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Historical Baselines and a Century of Change in the Demersal Fish Assemblages on South Africa's Agulhas Bank

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Historical Baselines and a Century of Change in the Demersal Fish Assemblages on South Africa's Agulhas Bank Historical baselines and a century of change in the demersal fish assemblages on South Africa's Agulhas Bank Jock Carlisle Currie Thesis Presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the Department of Biological Sciences University of Cape Town May 2017 Supervised by Assoc Prof Colin G Attwood, Dr Lara J Atkinson and Dr Kerry J Sink The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town DECLARATION I know the meaning of plagiarism and declare that all of the work in this thesis, save for that which is properly acknowledged, is my own. This thesis has not been submitted in whole or in part for a degree at any other university. Signature: Date: 9 May 2017 signature removed Acknowledgements This thesis is the hardest thing I've ever attempted and without huge amounts of support and encouragement, it would never have been completed. I'm sure I will forget to mention some of those who kindly contributed during this journey – thank you and apologies for your omission. Financial support to make this project a reality is gratefully acknowledged from the Marine Conservation Institute; British Ecological Society; The Explorer's Club; SeaKeys project; SANBI (South African National Biodiversity Institute); the National Research Foundation's Professional Development Programme, SAEON (South African Environmental Observation Network); UCT (University of Cape Town) and the Marine Research Institute at UCT. The project would never have started without the generous and unwavering support of my supervisors. I won't try to list the many contributions through which they supported my professional and personal development, as I would fail miserably to cover half of them. I dreamt up an unlikely and costly fieldwork approach. Instead of discouraging me from an audacious undertaking, they believed in me, even when I did not. Many times you went far beyond the call of duty. Thank you. So many other people took the time to help along the way, offering enriching relationships or conversations. Beate Holscher went beyond her duty in making sure I succeeded in navigating red tape, besides her kind encouragement and belief in my abilities. Lance van Sittert and staff at the UCT and Gilchrist Library are thanked for their kind assistance in accessing historical literature. Anne-Flore Laloe (National Marine Biological Library, Plymouth) and Linda Fitzpatrick (Scottish Fisheries Museum) provided fantastic remote assistance. John Pinnegar, Andy Payne and other CEFAS staff generously shared their knowledge. Mandy Roberts was extremely helpful in finding my way around the CEFAS (Lowestoft) library and archives. A huge thank you to Georg Engelhard, who has been generous with his time, friendship and opened his house to me, making collaborative visits to Lowestoft possible. Without Georg's willingness to engage, and interest to help, investigation of the historical trawl gear would have faltered. Mr Jacobsz from Cape Netting was extremely generous with his time and support of the project. I thank him and his team of net-braiding staff for their hard work in getting the trawl net panels made. Sharon du Plessis and the DAFF fishing gear team (Moses Trimble, John Thomas and Clive Nash) are thanked for invaluable assistance in building the trawl net. As are George du Plessis and Granville Faulmann from the Biological Sciences workshop at UCT, for their help in the i construction of trawl doors. Lwandle Technologies generously provided hydrographic sensors to attach to the trawl net during fieldwork. Peter Bacon, Nico Bacon, the staff at Viking Fishing in Mosselbay and the captain and crew of MFV Leeukop are acknowledged for making the fieldwork possible. A special mention must be made of Noel Less, who taught me more about trawling and trawl gear than I ever expected to know. Noel is a fountain of knowledge on anything trawl or fisheries related. Without his vast experience, careful attention to detail and kind generosity of his time, this project likely would not have happened. Thank you Noel. A big thank you also to my assistants at sea, who survived the gruelling work and uncomfortable conditions in good humour and provided excellent service. Stewart Norman, Denham Parker, Stephen Lamberth and Colin Attwood, your able assistance was massively appreciated and the fieldwork would have been impossible without it. Thank you also to Garth Kingwill for your enthusiasm and effort to document the project, Dougal Paterson for stepping in when needed (and frequently dragging me into the surf to maintain sanity) and to Tommy Bornman and the SAEON Elwandle staff for their assistance on the Bird Island trip. The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) are acknowledged for making available their invaluable data. Deon Durholtz, Tracey Fairweather and Robin Leslie are thanked for their time and support throughout many discussions, queries and administrative assistance. Thanks also to Rob Cooper, who always had an open door and was ever ready to provide advice or assistance. The brilliance of many people was tapped for advice. Special mention must be made of Henning Winker, who boggled my mind many times. His infectious enthusiasm and curiosity, together with the generosity of sharing his statistical acumen make him an invaluable colleague and friend. James Thorson is thanked for his friendly, patient and efficient assistance, which enabled me to run his exciting models. The memory-intensive computations were performed using facilities provided by the University of Cape Town’s ICTS High Performance Computing team (http://hpc.uct.ac.za). Their staff were very helpful and efficient. The personal relationships that have nurtured and challenged me throughout the last few years are too many to mention. Thank you to the fantastic people I surround myself with, most of whom I won't mention here. My close friends and family are thanked for their endless support and love. Kerry (J), thank you for your incredible strength, infectious zest for life and loyal support through the hardest of times. Thank you to my Mom for her inspiration, love, strength and never-ending ii enthusiasm for everything I tackle. Lastly, thank you to my Dad, Tony, for everything you taught me, your love and gentle kindness, your childlike spirit and joy, and for being an incredible role model. Thank you. iii Table of Contents Acknowledgements..............................................................................................................................i Thesis abstract....................................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1: General Introduction ........................................................................................ 4 Development of South Africa's trawl industry................................................................................4 Baselines and understanding change................................................................................................6 Climate impacts.............................................................................................................................7 Fisheries pressures.........................................................................................................................8 Pre-exploitation baselines............................................................................................................10 Demersal ecosystem changes in South Africa................................................................................11 Thesis aims and overview................................................................................................................13 Chapter 2: Design and function of the historical Granton otter trawl in South Africa's earliest trawl surveys (1897-1906) ..................................................................................... 14 Abstract.............................................................................................................................................14 Introduction......................................................................................................................................15 Methods.............................................................................................................................................17 Results and Discussion.....................................................................................................................18 Development of the early otter trawl...........................................................................................18 Steam engines and trawl speeds...................................................................................................20 Net design....................................................................................................................................21 Net materials................................................................................................................................24 Headline.......................................................................................................................................25 Ground-rope.................................................................................................................................28
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