world, it is claimed that evicted from houses (WCD, 2000). In 2005, the economic benefits expected from the at least 62 Hindu pilgrims were killed when projects designed to utilize water resources the water from the Indira Sagar dam of the could not be gained and also necessary state-run Narmada Hydroelectric precautions to decrease the environmental, Development Corporation was released economic and social losses were not taken. without warning during a religious Even some studies aiming to block these ceremony (Bhootdi Amavasya or Moonless water supply projects (like dams and Night) appeared by an estimated 300,000 reservoirs) of the developing countries are Hindus who congregated to bathe approved by some international downstream from the dam on the banks of organizations. Because of this, in the Narmada River near Dewas. The Indira

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International Journal of Global Science Research ISSN: 2348-8344 (Online) Vol.3, Issue 6, October 2016, pp. 406-420 Available Online at www.ijgsr.com © Copyright 2014 | ijgsr.com | All Rights Reserved Sagar has a full reservoir level of 262.13m city of Gwalior is the administrative and is part of more than 3,000 dams being headquarters of the Gwalior division. built across Narmada River and its Gwalior region corresponds to the gird tributaries as part of the Narmada Valley region of Madhya Pradesh, which is mostly hydro project. In August 1917, around 1500 agricultural plain, dotted with ranges of low peoples were killed when the Tigra dam was hills. Gwalior is located to the 119 breached at the level of 744.65 ft. and the kilometers south of Agra, 319 kilometers inflow was probably 13500 cusecs (Given south of Delhi, the capital city of India, and Information by Irrigation and Dam 423 kilometers north of Bhopal, the state department of Tigra Reservoir) One another capital. Before Independence Gwalior case is that, in June 2014about 26 Students remained a princely state of British Raj with were washed away when the Larji Scindias as the local ruler. The high rocky Hydropower Project (on Byas River, Mandi hills surroundings the city from all sides, on Himachal Pradesh) authorities suddenly the north border of Gwalior is formed by released water from the dam Ganga – Yamuna Drainage Basin. The city (www.wekipedia.org/wiki/2014_Beas_River still situated on the valley between the hills _Tragedy). Water has been used as an of Plateau. energy source for generations, first in mills Demography to grind flour and later, after the innovation As of 2011's census of India, Gwalior had a of the electric generator, to produce population of 1,564,981; Males constitute electricity. After the industrial revolution, 53% of the population and females 47%. the need for electricity became more and the Gwalior has an average literacy rate of use of hydroelectricity increased. “By 1920, 87.20%, higher than the national average of hydroelectric plants accounted for 40 74%: male literacy is 90.85%, and female percent of the electric power produced in the literacy is 78.82%. In Gwalior, 13% of the United States.” This number has since been population is under 6 years of age. reduced to about 12% in the United State as Geography the focus shifted to other types of fuel that Gwalior positioned at 26°22.N 78°18.E in were able to meet electricity demands easier northern Madhya Pradesh 319 km (186 and economical (Atkins, 2011). miles) from Delhi. It has an average altitude of 197 meters (646 feet). Most part of it STUDY AREA comes under Bundelkhand area. Gwalior region is a subdivision of Madhya Pradesh state in central India. The historic

Climate Table 1: Climate Information of Gwalior Region (Data Source – www.accuweather.com) Climate of Gwalior in 2015 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Min. ( 0C) 07 0C 10 0C 16 0C 22 0C 27 0C 29 0C 26 0C 25 0C 24 0C 18 0C 11 0C 07 0C Max. ( 0C) 23 0C 26 0C 32 0C 38 0C 42 0C 40 0C 34 0C 32 0C 32 0C 33 0C 29 0C 24 0C This study conducted on the usages of dams and reservoirs of Gwalior region. Details of these dams and reservoirs are as follows –

TIGRA RESERVOIR

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International Journal of Global Science Research ISSN: 2348-8344 (Online) Vol.3, Issue 6, October 2016, pp. 406-420 Available Online at www.ijgsr.com © Copyright 2014 | ijgsr.com | All Rights Reserved Tigra is a stored water reservoir. It is a Catchments Area – 414.25 Km 2 major drinking water project situated on Average Rainfall – About 600 mm Sank River, a tributary of Chambal River in Maximum Length – 5.8 km Gwalior district. Tigra reservoir is located at Maximum Width – 3.8 km a distance of around 20 km from Gwalior. It Maximum Depth – 18 m provides good service without interruption Reservoir Capacity from ancient years. This dam covered on Gross – 130.80 m3 (4622 m Cft) three sides so it is called Tigra. This place is Live – 124.23 m3 (4390 m Cft) home village of the Queen Merg Nayni. Dead – 6.56 m3 (232 m Cft) Construction of the Tigra reservoir started in Principle levels 1909 on Sank River by Jiwaji Rao Scindia, L.B.L. – 202.5 m after that, reconstruction has been performed Lower Sill – 211.8 m four times; first reconstruction was done in Crest – 202 .2 m 1918, second in 1929, third time it was Full Tank Level – 225.5 m (F.T.L) reconstructed in 2002 and fourth Particulars of Reservoir reconstruction started in 2013. Tigra Reservoir Type – Masonry Reservoir reservoir have 64 gates (well system) for Length – 1524.2 m supplying water for drinking and irrigation (Masonry 1342.4 m Earthen 182.8 m) purposes, but all gates are manual working Maximum Height – 24 m rather than automatic. In 2002, 7 new Year of Starting of Construction – 1909 automatic gates were installed in Tigra Year of Completion – 1917 reservoir. The extension of Tigra reservoir Estimated Cost – 52.57 Lakhs lies at latitude 26 012’0” North and longitude 78 030’0” East. Sub Details The reservoir was assembled with stone No. of Over Flow – 64 gates (10’x8’ each) masonry in lime mortar and bases were Sluice gates and their area No. of fitting resting on the massive sandstone. It was Gates – 16 gates breached on 4 August 1917 at 7:45 PM. At Size and Area – 10’x 4’ each 620 sq. ft that time, the water level was 744.65 ft., the inflow was probably 13,500 cusecs, and Discharge Capacity of Each Gate therefore the Government of Madhya (a) Tilling Gate – 260 cusecs each Pradesh again rebuilt the reservoir in 1929. (b) Vertical Gate – 734 cusecs each The catchment area of the reservoir is 414.24 Km 2. The Maximum height of the Irrigation reservoir is 79 ft. (27.70 M) and the Canals and Their Length maximum level of the reservoir is 740 ft. (1) Jigsoli Minor – 6.4 km (225.52 M). The reservoir was mainly (2) Nirouli Minor – 4.8 km (Water supply constructed for irrigation and aquaculture. to Gwalior city – 66.37 MLD) At present, it is used only for supplying HARSI RESERVOIR drinking water to the Gwalior city. Harsi is one of the most important and big Salient Features of Tigra Reservoir reservoirs. It is stored water reservoir. The Location – On Sank River, Village Tigra Harsi reservoir is a major irrigation project Gwalior. situated on Parwati River, a tributary of Latitude – 26 o 12’ N Sindh River, in Dabra, Bhitarwar, and Tehsil Longitude –78 o 30’ E of Gwalior District. The project is located at Latitude – 218.58 m (M.S.L) a distance of around 95 km from Gwalior

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International Journal of Global Science Research ISSN: 2348-8344 (Online) Vol.3, Issue 6, October 2016, pp. 406-420 Available Online at www.ijgsr.com © Copyright 2014 | ijgsr.com | All Rights Reserved and 55 km from Dabra. Harsi reservoir is a Reservoir Type – Earthen homogeneous earthen dam, 2134 m long Reservoir Status – Completed with a maximum height of 29.26 m. The Year of Start Project – 1925 extension of Harsi reservoir project lies at Completion Year – 1937 latitude 25 045’487” N and longitude Plan Start (Five Year) – Pre-plan 77 055’286” E and distance is 277 meter. Purpose of Reservoir – Irrigation Harsi reservoir has a water spread area of Length of Reservoir – 2138.00 m 2523-hectare total catchment area of 1960 Reservoir Area – 25230.00 10 3 m2 Km 2. It was starting in 1925 and complete in Design Flood – 4918 cumec 1935. The reservoir is primarily use for Spillway Capacity – 4918 cumec irrigation, fisheries and domestic purposes. District Benefited – Gwalior Districts benefited from this dam are Seismic Zone – Seismic Zone II Gwalior, Shivpuri and Datia. The Reservoir Height – 29.28 m importance of this reservoir becomes Gross Storage Capacity – 192670.00 10 3m3 important because Mohini Sagar, Kaketo Effective Storage Capacity–179020.00 and Takanpur reservoir make a system, 10 3m3 which joins this dam together. The Harsi Potential Utilized (Th. Ha.) – 40.5 reservoir gets feeding from Kaketo and Project Covered Under ERM Scheme–No Mohini Sagar through a canal, which has Project Covered Under CADA Scheme–Yes been termed as a pickup weir. From Harsi Project Covered Under AIBP Scheme – No reservoir, a canal joins the Takanpur Ultimate Irrigation Potential (Th. Ha.)– 30.2 reservoir. Apart from storage of the dam, a KAKETO RESERVOIR feeder canal taking off from Mohini pick – Kaketo is a stored water reservoir for up weir of Sindh project also feeds to the providing the drinking water to whole irrigation system of Harsi project. The canal Gwalior city. It constructed on Parvati River system consists of 65 km long main canal in Mohana, a sub –district of Gwalior. Its and 33 no. of distributaries, covering a total construction was complete in 1934. It is length of 483.3 km. Harsi canal system, located at latitude 25 054’ N and longitude which was build in the year 1935 with 77 044’E. It is use for irrigation, drinking irrigation potential of 30,223 hectares. In purpose and aquaculture. Kaketo and Devera year 2011 – 12, the actual Rabi irrigation villages are situating near to Kake to area has been extending to 62,500 hectares. reservoir but there is no connection between The CCA of the project is 68,392 hectares. Kaketo reservoir and the villages owing to Salient Features of Harsi Reservoir the long distance. When Tigra reservoir is at Name Project–Harsi Major Irrigation Project low level, then supply of water is providing Name of the Reservoir – Harsi Reservoir by Kaketo reservoir through canal system Nearest City –Gwalior and it fulfills the water requirement of Type of Project – Major Gwalior. It works as a complementary District – Gwalior reservoir of Tigra reservoir. State – Madhya Pradesh Salient Features of Kaketo Reservoir Engineering Type of Project–Diversion, Project Name – Kaketo Reservoir Storage Nearest City – Mohana International Sharing–No (State and District – Gwalior National) State –Madhya Pradesh Basin Name – Ganga Basin Name – Ganga River – Parwati River – Parwati River

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International Journal of Global Science Research ISSN: 2348-8344 (Online) Vol.3, Issue 6, October 2016, pp. 406-420 Available Online at www.ijgsr.com © Copyright 2014 | ijgsr.com | All Rights Reserved Reservoir Type – Gravity/Masonry household level survey near dam-affected Reservoir Status – Completed areas. For household survey, questionnaire Completion Year – 1934 and schedule were framed and affected Purpose of Reservoir – Irrigation/Drinking people and government employees were Length of Reservoir – 1,047 m interviewed. Reservoir Area – 8,906.90 10 3 m2 The sources of the collected data are: Design Flood – 1,811 cumec GPS positions of villages and socio- Spillway Capacity – 1,811 cumec economic infrastructures. Seismic Zone – Seismic zone II Socio-Economic data obtained by field Reservoir Height – 37.64 m interviews of affected people. Length of Spillway – 190.5 m Photograph of interviewed people. Crest level of Spillway – 64.5 Data from Irrigation departments. Gross Storage Capacity – 80,510.0010 3m3 Instruments Used in Research Work Effective Storage Capacity–79,180.00 10 3m3
GIS Mapping RAMOVA RESERVOIR Maps of dams and reservoirs were prepared Ramova is a reservoir, which is best habitat with the help of GIS application Arc GIS 9.1 for migratory birds. Ramova reservoir is version. The same application was use to silent water body. At present, it is use only calculate the area of Dams and reservoirs. for domestic purposes and for aquaculture. It To map the locations of the Dams and is about 8 km away from Jiwaji University reservoirs, GIS Software, Arc GIS was use. near to Ramova village. Ramova reservoir Arc GIS consists of Arc Catalog, Arc Editor was completed in 1931 and it built with and Arc view. latitude 26 009.22’ N and longitude
Photography 78 013’21”E. Canon D 600 camera was use for taking Salient Features of Ramova Reservoir photographs during field surveys of Project Name – Ramova Reservoir reservoirs and dams. These photographs City & District – Gwalior were use for the interpretation. State – Madhya Pradesh Questionnaire Basin Name – Ganga Socio-economic impact analysis can be River – Morar River complete with a variety of tools. In this case, Reservoir type – Earthen the socio-economic impact analysis is Reservoir Status – Completed retroactive, and the research aimed to Completion Year – 1931 quantify impact that has already occurred Purpose of Reservoir – Irrigation across a broad population. A questionnaire Length of Reservoir – 384 m is the most efficient option and examines the Reservoir Area – 8533.00 10 3 m2 potential socio-economic outcomes. Reservoir Height – 21.33 m Design Flood – 707.75 cumec RESULTS Spillway Capacity – 707.75 cumec Gwalior region in Madhya Pradesh is rich in Seismic Zone – Seismic zone II water resources and have approximately Effective Storage Capacity – 12827.00 10 3m3 54,839-hectare water area falling under the Gross Storage Capacity – 12960.00 10 3m reservoirs. These reservoirs are having Materials and Methodology multipurpose usages (Table – 2) The study is based upon the collection of primary data, which were gathered through

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International Journal of Global Science Research ISSN: 2348-8344 (Online) Vol.3, Issue 6, October 2016, pp. 406-420 Available Online at www.ijgsr.com © Copyright 2014 | ijgsr.com | All Rights Reserved Table 2: Usage of Reservoirs in Gwalior Region S. No. Reservoirs Usage District 1 Tigra Drinking, Irrigation, Bird Habitat, Fish Culture, Ecotourism Gwalior 2 Harsi Irrigation, Fish Culture, Gwalior 3 Ramova Irrigation, Bird Habitat, Domestic Use Gwalior 4 Kaketo Drinking water Gwalior TIGRA RESERVOIR Di ammonium phosphate, and Natural Tigra is located in Tigra village and this area fertilizer. Cymbush (Cypermethrin) is an is home village of the Queen Merg Nayni. organ chlorine compound used as pesticide Before reservoir construction, Rayi, for cropping. Ghamandipura, and Tigra villages were Some health problems are observing nearby located on this place but after the Tigra reservoir like Malaria, Diarrhea, Fever construction of reservoir, the residents and Typhoid. These health problems are migrated to other nearby places. Tigra is an especially seasonal. In festive seasons, such only such reservoir in Gwalior- as Durga Worship and Ganesh worship, Chambal region work with eco-tourism immersion of statues was allowed earlier but board of Madhya Pradesh in India. Tigra now the local authority has restricted it. All reservoir is constructed on Sank River a villages live near Tigra reservoir run a tributary of the Chambal River. About 15 programmed called Nirmal Bharat villages are situated near to Tigra reservoir Abhiyaan. From this program, funds have but 9 villages affected by Tigra reservoir are been granted to make toilets to avoid open as Sujwaya, Pava, Nagdaa, Mircha defecation near Tigra reservoir. Tigra Bhoreshwar, Mandka, Tigra (Rai, Bandha, reservoir is constructed in Ghati Goan. After PTS, and Tigra), Khaidha, Kaiytha and the construction of the reservoir, the area Kuleth. About 5,200 people live in 9 became a suitable habitat for several birds villages and approximately 2,442 acre area and this area was later declared as a Ghati is available for cropping (Table 3). Goan Bird Sanctuary (Figure 2). In this area, the villagers surrounding Tigra Uses of Tigra Reservoir reservoir grow different types of crops such Drinking Water as Wheat, Mustard, Pea, Gram, Millet, and Water is basic need of every one. Tigra is a Arhar Dal. The source of drinking water for stored water reservoir. It is the main source the nearby villages is Tigra but the villages of drinking water for Gwalior city. Tigra do not get water directly from Tigra reservoir was only use for drinking water reservoir and use the hand pumps, tube wells initially, but recently by the order of and wells as source of drinking and Honorable High court, it is also use for the domestic use. Some villagers have used irrigation purposes catchment area of Tigra as a field for Ecotourism cropping and in that area, they have used Tigra reservoir has huge potential for fertilizer and pesticides. These chemicals ecotourism. The Madhya Pradesh State produce detrimental effect on Tigra Tourism Development Corporation has reservoir. According to villagers much water initiated its activities in this direction and is required in summer season compared to Tigra reservoir was declare as ecotourism winter season for cropping. Though there spot in 2007. Ecotourism activities propose are different types of fertilizers available in a unique opportunity to manipulate market, only particular types of fertilizers conservation of nearby communities are used for better cropping. These are Urea, positively. Where local residents are

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International Journ al of Global Science Research ISSN: 2348-8344 (Online) Vol.3, Issue 6, October 2016, pp. 406 -420 Available Online at www.ijgsr.com © Copyright 2014 | ijgsr.com | All Rights Reserved occupied and gain economic profits from Irrigation is primary need of Farmers for conservation efforts, ecotourism provides cropping. Its command area is 22000 acre crucial link in environmental management. (8903 ha.). Tigra reservoir serves the water Tigra reservoir is a good place for to whole 22000-acre area so it has important recreational purpose (Figure 1). role to play in irrigation for cropping in Irrigation Gwalior District. The crop area serves by Tigra reserv oir is 5000 acre (2223 ha).

Table 3: Villages around Tigra reservoir in Gwalior Land for crops S. No. Village Name Population Reservoir (Acre) 1 Sujwaya 600 Tigra 360 2 Pava 700 Tigra 200 3 Nagdaa 100 Tigra - 4 Mircha Bhoreshwar 300 Tigra 120 5 Mandka 400 Tigra 80 Tigra (Rai, Bandha 6 2500 Tigra 1602 PTS,Tigra) 7 Khaidha 200 Tigra 40 8 Kaiytha 150 Tigra - 9 Kuleth 250 Tigra 40 Total 5200 2442

(A): Boat Platform

(B): Main Gate

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International Journ al of Global Science Research ISSN: 2348-8344 (Online) Vol.3, Issue 6, October 2016, pp. 406 -420 Available Online at www.ijgsr.com © Copyright 2014 | ijgsr.com | All Rights Reserved

(C): Rate list

(D): Boat Fig ure: 01 (A, B, C & D) Ecotourism in Tigra Fish culture: Water is a significant ingredient of all living organism and basic needs of human beings. Fishes are important, edible, pretentious food for humankind. It is significant to note that, India is at the threshold of blue revolution. It has made notable progress in the field of Inland fisheries. Most of the Indian reservoirs are utilize for the fish culture. Fish play an important role in present and future from diet of human beings. Total 33 Figure 2: Son Chirraiya Bird Sanctuary fish species were identify from Tigra in Tigra Reservoir, Gwalior reservoir.

Bird Habitat : Tigra reservoir attracts to HARSI RESERVOIR migratory birds. Migratory birds come Harsi , one of the most important reservoirs during winter season so Tigra reservoir is in the state, situated about 100 km from best habitat for migratory birds. Large Gwalior. The reservoir was build over the numbers of birds visit the Tigra reservo ir Parvati River , a tributary of Sindh River (Figure 2). during 1925-1937. The reservoir covered

by hills and small hill by its three sides.

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International Journal of Global Science Research ISSN: 2348-8344 (Online) Vol.3, Issue 6, October 2016, pp. 406-420 Available Online at www.ijgsr.com © Copyright 2014 | ijgsr.com | All Rights Reserved Measuring 2,133 meters in length with water is Harsi water. According to 29.26 meters height and having a full villagers, much water is required in collection capacity of 06.30 million cubic summer season compare to winter season meters, the reservoir has been a big for cropping. There are different types of supplier to the prosperity of the farmers in fertilizers available in market, in which the Gwalior-Chambal region. Due to fertilizers only these fertilizers used for reservoir construction, Basota, Kodan, better cropping. These mainly are Urea, Di Manki, Pirikothi, Sidai, Bodh ka pura, ammonium phosphate, Natural fertilizer. Pipalkhadi, Kheydo, Narwai-1, Narwai-2, Pesticides are those chemicals, which are Jadhoi and Pava villages were relocate to use in cropping for, kill the pest of fields. another place. In these villages, about 8000 These chemicals produce harmful effect on people relocated due to the Harsi reservoir. human by food chain. Dhanzyme, Zink, In this area, 4 villages are located near Uttam, Super and Pursuit pesticides use in Harsi reservoir. Names are Khodan, Harsi, area nearby Harsi reservoir. Statue Harsi camp and Karuya (Table 4). In the immersion in Harsi reservoir is totally area, villagers who live near Harsi bane. These health problems are observed reservoir grow different types of crops nearby Harsi reservoir like malaria, such as Sugarcane, Wheat, Mustard, Pea, diarrhea, and typhoid. These health Gram, Millet, and Arhar Dal and many problems are very seasonal. In this area, types of cereals. Nearby the Harsi about 5% peoples are infected by reservoir, villager’s source of domestic Tuberculosis.

Table 4: Villages Near Around Harsi Reservoir Land for crops S. No. Village Name Population Reservoir (acre) 1 Harsi Camp 800 Harsi 60 2 Karuya 2000 Harsi 1602 3 Harsi 500 Harsi 40 4 Khodan 250 Harsi - Total 3550 1702

(A): Start Point of Canal

(B): Main Canal Figure 03: (A & B): Main Canal of Harsi Reservoir, Gwalior

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International Journal of Global Science Research ISSN: 2348-8344 (Online) Vol.3, Issue 6, October 2016, pp. 406-420 Available Online at www.ijgsr.com © Copyright 2014 | ijgsr.com | All Rights Reserved Uses of Harsi Reservoir Irrigation: Harsi is large reservoir, which in improves the economy of Madhya is use for irrigation. It has huge capacity of Pradesh. It has larger potential irrigation water. Harsi is a major project of Madhya area. The area 30.2 thousand hectare feed Pradesh which is very important role-play by Harsi reservoir. Harsi has a long main canal with length of 65 km provide water to whole Gwalior city and it is to Gwalior for irrigation purpose. Tigra is complementary reservoir of Tigra reservoir also reservoir in Gwalior but it is not fulfil because whole water of Kaketo reservoir the irrigation requirement of Gwalior. So provided by Tigra reservoir by Pehshari Harsi fulfils the irrigation requirement of canal. This old reservoir was constructing Gwalior. Harsi reservoir has supply 37.13 in 1934 in stone masonry in lime mortar. It cumec water as irrigation by canal system has 855 M long non-overflow section, Fish culture: Harsi reservoir is a major which has been leaking at many points on project of Madhya Pradesh. The Harsi downstream face. Over the period due to reservoir is also use for fish farming and ageing, lime mortar had washed away provide job to local peoples. Recently by 5 from the masonry joints leaving voids in years, Harsi gives government tender for the body of reservoir, causing water to fish farming who does the fish farming in seep through. In this area, many types of Harsi reservoir crops such as Wheat, Mustard, Pea, Gram, KAKETO RESERVOIR Kaketo is a store Arhar Dal and Millet crop by villagers. water reservoir constructed on Parwati Source of drinking and domestic use is River a tributary of Sindh River. It is hand pump, tube well and well system in located in Mohana a Tehsil of Gwalior . this area. According to villagers, much Kaketo and Devera, two villages situated water is required in summer season near to Kaketo reservoir but there are no compare to winter season for cropping. connections between Kaketo reservoir and There are different types of fertilizers villages because these villages located available in market, in which fertilizers outside from Kaketo reservoir (Table – 5). only these fertilizers used for better Kaketo reservoir is the store water cropping. These are Urea, Di ammonium reservoir for providing the drinking water phosphate, Natural fertilizer in this area Uses of Kaketo Reservoir way, it is 35 km away from Gwalior but Drinking: Kaketo is medium sized connected to Tigra Reservoir by Pehshari reservoir, which constructed on the canal (13.10 km). Recently it provided the Parwati River 35 km away from Gwalior. water as irrigation but arise the water crisis Kaketo reservoir primary use for provide in Gwalior so at this time it mainly uses drinking water to Gwalior by Tigra. By the for provide drinking water to Gwalior city.

Table 5: Village around Kaketo Reservoir, Gwalior S. No. Village Name Population Reservoir Land for crops (Acre) 1 Kaketo 500 Kaketo 160 2 Devra 200 Kaketo 100 Total 700 260

RAMOVA RESERVOIR rainfall. It is best habitat for migratory Ramova is a store water reservoir birds, which comes in winter season. It is constructed over River Morar in Gwalior. very old reservoir of Gwalior-Chambal Ramova is not a big reservoir but it stocks region so its construction work was by Morar River and mainly stock by completed in 1931 according to local

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International Journal of Global Science Research ISSN: 2348-8344 (Online) Vol.3, Issue 6, October 2016, pp. 406-420 Available Online at www.ijgsr.com © Copyright 2014 | ijgsr.com | All Rights Reserved villagers and Irrigation department. Irrigation Moreover the reservoir provides the water Ramova reservoir was mainly use for to local villagers that live with Ramova irrigation from Ramova reservoir is reservoir. In this area 3 villages are located located in Gwalior so it was serve the near to Ramova reservoir these villages water to Gwalior but at this time, Ramova names are Ramova, Naingiri, and habibpur reservoir condition is vary dreadful. (Table 6). In 3 villages around 2000 Ramova reservoir depth is about 740 feet peoples are live with Ramova reservoir. In but the reservoir has least full filled by silt the area, different cultivated of crops such formation so it does not provide the water as Wheat, Mustard, Gram, and Arhar Dal for their service. At this time reservoir and many types of cereals are cropping by does not have water so the local peoples local farmers. Some local peoples who live doing cropping in the outlet area of with reservoir cropping the cereals and Ramova reservoir. other crops in the catchment area, they Bird Habitat: Ramova reservoir is located have used the Dhanzyme, Pursuit 9 km away from Gwalior that mean it pesticides and Urea, DAP and Natural situated outside from city of Gwalior. fertilizers for increase crops. These Ramova is a silent water body in Gwalior chemicals are very noxious produce toxic so it attracts the migratory birds in winter effects on human being and wetland season and a best habitat for migratory biodiversity. Statues immersion prohibited birds. It helps in study of migratory birds in Ramova reservoir. to research students, which want study on Uses of Ramova Reservoir migratory birds. Domestic Uses: Ramova reservoir is used the water of Ramova reservoir for secondary use for domestic purpose. The domestic purpose (like animal bathing, peoples that live nearby reservoir, they daily needs).

Table 6: Village around Ramova Reservior, Gwalior Land for Crops S. No Village Name Population Reservoir (acre) 1 Ramova 689 Ramova 400 2 Habibpur 1200 Ramova 600 3 Naingiri 250 Ramova 50 Total 1889 1050

DISCUSSION According to the World Commission on The multi-purpose dam and reservoir Dams (WCD 2010), today there are over projects in worldwide have extremely 50,000 large dams and reservoirs. It is improved the entire development processes estimated that 472 million people are of the region and most of the countries affected downstream of a major dams having developed stage of their economy because of the environmental changes only after successfully completion of these caused by dams and reservoirs reservoir projects. Water is important for construction. sustenance of all forms living organism on Gwalior regions hilly type area in Madhya the earth. It is not evenly distributed all Pradesh, which constructed too many over the world and even its availability at dams and reservoirs so this area was also the same locations is not uniform over the affect like Harsi reservoir in Gwalior years. region, affect to surrounding area. Adams

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International Journal of Global Science Research ISSN: 2348-8344 (Online) Vol.3, Issue 6, October 2016, pp. 391-405 Available Online at www.ijgsr.com © Copyright 2014 | ijgsr.com | All Rights Reserved (1992) argues that, although water borne Sharma and Rana (2014) studied in diseases are wide spread in floodplains, Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh; dam construction can increase their state that People living in and around the prevalence. Water borne disease like project area needed resettlement due to typhoid, skin problems, Malaria, Diarrhea, submergence of land because of and Fever have been observe in construction of project. A number of surrounding area of Dams and reservoirs. families affected due to acquisition of land Sedimentation due to build-up of River for project construction and several carried material behind the dam (especially became homeless or landless and needed in glacial Rivers) can quickly reduce the resettlement. Besides this, there were other dam’s lifetime, and significantly affect the environmental Impacts like submergence, amount of power produced. Most dams deforestation, loss of flora/fauna, soil and reservoirs do not last their predicted erosion etc. lifetime and many considerably less After the natural calamity in Uttarakhand (Besant Jones, 1993). Siltation issues were in 2013, Supreme Court of India directed also observing in most of the dams and to Government (Central and State) that no reservoir under study. However, Ramova more hydropower projects construction in reservoir was significantly affected by the hilly states. Similarly, in Gwalior siltation leaving the reservoir in region is also hilly area, which has dams operational. Transportation difficulties and reservoirs. Due to the reservoirs and were also seen in the areas around most of dams, impacts have been observed like the dams and reservoirs whenever there loss of flora/fauna, deforestation issue of was a heavy release from the spillway, resettlement. which leads to the flooding of the low- The reservoir and dams made possible by lying roads around the surrounding constructing a dam presents a beautiful villages. As the release of water from the view of a lake . In the areas where natural spillway is an occasional event bridge surface water is scarce or non-existent, the construction across the streams is also reservoirs are a great source of recreation. difficult. A long with other objectives, recreational The major dams and reservoirs in India benefits such as boating, swimming and have been responsible for 12 percent of the fishing linked with lakes are also given forestland losses during the period 1951 to due consideration at the planning stage to 1985 (Shah, 1990). Singh (1990) reported achieve all the benefits of an ideal that big River valley projects have multipurpose project. consumed 0.5 m ha of forestland between Large dams and reservoir have enjoyed a 1951 and 1976- roughly one-tenth of the very positive status as industrial area, which has benefited from irrigation. powerhouses in assessment to fossil fuel The direct impacts of construction activity equivalents. The dam and reservoir lobby for any dam and reservoir projects are claims that they produce negligible generally limited approximately the greenhouse gases, little disturbance to construction station only during the River systems and labels them ‘renewable construction phase. Water logging is also a and green technology’. In reality, studies threat, which disturbed to local people who have shown that dams and reservoirs can live nearby the dams and reservoirs. This be more polluting, emit more greenhouses can be observed in the areas lying gases and be less sustainable than even downstream to the dams and reservoirs. fossil fuel alternatives.

Conclusion : The study has revealed that and negative impact in Gwalior-Chambal all reservoirs and dams have both positive Region of Madhya Pradesh State.

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International Journal of Global Science Research ISSN: 2348-8344 (Online) Vol.3, Issue 6, October 2016, pp. 391-405 Available Online at www.ijgsr.com © Copyright 2014 | ijgsr.com | All Rights Reserved However, there is a need to enhance the development. Local communities should beneficial impacts and minimize the also participate in water resources adverse impacts of the dam. development planning. This empowers The beneficial economic impacts of the local people so that they regard the reservoirs and dams are the development development projects as their own. The of the irrigation scheme and the supply of people of Gwalior-Chambal region did not water to the area near to Reservoirs and actively participate in the development other villages. Lack of proper management planning of the dams and reservoirs. It has and funding will possibly be the major largely contributed to failure by authorities obstruction to the development of the to ensure the local communities reap irrigation scheme; funds should be made maximum benefit from the dam. Public available for this purpose. Irrigation has involvement in the dam construction also the potential to boost local agricultural reduces the impact of uncertainties and income through ensuring constant supply stress caused by uprooting and of water for crops throughout the year. The resettlement. Thus, bottom up planning is development of irrigation scheme is also necessary for the achievement of an important mitigation measure against sustainable development. In summary, the climate change. environmental changes coming out of The benefit of Dams can be improved by dams and reservoirs are in various amounts using its water resources for the and in different significance degrees. It is development of the hydroelectric power difficult to consider the relations between plant project. The hydroelectric power these effects beforehand and determine plant project would supplement the which positive and negative effects will national power grid and contribute to the come up. This evaluation should be made production of clean energy. The project one by one for each dam and reservoir. On could be beneficial from carbon trading, as the other hand, it is false to comprehend this will be one of the alternatives to the effects extremely negatively. The achieving net carbon sink status. This will important point is who will do the be a plus for combating global climate assessments and from whose point of change and achieving sustainable view.

Graphs 6000 2500

5000 2000

4000 1500 3000 1000 2000

500 1000

0 0 TIGRA HARSI KAKETO RAMOVA LENGTH(M)

LAND POPULATION TIGRA HARSI KAKETO RAMOVA

Total land and Population Density Length of Reservoirs

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International Journal of Global Science Research ISSN: 2348-8344 (Online) Vol.3, Issue 6, October 2016, pp. 391-405 Available Online at www.ijgsr.com © Copyright 2014 | ijgsr.com | All Rights Reserved REFERENCES Sati V. P. (2008) Environmental and Adams W. M., (1992) Wasting the rain: Economic Implications ff Multipurpose rivers, people and planning in River Valley Projects : A case for the Africa.Earthscan Publications,London. Madikheda Dam (India ). J. Environ. Res. Dev . 2 (4), 885-895 Besant-jones. ‘The future role of hydropower.’ in hunt, r, and hunt j.m. Fernandes W. India’s resettlement policy: ‘how does hydropower compare?’. Iscompensation adequate? In M. Cernea Independent energy, Nov, (1993). P.14. and H. M. Mathur (Eds.), The Resettlement Dilemma: Can compensation Jennifer, K., Marcia, Caldas De Castro., prevent impoverishment? Oxford Michael, F. Maltese., Robert, Bos., Marcel University Press (2005) Tanner, Burton H. Singer., and Jurg Utzinger (2005) Effect of irrigation and Atkins W. (2011) Hydroelectric Power: large dams on the burden of Malaria on A Water Encyclopaedia. http://www.water global and regional scale. The American encyclopedia.com/Ge-Hy/Hydroelectric- Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Power.html (4 April 2011 ) 72(4), 392–406

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