LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

INITIALS. NAMES. INITIALS. NAMES. F. E. A. F. E. ALLUM, Royal Mint, Tower D. R. D. .D. R. DEWEY, Ph.L.D. Professor, Hill. Massachusetts Institute of Tech· W. J. A. W. J. AsHLEY, M.A., Professor of nology, Boston, Mass. Economic History in Harvard M. G. D. MARK G. DAVIDSON, Advocate, University. Edinburgh. T. w. R. D. T. RHYS DAVIDS, LL.D., Ph.D., A. E. B. A. E. BATEMAN, Board of Trade. w. C. F. B. C. F. BASTABLE, LL.D., Professor Professor of Pali and Buddhist of Political Economy in Trinity Literature in University College, College, Dublin. London. J. B. J. BONAR, M.A., LL.D., Civil A. E. A. ELLIS. Service Commission. F. Y. E. F. Y. EDGEWORTH, M.A., D.C.L., R. W. B. R. w. BARNETT. Professor of Political Economy S. B. STEPHAN BAUER, Doctor Juris, in the University of Oxford. University, Vienna ; Handels• T. H. E. T. H. ELLIOTT, Secretary, Board kammer, Briinn, Austria. of Agriculture. S. BO. STEPHEN BouRNE, F.S.S. S.C. B. SYDNEY C. BUXTON, M.P. A. de F. A. DE FoviLLE, Professeur &.u Con- servatoire des Arts et Metiers, A. C. Rev. A. CALDECOTT, M.A., Fellow chef du Bureau de statistique et of St. John's College, Cambridge. de legi_slation au Ministere des A. C. f, A. DouRTOis, fils, Secretaire Per• Finances, Paris. petuel de la Societe d'Economie · A. w. F. A. W. FLux, M.A., Fellow of St. Politique de Paris. John's College, Cambridge. A. K. C. A. K. CONNELL. w. F. WILLIAM FowLER, LL.B. C. E. C. CLARA E. COLLET, M.A. C. G. C. C. G. CRUMP. Public Record Office. c. G. C. GIDE, Professeur d'Economie E. C. EDWIN CANNAN, M.A., Balliol Politique a la Faculte de Droit College, Oxford. de Montpellier, France. E. ca. E. CASTELOT, Correspondent of the C. Gr. Dr. CHAS. GRoss, Professor of British Economic Association, History in Harvard University, Paris. Cambridge, Mass. G. C. GEORGE CLARE. E. C. K. G. E. C. K. GONNER, M.A., Professor J. B. C. J. B. CLARK, Ph.D., Professor of of Political Economy in the Uni• Political Economy, Amherst Col• versity College, Liverpool. lege., Amherst, Mass. E. O. G. E. 0. GREENING. M.D. C. HisHonourJudgeM. D. CHALMERS, H. B. G. H. B. GREVEN, Professor of Poli- County Court, Birmingham. tical Economy in the University P. G. C. Major P. G. CRAIGIE, Board of of Leyden, Holland. Agriculture. A. H. A. HuGHES, Public Record Office. R. C. ROBERT CHALMERS, Treasury. o. A. H. C. A. HARRIS, Chr. Coll., Cam- w. c. Professor W. CUNNINGHAM, D.D., bridge, Colonial Office. Fellow of Trinity College, Cam• E. H. ELIJAH HELM, Manchester. bridge. F. H. F. HENDRIKS, F.S.S., F.I.A. w. J. c. W. J. CoRBETT, M.A., Fellow of G. H~ H. G. H. HUNT, Treasury. King's College, Cambridge. H. H. HENRY HIGGS, LL:B., Secretary's A. D. Dr. A. DANIELL, Advocate, Edin• Department, General Post Office. burgh. H. Ha. HuBERT HALL, Public Record C. F. D C. F. DuNBAR, LL.D., Professor of Office. Political Economy in Harvard w. A. s. H. W. A. S. HEWINS, M.A., Pembroke University. College, Oxford. 800 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

INITIALS. NAMES. INITIALS. NAMES. W. H. WYNNARD HOOPER, M.A., Clare G. H. P. G. H. POWNALL. College, Cambridge. J.P. J. PEIRSON, F.C.A. J. R. P. J. R. PAGET, M.A., Temple. J. K. I. J. K. INGRAM, LL.D., Senior L. L. P. L. L. PRICE, M.A., Oriel College, Lecturer in Trinity College, Oxford. Dublin. L. R. P. Rev. L. R. PHELPS, M.A., Fellow J. W. B. I. J. W. BRODIE INNES. of Oriel College, Oxford. E. J. E. JoHNSTONE. M.P. Signor M. PANTALEONI, Rome. W. E. J. W. E. JOHNSON, M.A., King's Col• R. E. P. R. E. PROTHERO, M.A., late Fel• lege, Cambridge. low of All Souls College, Ox• ford. J. N. K. J. N. KEYNES, M.A., D.Sc., late R. L. P. R. L. PooLE, M.A., Jesus College, Fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford. Cambridge. W. P. Rev. WILLIAM PATRICK, D.D. M. K. Rev. M. KAUFMANN, M.A. D, G. R. D. G. RITCHIE, M.A., Jesus College, A. F. V. L. Dr. A. F. v. LEYDEN, Amsterdam. Oxford. E. deL. Professor E. DE LA VELEYE, Liege. G. R. Professor G. Rossi, Office of the G. B. L. G. B. LONGSTAFF, M.A., M.D. Treasury, Rome. R. L. R. LODGE, M.A., Brasenose College, J. R. JOHN RAE, M.A. Oxford. , J. E. T. R. Professor J. E. THoROLD RoGERs, T. J. L. Rev. T. J. LAWRENCE, M.A., LL.D., M.A., sometime Professor of Professor of lnternati~nal Law, Political Economy in the Uni• University of Chicago. versity of Oxford. 8. M. L. STANLEY M. LEATHl!jS, M.A., T. R. T. RALEIGH, M.A., Reader in Fellow of Trinity College, Cam• English Law, All Souls College, bridge. Oxford. T. L. T. LONGHURST, Hon. Secy., British W. R.-A. Professor W. ROBERTS-AUSTEN, Chamber of Commerc1, Paris. F.R.S., Royal Mint, Tower W. L. WALTER LUPTON. Hill. A. C. M. A. C. MILLER, M.A., Professor, E. S. E. SCHUSTER (Doctor Juris, Uni- University of Chicago versity, Munich), Lincoln's Inn. E. A.M. ELLEN A. ·M'ARTHUR, Lecturer of F. E. S. F. E. STEELE. Girton College, Cambridge. G. F. S. GUSTAV F. STEFFEN. E. M. EWING MATHIESON. H. S. HENRY SIDGWICK, Litt.D., Pro• F. C.?.,. F. C. MoNTAGUE, M.A., sometime fessor_ of Moral Philosophy in Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, the University of Cambridge. Professor of History in Univer• H. ld• S. H. MoRSE STEPHENS, M.A., late of sity College, London. Baliiol College, Oxford. F. W. M. F. W. MAITLAND, LL.D., Professor J. s. JOHN SMITH, Board of Trade. of the Laws of England in the University of Cambridge. F. W. T. Professor F. W. TAUSSIG, LL.B., J. E. C. M. J. E. C. MUNRO, LL.D. Ph.D., Harvard University. J. M. Professor JAMES MAYOR, University H. R. T. H. R. TEDDER. of Toronto. R. M.-s. RICHMOND MAYO-SMITH, Ph.D., N. P. v. de B. Dr. N. P. VAN DEN BERG, Governor Professor, Columbia College, New of the Bank of Holland, Amster• York. dam. s. JII. SAMUEL MoNTAGU, M.P. B. E. W. B. E. WALKER, Toronto, Canada. J. S. N. J. S. NICHOLSON, M.A., D.Sc., E. W. E. WATERHOUSE, B.A. Professor of Political Economy, E. A. W. E. A. WHITTUCK, M.A., Oriel Col• in the University of Edinburgh. lege, Oxford. V. N. VAUGHAN NASH. G. W. GRAHAM WALLAS, M.A. P. W, PAUL WATERHOUSE, M.A., E. B. 0. E. B. OsBORN, M.A. A.R.I.B.A., Balliol College, Ox• E. G. P, ELEANOR G. POWELL. ford. F. P, Sir FREDERICK PoLLOCK, Bart., P. H. W. Rev. P. H. WrcKSTEED, M.A. M.A., Professor of Jurisprudence s. w. SPENSER WILKINSON, M.A., late in the University of Oxford. of Merton College, Oxford.

The EDITOR. takes the respqnsibility of the u'Migned Articles. LISrr OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THE PRESENT AND PREVIOUS VOLUME.

INITIALS. N A1lE8. INITIAl& N.u

INITIALS. NAMES. INITIALS. NAMES. B. E. E. HUGH E. EGERTON, M.A., Oxon. ; w. A. s. H. W. A. S. HEWINS, M.A., Pembroke Barrister-at-Law. College, Oxford ; Director of the R. T. E. R. T. ELY, Director of the School -London School of Economic and of Economics, Political Science, Political Science. and History, and Professor of Political Economy in the Uni• J. K. I. J. K. INGRAM, LL.D., Senior versity of Wisconsin. Lecturer in Trinity College, T. H. E. T. H. ELLIOTT, Secretary, Board Dublin. of Agriculture. J. W. B. I, J. W. BRODIE INNES,

A. de F. A. DE FoviLLE, Directeur de E. J. E. JOHNSTONE. 1' Admn. des Monnaies de France, J. w. J. J. W. JENKS, Ph.D., Professor of Membre de l'Institut, Paris. Political Science, Cornell Uni• A. w. F. A. W. FLux, M.A., Fellow of versity, U.S.A. St. John's College, Cambridge, w. E. J. W. E. JoHNSON, M.A., King's Owens College, Manchester College, Cambridge. c. A. F. CAROLINE A. FoLEY, M.A. (Mrs. T. W. Rhys Davids). G. K. GEORGE KING, Vice-President of s. N. F. STEPHEN N. Fox, B.A. the Institute of .Actuaries, and F. w. WILLIAM FowLER, LL.B. Chairman of the Life Offices As• sociation. c. G. C. GmE, Professeur d'Economie J. B, K. JOHN BOYD KINNEAR, Barrister-at- Politique a la Faculte de Droit Law, Lincoln's Inn. de Montpellier, France. J, N. K. J. N. KEYNES, M.A., D.Sc., late c. Gr. Dr. CHAS. GRoss, A.M., lnst. in Fellow of Pembroke College, History in Harvard University, Cambridge. Cambridge, Mass. M. K. Rev. M. KAUFMANN, M.A. E. c. K. G. E. C. K. GoNNER, M.A., Pro• fessor of Political Economy in A. L. ALICE LAW, Girton College, Cam- the University College, Liver• bridge. pool. Ach. L. AcHILLE LoRIA, Professor of Poli- E. 0. G, E. 0. GREENING. tical Economy at the University F, H. G. F. H. GIDDINGS, M.A., Professor of of Padua ; Correspondent of the Sociology in Columbia Univer• British Economic Association. sity, New York City. A. F. v. L. A. F. v. LEYDEN, Doctor of Law, H. de B. G. Rev. H. de B. GIBBINS, Head Holland. Master, Liverpool College. c. s. L. c. s. LOCH, B.A. II. B. G. H. B. GREVEN, Professor of Poli- E. L, EMANUEL LESER, Ph.D., Professor tical Economy in the University of Political Economy in the of Leyden, Uni• Holland. versity of Heidelberg. J. G, JOHN GLOVER, F.S.S. E, de L. Professor E. DE LA VELEYE, Liege. G. B. L. G. B. LONGSTAFF, M.A., M.D. A. H. A. HUGHES, Public Record Office. I. s. L. I. S. LEADAM, M.A., formerly A. T. H, A. T. HADLEY, Professor of Poli- Fellow of Brasenose College, tical Economy in Yale Uni• Oxford. versity, New Haven, Connecticut, R, L. R. LoDGE, M.A., Professor of U.S.A. History in the University of c. A. H. C. A. HARRIS, Chr. Coli., Cam- Glasgow. bridge, Colonial Office. S, M. L. STANLEY M. LEATHES, M.A., E. H. ELIJAH HELM, Manchester. Fellow of Trinity College, Cam• F. H. F. HENDRIKS, F.S.S., F.I.A. bridge. G. H. H. G. H. HuNT, Treasury. s. M'c. L. Dr. S. M'C. LINDSAY, Assistant H. H. HENRY HIGGS, LL.B., Secretary's Professor of Sociology, Univer• Department, General Post Office. sity of Pennsylvania, U.S.A. H. Ha. HuBERT HALL, Public Record T. L. T. LONGHURST, Hon. Secy., British Office. Chamber of Commerce, Paris. R. H. RICHARD HowLETT, F.S.A. Civil T. J, L. Rev.T.J.LAWRENCE,M.A.,LL.D., Service Commission. Rector of Girton ; Lecturer in R. H. H. REGINALD H. HooKER, Agricul- Maritime Law at the Royal tural Department. Naval College, Greenwich. W. H. WYNNARD HOOPER. W, L. WALTER LUPTOX, LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 847

INITIALS. NAMES- INITIALS. NAMES. A. c. M. A. C. MILLER, liLA., Professor, D. G. R. D. G. RITCHIE, M.A., Professor of University of Chicago. Logic and Metaphysics, Uni• E. M. EWING MATHIESON. versity of St. Andrews, N.B. E. A.M. ELLEN A. M'ARTHUR, Vice-Mis• E. R. E. RIGG, Royal Mint, Tower Hill. tress and Lecturer of Girton G, R. Professor G. Rossi, Office of the College, Cambridge. Treasury, Rome. Jr. C. M. F. C. MONTAGUE, M.A., sometime J. R. JOHN RAE, M.A. Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, J, D. R. J. D. RoGERS, M.A., B.C.L., Bar- Professor of History in Univer• rister-at-Law, formerly Stowell sity College, London. Fellow of University College, Jr. W. M. F. W. MAITLAND, LL.D., Professor London. of the Laws of England in the J. E. T. R. Professor J. E. THOROLD RoGERs, University of Cambridge. M.A., sometime Professor of J, M. Professor JAMES MA VOR, University Political Economy in the Uni• of Toronto. versity of Oxford. J. E. C. M. J. E. C. MUNRO, LL.D., Lincoln's L. s. R. Dr. LEo S. RowE, Philadelphia. Inn. T. R. T. RALEIGH, M.A., Fellow of All J, S.M. J. S. MACKENZIE, Professor of Souls College, Oxford. Philosophy, University College, u. R. UGo RABBENO, Professor of Politi- Cardiff. cal Economy at the University M. T. M. MARY TRICE MARTIN. of Modena. R. M.-s. RICHMOND MAYO-SMITH, Ph.D., v. R. VICTOR RosEWATER, Ph.D., Col- Professor, Columbia University, umbia. New York City. w. R.-A. Professor w_ ROBERTS-AUSTEN, S.M. SAMUEL MoNTAGu, M.P. F.R.S., Royal Mint, Tower Hill. J. N. J. NISBET, J, S. N, J. S. NICHOLSON, M.A., D.Sc., A. E. s. A. E. STAMP, M.A., Public Record Professor of Political Economy Office, in the University of Edin• o. A. v. s. Dr. C. A. VERRIJN STUART, Secre• burgh. taryofthe Central Commission of V. N. VAUGHAN NASH. Statistics, The Hague, Holland. E. s. E. ScHUSTER (Doctor Juris, Uni- versity, Munich), Lincoln's Inn. A. 0. Professor A. ONCKEN, University E. R. A. s. Professor E. R. A. SELIGMA~, of Berne. Ph.D., Columbia University, E. B. 0. E. B. OsBORN, M.A. New York City. s. o. SYDNEY OLIVIER, B. A. F. E, S, F. E, STEELE. G. B. B, G. BARNETT SMITH, E, G. P. ELEANOR G. PowELL, Somerville G. F. B. GusTAV F. STEFFEN, College, Oxford. H. s. HENRY SIDGWICK, Litt.D., Pro- Jr. p, Sir FREDERICK POLLOCK, Bart., fessor of Moral Philosophy in M.A., Professor of Jurisprudence the University of Cambridge. in the University of Oxford. H. M, S. H. MORSE STEPHENS, M.A., late G, H. P, G. H. PowNALL. of Balliol College, Oxford. G. R. P. G. R. PARKIN. J. S, JOHN SMITH, Board of Trade. H. H. P. H. H. PowERS, Ph.D., Professor T. G. B. T. G. SPYERs, B.A., late Demy of Economics, Leland Stanford of Magdalen College, Oxford, Jr. University, California. Barrister-at-Law, Inner Temple. J. p, J. PEIRSON, F.C.A. w. B. WILLIAM SMART, M.A., Lecturer J. R. P. J. R. PAGET, M.A., Temple. on Political Economy, Queen L. L, P, L. L. PRICE, M.A., Oriel College, Margaret College, Glasgow. Oxford. w. A. s. W. A. SHAW, Public Record Office. L, R. P. Rev. L. R. PHELPS, M.A., Fellow w. H. s. W. H. SMITH, Royal Court of of Oriel College, Oxford. Justice. M.P. Signor M. PANTALEONI, Rome. R. E. P. R. E. PROTHERO, M.A., late Jr. w. T. Professor F. W. TAussiG, LL.B., Fellow of All Souls College, Ph.D., Harvard University. Oxford. H. R. T, H. R. TEDDER. R. L. P. R. L. PooLE, M.A., Jesus College, R. w. c. T. R. W. CooKE TAYLOR, H.M. Super• Oxford. intending Inspector of Factories W. P. Rev, WILLIAM PATRICK, D.D. and Workshops. 848 DICTIONARY O.F POLITICAL ECONOMY

INITIALS. N.lJfBS. INITU..l& NAKII:S.

N.P.v.deB. Dr. N. P. VAN DEN BERG, Governor G, W. GRAHAJ( W ALLAS1 M.A. of the Bank of Holl&nd, Amster• H. G. W, HENRY GEORGE WILLINK, dam. H. L. W. HENRY LEE WARNER, M.A., late Fellow of St. John's College, B. E. W, B. E. WALKER, Toronto, Canada. Cambridge. E. \V, E. WATERHOUSE, B.A. J. w. J. WESTLAKE, Q.C. E. A. W. E. A. WHrrrucK, M.A., Oriel Col• P, W, PAUL WATERHOUSE, M.A., lege, Oxford. A.R.I.B.A., Balliol College, Ox• F. A. W, General F. A. WALKER, President ford. of the Massachusetts Institute P, H. W. Rev. P. H. WIOKBTEED, M.A. of Technology, Boston, Mass., 8. w. SPENSER WILKINSON, M.A., late U.S.A. of Merton College, Oxford.

The EDif'OB takes the responsibility of the unsigmd .Articles. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN INDEX.

Ah'. =Africa dlaadv.=disadvantage lnher. •Inheritance protn. -protection Afrn. =African disorgn. =disorganisation l.nstr. =lnatrnment Amer. =America Int. =Interest qual. =qnality Amern. =American ~l:t.:=!~~~~tl'~ In trod. =Introduced qwmt. =quantlt:r anc. =ancient divis.=division lntrodn. =Introduction quest. =question doctr.=doctrlne lnvd. =Invented ~~k:a[J'=etlc Ire!. =Ireland reguln. =regulation &rithl. =arithmetical E.=eaet rei. =relation aesoc. =association ecoutic;' economic, econo· ~:..i~ restrd. =restricted restrns. =restrictions Brit. =Britain, British jnt.-atk. =Joint-stock B.C.=Roman Catholic :s':!i>~!~t"bi~'b~ngllsh RWIS. =Russia, Ruaslan calcuL =calculation Eur. =Europe, European leglal. =legislation centJ. =century expln. =explanation liab. =liability Sch. =School char. =character act. =science eire.= circulation Fr.=France, French medvl. =medieval Sc.=Scotch Co.=Company rr.=Crom Mere. Syst. = Mercantile Scot. =Scotland compd. =compared aecs. =securities conn. =connected Ger.=Gennan, Germany m~&:ethod B.=aouth const.=conetitution gov. =government mod.=modern Span. =Spanish crit. =criticism stan. =standard curr. =currency hi st.= history N.=north atk. ex. =stock exchange Roll. =Holland N.W.=north-west auspn. =•~pension Dec!.= Declaration Switz. =8Wltzerland decr.=decreaae lllustr. =illustrated Parlt. =Parliament syat. = oyatam decrg. =decreaeing illustn. =lll118tration parlJ. =parliamentary U.K.= United Kingdom der. =dellnition lnconv. =Inconvertible P.B.=political economy U.S.A. =United States or Incr. = lncreaee prlnc. =principles America ~r&."!".ru::,r,::tation Ind. =India, Indian prodn.=prodnctlon dime. =dlmculty lndep. =independent prohib. =prohibition W.=weat dlmin. =diminishing lull. = lnlluence Prot.= Proteatant wh.=which

Names of persons noticed in the Dictionary appear, in the index, In small capitals, as J. S. Mu.L; titles of other articles in heavy type, as V a.lue ; foreign words, not being titles of articles, and names of books, in italics, ae Villa, Wealth. of Natinns. A colon indicates the end of the index-heading: individual references are separated by a semicolon ; groups of references by .- In each reference the number indicates the page, while the letter indicates a dit--iaion of that page ; a and b referring to the upper and luuJer halves of the ~t-hand column, c and d to the upper and lotDer halves of the rig/a.t-hand column. Thus, Absentee : Evils of, i. 3 d, refers to volume i. page 3, the lower half of the right-hand column. The diagram aubjoined shows the method followed :-

IJ c

b d INDEX ABSENTEE AGRICULTURE

Absentee : Evils of, i 3 d, 4 a ; income remitted 30 ab j D. DIDEROT on, i. 577 d j A. M. de by Exports, i. 3 b ; J. R. M'CULLOCH on, i 3 Do:MBASLEB on, i. 628 d ; H. L. DUHAMEL DU c, 623 d, 624 a, ii. 657 b ; and Middleman, MONCEAU on, i. 648 d j W. ELLIS on, i. 693 c j i. 8 d ; J. S. MILL on, i. 8 be ; F. QuEBNAY on, P. EsTERNo's defence of, i. 755 c; Sir A. FITz• i. 8 c j W. N. SIINIOR on, i. 3 b, 4 a. HERIIERT on, 16th centy., ii. 86 cd j A. E. P. de Abstinence : and econ. Harmonies, i 4 d ; GABPARIN on, ii. 186 d, 187 a j S. HARTLIB on, theory of Interest, ii. 426 c, 428 a; F. LAssALLE 17th centy., ii. 291 d; A. F. von HA.xTHAUSEN on, ii. 427 d, 568 b ; element in Profit, i. 4 d ; on, Danish, Ger., and Russ., i. 716 bd, ii. 293 d- effect on Value, i 761 d. 294 c, 694 a ; and Industrial Revolution, Abstract Method: T. CARLYLE on, i 228 a ; ii. 400 a ; W. MARSHALL on, i. 24 a, ii. 702 com pd. with Concrete, i. 5 c, ii. 743 d ; Dutch d j V. R. de MIRAEEAU on, ii. 776 abed j Sc., Sch., i. 657 c; F. B. W. HERMANN on, ii. 202 G. RoBERTSON on, iii. 315 c; Span., decline of, c, 302 b ; compd. with Historical, ii. 309 a, and Mesta, ii. 737 b-738 a, iii. 574 a; Teutonic, iii. 533 d j J. S. MILL on, i. 5 b, 784 d. TACITUS on, iii. 511 d; Transhumance, Accumulation: J. RAE on effective desire of, i migrations of cattle, iii. 573 d, 574 a ; T. 592 cd, iii. 250 d, 251 a; Rate of, causes TuBBER'S 500 Points, iii. 596 b j VARRO on, affecting, i 7 b. iii. 612 b j J. WORLIDGE on, iii. 680 ac; A. Administration: Areas of, i.12 ab; and responsi· YARRANTON on, iii. 681 d j A. YOUNG on, i bility, Board, i. 156d; ofmedvl. City, i. 11 a; 90 a, ii. 322 d, 814 d, iii. 84 b, 685 bed, 687 d, P. M. DoRIA on, i. 633 ab ; and Econoinics, 688 cd.-~culture, Anglo-Saxon, i. 27 d, i. 13 d-14 c; and Monarchy, i. 11 be, 13 be; ii. 320 a ; B1de, ii. 304 be, 508 d, iii. 629 c ; and Norman Conquest, i. 11 b ; and mod. Von Maurer's theory of Mark, i. 25 d, 359 Republics, i. 13 c. ; Sci. of, L. VON STEIN on, a, ii. 694 a; F. Seebohm's theory of Roman Villa, iii. 47 4 be ; Theories of, i. 10 be ; Unpaid, i. i. 25 d, 26 a, 359 b, ii. 695 b.-Board of 11 a.-Administration, Central, or Bureau• Agriculture, 1793, i. 29 b, 156 d-157 c; 1889, cracy, Dangers of, i. 194 a ; and Local, i 29 d, 157 c-158 a.--Chambers of Agri• i. 10 d, 13 ab, ii. 625 b; Mod. hist. of, i. 11 culture, Organization, i. 257 cd, 258 a ; bed, 294 cd ; Necessity of, i. 194 b ; Powers, and Taxation, i. 258 b.-Agriculture, i 13 ab ; Principles, i. 194 be ; Scope, i 250 Conversion of Arable to Pa.stnre, 15th and cd ; and Self-gov., i. 10 d, 250 cd, 513 d, ii. 16th centy., i. 28 d, 153 ab, 260 d, 406 d-407 829 cd. b, 710 b, ii. 28 cd, 320 cd, 686 d, iii. 560 d j Advances: and Capital, i. 16 b; Physiocrats Present day, i. 49 d, 50 a, 407 c.-Agricul• on, i. 16 a ; D. RICARDO and A. SMITH on, i. ture in England, medvl Church, i. 282 d; 16 b; and Wages, i. 16 b. Depopulation, 14th centy., i. 552 a; Im• Advowsons : Abstract of Title, i. 5 a ; and provements, 18th centy., i. 29 ab ; before Patronage, i. 130 c, iii. 79 be. Industrial Revolution, ii. 899 b ; Natural African Companies, Early: i. 18 d, 19 a, 31 c, tendency of, i. 49 cd ; after Norman Conquest, 271 b, 330 a, 375 c, ii. 270 d, 271 d, 324 d, i. 28 b; Progress, 17th centy., i. 28 d, 29 a; iii. 275 d, 418 d. changes under Tudors i. 28 d, 261 b, 722 a.• A.gazzini, M. : on Medvl. Econ., i. 21 a; Value, Agriculture, Fr., 0. G. de L. de MALESHERIIEB and Cost of reproduction, i. 20 d. on, ii. 666 b ; S. le P. VAUBAN on depression, Agnati : i. 22 c, iii. 65 d. 1707, i. 588 a.-Agriculture, Ind., Ryot, iii. Agricultural Holdings : Acts, i. 26 d-27 b, 343 d, 344 ac ; Tribal, iii. 581 a.-Agricul• ii. 30 b, 543 c, 563 c, iii. 529 c ; Allotment, ture, lntensive Cultivation, illll!!tn. of Law hist. of, i. 32 cd, 269 ab, ii. 30 c, 538 c ; Large of Dimin. returns, ii. 424 d; S. P. GABBER on, and small compd., i. 470 d-472 a, ii. 30 be, 322 ii. 187 c; compd. with Nomadic, ii. 424 a; abed, 402 ab, 815 d, iii. 295 b ; Sma.ll Hold• econ. justification for Property in land, ii. ings Act, 1892, iii. 411 c-412 a. 424 cd ; and Rent, iii. 283 d ; Rotation of Agriculture : and Black Death, i. 28 c, 152 b, crops, drainage and dressing, ii. 424 be.-Ag• 261 a, 407 ab, 710 b, ii. 320 be ; Cattle riculture, Medvl, Da.y work, i. 485 d; Plague Orders, i. 234 b ; T. CHALMIIRS on, Walter of HENLEY on, ii. 299 be; La.m.ma.a or i. 256 a ; Depression of, i. 563 d-565 b, ii. commonable lands, i. 24 a, ii. 58 a, 541 d, 694 ALIENS INDEX ASSIGNAT

- 542 b, 559 c, iii. 538 d ; importance of MASERES on, ii. 706 ed j J. de WITT on, i. 545 a, Plough-team, i. 551 d, ii. 58 b, iii. 118 a; 657 b, ii. 411 c, iii. 671 a.-Terminable Precarim, i. 25 b, ii. 684 c, iii. 287 a, 383 a, Annuities, Hist. of, i. 188 b, iii. 407 b, 530 d, 625 a ; Virga.te, i. 25 a, ii. 52 d, 58 b, 685 a, 531 a; Investment in, i. 41 d; Not negoti• iii 439 c, 625 a, 629 c; Week-work, i. 25 b, able, iii 530 be ; compd. with Perpetual, i. ii. 58 a, 139 d, 188 c, 684 c, iii. 287 a, 383 a, 41 d, 42 ab, iii. 531 b. 439 c, 662 be ; Y a.rdla.nd, ii. 58 b, 559 c, 684 c, Anti-Com-Law League : i. 42 ed, 736 b ; effect iii. 681 a.-Agriculture, Roman, La.tifund• on F. BASTIAT, i. 123 b; opposed by Chartism, ium, ii. 543 a, 569 bed ; Slave system, ii 28 a, i. 272 a; and Free Trade, ii. 148 ed; and iii. 385 c ; Tributa.rius, iii. 581 d ; Villa, i. Manchester Sch., ii. 678 d. 26 a, 27 c.-Agriculture, Systems of, All• ANTONINUS, ST. : on Int. and Usury, i. 43 a j mend, i. 23 d, 361 a; Collective, i. 22 ed ; W ea.lth, ii. 461 be. Crofters, Scot., i. 23 d ; Enclosures, i. 23 b, A posteriori meth. : i. 43 b, ii 7 44 ab. 24 b, 28 d, 29 be, 32 d, 52 b, 157 b, 260 d, APPLETON, N. : on Bank, national, i. 43 d; 359 d, 407 ab, 551b, 552 be, 709 d-712 a, ii. Wages, i. 44 a. 320 ed, 321 ab, 335 a, 686 d ; Farming, ii. Apportionment : of Benefits and burdens, i. 44 d, 27 d-32 a, 738 a ; Feudal, Fr. and Eng., ii. 45 a ; Rent, i. 44 be. 28 be ; Manor, i. 24 d, 25 ab, 28 ab, 37 c, 359 Apprenticeship : and Articles, i. 59 d ; R. be, 44 7 b-448 b, ii. 171 a, 683 d-687 a, iii. CoKE on, i. 318 d ; and Gilds, i. 45 cd, 430 a ; 273 c ; Mark, i. 25 d, 359 a, ii. 693 c-695 b ; and Restms. on Labour, iii. 298 a ; Statute M~ta.ya.ge, ii. 1 c, 28 a, 504 d, 738 a, 759 d ; of, i. 45 d-47 a, 318 d, 430 a, ii. 4 d, 241 ab, 530 Mir, i. 22 d, 360 c, 361 a, 413 b, ii. 774 ed, cd, 591 b, iii. 563 c; and Trades Unions, i. 45 iii. 21 d ; Open field, i. 24 bed, 25 c, if. 57 d ; d, 46 a, ii. 400 d, iii. 298 a, 563 c, 572 d. Three field, ii. 57 d, 171 a, 299 c, 609 b, A priori meth.: i. 47 d, ii. 744 ab, iii. 146 a; J. iii. 1 d, 118 b, 538 be, 629 c ; Tribal, or Celtic, S. MILL, i. 383 b, ii. 757 be j D. RICARDO, i. 47 d. i. 26 be, 27 d, 47 b, 178 ab, ii. 28 a, iii. 581 be; AQUINAS, ST. THOMAS : on Charity, i. 48 d ; Two-field, ii. 57 d, 299 c, iii. 538 ed, 629 c ; Government, i. 49 b ; Infl. on econ. thought, Village communities, India and Java, i. 23 i. 48 a, ii. 500 c; on Int. and Usury, i. 49 bed, 360 c, 361 a, iii. 690 b. ab, 479 cd, ii. 461 b, iii. 528 b ; Jus naturale, i. Aliens: Aubaine, droit d', i. 68 abc; D~trac­ 48 b, ii. 498 b, 499 a; Property, i. 48 b; tion, droit de, i. 68 be, 572 ed; Disabilities Slavery, i. 48 d ; Taxation, i. 49 b ; Trade, of, i. 31 d, 587 d.-Aliens, Naturalization i. 49 a. of, i. 32 a, ii. 442 d, iii. 5 d ; Intermediate class, Arbitration : compd. with Conciliation, i. 385 iii. 6 b ; under Mere. Syst., iii. 6 ab, 629 a ; c ; Conseils de Prud'hommes, i. 51 d, 385 be, U.S.A., effects on Eur. countries, iii. 6 c-7 c. 389 be, iii. 239 be, 558 d; Diffie. of, i. 51 bed ; .ALisoN, Sir A., on contracted Curr. : i. 32 ab. Legal provision for, i. 46 c, 51 d ; Meth. of, i. Allmend, Switz. : i. 23 d, 361 a. 51 c ; Referee, iii. 273 c. Allowance Syst. Poor Law, ill effects : i. 33 b· ARISTOTLE : on Colonies, i. 55 c ; conception of 34 b, ii. 208 d, iii. 156 c. Econ. Sci., i. 53 d, 279 d, 280 a, iii 113 d, ALTHUSIUS, J.: on Society, origin of, i. 36 ed j 143 ed; on Int. and Usury, i. 54 d, ii. 429 d; Trade, State reguln. of, i. 37 a. Jus naturale, ii. 498 a; Money, i. 54 ed, 55 b, Altruism and Self-Interest: i. 37 b, iii. 375 b. 765 b, ii. 795 b, iii. 143 c; Monopoly, i. 55 e; American Companies : i. 330 a, ii. 556 d, 557 a. defence of Property, i. 55 e, iii. 231 b ; on American Sch. : on Laissez.faire, ii, 539 a-540 origin of Society, i. 55 abc, iii. 114 a; Trade, b ; Optimism and Protn., H. C. CAREY, I. 38 i. 54 d; theory of Value, i. 54 c, 55 b, 762 d, a, 226 c, ii. 289 d, 290 a; Protection, H. 765 b; on Wages, i. 54 d; Wealth, i. 54 ab, CLAY, i. 37 d, 38 a, 305 a. iii. 21 be, 102 c. Amortisation: or Sinking Fund, i. 38 b ; J. de Arithmetic, Political : and Demography i., WITT on, iii. 670 d. 57 a; T. R. MALTHUB, i. 57 a ; Sir W. PETTY, i. Analytical Meth., and Synthetic: i. 38 ed, ii. 55 d, 56 ab, 731 be, iii. 99 b; and Physiocrats, i. 744 be, iii. 507 abc. 56 d; study of Population, department of P. E., Anarchism: M. BAKOUNIN, i. 38 d, 84 b ; J. G. i. 56 bd, iii. 163 a; L. A. J. QUETELET, 1. 57 a, FICHTE, ii. 56 a j W. GODWIN, ii. 217 c, 218 a j iii 247 d; J. P. SUBSMILCH, i. 57 a, iii. 502 b. extreme form of Individualism, ii. 389 ed, iii. Arithmetical Ratio, and T .. R. MALTHUS: i. 57 478 b; and International Working Men's b, ii. 195 d, 668 d. Assoc., i. 38 d, 39 a, ii. 453 ab ; compd. with Armed Neutrality, and English Trade: i. 57 Nihilism, iii. 21 c; Prine. of, i. 39 be; J. cd, 397 a, iii. 39 d, 58 b. PRoUDHON, iii. 237 c ; compd. with Socialism, Arrangement : Deed of, and Bankruptcy, i. iii. 431 d; Max STIRNER (C. ScHMIDT), iii. 478 b. 58 be, 116 d, 527 a ; crit. of Law of, i. 529 a ; ANDERSON, J., on Rent: i. 39 d, 40 a, 734 b, iii. Liquidation under, compd. with Bankruptcy 145 c, 288 a. Act, i. 528 cd. Annuity: Analysis of, i. 41 c; Consolidated or ~I: i. 59 be, 413 b, iii 842 c. Console, i. 390 c ; Deadweight, I. 486 be ; Artisan: D. DIDEROT's def. of, i. 577 d.• and Interest, i. 40 d ; E. B. SUGDEN on, iii. Artisan, medvl., and Gilds, i. 60 b ; and 486 b; Taxation on, i. 41 b; Tontine, iii. La.nd, i. 32 c. 548 bc.-Annuity, Life, A. DEMOIVRB on, i. Assiguat : P. J. CAMBON on redemption of, i. 545 ed, ii. 416 ab; series of Endowments, ii. 206 d; in Revolution, Fr., an Inconvertiblf'l 412 b-413 a j J. FINLAIBON, ii. 83 c j F. Curr., i. 63 abed, 206 ed, ii. 380 b, iii. 303 cd. ATELIERS NATIONAUX INDEX BANKING 6911

Ateliers Nationaux: L. BLANc's, closed by H. BANDINI, S. A., on improvement of Land, _DUSSABD, i. 655 d ; and Right to Labour, i. Tuscany : i. 91 ab. 66 a, iii 312 a, 432 c ; and Socialism, i. 66 b, Bankers, medvl., or royal usurers : the FUGGERB, 154 alJ, iii. 432 c ; and P. E. THOMAS, iii. 535 a. ii. 167 a; Jews, i. 342 c, ii. 478 d, 638 d, iii. ATTWOOD, T. : on Bimetallism, i. 67 d ; and 462 a; Lomba.rds, i. 342 c, ii. 142 cd, 481 b, Birmingham Sch., i. 67 bd ; Curr. scheme, and 639 be, iii. 462 a ; MEDICI, Florence, ii. 722 b- Cha.rtism, i. &271 d ; on high Prices, i. 67 b ; 723 b ; Staple merchants, ii. 730 b, iii. 462 a ; on evils of Resumption, i. 67 c, ii. 795 c, iii. 50 c. Taula de Camhi, Barcelona, iii. 516 cd ; Audit: of Banks, i. 70 d ; Charity, i. 70 cd ; Templars, Fr., ii. 730 b, iii. 527 d. Exchequer, i. 70 be, 71 d-72 b; Jnt.-Stk. Banking: Bank of Amsterdam, i. 104 cd, 559 d, ii. Co., i. 70 a; Railways, i. 70 b, 71 a. 227 d, 842 b; Australian and Ind. banks, functions AUGUBTINIB, M. de, on theory of Value : i. 72 cd. of, i. 97 b; Charitable montes, 15th centy., and Austrian Sch. : and Deductive Meth., i. 73 monts de piete, i. 213 d, ii. 663 cd, 810 d- alJ ; and Diffie. of attainment, i. 582 a ; and 812 b, iii. 82 a ; banking and Commerce, N. Final Utility, i. 73 b, ii. 61 a, 692 a ; and MAGENB on, ii. 662 d ; Co-operative, i. 109 a- Future Goods and Services, ii. 172 a; and 110 c, 412 d, iii. 366 a ; Baron CORVAIA, i .. Italian Soh., ii. 468 d ; and Value, i. 73 a, 432 c ; Credit bank, M. LEWis' scheme, ii. 735 c, 763 d, iii. 608 cd. 601 ab ; Departmental, P. EBTERNO on, i. 7 55 b; Average: Maritime, and Adjustment, Aver• Deposit, A. GALLATIN on, ii. 179 b; Discount, age, i. 9 cd, 74 d-75 c, iii. 64 d; or Mean, Minimum rate of, ii. 768 d, 769 a; Banks, use of, ii. 386 d, 718 c ; in Statistics, use and early Eur., i. 103 c; J. FRANCIS on hist. of, misuse, i. 7 4 be, iii. 468 d. ii. 128 c ; Fr. conception of, i. 98 d; Functions of, i. 79 c, 91 d; Bank of Genoa, i. 104 ab, BABBAGE, C. : on Cheapness, effects of, i. 76 b ; 559 d, ii. 601 d, 735 c, iii. 690 c ; Bank of Division of Labour, i. 76 b, 609 b; Machin• Germany, gov. of, i. 99 b ; Bank of Hamburg, ery and Tool, econ. functions of, i. 76 c, 77 a, i. 105 a-106 b, 559 d; Bank of Ireland, iii. 549 b ; Manufacture, i. 76 b, 77 a, ii. 689 privileges of, i. 96 d, 97 a ; Irish banks, i. 96 b- alJ, iii. 292 b; Method of P. E., i. 75 d, 76 a; 97 a; Jnt.-stk. banks, and J. W. GILBABT, ii. Residual and waste products, iii. 292 b ; 208 a ; Land banks, Ger., i. 106 d-1 08 d, iii. Statistics, i. 7 5 b. 251 cd, 366 a; Bank of Middelburg, i. 106 c; BACON, F. : on Colonies, i. 78 cd ; New Atlantis, National bank, R. MURRAY on, ii. 842 b; iii 602 d, 603 a. Origin of banking, i. 93 cd ; Post-office banks, BAGEHOT, W.: on Banking, Eng. one-reserve i. 111 be, ii. 538 a, iii. 17 5 d ; Provincial, i. syst., ii. 798 c ; Banks, functions of, i. 79 c ; 93d-94d; Bank of Rotterdam, i.106c; C.jSAINT• Employers, i. 705 b ; Eng. Const., i. 81 d, AUBIN on, iii. 345 a; Savings-banks, i. llOc- 198 d, 194 a; Laissez-faire, ii. 536 c; Money 111 d, 334 d, 649 bed, ii. 278 d; State bank, Market, i. 81 ab ; Money, universal, i. 81 be ; A. YARRANTON on, iii. 682 a; Sir J. STEUART P. E. as deductive sci., appl. to advanced on theory of, iii. 476 a; Bank Stock, 1694- aocieties, i. 79 d, 80 abd, 735 b, ii. 536 c, 7 4 7a, 1703, J. HOUGHTON'S register of, ii. 333 b; iii. 135 cd, 277 cd; P. E., Postulates of, Bank of Sweden, i. 104 be; Bank of Venice, transferability of capital and labour, ii. 450 a, i. 103 d, 104 a, 559 d; Banks, G. A. ZERBl on, iii. 148 cd ; Silver, deprec. of, and Bimetall• iii. 690 c.-Bank Act of 1844, suspn. of, ism, i. 81 c ; Suspension of specie pay• and Crisis of 1847, i. 459 a, 461 a; Crit. ~of, ments by Bank of Fr., ii. 793 a. i. 466 a, 735 c; and Curr. doctr., i. 113 d, BAILllY, S. : on Distance in time, i. 593 d ; 407 d, 472 cd, 623 c; Effects, i. 459 a, 463 b ; Rent, theory of, i. 82 d ; V a.lue, theory of, i. and Sir G. C. LEWIS, ii. 600 b ; S. J. LoYD on, 82 cd, ii. 456 b, 755 d, 756 b. ii. 647 b; and Money, ii. 795 d; W. NEWMARCH BAINEs family : i. 83 b-84 a.-BAINES, Sir E., on on, iii. 18 a; and Sir R. PEEL, iii. 87 be; T. Education, national, i. 83 d ; Free Trade, i. TOOKE on, iii. 548 d, 549 a.-Bank Assets, 83 c. Bill of Exchange, ii. 609 d; Liquid: Cash, Balance of Trade : i. 84 b-88 b, 352 c, 724 c, ii. Money at call, gov. Sees., ii. 609 c ; Loans, 727 c ; N. BABBON on, i. 87 b, 120 cd, iii. 528 c ; advances, and premises, ii. 609 c.-Banks, G. BERKELEY on, i. 87 d; E. BURKE on, i. 88 b, Canada, Branch syst., i. 102 ab ; Chartered, 195 b ; R. CANTILLON on, i. 87 b ; J. CARY on, i. 101 ab; Const. and powers, i. 101 ab; Hist. i. 230 b; Sir J. CHILD, i. 87 d, 277 c; C. DAVE• of, i. 100 b-101 a; Note issue, i. 101 b-102 a. NANT on, i. 87 d, 484 b ; J. L. FOSTER on, ii. -Banks of Deposit, Amsterdam and Ham• 121 d; D. fluME on, i. 87 ad, 732 c, 733 c, ii. burg, i. 559 d ; Athens and Rome, i. 559 d ; 342 c ; Sir R. MADDISON, i. 723 d, ii. 661 c ; under Commonwealth, S. LAMBB on, ii. 541 c ; V. de ¥'i:ZAGUES on, ii. 753 b; E. MIBBELDEN Medvl., i. 559 d; U.S.A., i. 103 ab.-Bank on, i. 723 c, ii. 779 a ; and Money, scarcity in Deposits, Canada, i. 102 c; Eng., i. 94 d; Middle Ages, i. 85 ab.; Sir D. NoRTH on, i. 87bc; Int. on, i. 94 d ; Irel., i. 97 a ; Popular banks, D. RICARDO on, i. 88 b ; W. von ScHRODER on, Italy, i. 110 b; Savings-banks, i. 111 abc; ii. 198 be, iii. 365 b ; A. SMITH on, i. 87 d-88 b, Scot., i. 95 d.-Bank of England, Bill business ii. 727 c, iii. 416 ab ; Sir J. ST:tiJART on, i. 87 b, of, i. 142 a ; and sale of gold Bullion, ii. 224 iii. 476 a ; depends on Total commerce, i. 85 cd ; H. CHAMBEBLEN'B opposition to, i. 257 ab, b, ii. 824 c. ii. 563 d ; functions in Clearing syst., i. 92 d, BALSAMO, P., and A. YouNG's Annal.! of Agri• 806 d, 308 b, 309 d, ii. 647 d; position in cultwre : i. 90 ab. Crisis of 1890, i. 464 bed ; Deposits in, i. 92 d; 69'6 BANKRUPTCY INDEX BILL

Functions, i. 92 b, 93 a ; Gov. of, i. 92 ca ; and BJ.RBON, N.: onBalanceofTrade, i. 87 b, 120cd,_ Mercers' Co., ii. 729 b ; and Eng. Merchants, iii. 528 c ; Credit, i. 120 a ; and lnaurance, ii. 731 b ; and Money Market, ii 797 bd, 798 fire, ii. 410 b; on Interest, i. 120 ab; Land alxJ ; and Panic, i. 463 ab ; hist. of Reserve in, Banks, i. 119 a, 120 d, ii 564 d; Money, i. i. 92 b, 94 b, iii. 291 ac ; Reserves, 1857, 1866, 119 d, 121 a, 728 d ; Rent, i. 119 b ; Trade; 1890, i. 465 b ; Rest, iii. 295 be ; D. RICARDO's i. 119 c, 120 b, 731 d ; Value, i. 119 cd, 120 a, crit. of, iii. 308 d ; Suspension of specie 121 a, ii. 456 a. payments by, i. 92 b, iii. 501 alxJ.-Bank of Barter : mod. form of, Clearing, i. 122 b ; dist. Eng., Foundation of, Econ. effects, i. 728 c ; from Exchange, i. 122 c ; Inconveniences of, M. GoDFRBY, ii 216 c, 274 d; HALili'A.X, Ea.rl i. 122 a ; and Kind, payments in, ii. 504 ca; 0~ ii 274 d; W. PATERSON, ii. 274 d, 576 b, and Truck syst., iii. ·583 d, 586 a. iii. 78 c.-Bank of Fr., Bill business of, i. BABTIAT, F. : J. E. CAIRNEs' crit. of, i. 124 b ; on 142 b ; Branch syst., i. 97 cd, 98 a ; Gov. of, econ. Harmonies, i. 4 d, 123 d, 124 a, 674 d, i. 97 be ; Reform of, proposed by D. LAFFITTll, 675 a, ii. 288 c-289 a ; F. LABSA.LLB's crit. of, i. ii. 533 a.-Mortgage Banks, Arguments for 124 c ; on Liberty, i. 123 cd, 67 5 a, ii. 289 a ; and against, ii. 823 d ; Cridit Foncier, Fr., Optimism of, i. 124 ac, ii. 158 b, 289 c ; on i. 108 b, 454 b-455 b, ii. 823 c ; ordinary Jnt.· Population, T. R. MALTHus' theory, ii 288 d ; Stk., ii 823 cd ; assoc. of Landowners, Ger., on Rent, D. RICARDO's theory, ii. 288 d ; i. 107 ti, ii. 822 ca; public Loans on security doctrine of Services, i. 124 b, ii. 256 be, iii. 96 c; of Land, Eng., ii 823 b; Mortgage Debenture on Value, i. 124 b, 764 a, ii. 256 be, 288 cd; on Act, ii 823 d; State, Ger., i. 108 d, ii. 822 d- Wealth, ii 256 cd. 823 b.-Bank Note, Convertibility of, i. BAUDEAU, N. : crit. of E. B. de CONDILLAC, i. 407 d ; Denominations of, discussed, i. 548 7 46 d ; articles in Ephemerides, i. 125 be, ca ; A. HAMILTON on, ii. 277 c ; regarded as 744 a, 745 c. Money, ii. 791 cd; infl. on Prices, i. 453 c. BAUDI, C. di V.,on landed Property, Italy: i.125 cd. -Bank Note Circ., Advantages of, iii. 26 b ; BAXTER, R. D.: on National Debt, i. 126 ca; Canada 1867, i. 100 d; Canada, present day, Brit. Taxation, i. 126 be. i. 101 c, 102 c; Eng., i. 94 ab, 112 ab; Fr., BECCARIA, C. B. : on Division of Labour, i. i. 97 d, 98 c, 112 d; Ger., i. 99 a, 112 d; Hist. 127 d, ii. 464 a; "Greatest happiness of greatest of, iii. 26 ab ; Irel., i. 97 a, 112 d ; Scot., i. number," i. 127 d; anticipation of T. R. 95 c, 112 d; Sweden, i. 99 c, 113 b ; U.S.A., i. MALTHus, i. 127 d; on power of Self-Int. in 99 c, 113 a-114 b.-Bank Note Issue, N. mod. world, i. 128 a ; anticipation of A. SHITH, BIDDLE on, U.S.A., i. 139 d; Sir R. PBEL and i. 127 d, ii. 464 a. Curr. doctr., i. 113 d, 472 cd; Restms. on, Benefice : Advowsons, i. 5 a, 130 be ; Land i. 93 d, 113 cd; Restms. on, Ger., i. 99 b ; D. Tenures, medvl., i. 130 ab. RICARDO and A. SMITH on, i. 113 c.-Bank Benevolences : voluntary Grants, i. 130 d ; Note, One Pound, G. J. Goschen's proposal Morton's Fork and Taxation, ii 825 b. 1892, iii. 35 d ; Irel. and Scot., iii. 85 c.• BENTHAM, J. : on Bounties, i. 131 d ; Colonies, Banks, Popular, Ger., i. 109 abc ; Italy, i. 109 i. 131 d ; Education, i. 133 c ; Final Utility, d-110 c.-Banking Reserve, W. BAGI!HOT on i. 133 b ; "Greatest happiness of greatest Eng. one- reserve syst., ii. 798 c ; Bill as, i. number," i. 132 d; F. HUTCHBBON'S anticipa• 141 b ; Canada, i. 102 a ; proportion to tion of, i.132 d, ii. 347 a ; on lndividua.Iiarn, Deposits, iii 291 c; effects of Eng. syst. on, i. 133 ab ; Int. and Usury, i. 181 ab, ii. 433 d; i. 94 b ; Ger., i. 99 ab ; D. RICARDO on, iii. Laissez-fa.ire, i. 133 b, ii. 535 cd ; econ. 291 a; Silver a.s, i. 147 b; U.S.A .. i. 103 a. functions of Machinery, i. 132 b; National -Banking, anc. Roman, Argentarii, i. 52 d, Debt, i. 132 a; P. E., Art and sci of, i. 181 d; 170 c, 559 d, ii. 726 d ; Mensa.rius, i. 559 d, Poor Law, i. 131 c, iii. 158 a ; Population, ii 726 d.-Banking, Sc., i. 95 a-96 b ; Bank i. 132 a; Prison Labour, iii. 207 d; Projectors of Scot., founded by J. HoLLAND, ii 824 be ; and industrial progress, i. 131 b ; Property, Branch syst., i. 95 d ; banks, Chartered, i. iii. 232 a ; infl. on D. RICARDO, i. 133 b, iii. 100 ab.-Ba.nking, U.S.A., J. E. BOLLMAN 305 a ; compd. with A. SMITH as philosopher, on, i. 162 c; T. R. DEw on, i. 573 d; Free, ii. i. 132 d, 133 a ; on Taxation, i. 132 a; his 133 ca; Suffolk syst., N. HALL on, ii. 278 c. form of Utilitarianism, i. 181 c, 182 d; on -Banks, U.S.A., National, i. 102 d-103 b; W ea.lth, national, sources of, i. 182 b. N. AFPLETON on functions o~ i. 43 d; and Bequest : chief Eur. countries, i. 134 be, iii. 669 a; Exchange, internal, i. 777 d; w. M:. GouGE Feudal law, i. 133 d, iii. 668 b; Roman Law, i. on, ii 235 a ; J. J. KNox on, ii. 512 a. 133 d, iii. 667 c. Bankruptcy : Board of Trade, i. 117 a ; and BBBKI!LBY, G. : on Balance of Trade, i. 87 d ; Book-keeping, i. 165 d; CeBBio bonorum, Money, conventional char. of, i. 135 a; Popula• Roman law, i. 114 b; Debtor's summons, tion, i. 135 b ; the Querist, i. 134 d, 732 a, ii i. 506 c; Deed of Arrangement, i. 58 b, 116 d, 35 d; on Unproductive Consumption, i. 527 a ; Discharge, i. 589 ab ; Dividend, i. 134 d ; Wealth, theory of, i. 134 d. 607 d; Eng. law of, i. 116 b-118 d, ii. 448 ca, BIIBOLD, C.: on Int. and Usury, i. 136 a; iii. 288 c, 239 b; Fraudulent conveyance and functions of Statistics, i. 135 d. Fra.udulent preference, ii. 132 cd; Joint Betterment: and Local gov., i. 136 cd, ii. 547 tl; debtors, ii. 485be; Official receiver, iii. 33 b; Objections to, i. 137 c-188 d ; Taxation on Onerous property, iii. 36 a ; Sequeatra.• Increment, unearned, ii 883 c. tion, Sc. law, i. 114 d-115 d. Bill : Accommodation, i. 6 ca ; Blank credit., BIMETALLISM INDEX BRAY 697

i. 155 b ; Council, Ind., i. 442 a-443 a, 776 d ; tender, i. 147 d; Price of, ii. 795 a.• Cross drawin~, i. 468 b ; Decrg. use of, i. Bimetallism and Silver, Price of, i. 148 cd ; 141 cd ; Dom1ciled, i. 632 b ; of Entry: Prodn. of, i. 148 c. Customs duties, i. 742 be; Exchequer, i. Birth-rate : Causes affecting, i. 150 be ; compd. 784 bed, ii. 275 ab, ill. 3 d, 464 a; of accom• with Death-rate, i. 150 d, 493 d, 494 a ; and modation, Kite, i. 468 b, ii. 508 a ; as banking i11cr. of Population, i. 150 d. Reserve, i. .~~1 b ; drawn at Sig~t, iii. 39~ d ; Black Death: and Land, cultivation of, i.153 ab, Treasury, m. 3 d, 579 b.-Bill Broking, 261 a, 407 ab, 710 b, ii. 320 be ; effect on Discount houses and :Money market, i. Population, i. 152 ab, 288 b; and Prices, ii. 142 ac, ii. 797 cd ; compd. with Exchange 21 d, iii. 190 d, 191 a; and Rent, Labour. i. broker, i. 140 d, 141 a, 778 be; Meth. of i. 28 c, 152' be, 261 a, 407 a, iii. 85 b; and Wages, 140 d, 141 a.-Bill of Exchange, Acceptance i. 28 c, 152 cd, ii. 28 c, 240 b, 686 c, 709 c, iii. o~ i. 6 b, 144 ab ; Allonge, i. 32 c ; as banking 191 a. Assets, ii. 609 d ; Blank endorsement, i. BLANc, J. J. L.: and Ateliers Nationaux, i. 66 155 b; and Cheques, i. 273 c-274 c; Com• a, 154 a, iii. 312 a, 432 c ; and organisation of mercial Instr., i. 142 d, 346 ab; instr. of Labour, i. 65 c, 153 d. Credit, i. 145 ab, 453 a ; Curr., mercantile, i. Blockade in International Law: Effective, 144 c ; Date of Drawing, i. 482 cd ; Days of and Decl. of Paris, i. 520 c, ii. 446 a, iii. 58 Grace, i. 144 d, 485 d; Delegation, i. 537 d; be ; Neutral States, i. 57 d, 156 abc, 397 a, Delivery, i. 538 c ; Discount on, i. 589 d ; 520 c, ii. 445 d, 446 ab ; Paper, i. 520 c, iii. Drawee and Drawer, i. 6 b, 143 b-144 d, 640 d; 58 be. !>rawer d.i.st. fr. :Ma~.er of Promissory Not~, BoDIN, J. : on Gov., i. 161 a, iii. 29 c; Money, L 145 a, n. 664 d, m. 228 b ; Due Date, 1. ii. 155 b. 648 ab ; C. EINERT on, i. 690 a ; Enfacement, B

BRIGHT, J.: and repeal of Com Laws, i. 179 b; b, ii. 451 d, 536 b ; on Cost of Prodn., i. 203 b ; and Laissez-faire, i.179 b; and Land Legisl., Deductive Meth., i. 202 ab, 203 b, 525 c, ii. Irish, i 179 b, ii. 550 a. 747 a; Definitions, i. 534 d; Demand, Brit. S. Aft. Co. : i. 19 d, 20 be, 326 d, 332 b, ii. measure of, crit. of J. S. MILL, i, 540 b ; ·law of 544 c. Dimin. returns, iii. 145 d; Fair Rents, ii. BROGGIA, A. : on Monopolies, i. 180 c ; princ. of 12 c ; Free Trade, ii. 143 d ; Gold, effects of Taxation, i. 180 be, ii. 463 b. Discoveries, i. 202 c, ii. 795 · d ; Inductive Broker: Bill, I. 140 d-142 c, 778 b; Change, Meth., ii. 392 a ; International Trade, ii. Agents de, Fr. licensed, i. 261 d ; Exchange 450 a, 451 a ; International Value, ii. 451 or Foreign, i 140 d, 141 a, 778 be ; Broker, bd; Laissez-faire, i . .194 c, ii. 636 b, 637 a, General, i. 180 d ; Broker, Stock, 181 a. iii. 296 c; Logical Meth., i. 202 a, 526 c; BROUGHAM, H., Lord: on Free Trade, i, 181 b ; Personal Services, iii. 96 d ; theory of Profit, Slavery; i 181 b. i. 202 d ; Residual and waste products, Bubbles: 17th centy., i. 182 bed; South Sea, i. iii. 291 d; Slavery, i. 201 b, 202 b ; Sub• 30 c, 183 abc, iii. 447 d; Tavereel, iii. 516 d. Contract, iii. 483 d; Value, theory of, i. BUCHANAN, D.: crit. of D. RICARDO on Profit and 203 b, 761 a; Wages Fund, i. 202 d, 203 b, Rent, i. 184 ab; theory of Wages, i 184 a. iii. 638 d. BucHBz, P. Y. B., follower of C. H. ST. SIMON : i. Call: Jnt.-Stk. Co., i. 203 d; Stk. Ex., i. 203 184 c, ii. 157 b. c, ii. 17 5 b, iii. 39 a, 121 d, 242 c, 642 a. BucKLB, T. H., on Statistics : i 185 a. CALVIN, J.: on Gov., i. 204 c; Int. and Usury, i. Budget: and Finances, Brit., i. 185 b-186 a, 781 205 bed, ii. 432 c ; syst. of Poor relief, i. 206 cd, iii. 497 b; in Fr., ii. 69 a; Free Trade, i. b ; defence of Property, i. 204 d ; Sumptuary 187 d, 188 a ; Hist. of, i. 187 d-188 c ; Sup• laws of, i. 205 a; on Taxation, i. 204 d; infi. plementary estimate, i. 186 b, iii. 488 a ; on Genevan Trade, i. 205 a. and Terminable Annuities, i.188 b; Work• CAMBON, P. J., on redemption of Assignat: i. men's or Family, i. 484 d, ii. 18 ed, 594 abc, 206 d. iii 67 4 b-679 b. Cameralistic Sci. : and Finances, i. 207 d, 208 Building Societies: Advances by, i. 188 d ; and a, ii. 62 b, 196 ed; and Humanism, ii. 338 d; Co-operation, i. 189 c; different Forms of, i. Mod. survivals of, ii. 201 ab; J. F. von PFEIFFER, 189 ab; com pd. with Jnt.-Stk. Co., i. 189 cd.; iii 102 b; Prot. branch, ii. 198 cd; R. C. Statistics, 1870-1888, i. 190 ab. branch, ii, 198 ab ; C. THOMASIUS, iii. 536 b ; Bullion: transactions, and Bettemess, i. 139 a ; F. B. WEBER, iii. 661 b. and Coin, exchange valne of, i. 546 ed ; Gold, CAMPANELLA, T., Ci'Vitas &lis: i. 208 b, 363 b, ii. sale of, and Bank of Eng., ii. 224 cd ; Ingot, 818 a, iii. 603 a. ii. 407 c ; Mint Price of, ii. 77 4 a ; high Canals: Advantages of, i. 209 b; J. BRINDLEY, i. Price of, D. RICARDO on, iii. 308 be ; Silver 179 G; J. B. CoLBERT, i. 320 a; control of, by and gold as, C. MORRIS on value of, ii. 821 c ; Railways, i. 209 a. Stan. of, i. 191 a; as measure of Value, D. CANNING, G.: and Bullion Committee, i. 210 d ; RICARDO on, i. 562 d.-Bullion Committee, Com Laws, i. 211 c ; Curr., paper, basis and C. BOBANQUET, i. 169 ab j G. CANNING, i. 210 theory of, i. 210 d-211 b; on Econ. and d; Curr., paper, basis and theory of, i. 191 cd; politics, i. 211 c. F. HORNER, i. 191 d, ii. 331 ed j W. HUSKISSON, Canon Law : Jus naturale, i. 212 a, ii. 498 b ; ii. 346 a; Legal tender paper curr., i. 191 d; and medvl. Labourer, i. 212 b ; on Property, T. R. MALTHUS, ii. 67 4 ed ; Over-issue of paper, origin of, i. 212 a, iii. 231 G; on Value, ii. 500 d, sees. against, i. 191 be, 192 a; D. RICARDO, i. 666 c.--Canon Law of Interest, and charitable 192 a, ii. 674 ed, iii. 305 a j N. VANSITTART, Banks or montes, 15th centy., i. 213 d, ii. 811 a ; i. 191 d, ii. 616 be, iii. 611 d.-Drain of Evasion of, i. 213 a-214 a, 217 ed ii. 431 d-432 Bullion, Causes, i. 637 cd ; Meth. of meeting, i. c ; and Insurance, Marine, i. 213 be, ii. 94 638 bed ; effect on notes in Reserve, i. 639 ab ; ed ; opposed by Mere. Syst., i. 725 ab ; and Statistics of, i. 638 a.-Bullion, Exportation Partnership, i. 213 b, iii. 68 G ; and medvl. of, G. de MALYNES on, i 723 c, ii. 677 d ; T. opposition to Usury, i. 212 b, 217 c, ii. 620 ab. MUN on, i. 723 acd, 730 c, ii 829 a, iii. 144 b. CANTILLON, R. : and Higgling of market, ii. 305 Bureaucracy: W. BAGEHOT on, i.194 a; Dangers b ; on Labour, conditions of, in 18th centy., i. o~ i 194 a; and Self-gov., i. 10 d. 215 c; .Method of P. E., i. 216 c ; infl. on BURKB,E.: onBalanceofTrade,i.88b, 195b; on Physiocr~ts, i. 215 a, iii. 106 d, 209 ~; father Doctrinaire, i. 624 a; Free Trade, i. 88 b, 195 of P. E., u. 156 a ; on Population, 1. 215 b : b; Labour as Commodity, i. 195 a; Laissez• Value, theory of, i. 215 d, 732 c. faire and legis!., i. 195 b ; Prices, i. 195 a. Capital: Abstinence theory of, W. N. SENIOR By-Product: special case of Joint-Products, i. on, iii. 377 d-378 b; among Agents of Prodn., 197 c; Silver as, i. 197 be; theory of Value i. 21 c, 218 a, ii. 427 b, iii. 214 bed; Credit as 0~ i. 197 cd. element of, i. 452 c ; Def. and na~ure of, i. 219 a ; and Distance in time, i. 693 b ; Dividend CABBT, E.: conn. with Carbonari, i. 198 a; Com• in rei. to, i. 606 d ; Employment of, A. SMITH munism and Icari6, i. 198 bed, 365 d, ii. 818 on, iii. 416 a; varying Functions of, i. 219 abc; b, iii. 603 be ; on Pensions, Old Age, i. 198 c. F. B. W. HERMANN on, ii. 302 b; Hist. of CAIRNEs, J. E. : denied indep. existence of .Art of word, i. 221 c; T. HODGSKIN on, ii. 317 a; P.E., iii. 130 c; on Competition and non• effect of Intention on, i. 219 d; dist. fr. Labour, competing groups, i. 202 d, 203 a, 378 bed, 761 ii. 1516 C, 527 be; Mrs. MARCBT on, ii. 690 G; CAPITALISTS INDEX CHARTISM 699

Meaning of word, i. 217 c; J. S. MILL on, i. CAVOUR, Count C. B. di: on Free Trade, i. 237 ab ; 220 d, ii. 87 d, 758 b, iii 564 d ; consisting in Laissez-faire, i. 237 d ; and Manchester Money or its substitute, i. 220 c; dist. fr. Sch. and Optimism, i. 237 d ; on Protn., i. Natural agents, i. 219 be; G. 0RTES on, ii. 235 d-236 c; Socialism in reL to Protn., 465 b ; Personal, power of services, iii. 382 d ; i. 236 d, 237 a ; Wages Fund, i. 236 c. Positive theory of, iii. 171 b; Productive, Census : introd. by C. AllBOT, i. 1 ab. 238 c ; Ad• iii. 216 d ; source of Profit, i. 217 d ; Reserve ministrative importance of, i. 238 b, 243 d; for future enjoyment, i. 218 b ; Restoration of, Early, i. 238 b ; Eng. i. 238 b ; International T. CHALMERS on, i. 256 be; J. B. SAY's analysis syst., projects for, i. 243 b ; Irel., i. 239 c-240 b ; of, iii. 358 a ; Specialised and non -specialised, Italy, i. 243 a ; of Milan 1718, and V. de ii. 88 a ; different Species of, i. 221 a ; and MIRo's scheme of Taxation, ii. 778 ed ; Stock, A. SMITH on, iii. 414 be ; Transferability classification of Occupations, i. 238 d, 239 bd, of, W. BAGEHOT's Postulates of P. E., iii. 148 d ; 241 a, 247 abed ; Reforms required in, i. 242 ab ; A. R. J. TuRGOT on, i. 217 d, iii. 594 ab; and classification of Religions, i. 240 ab ; Russ., i. Unproductive Consumption, i. 218 d; Un• 242 d ; Scientific importance of, i. 238 c, 243 b, productiveness of, J. F. E. LOTz on, ii. 645 b ; 245 d ; Scope of, i. 240 b, 244 a, 245 a ; Scot., Wage and Auxiliary, i. 220 d, ii. 88 a, iii. 216 b; i. 239 c ; Spain, i. 242 c ; Sweden, i. 242 be ; and Wages Fund, i. 220 d ; as source of U.S.A., i. 243 d-249 b ; and Vital statistics. Wealth, with Land and Labour, Earl of i. 238 d, 239 bd, 241 ed, 242 ab, 24 7 be, 249 a, LAuDERDALE on, ii. 57 4 b.-Doses of Capital, ii. 701 b ; as statement of national Wealth, i. or Increments, W. S. JEVONS on, i. 633 d ; 248c. James MILL on, i. 633 c.-Fixed Capital Central gov. : Mod. developments of, i. 11 bed, dist. fr. Circulating, i. 220 ed ; econ. Import• 194 ab, 294 ed, ii. 625 c ; rel. to Municipality, ance of, ii. 88 b ; J. S. MILL on, i. 220 d, ii. i. 295 ed, 296 bed, ii. 829 ed. 87 d ; A. SMITH on, i. 220 ed, ii. 87 d, iii. Centralisation: compd. with Decentralisation, 414 c.-Flow of Capital, Industrial, ii. 94 i. 513 ed, ii. 829 ed ; in Fr., i. 11 b, 13 a, iii. ab ; International, ii. 93 d ; Local, ii. 93 d.• 301 be ; in 19th centy., i. 11 d ; and Self-gov., Immaterial Capital, Purchasing power, theory i. 10 d, 194 a, 250 ed, ii. 624 b. of, discussed, ii. 354 ed ; or Representative, Certainty: and Int., i. 251 c ; and Labour, i. stock, etc., ii. 354 c-; productive Skill, i. 220 251 c ; of Taxation, i. 251 d. ab, 593 b, ii. 354 abc.-Productivity of CEVA, G.: early Mathematical economist, i. Capital, and Cost of Prodn., iii. 220 be ; and 252 ed; on Value of Money, i. 252 c. Future Goods and Services, ii. 173 b; In• CHADWICK, Sir E.: ott Eng. Poor Law, i. 253 b, iii. direct processes and amount of Produce, iii. 221 156 d, 158 a; Sanitary reform, i. 253 c, ii. 535 d. abc; measured by saving of Time, iii. 220 a ; CHALMERS, T. : on Agriculture, i. 256 a ; restora• and law of dimin. Utility, iii. 221 d ; and tion of Capital, i. 256 be ; law of Dimin. utility theory of Value, iii. 220 abd.-Capi• returns, i. 585 d ; Econ. phrases, i. 256 b, tal, Repayment of, Legal ruling, i. 222 ab ; 734 c; on Funding syst., i. 256 ab; follower Necessity of, i. 221 d, 222 ed. ofT. R. MALTHUS, i. 255 c ; on P. E., i. 255 be ; Capitalists compd. with Employers : i. 704 d, ii. syst. of Poor relief, i. 255 b, iii. 159 d ; on 516 d, iii. 210 d. Productive Labour, i. 256 b, iii. 210 b ; Carafa, D. : defence of Farming of Taxes, i. Stationary state, i. 256 c, iii. 466 d ; Taxa• 224 d, ii. 461 d; on Free Trade, i. 225 a; on tion on Rent, i. 256 a; foreign Trade, i. 255d; Taxation, i. 224 ed, ii. 461 d. sources of national Wealth, i. 255 a. Carbonari in Fr.: St. -A. BAZARD, i. 127 a; P. J. CHAMBERLEN, H., scheme for Land Bank: i. B. BuoHEz, i. 184 b; E. CABET, i. 198 a; transi• 257 ab, ii. 563 d-564 c. tion period in hist. of Secret Societies, i. 225 b. Charity : St. Thomas AQUINAS on, i. 48 d ; CAREY, H. C. : on law of Dimin. returns, i. Commission, hist. and objects of, i. 263 b ; 585 d ; Harmonies of Econ., ii. 289 d ; D. fDIDEROT on, i. 578 b ; Doles, crit. of, i. Laissez-fa.ire, ii. 539 c ; rel. of physical to 266 a, 625 d, 626 a, ii. 39 b ; Fathers on, ii. social Laws, i. 226 b ; econ. Optimism, i. 38 a, 38 c, 39 ab ; N. di MATTIA on, ii. 713 be ; L. A. ~ 290 a; on Populatio~, movement o~,- i. 226 b, MURATORI on, ii. 841 d ; Charity Organisa• m. 166 ed; on Protn., 1. 38 a, 226 be, n. 289 d, tion, E. Denison's scheme, i. 267 ab ; W. 290 a, iii. 234 d ; crit. of D. RICARDo's doctrine PALEY on, iii. 55 c ; and P. E., Art of, and of Rent, i. 226 a; on Value, i. 225 d. Ethics, iii. 138 d; rei. to Poor Law, i. 267 ed, CARLI, G. R. : on Census, i. 227 b ; Coinage, i. 594 ab ; Public and private, scope of, i. 266 bed, 227 b ; Mere. Syst., i. 227 b. 267 ed, 268 d; L. RIOCI on, iii. 310 a; U11es, CARLYLE, T. : on Abstract meth., i. 228 a; law of restraints on, iii.· 588 a, 601 ab.• Inductive Meth., ii. 392 c ; Laissez-faire, Charitable Endowments, Evils of: i. 263 ed, i. 227 d; P. E., i. 132 ed, 227 c. 264 cd, 265 b, 625 ed ; Objects of, i. 264 abc, CARY, J. : on Balance of Trade, i. 230 b ; 713 d, 714 ab ; legitimate Scope of, i. 265 ab ; Bank, national, i. 230 b ; stan. of Coinage, i. rel. of State to, i. 262 d, iii. 587 c.-Charity, 230 b; state reguln. of Trade, i. 230 b; Un• State, Allotment : i. 32 cd, 269 ab, ii. 30 c ; employed, i. 230 b. Dwellings, i. 269 be, 660 d, ii. 537 c ; national Caste: Limits of, i. 232 ab; as Trades Unions, Education, i. 269 d; F. M. L. NAVILLE on, i. 232 c. iii. 12 b; Objections to, i. 270 bed. Cata.llactics, sci. of Exchange : i. 233 c, 735 b, Chartism: opposition to Anti • Com • Law iii. 663 d, 664 a. League, i. 272 a ; and T. ATTWOOD's Curr. 700 CHASTELLUX INDEX COINAGE

scheme, i. 271 d ; points of Charter, i. 272 b ; Fr., ii. 156 b, 157 d; A. von HELD on, ii. and Christian Socialism, i. 280 cib ; and 298 a ; and Inductive Meth., i. 526 a, ii. Co-operation, i. 280 b ; and Machinery, i. 391 c, 392 b ; Literary meth. of Econ., com pd. 271 d; F. O'Connor, i 271 d. with .Mathematical, ii. 712 a ; Optimism of, CHASTELLUX, F. J.,Marquisde,and T.R.MALTHUS: iii. 97 d ; or Orthodox Soh., iii, 44 d ; illustn. i. 273 b. of Relativity, iii. 279 b ; crit. by K. F. H. Chemical (empirical) meth. of Econ., Macaulay's, ROESLER, iii. 319 b. J, S. MILL on: ii. 637 d. Classification : Econ., Diffie. of, i. 304 cd, ii. CHEVALIER, M.: R. COBDEN's treaty and Free 7 42 c ; W. S. JEVONS and J. S. MILL on, i. Trade, i. 276 c, ii. 158 c ; on Gold stan., i. 303 d, 304 a ; J. B. SAY and, ii. 156 b, iii. 357 d; 276 d, ii 796 a; Soh. of C. H. ST. SIMON, i. Scientific, value of, i. 303 d ; and meth. of 275 c. Statistics, iii. 467 d-468 b. CmLD,SirJ.: on Balance of Trade, i. 87 d, 277 c; CLAY, H. : on paper Curr., i. 305 c ; on Protn. Colonies, i. 277 c; Competition, i. 277 b ; E. in U.S.A., i. 37 d, 38 a, 305 a. Ind. Co. and Free Trade, i. 277 cib ; Int. and Clearing : mod. form of Barter, i. 122 b ; on Usury, i 725 c, 731 a, ii. 432 d; Navigation Railways, i. 311 cd ; by Stk. Ex. dealers, i. Laws, iii. 11 c; Poor relief, i. 277 c, 679 d. 310 b, 487 a.-Clearing of Country cheques, Chrematistic or Money-making, ARISTOTLE Advantages of, i. 306 d, 308 c ; Meth. of, i. on: i. 279 d. 307 ab.-Clearing Houses, i. 305 d ; and Christian Socialism: F. HuET, ii. 336 be; C. Marked cheque, ii. 695 c ; .Months, Fourths KINGSLEY, i. 280 be, 735 a, ii. 507 be, 715 a ; of, statistics of returns, ii. 810 bcd.-Produce J. F. D. MAURICE, i. 280 cib, 735 a, ii. 50 7 b, Clearing, Beetroot sugar, London, i. 310 d; 715 ab ; E. V. NEALE, i. 280 b, 735 a, iii. 12 b ; and Exchange, fluctuations in since 1873, iii. C. PECQUEUR, iii. 86 c ; C. SECR~TAN, iii. 371 d. 210 c-211 b; Futures and Options, ii. 175 b, Church, medvl. : and Agriculture, i. 282 a- iii. 212 be ; Glasgow, iron trade and warrant 283 b; and Int., i. 212 b, 217 c, 719 d, 720 be; syst., i. 311 c, iii. 211 b ; Liverpool, corn, and Slavery, i. 281 a-282 a. cotton, and tea, i. 311 c-312 b, ii. 175 d, iii. Citizen : Anc., position of, i. 290 a, 291 b ; 211 cd, 542 c ; London clearings, i. 311 b, Medvl., rights of, i 290 a, 293 a, iii. 627 a}; ; il. 175 b, iii 212 b, 542 c; Prine. of, i. 310 a; Mod., extension of rights, i. 295 d. Silver and London clearings, i. 311 b, ii. 175 b, City: life in, development of, and Humanism, ii. iii. 212 b~ ; Time bargains, iii. 542 e ; U.S.A., 338 cib.--City, Anc., Decline of, i. 292 a ; as oil and wheat, i. 311 e, ii. 175 b.--Clearing Democracy, i. 291 be ; as Oligarchy, i. 291 c ; Syst., functions of Bank of Eng. in, i. 92 d, Organisation of, i. 290 cd ; Origin of, i. 290 c ; 306 d, 308 b, 309 d, ii. 64 7 d ; Berlin, i. 309 a ; Religious char. of, i. 291 a ; based on Slavery, restrd. use of on Continent, i. 308 d ; facilitates i. 291 d ; Socialistic gov. of, i. 291 b ; Un• Credit, i. 454 ab ; Economy of, i. 305 d, 306 a privileged classes in, j, 291 cd; essential Weak• 307 c, 310 ab; and Exchange, internal, i. nesses of, i. 291 d.--City, Medvl., Charters 777 d; and Grading, ii. 243 d; Hamburg, i. and liberties of, i. 293 a, ii. 136 cd ; repre• 309 b ; London centre, i. 306 b ; London, and sented in Council of realm, i. 293 b, 294 c ; Localisation of Industry, ii. 630 a ; Paris, growth of, and Crusades, i. 470 be; Decline of i. 308 d ; Provincial centres, i. 307 cd; Sc., independence, i. 294 d, iii. 552 a}; ; Develop• and Exchange of Notes, i. 307 d, 778 a};; ment of, 11th and 12th centy., i. 292 d; Statistics of, i. 309 bed; U.S.A., i. 307 d; struggle with Feudalism, i. 292 cd, ii. 55 b, Vienna, i. 309 b. 140 b, 830 b ; stronghold of Freedom, i 292 b, CLEMENT, S.: on Competition and Prices, i. 294 b, ii. 140 b ; growth of Gilds in, i. 293 cd, 313 a ; Money as a Commodity, i. 313 a. 372 a, 428 d, ii. 210 a-212 c ; Hist. of, illustr. CoBBETT, W.: on paper Curr., i 315 d; Free by Ghent, i. 294 d; K. D. HuLLlfANN on, ii. Trade, i. 315 c; econ. functions of Machinery, 337 b; hist. and functions of Mayor, ii. 717 c- i. 315 d ; Taxation, i. 315 cd. 718 b ; decay of, and Municipal Gov. in COBDEN, R. : and Commercial Treaties, i. 276 c, Prussia, ii. 834 d ; Peaceful char. of, i. 293 316 bed, 354 cd, 355 b; Com Laws, i. 316 cd; a ; free Self-governing communities, i. 292 d, Education, i. 316 b; Free Trade, i. 316 d, 293 a, ii. 140 b-143 c, 830 b, iii. 552 cd; Villes ii. 143 d; Laissez-faire, i. 316 b; Non• Nelives, Eng. and Fr., iii. 627 c.-Freedom intervention, i. 317 a; Taxation, i, 317 a. of City, Medvl., by Apprenticeship ii. 136 Oognati : i. 22 c, iii. 65 d. a; illustr. by London, ii. 135 b-137 a; by Patri• Coin : and Bullion, Exchange value of, i. 546 cd ; mony, ii. 136 a};; by Purchase, ii. 136 cib.• quality of, and Exchange, J. CARY on, i 230 b. City, Mod., subordination to Central gov., i. 295 Coinage : Abrasion of, i. 2 cd, 548 d ; Act of d ; Local gov., functions of, i. 296 be ; illustr. 1816, repealed by Viscount SHERBROOKE, iii. by Manchester, i. 296 d ; functions of Mayor, 392 a ; Alloy, i. 34 c ; Annealing, i. 40 cd ; ii. 718 be ; Organisation of, i. 296 a. Assay, i. 60 d-61 c ; Canadian, i. 102 c ; Civil List : Appanage, i. 43 c; Apportionment Carat syst., i. 35 a, ii. 82 b ; G. R. CARLI on, of, L 300 d ; Hist. of, i. 11 d, 300 c; Pensions, i. 227 b ; Clipped, 17th centy., i. 313 c ; right i. 301 c, iii. 90 b. of Crown, i. 318 be; Debasement of, i. 146 a, Civil Service: Econ. aspects of, i. 14 be; U.S.A., 498 c-501 a, 563 b, 722 b, 731 d, ii. 89 d, 457 cd, Spoils syst., iii. 454 cibc. 692 b, 794 bed, iii. 43 ac, 204 d; Eng., hist. of, Classical Soh. : Deductive Meth., i. 526 a ; S. M. LEAKE on, ii. 586 cd; Fr., F. LEBLANO Econ. man., i. 303 c, 677 a, iii. 133 c; in on, ii. 588 a};; Ind., and E. Ind. Co., ii COINAGE INDEX COINS 701

780 abed ; Irish, J. SIMON on, iii. 402 c ; and Guilder, i. 327 c, 773 b, iii. 558 b ; Guinea, Latin Union, i. 35 be, ii. 570 d, 571 a; Sir i. 546 b, ii. 270 c-271 c, iii. 19 bed; Half• D. NORTH on, iii. 24 d; R. RuDmG on, iii. 332 a ; Crown, ii. 274 a; Half-farthing, i 421 c; free Silver, Monetary Conference, Paris Halfpenny, i. 421 bed, ii. 27 4 a ; Half• 1878, ii 785 c ; A. SMITH on, iii. 418 d ; T. sovereign, i 328 b, ii 274 b j E. HAWKINS on, SNELLING on, iii 426 ed.-Copper Coinage, ii. 292 b; Heller, ii. 298 cd, 513 c; Imperial, Eng., i. 421 be ; Sweden, L 421 d.-Coinage, Russian gold, ii. 360 d; Joe, ii. 484 c; Johannes, stan. of Fineness, Eng., hist. of, i 35 ac, ii. ii. 441 c, 484 ed, 781 a; Khra.n, ii. 504 c; 82 ed ; Mod. countries, i. 35 be, ii 83 ab.• Kopeck, ii. 512 b ; Kreutzer, ii. 513 b, iii. Free Coinage, Eng., ii. 134 b, 774 b; U.S.A., 446 a ; Lepta, i. 637 a, ii. 126 c, 595 b ; Leii, ii. 134 d, 774 c.-Light Gold Coinage, with• Lev, ii 598 c, iii 480 a ; Liard, ii. 602 d ; drawal of, U.K., ii. 606 d-607 c; Colonies, ii Lira, ii. 126 c, 612 d, iii 445 d; Livre, i. 607 c.-Light Silver Co~nage, withdrawal of, 500 c, ii. 617 d-619 a, iii. 445 d, 446 d ; Louis U.K., ii. 607 c; Colonies, ii. 607 d; Loss on, d'or, ii. 645 d, 646 a ; Lushboroughs, ii. ii. 607 d. - Coinage, Mint charges for. 652 bed ; Macuta, i. 450 c, ii. 661 b ; Mancus, Bra.ssage and Seignorage, i. 176 c, ii. 134 b, ii. 681 ed; Maravedi, i. 500 c ; Marc, i. 500 be, iii. 372 c; Ger., ii. 134 d, 77 4 b ; Fr. and Latin ii. 618 a, iii. 445 d; Mark, Eng., ii. 692 d, Union, ii. 134 d, 774 a. 693 a ; Mark, Ger., i. 515 d, 626 b, 644 ac, ii. Coins : Angel, i. 40 b ; Anna, i. 40 b ; As, 693 abc, iii. 446 a ; ~arkka, ii. 69!. d, 698 a; i. 60 be, 499 a ; Ban, i. 90 d ; Bezants, i Maun

CoKE, R. : on ApprenticAship, Statute of, i. d, 379 b ; and Conspiracy, i. 336 bed, 390 d, 318 d; Free Trade, i. 319 a; Navigation 401 a, ii. 525 a, iii. 313 c, 559 a; Co-operation Laws, i. 318 d, 727 b, iii. 11 c. of consumers and producers, i. 336 c ; Mod. CoLBERT, J. B : and Bounties., i. 171 c ; Canals, laws of, i. 336 d, 337 a; aud Wages, J. ~­ i. 320 a ; Commercial legis!. of, i. 319 cd, 431 a, MILL on, i. 336 b, ii. 756 c, iii. 564 d.-Com• 634a, ii. 371b; Financial syst. of; i. 319 b,j634a; bination, Prohib. of, 18th centy., i. 336 d; attempt at reform of Fr. Internal Customs, Medvl., i. 336 c. i. 319 c, ii. 438 cd. Comfort, stan. of: and cheap Food, .F. A. Collectivism : compd. with Anarchism, iii. WALBBR on, i. 337 cd; and Living Wage. 431 d; A priori application of P. E., princ. of ii. 617 c; J. S. MILL on, i. 338 b; and move• State control, iii. 146 b ; M. BAKOUNIN, i. ment of Population, i 337 bd, 338 a ; Pro• 320 d; St. -A. BAZARD, ii. 157 a; and Col• gressive conception of, i. 337 c, 338 a; D. lective Goods, def. of, i. 320 cd; and Human• RIOARDO on, and Socialist "Iron Law " of ism, ii. 339 ab ; compd. with Individualism. Wages, i. 337 d-338 b. ii. 389 c, 402 d ; P. LEROUX on, ii. 157 b, 596 a ; Commerce: and Armed Neutrality, i. 57 cd, Nationalist (U.S.A.), iii. 5 a; compd. with 397 a, iii. 39 d, 58 b ; Art and Sci. of, i. 351 Positivism, iii. 172 d ; or Socialism, i. 320 cd, be ; and Blockade, i. 57 cd, 156 abc, 397 a, iii. 431 d; F. VIDAL on, ii. 157 b, iii. 621 c. 520 b, ii. 445 d-446 b ; Brit., hist. of, i. 341 a Colonies :-Auction of colonial wool, i. 69 a ; ·345 c, 722 b; of Brit. Empire, statistics 1889- Debts, public, i. 324b, ii. 67d, iii. 3b; Econ.fnnc• 90, i. 340 c; medvl., and Cinque Ports, i. tions, i. 323 cd, 334 be ; Finances, i. 324 be, ii. 287 d ; S. JOHNSON on, ii. 485 a, iii, 320 c ; 67 a, 246 a ; and Free Trade, i. 323 b, 325 D. MACPHERSON on hist. of, ii. 661 ab ; C. de abed, ii. 46 abc ; rate of Int. in, i. 324 be ; J. S. MONTESQUIEU on, ii. 809 c ; L. A. MURATORI LoWE on W. Ind., ii. 646 b; Manchester Sch. on, ii, 841 c; Notables Commer11ants (Fr.), on, ii. 679 c ; T. PAINE on, iii. 54 b; Sinecures, iii. 25 d; G. PALMIERI on, iii. 56 d; PLATO on, Colonial, abuses of, iii. 403 d, 404 ab ; Sink• iii. 114 be ; and Quarantine, iii. 244 d, 245 a ; ing fund and colonial loans, iii. 407 d ; A. L. ROBERTS on, iii. 315 ab ; F. SASSBTTI on, iii. S:!LITH on colonial empire, i. 353 c, iii. 417 b, 354 bc.-Chambers of Commerce, and L. 421 d, 422 a; Transportation, iii. 576 c; J. Lxvx, ii. 598 d ; Organisation of, i. 268 d, 259 TucKER on, iii. 589 ab ; A. R. J. TURGOT on, a. -Commerce, Dictionary of, M. PosTLE· iii. 590 c.-Colonies, Curr. in Brit., Areas, THWAYT, i. 732 b, iii, 176 d; R. RoLT, i. 732 b, i. 328 ab; Classification, i. 328 c; Denomina• ii. 484 d, iii. 320 be ; SA VARY family, i. 732 b, tional, i. 328 d; early Disorgn., i. 327 ab; Paper, iii. 176 d, 355 b. syst. of, i. 328 b ; Silver coins, introdn. of, i. Commercial Dock Co.: i. 612 d. 327 c.-Colonies, Gov. of, by Companies, Commercial Geography: Commerce, import• i. 20 a, 326 d, 329 b-333 a ; by Crown, i. 326 c ; ance of to Great Brit., ii. 193 ab ; development grants to Lords proprietors, i. 330 b ; Mod. of Communication, ii 191 cd ; Brit. Fortified Brit. syst., i. 323 b, 333 d ; Sir W. MOLESWORTH stations on sea route, ii. 192 bcd.-Brit. Trade on, ii. 781 c ; T. POWNALL on, iii. 180 b ; with Afr., ii. 195 ab; Australasia, ii. 196 a; Problems affecting, i. 322 d, 324 d-325 d, 333 d; Canada, ii. 194 d; China and Japan, ii. 194 b; in Self-governing colonies, i. 326 d.-Colonies, E. and W. Indies, ii. 194 be; Eur., ii. 193 c ; Gov. o:t; Old syst., i. 333 d, 350 d, 353 c ; Ind. and Ceylon, ii. 194 a ; Straits Settlements, Advantages of, i. 322 d, 323 a; H. MBRIVALE ii. 194 a ; U.S.A., ii. 193 d. on, ii. 736 b ; A. SMITH's crit. of, i. 323 a, Commercial Instr.: Bill, i. 142 d, 346 ab; 329 b, 331 c, 353 c, iii. 421 d, 422 a.-Colonial Cheques, i. 27 4 a, 346 ab ; Negotiable, i. Lands, quest. of Ownership, i. 324 a, 469 c ; 346 ab, iii. 15 b; Promissory Note, i. 346 ab, E. G. WAKEFIELD'S syst., i. 334 a, iii. 648 ab. iii. 228 b. Colonisation : Anc., causes for, i. 333 b ; ARISTOTLE Commercial Policy : of Charles I., ii. 437 a ; on, i.65 c; F. BAOONon,i. 78 cd; J. BENTHAM on, Charles II. i. 424 b; J. B. COLBERT, i. 319 cd, i. 131 d; and Board of Trade, i. 158 b; Brit. 431 a, 634 a, ii. 371 b ; 0. Cromwell, i. 286 b, ii. E111 pire, syst. represented in, i. 322 be ; Sir J. 733 a ; Edward I., i. 342 ac, 374 a, 429 d, 721 can.n on, i. 277 c; Coolie syst., i. 322 a, 408 c; c, 794 be, ii 15 ab, 106 c, 239 d, 480 a, 687 b, and Depopulation, i 277 c, 659 b ; Emigra• 696 be, 728 a, 731 d, 732 a, iii. 459 d, 460 d, tion syst., i 322 b, 333 c, 696 c ; syst. of 461 a, 660 b, 627 be ; Edward II., ii. 732 a, iii Factories, defects of, i. 321 be, ii. 3 d ; G. K. 461 abc; Edward III., i. 16 d, 372 a, 374 a, van HOGBNDORP on, ii. 319 b ; compd. with 721 c, 794 c, ii. 16 a, 106 d, 146 d, 211 b, 240 Immigration, ii. 356 cd; P. V. MALOUBT on, ab, 431 b, 679 a, 728 a, 730 be, 732 ab, ill. 461 ii. 667 c ; Mod. motives for, i. 333 cd ; Planta- be, 487 a, 659 d, 660 b ; Edward IV., i. 343 c, 1:ion syst., hist. of, i. 277 c, 321 d, iii 113 a ; 423 d, ii. 147 b, 240 c, 728 a, 732 c, iii 462 b; Province syst., i. 321 cd ; Sir W. RALEGH on, Edward VI., i. 372 b, ii. 147 b, 212 d, 240 d, iii. 269 d; Earl of SELKIRK on, iii. 375 d-3116 b; iii. 487 d ; 18th centy., i. 396 d, 424 cd, ii. 241 Roman Territorium, iii. 631 b ; and Emigra• c, iii. 487 d; Elizabeth, i. 17 d, 18 d, 375 c, tion, E. G. W AKBFIELD on, i. 333 d, 334 a, 697 ab, 430 a, ii. 147 b, 212 d, 241 a, iii. 487 d, 661 a; 700 d, ii. 469 a, 544 b, iii. 648 ab.-Colonisa• England in period of Napoleon I., i 397 a ; Henry tjpn on Communist princ., E. CABET, i 199 b, I., ii. 106 b, 478 c; Henry II., i. 341 c, ii. 478 c, 31111 ab ; R. OWBN, i. 365 ab, ii. 620 d, iii. 49 iii. 659 d; Henry III., i 16 c, 341 d, ii. 731 d ; eel ; J. WARREN, ii. 620 d, iii. 658 d. Henry IV., i. 16 d, 342 d, ii. 106 d, 240 c, 732 Combination : obstacle to Competition, i. 377 b, iii 462 b ; Henry VI., ii 106 d, 240 c, 732 COMMERCIAL ROUTES INDEX COMPANIES 703

b; Henry VII., i. 16 d, 17 ac, 375 a, 721 d, ii. ii. 7 59 be ; Mod., origin of, i. 362 ed ; Sir T. 240 d, 431 c, 732 ed; Henry VIII., i 17 c, 375 MoRE's Utopia, i. 362 d, ii. 818 a, iii. 602 d; a, 794 d, ii. 240 d, 432 b, 732 d, iii. 460 b, 561 MORELLY'S scheme, i. 363 b, ii. 819 d, 820 a; James I., 372 c, 723 a, ii. 436 d, iii. 561 c; a ; philanthropic, R. OWEN on, i 364 b ; John, ii. 731 c. iii. 627 c; Mere. Syst., i. 158 c; PLATo's Republic, i. 362 c, ii. 818 a, iii. 114 Richard I., ii. 4 79 a ; Richard II., i. 342 d, 372 d, 602 c ; Practical quest.. i. 367 a ; and a, 731 d, ii. 240 be, 728 d, iii. 461 b ; Richard Revolution, Fr., i. 363 ed; H. Sidgwick's def., III., i. 343 c, ii. 732 c; William Ill. and Mary, i. 367 c ; com pd. 'Yith Socialism, i. 366 c, 598 i. 423 c. a, ii. 125 d, iii. 232 be ; W. WEITLING on, iii. 663 Commercial Routes : development of Australia, a; K. G. WINKELBLECH (K. MARLO) on, ii. 698 i. 351 a ; growth of Brit. trade, i. 350 b ; ed.-Communism in Amer.,Amana Society, Colonial syst., i. 350 d ; fall of Constantinople, i. 37 b ; Economites, G. RAPP's, i. 366 d, iii. i. 349 be ; Crusades, i. 348 d, 469 d ; Dock, 49 be, 262 ab ; lcaria, E. CABET's, i. 199 be, i. 616 ab ; rise of Roll., i. 350 b ; Suez Canal, i. 366 b; New Harmony, R. OwBN'S, i. 365 ab, 351b,616ab.-Commercia1Routes,Maritime, ii. 520 d, iii. 49 ed ; other Societies, i. 366 d. of Span. Arabs, i. 348 cd ; Greeks, i. 347 d ; Companies: i. 335 c; A.fm. early, i 18 d, 19 a, Hanseatic League, i. 349 ab ; Phoonicians, i. 31 c, 271 b, 330 a, 375 c, ii. 270 d, 271 d, 324 d, 347 ed ; Portuguese to Ind., i. 349 c ; Spanish iii. 275 d, 418 d; Amern., i. 330 a, ii. 556 d, to Amer., i. 349 d.-Commercial Routes, 557 a ; Brit. S. Afr., i. 19 d; 20 be, 326 d, 332 b, Overland, Anc., i. 347 ed; Arabs, i. 347 ed, 348 ii. 544 c ; Commercial Dock, i. 612 d ; Darien, ed ; Medvl., Italy and Ger., i. 349 ab, 350 a ; i 481 abc, iii. 78 ed ; Dutch E. Ind., i. 330 a, Roman, i. 348 ab. 350 b, 488 a, 670 b, ii. 265 b, 347 d, iii. 273 b, Commercial Treaties : Arguments for and 561 d; E. Afr., i. 19 d, 20 be, 332 b; E. Ind., against, i. 353 b, 355 abc; A.ssiento, i. 62 d, i. 169 c, 271 b, 277 a, 326 d, 330 a, 331 ab, 343 iii. 409 c, 447 b, 597 b; and Balance of Trade, d, 344 bd, 350 b, 353 c, 375 c, 483 d, 487 d, 582 i. 353 b, 354 b ; of Charlemagne, i. 341 a, 354 be, 650 b, 669 c-672 d, 693 a, 722 d, 723 abc, a, iii. 559 d ; R. COBDEN on, i 316 bed, 355 b ; 726 be, 728 a, 729 be, 730 c, ii. 3 d, 147 c, R. COBDEN's, with Fr., 1860-66, i. 188 a, 276 216 c, 275 b, 324 b, 361 c, 436 d-437 d, 601 d, c, 316 b, 354 cd, ii. 158 c, 371 c; Eden, i. 345 729 b, 778 d, 780 bed, 829 b, iii. 36 ed, 68 b, 72 b ; Intercursus Magnus, i. 17 a, 343 b, ii. ab, 151 b, 275 d, 333 d, 334 c, 417 d, 418 d, 561 424 d, iii. 560 d; Intercursus Malus, i. 17 a, d, 595 b ; E. Ind. Dock, i. 612 c ; E. Ind., ii. 425 a ; Methuen, i. 344 d, 353 b, 354 b, ii. Foreigu, i. 319 c, 330 b, 670 b, ii. 576 d, 819 147 c, 748 b-749 a; Most favoured nation be; Eastland, i. 18 a, 271 b, 375 c, 672 d, clause, ii. 826 bed; Navigation clause, iii 673 a, ii. 436 d, iii. 275 ed, 621 b ; Greenland, 8 b; W. PITT's, with Fr., 1786, ii. 147 c-148 a, ii. 258 d, iii. 595 b ; Guinea, i. 18 d, 330 iii. 111 d-112 c; and Reciprocity, i. 354 b, a; Hamburg, i. 18 a, 375 c; Hudson's Bay, 355 a, iii. 267 d; A. SMITH on, i. 353 b, iii. 417 i. 326 d, 330 b, 331 c, 611 b, ii. 335 d, iii. b; Utrecht (1474), i. 17 be, 343 b, ii. 285 c, 286 376 b; India, Fr., i. 319 c, 330 b, 670 b, ii. a, 732 c, iii. 560 d; Utrecht (1713), i. 62 d, 87 576 d, 713 a, 819 be, iii. 508 b ; Land Co. and a, 345 a, 727 d, ii. 147 ed, 335 d, 505 ab, 765 a, Colonisation, ii. 544 b; Life insurance, ii. 418 a ; iii. 447 b. London, iii. 119 o:, 630 b; Mercers', ii. 728 d- Commissions : of Enquiry, Composition, i. 356 729 c; Merchant Adventurers, i. 16 b-18 c, a ; sources of Information, i. 356 b.-Com• 329 d, 343 b, 344 b, 37 4 ed, 722 ed, 725 d, 727 a, missions, Judicial, Composition, i. 356 d ; ii. 146 d, 14 7 c, 283 d, 436 ed, 729 a, 731 a, Jurisdiction, i. 356 d. iii. 68 b, 275 c, 560 d, 561 a, 665 a ; Mississippi, Commodity, use of word by J. S. MILL, D. ii. 576 d, iii. 508 ab; New England, i. 830 a, RICARDO, H. Sidgwick, and A. SMITH : i. 358 a, ii. 556 d, iii. 119 b; New Zealand, ii. 544 b; ii. 230 b. Niger, i. 19 d, 20 b, 332 b ; N. Borneo, i. 271 a, Commons : Eng. and Sc., i. 23 d ; A. MOORE on, 332 b; Plymouth Adventurers. iii. 118 c, 119 ii. 812 d ; Public int. in, i. 359 d -360 b ; rival be,630b; Railway, legislative powers of, i.197 a; Theories of. i. 358 d. Royal Afrn., i. 19 a, 330 be, ii. 271 d, iii. 275 d; Commune : Mod. revival of, i. 361 ab ; of Paris Russia or Muscovy, 18 ab, 271 b, 330 a, 375 c, (1871), peculiarity of, i. 361 ed. ii. 285 d, 436 ed, iii. 275 c, 335 c-336 b, 561 b ; Communication: Inland, Sir J. HAWKINS on Sierra Leone, i. 19 b, 330 b, 331 d, iii. 537 c ; Highways, ii. 292 d; J. L. MACADAM, ii. 656 South Sea, i. 182 be, 271 b, 330 b, 404 c, iii. be ; Way, right of, iii. 659 d.--Communica• 295 c, 418 d, 447 a-448 b ; Surrey Canal, i. tion, means of, A. J. E. DuPUIT on, i 654 d ; 612 c, 615 c ; Taylors, Merchant, ii. 492 d, and econ. Progress, i. 361 d; Turnpike iii. 524 b-525 a; Turkey or Levant, i 18 a, 271 b, Trusts, iii. 595 d. 330 a, 343 d, 344 e, 37 5 c, 669 c, 726 b, 728 a, Communism: Aims of, i. 362 c; F. N. BABEUll's 729 b, ii. 436 d, 802 d, iii. 27 5 c, 418 d, 561 b, conspiracy, i 77 d, 363 d; P. BUONARROTI, i, 594 c-595 c ; Virgin.ia, i. 330 a, 331 a, ii. 556 d, 192 c, 362 c, 363 d; E. CABET's Icarie, i 198 731 a, iii. 119 b, 629 d, 630 ab ; W. Ind. Dock, bed, 365 d, ii. 818 b, iii. 603 be; T. CAMPANELLA'S i. 612 abe.--Companies, Chartered, i, 271 a, Civitas Solis, i. 208 b, 363 ab, ii. 818 a, iii. 603 ii. 380 d, 486 d ; favoured by circumstances of a; F. S.M. FENELON, ii. 52 a; C. FoURIER, i. Afrn. trade, i. 18 ed; gov. of Colonies by, i. 364 a, ii. 125 ab ; G. B. de· MABLY's defence of, 326 d, 329 b-333 a ; as means of Colonisation, i. 363 b, ii. 656 a ; T. R. MALTHUS' argument i. 19 c, 20 a.-Incorporation of Companies against, i. 367 a ; J. S. MILL defended, i. 367 b, by special Act of Parlt., railways, etc., L 869 P, 704 COMPENSATION INDEX CONTINENTAL SYSTEM

ii. 380 d, 487 a ; by royal Charter, i. 271 a, Physiocrats on, iii. 105 b; and Prices, S. 369 a, iL 380 d, 486 d ; under Companies CLEMENT on, i. 313 a ; D. RICARDO on, i. 378 b ; Acts, i. 369 a, ii. 380 d, 487 ab.-Jnt.-Stk. G. D. RoMAGNOBI on, iii. 321 e; and Self-Int., Companies, Articlee of Assoc., i. 59 d, ii. i. 377 b, 379 a ; H. Sidgwick on, i. 379 ab, 488 a ; Audit, i. 70 a ; compd. with Building 380 a; A. SMITH on, i. 378 a; J. TUCKER on, societies, i. 189 ed ; Call, i. 203 d ; Capital, iii. 588 ed ; econ. Utility of, i. 379 ab ; and repayment of, i. 222 ab ; Commandite, societe Value in Exchange, iii. 608 ab. en, i. 338 d, iii. 68 d, 69 a ; Continental, restric• COMTE, A. : Hist. Meth., i. 382 d, 383 ed, ii. tive conditions, ii. 487 ed, 488 bed ; issue of 310 d ; compd. with J. S. MILL, i. 383 ab ; Debenture, i. 501 b, ii. 488 c ; and Debt, i. inti. on J. S. MILL, i. 382 d, ii. 757 e; Positiv• 506 be ; Directors, duties of, i. 587 abc, ii. ism and crit. of Deductive Sch., i. 383 a, iii. 488 be ; Directors, liab. of, ii. 488 b, 489 a ; 171 e ; Sociology, word invd. by, for Social Econ. effects of, i. 370 ab, 371 be; Incorporated Sci., i. 383 a, ii. 157 e, 310 d, 741 a, iii. 167 b, and Unincorporated, ii. 486 d; Incr. of, since 172 a, 368 a, 428 d, 430 d ; on Solidarity, 1863, i. 369 c, 371 a ; Legis!. recommended, ii. i. 383 a, iii. 444 b ; on Statics, social, and 489 b ; Limited liab. enterprise and act of 1862, social·dynamics, i. 383 a, ii. 310 d, iii. 465 d. i. 369 b, ii. 601 d; Liquidation of, ii. 610 b- Conciliation : com pd. with Arbitration. i. 385 e; 611 a ; Liquidator, Official and Provisional, Prud'hommes, conseils de, i. 51 d, 385 be, ii. 611 a ; Meeting of, ii. 724 b ; Memorandum 389 be, iii. 239 be, 558 d, 559 a ; and Trade of Assoc., ii. 487 d, 725 a, iii. 185 ab; Prefer• disputes, i. 384 d, iii. 559 b. ence Shares, iii. 185 ab ; Promoter, iii. 228 e ; Concrete Meth. of P. E. : compd. with Abstract, Prospectus, iii. 233 cd; Qualification, iii. i. 5 c, ii. 7 43 d ; with Historical, ii. 309 a ; 243 bd ; Reserve liab. and act of 1879, ii. 602 b ; with Inductive, ii. 391 a. Shareholders, i. 203 d, iii. 390 a ; Shares, CONDILLAC, E. B. de: N. BAUDEAU'S crit. of, i. iii. 390 b ; Shares, various kinds of lia.b. on, 746 d; on Exchange, iii. 218 a; on Higgling ii. 602 a ; Fr. Societas Commerciales, iii. of Market, ii. 305 b; on Industry, i. 385 d; crit. 438 d - 439 b ; Ultra Vires, ii. 488 d, iii. of Physiocrats, ii. 156 b; on Prodn., iii. 217c; 598 c; Unlimited liab., i. 203 d; Watering on Utility and Value, i. 765 c, ii. 156 b. Stock, iii. 659 c ; Winding-up, iii. 670 b.• Conscription : Econ. effects of, i. 388 d ; dist. Livery Companies, Hist., i. 372 abc, ii. fr. Impressment, ii. 373 d ; Inscription 615 be ; Income, i. 373 ab ; Privileges, i. 372 d. Maritime, Fr. ii. 408 d. -Companies and Partnership, compd., Consignee, Bill of Lading: i. 145 b, 389 c. i. 335 e, 368 ab, 369 cd, 428 b, iii. 71 abed ; Consolidated: Annuities or Consols, i. 390 c.• Eng. and Ita!., iii. 68 ab.-Regulated Com• Consolidated Fund: Canst. of, i. 390 a, 781 c, panies, Hist., iii. 27 5 ed ; and Interlopers, 782 ab ; Origin of, i. 390 b, ii. 367 d, iii. 111 d ; ii. 436 e, iii. 276 a; Objects and const., iii. and annual Supply, i. 389 d. 275 d, 276 a; effects of Regulus., iii. 276 b.• Conspiracy, law of: i. 175 c, 336 c-337 a, 390 d, Companies, Trading, compd. with industrial 401 a, ii. 525 a, iii. 313 c, 559 a. Gilds, i. 373 d, 429 b, ii. 212 be, 699 c; Hist. Consumer, protn. of: and Adulteration, i. 15 b; of, i. 373 d, 728 a, ii. 436 d ; T. HOBBES on, ii. by Medvl. state, as to qual. and quant., i. 64 d, 315 e ; competition with Interlopers, ii. 436 e, 79 a, ii. 107 d. iii. 276 a; Jnt.-Stk. and Regulated, i. 18 b, Consumption : and Distr., i. 394 d ; Economy 722 d, 723 a, ii. 437 be, iii. 418 d, 561 b ; of, R. S. MOFFAT on, ii. 779 b ; theory of, and Medvl., and liability, limited, ii. 601 d ; A. Future Goods and Services, ii. 17 4 a ; waste• SMITH on, i. 18 ab, iii. 418 d, 419 a. ful, not Good for Trade, ii. 228 be ; and Compensation: and Common Employment, Laissez-faire, i. 394 d, 39!i a; Margin of, i. 358 be ; for injuries, Damages, exemplary, ii. 691 d; as department of P. E., iii. 216 a; nominal, and ordinary, i. 478 d, 479 a; Dam• effects of Prodn. on, i. 394 be ; as motive to num Emergens and medvl. view of Int., i. Prodn., J. S. MILL on, iL 757 a, 758 be ; rei. 479 ed, ii. 431 a; for Expropriation and to Prodn. i. 393 c, 394 ab, ii. 232 c, iii. 215 d, seizure of Land, i. 375 d, 381 be, 797 d-798 e; 377 c ; statistics of, and national Progress, for Land, nationalisation of, i. 376 e, ii. i. 395 be; A. SMITH on, i. 393 c; Utility as 547 c, 551 d, 552 a; Liquidated damages, foundation of, W. S. JBVONs, i. 393 d; Wealth ii. 610 a ; for Tenants' Improvements, i. 376 ab, in rei. to, i. 393 d.-Productive Consumption, 691 b, ii. 563 be, iii. 529 c. iii. 216 d; W. N. SENIOR on, iii. 219 b.-Un• Competition: F. von BuLAU on, i. 190 ed; and productive Consumption, G. BERKELEY on, non-competing groups, J. E. CAIRNES on, i. 202 d, i. 134 d ; and Capital, i. 218 d; J. S. MILL 203 a, 378 bed, 761 b, ii. 536 b; Sir J. CHILD on, on, iii. 600 b; J. POLLEXFBN on, iii. 151 be; i. 277 b ; Combination as obstacle to, i. 377 d, not used by A. SMITH, iii. 600 a ; F. A. WALKER 379 b; Commercial,. effects of, i. 376 d, 378 c; on, iii. 600 c. Credit essential to development of, i. 452 b ; Continental syst. : and Amern. war, i. 398 be ; Custom as obstacle to, i. 377 c, 476 e; Dangers effects on Brit. trade, i. 398 ab, ii. 361 a, of, L 379 e ; Industrial, effects of, i. 377 a, 371 be, iii. 41 d, 42 a ; and Crisis of 1810-11, 378 d ; justifications for Interference with, i. i. 456 c ; Licenses, i. 397 d, ii. 605 cd, iiL 379 ed, iii. 296 e ; W. S. JEVONS on, i. 378 e; 16 b, 41 c ; effects on Napoleon, i. 398 a; T. E. Cliffe LESLIE on, i. 378 b ; free, A. F. Object of, i. 396 d, 397 a ; Orders in Council LODER on, ii. 201 d, 649 e; J. F. D. MAURICE on, Eng. retaliation for, i. 397 be, ii. 605 be, iii. 16 b, i. 280 b ; J. S. MILL on, i. 378 b, ii. 762 e ; 40 a, 58 e, 93 c, 391 c. CONTRABAND INDEX COST 705

Contraband : Decl. of Pa.ris, i. 520 be, 521 b ; 1 operative Banking, Ger. and Italy, i. 109 a- and Neutral states in International Law, i. 110 c, 412 d; F. H. ScHULZB-DELITZSCH, i. 398 d, ii. 371 a, 445 cd, iii. 16 bel. 412 d, iii. 366 a.--Co-operative Farming, Contract : Acceptance, i. 6. b ; Breach of, Assington experiment, i. 413 d ; Denmark, i. remedy for, and specific performance, i. 412 d; Ralahine experiment, W. PARE on, i. 402 be, 750 d, ii. 119 d, iii. 452 tl, 453 a ; 413 c, iii. 60 d; Recent experiments, i. 414 a- confidence in, and paper Curr., i. 401 b ; Econ. 415 b; Statistics, 1891, i. 414 c; U.S.A., i. aspect of, i. 399 c ; and .& post facto legisl., 412 tl, 413 b.--Co-operative Workshops, i. 400 c ; Freedom of, arguments for interference Eng. hist. of, i. 415 be ; Fr., J. B. A. GODIN's with, i. 400 b ; and organisation of Labour and Familistere, i. 289 a, 413 a, ii. 18 c, 125 d, capital, i. 401 b; Law of, i. 401 d, ii. 131 abc, 217 ab; Profit-sharing in, i. 416 a; con• 538 d, iii. 402 d ; for purposes of Monopoly, dition of Workers in, i. 416 c. and law of conspiracy, i. 400 d, 401 a ; Coparceners, inher. by : i. 420 a, ii. 455 b, iii. Mutual, of creditors, i. 116 a; Roman law of, 59 d, 203 a. i. 298 b, iii. 66 c; of Sale, iii. 347 b; power of COPERNICUS, N., on reform of Curr.: i. 420 b, ii. development of, and Society, i. 401 c ; substi• 795 b, iii. 144 b. tute for Status, iii. 65 c ; and Tort, liab. under, COPLESTON, E. : on Corn Laws, i. 421 a ; compd., iii. 551 c. "secular" Depreciation of Curr., effects of, Convention of Royal Burghs and Sc. Trade : i. 420 ctl, 421 a ; Poor Relief, i. 421 a. i. 403 abed. Copyhold : Demesne tenants, origin of, i. 544 Conversion : Colonial Stocks, Canada, i. 405 d ; be, ii. 28 b, iii. 85 d, 625 be ; Enfranchise• Cape Colony, i. 405 d ; Ind. i. 406 a ; New ment of, i. 422 b, 117 b, ii. 543 b, 546 a. Zealand, i. 406 a.-Conversion, Foreign Copyright : works of Art, i. 422 d, 487 c ; Basis Stocks, Austria, i. 406 ab ; Egypt, i. 406 b ; of, i. 423 a; Designs, i 422 tl, 571 a; Dra• Fr., i. 406 b ; Mexico, i. 406 b ; Peru, i. 406 c ; matic, i. 422 d; International, i. 422 d; Literary, Russ., i. 406 c ; Spain, i. 406 c ; Turkey, i. i. 422 cd, 487 c. 406 c; U.S.A., i. 406 eel.-Conversion of CORBET, T., on princ. of Trade : i. 423 c. National Debt, i. 404 b, 508 d, 509 a, ii. Corn : compulsory reserves of, Greniers d'abon• 66 b, 621 d ; H. FONFREDB on, ii. 95 a ; Holl., dance, ii. 259 b-260 a, 462 d, 515 a, iii. 79 a. ii. 7 5 c ; A. SMITH on, i. 507 ab, iii. 421 be ; -Com Laws, G. CANNING on, i. 211 c; and South Sea Co., i. 404 c, iii. 447 eel. N. DB LA MARB on, i. 537 c; 18th centy., i. Coolie syst. : Colonies employing, i. 408 c ; 424 c j E. ELLIOTT on, i. 693 b j prohib. of and Asiatic Emigration, i. 322 a, 408 eel ; and Export, i. 423 eel j D. GRASWINCKEL on, i, State interference, i. 408 eel. 656 be ; prohib. of Import, medvl., i. 423 tl, Co-operation: Arttfl in Russ., i. 59 be, 413 b, ii. 240 c ; in Industrial Revolution, ii. 400 iii. 342 c; Sir T. BERNARD an originator of, i. d j Earl of SHEFFIELD on, iii. 391 a j and 135 b; J. J. L. BLANc's scheme for state• Sliding Scale of Charles II., i. 424 b ; A. SMITH supported, i. 65 c; P. J. B. BUCHBZ, i. 184 d, on, i. 425 d, iii. 416 d, 417 a.-Com Laws, ii. 157 b ; Building societies, i. 189 c ; and Bounty Act of 1689, effects, i. 423 c, 425 abc ; Chartism, i. 280 b ; Cite ouvri~re, i. 288 d, A. S:r.UTH on, i. 425 d ; T. TooKE on, i. 425 d, 413 a, 415 a, 664 d, ii. 18 c, 217 a; assoc. of 426 a ; A. YOUNG on, i 425 d.-Corn Laws, Consumers, i. 336 c, 410 ab; Defence of, i. 419 d; Repeal of, i. 424 d, ii. 148 c-151 a; J. BRIGHT, Diffie. affecting, i. 411 eel; for Divis. of Labour, i. :1!?9 b, ii. 149 a; R. COBDEN, i. 316 eel, ii. i. 409 ab ; Educational work of, i. 418 b ; 148 d ; Sir R. PEEL, i. 42 d, ii. 150 c, 367 tl, Federal princ. appl. to, i. 419 be, ii. 43 b-45 b, iii. 87 d.-Price of Corn, and Famine, ii. 521 be ; Federal, crit. of, ii. 44 d ; C. FoURIER 21 ab; and deficient Harvests, C. DAVENANT on, ii. 157 b; com pd. with Industrial Partner• on, i. 484 c, iii. 498 be ; G. KING on, ii. 506 b. ship, i. 419 d, ii. 398 b ; Industrial, Russ. -Com Rents, and Prices, hist. of, i. 426 Scli. on, iii. 342 eel ; co-operative Industry, c; in 16th centy., i. 426 ab. R. OWBN and, i. 365 b, iii. 49 a, 50 ab, 432 b ; Corporation: Aggregate, i. 161 b, 428 a; co-operative Insurance, ii. 44 d; and Inter• Corporations of Arts and Trades, i. 428 c- dependence of industries, i. 409 d ; or combina• 432 b; or Body Corporate, char. of, i. 161 tion of Labour, J. S. MILL on, ii. 758 d ; b j Monopolist, R. GARDINER on, ii. 183 d j Legisl. on, i. 280 c; J. F. D. MAURICE on, i. 280 b, Corporation, Municipal, gov. and powers, i. ii. 715 ac ; and elimination of Middleman, ii. 427 eel; compd. with Partnership, i. 428 b, 1fi4 a; Mir in Russ., i. 22 d, 39 b, 360 c, 361 a, iii. 69 b; Corporation, Sole, i. 161 b, 428 b. ~13 b, ii. 774 eel, iii. 21 d; E. V. NBALB, ii. Cost: Comparative, and International Trade, 43 d, iii. 12 c-13 a; co-operative Newspaper, i. 434 be, ii. 450 b ; rei. to Price, i. 434 d ; or ii. 44 d ; Co-operation, Partial, Oldham Relative, and theory of Value, i. 434 c.• Cotton-Spinning Companies, hist. of, i. 417 Cost of Collection of Taxes, H. FAWCETT a-418 b ; assoc. of Producers, distributive and on, i. 435 a, 436 b ; Indirect compd. with manufacturing, i. 410 c; Profit-sharing and Direct, i. 396 ab, 435 c-436 c ; A. SMITH on, joint-stockism, i. 412 b, 419 d; Co-operation, i. 396 ab, 4.35 a ; Statistics of, i. 436 d, 437 Social aspects of, i. 418 b; Statistics, i. 410 d, a; in U.K., i. 435 bel, 436 a.--Cost of Pro• 414 c, 415 c; W. THO.Ml'SON on, iii. 536 d ; duction, theory of, A priori application of co-operative Union, functiQns of, i. 418 be, P. E., iii. 146 d, 147 a; J. E. CAIRNES on, i. ii. 43 d; J. WARREN on, iii. 659 a; Wholesale 203 b ; and Diffie. of attainment, i. 580 abc ; societies, i. 411 b, 419 be, ii. 44 ab.-Co- and Future Goods and Services, ii. 17 4 d ; VOL. Ill 2 z 706 COTTON INDEX CURRENCY

and International Value, ii. 451 c; Law of, Crisis of 1810-11, Continental syst., i. 456 i. 437 d, ii. 582 d ; and Price, i. 394 c, 434 c; speculation in Exports, i. 456 d ; S. PER• ed, 437 d, iii. 140 c, 200 d; and Rent, i. 438 CEVAL, i. 457 ab, iii. 93 b; Statistics, i. 456 ed, iii. 284 ed ; and Value, i. 434 cd, 438 alJ, d, 457 c.--crisis of 1816 and speculation in 580 d, 760 d, 762 a-764 c, ii. 582 d, 756 be, Exports, i. 466 ed.-Crisis of 1825, and 760 d, iii. 146 d, 220 be, 607 ed; and Wages, depression of foreign Exchange, i. 457 d ; and i. 437 be, 438 a. S. Amern. speculations, i. 466 d ; other Specu• CoTToN, Sir R. B., on Coinage: i. 441 c. lations, i. 458 bed ; Statistics, i. 458 a.• Cotton: dealings in, illustn. of Futures, ii. 175 Crisis of 1836-7 in Amern. and E. Ind. trade, cd, iii. 212 a.-Cotton Famine : Hist. of, i. i. 458 d; Railways, speculation in, i. 466 d. 439 ed ; and Indian export trade, i. 442 b ; -Crisis of 1847 and Sir R. PEEL's Bank Act, effects on Textile industries, i. 440 d, 441 a. i. 459 a ; Suspn. of Bank Act, i. 461 a ; -Cotton Industry, effect of fluctuations in Causes, i. 459 d, 467 a; Railways, speculation Exchange, iii. 2_12 !'; pecul!~r Position of, iii. in, i. 459 b-460 b, 467 a ; Statistics, i. 459 e- 211 d; Wages m, 1. 441 b, m. 189 d. 461 a, 463 d.--crisis of 1857, suspn. of CoURNOT, A. A.: on Bounties, i. 172 cd, 446 a; Bank Act proposed by Sir G. C. LEWIS, ii. Curves syst. and theory of price, i. 445 b; 600 b ; over-extension of Credit, i. 462 d ; Demand schedules, i. 540 d ; International Statistics, i. 463 d.--Grisis of 1866, compd. trade, crit. by K. H. HAGEN, ii. 272 be ; with 1857, i. 464 ab; subsequent Effects, i. Mathematical Meth., i. 445 b, ii. 156 c, 712 464 be; Statistics, i. 463 d.--crisis of 1890, be ; Monopoly, where advantage to public, i. position of Bank of Eng., i. 464 bed ; Barings, 445 d, ii. 712 be, 806 b ; Price, variations in, i. 462 b, 464 d; com pd. with previous Crises, i. 446 be ; Social revenue, i. 446 c ; Taxation, i. 462 ab ; effects on Stk. Ex., i. 46.2 b, 464 d. i. 15 d, 446 ab; Utility and Value, i. 765 d. Crusades: and City, medvl., growth of, i. 470 be; CouRT, P. de Ia : on Free trade, i. 447 b, 657 development of Industry, i. 470 a ; revival of b; free Industry, i. 447 b, 657 a; Mono• Mediterranean trade, i. 348 d, 469 d. poly, i. 447 b, 657 a. Culture, small : Advantage and disadv. of, i. COXE, T. : on Commercial syst. for U.S.A., i. 450 471 bed ; in Belgium, S. LAING on, ii. 534 a; d; Industrial census, i. 451 a. Statistics, in Eng., i. 471 a. Credit: Bankers' Advances, i. 453 b ; by Book Currency: C. F. ADAMS on, U.S.A., i. 9 b ; T. entry, i. 164 d ; element of Capital, i. 452 c ; ATTWOOD's theory, i. 67 c, 271 d; early Cash Credit, Sc. syst., i. 231 c ; facilitated Canadian, i. 100 c ; Circulating medium, by Clearing syst., i. 454 alJ ; essential to Eng. syst., i. 288 be ; in Colonies, i. 326 d- development of Competition, i. 452 b ; Cycle, 329 b ; Contracted, Sir A. ALISON on, i. 32 ab ; term invd. by J. Mills, i. 467 be; Deferred and Conventional Tariff, i. 403 d, 404 a ; payments and trust, basis of, i. 451 be ; N. COPERNICUS on, i, 420 b, ii. 795 b, iii. 144 b ; Development of, Eng., Fr., and U.S.A., i. 142 E. CoPLESTON on "secular deprec." of, i. 420 d, abc; Eng. and Fr. systems, i. 143 ed; F. 421 a; and Custom, i. 477 be; B. DAVANZATI Fuoco on, ii. 169 d; Hire and purchase on, i. 483 ab, ii. 462 b; F. DAVILA Y LuGo on agreements a new form of, ii. 308 be ; J. Span., i. 485 b; Jonathan DUNCAN on, i. 650 a; LAw and development of syst., i. 452 c, 732 a, Dutch, hist. of, i. 773 a-774 c; Fiat money, iii. 145 a; Medvl. view of, i. 451 c, 721 c; U.S.A., ii. 55 d ; Forced, ii. 96 c ; Fractional, almost unknown in Middle Ages, i. 85 a ; ii. 126 b; H. H. GossEN on, ii. 233 c ; J. P. substitute for Money, R. MURRAY on, ii. 842 GRAUMANN on, ii. 257 a; Earl of HALIFAX and lib ; W. POTTER on syst. of, iii. 177 be ; infl. on reform of, ii. 275 a; J. HARRIS on, ii. 291 ab; Prices, i. 452 d; as Productive force, i. Irish, money of account, ii. 457 c ; based on 451 ed; Public, I. E. HoRlf on, ii. 330 d; Labour, R. OwEN's proposal, ii. 520 d, 522 be, Speculative, effect on prices, iii. 198 d, 199 a; iii. 50 d ; based on Land, E. KELLOGG on, ii. U.S.A. syst., S. COLWELL on, i. 335 b; and 503 b; G. W. von LEIBNIZ on, ii. 593 a, iii. 56 b; Value, N. BARRON on, i. 120 a.--credit, J. S. MILL on, i. 472 b; dist. fr. Money, i. Instrument of, Bank Note, i. 453 ed ; Bill, 230 ed; Sir I. NEWTON on valuations of i. 145 alJ, 453 a ; Cheques, i. 453 d ; Foreign guinea, ii. 271 c, iii. 19 bed ; and banking, cheques, i. 454 a ; excluded fr. category of G. W. NORMAN on, iii. 23 d; PTOLEMY OF Money, ii. 790 c-791 c; cheques Not Negoti• LuccA on, iii. 239 d; D. RICARDO on, i. 472 b, able, iii. 25 b ; Telegraphic transfers, i. ii. 795 c, iii. 308 c ; and credit, Russ. Soh. 199 d, 442 d, 454 b, iii. 526 c. on, iii. 341 ed; Silver, as legal tender, i. Creditor, position of : i. 505 ed, 692 ah, 749 d. 98 a; A. SMITH on, i. 472 b; Tabular syst., Crises: general Causes of, i. 461 be, 462 be; Eng. W. S. JEVONS on, i, 472 b, ii, 476 e, iii. 509 b, and U.S.A. com pd. with-Fr. and Ger., i. 465 c; 510 ed, 511 a ; artificial appreciation of, Spasmodic char. of, i. 465 d; T. TooKE on, i. G. A. TESAURO on, iii. 531 d; Sir C. TROTTER 456 abc, 457 bed, 458 aed, 459 c, 466 ed.• on, iii. 583 b; Unit of ·account, iii. 599 e; Crises, Periodicity of, i. 461 d, 466 b ; and Value of, fluctuations in, R. MUBHET on, ii. 843 a; Sunspots, W. S. JEVONS on, i. 461 d, 467 ah, Veilon, ii. 692 b, iii. 614 d; M. E. L. W ALRAS, ii. 253 b, 349 d, 476 c.-Crisis of 1792-3, proposal to steady prices, iii. 654 a ; R. H. caused by excess of Enterprise, i. 456 b ; checked WALSH on, iii. 656 a ; G. WILSON on, ii. 353 b, by advances of Exchequer Bill, i. 456 a.• 793 d, iii. 669 be.-Currency Doctrine or Crisis of 1796-7, proposal for support of Credit, principle, and Bank Act, Sir R. PEEL's, i. 113 d, i. 456 b ; scarcity of Money, i. 456 b.- 407 d, 472 ed, 623 o; Crit. of, i. 473 ab; CURVES INDEX DEBASEMENT OF COIN 707

and Doctrina.ire, i. 623 ca ; attacked by R. J. W ALXBB on, iii 650 cd ; Si1· R. W ALPOLB'S J. FULLABTON, ii. 167 b; and Money, T. reform of, L 787 b, iii 652 a.-Customs, Ad TOOXB on, ii. 795 D j J. WHBATLBY on, iii, valorem duty, A. A. COURNO'r on, i 15 d; 665 a.-Inconvertible Currency: S. BBBcx under Edward I., i. 15 d; J. S. MILL on, i. 15 t:. on eft'ecta of, i 178 a ; Evils of, i 63 b, ii. 380 b ; -Internal Customs and Tolls ; J. B. and Ideal money, ii. 353 oo ; Origin and basis COLBBBT'S attempt at reform, i. 319 c, ii. 438 cd; of, ii. 380 b ; V a.lue of, fluctuations in, ii. 380 t:. Fr., medvl., ii. 438 ab; Fr., 17th and 18th centy., --Currency, Paper,Assigna.t in Revolution, ii. 438 be, iii. 104 b; Ger., ii. 439 d; abolished at Fr., i 63 ab, 206 t:d, ii. 380 b, iii. 303 o ; Basis Revolution, Fr., ii. 439 b ; Turnpike syst., of, i 93 d, 191 D j N. BIDDLB'S theory of, Fr., attempt at, ii. 439 b. U.S.A., i. 139 d; G. CANNING on basis and theory of, i 210 d, 211 ab; L. CmTTI's DAIBB, E., on Physiocra.ts: L 477 d. scheme, i 279 oo ; H. CLAY on, i. 305 o ; W. Damnum Emergens and Int., Roman Law CoBBl!TT on, i. 315 d ; in Colonies, i. 328 b ; basis of Canon Law: i. 479 t:d, ii. 431 a, 649 a. and Convertibility, i 407 d ; Convertible, DA.NGBUL, Ma.rquis de Plumart : on Free Trade, Canada, i. 101 d ; W. DOUGLABB on, i. 635 ca; i. 480 o ; Taxation, i. 480 d. P. FBANOIB on, ii. 128 d ; B. FRANKLIN on, ii. Darien Co. : i. 481 abo, iii. 78 ca. 129 D j J, FULLARTON on, ii. 167 D j Green· Da.rwiniBID : compd. with Development or back, U.S.A., ii. 258 o; 0. IluBNBB on need Evolution, i. 481 d, 482 a, 572 d ; and La.issez• of cash reserve, ii. 335 o ; based on Land, faire, H. Spencer on, i. 482 a ; and T. R. J. Swu on, iii 502 d; Legal tender, i 101 d, MALTHUs' theory of Population, i. 481 d, ii. 102 d, 112 d,114 a, 191 d, 211a, ii. 590 00; Ma.n• 586 a, iii 166 oo; and Socialism, i. 482 a; da.t, ii. 681 d; Over-issue, Irel., evils of, i 96 ca; Survival of the Fittest, i. 482 b, iii 500 abed. Resumption, U.S.A., iii 298 b-299 a ; Soft DAVA.NZATI, B.: on Curr., i 483 b, ii. 462 b; money, U.S.A., iii 443 o; Theories of, i. 113 ca; V a.lue, i. 483 ab. H. THORNTON on, iii 537 D ; U.S.A., hist. of, DAVBNA.Nor, C.: on Balance of Trade, i. 87 d, i. 102 d.--Currency and P.E., ABlsTOTLB's 484 b ; compulsory Employment, i. 484 b ; theory, iii. 143 o ; Dialogue Eryzias, iii. 115 d, Mere. Syst., i. 483 d; Price and deficient 116 a ; Fiduciary syst., iii. 143 d; Free Trade harvest, i. 484 o, iii 498 oo ; Taxation, i. 483 deduced fr. nature of money, iii. 144 cd; Ha.rd o, 484 b. Money syst., iii 143 d; J. LAw and syst. of DAVIBB, D., and Workmen's Budgets: i. 484 credit; i 452 o, 732 a, iii. 145 a; J. LocxB d, ii. 18 d. and Quantity _theory, ii. 635 d, iii. 144 o ; DAVILA, B., on Poll-tax in Spain: i 485 a, ii. Precious meta.la, scarcity of in Middle Ages, 372d. infl., i 85 a, ii. 7 65 d, iii. 144 a.--Currency, DAVILA y Luao, F., on Span. Curr.: i. 485 b. Quantity theory of, i 685 b, iii. 244 a ; orit. Day, medvl. uses of word : i. 485 bod. by J. A. R. von HBLJ'BBIOH1 ii. 298 00 j J, Dea.rneBB, a.rtificild : Bounties, i. 488 b ; want LOOKB on, ii. 635 d, iii. 144 c. of Communication, L 489 ab ; coJ:).trol over Curves: compd. with Functions, i 474 ab; Demand, i 488 d-489 d ; and Indirect Taxa• lllustn. of, i 473 ca.--Curves, illustn. of tion, i. 488 ab ; in Labour market, i. 489 d, Consumers' Rent, i 575 be, 654 c ; theory of 490 a ; Stk. Ex., i. 489 c ; control oveT Dimel18ions, i 584 ca; Error, Law o( i eources of Supply, i. 487 d-488 d. 751 ca; Final Utility, ii. 60 abed; Price, i Death Duties : Account, i. 493 b ; Estate, i. 445 b, 574 b, 575 ca; Supply and Demand, 493 be, iii 523 d; Hist. of, i 491 abed; Legacy, i 540 t:d, 542 OOd, 575 a, 576 a, ii. 473 be, i 492 o; J. S. MILL on, i. 490 ca; J. S. Nichol· iii 489 b, 492 o, 497 d, 498 a.--Curves, son on, i. 490 d; Probate, administration, and meth. of, in Abstract P. E., i 473 be; L. S. inventory, L 491 d, iii 208 c ; H. Sidgwick on, CAGNA.ZZI on, i 200 d ; in Statistical Obser· i. 490 ca ; A. SMITH on, i. 490 be, iii. 420 o ; va.tion, i 474 t:. Succession, L 492 d, iii 523 d. Custom : obstacle to Competition, i 377 c, Death-rate: compd. with Birth-rate, i. 150 d, 476 o ; and Curr., i 477 oo; compd. with 493 d, 494 a ; illustr. by Graphic Meth., ii. Habit, i 476 b, ii. 272 a; compd. with Pre• 254 c; compd. with Ma.rria.ge-rate, ii. 701 scription, iii 186 d ; and Prices, i 477 a; d, 702 a; rei. to Natural incr., i. 494 a; Normal, and Reflexion, i 477 o; and Wages, i. 476 od. i. 494 d ; importance in vital Statistics, i 498 Customs duties: Bonded warehouses, i 164 a, d.-Death-rate, Decline of, and progress of 475 d, iii. 657 b ; on Com, horses, and sugar, Civilisa.tion, i. 497 b; as element of Well· disadv. of abolition, i. 187 abc ; Sir M. DBCK:BB being, i. 655 b.-Death-rate and Insurance, on, i. 519 b; Department, i. 475 o; Fr. Doua.ne, Life, calcul., Equation of life, i. 497 d; Ex• i 633 d ; compd. with Due, i. 645 ca ; Eng. pectation of Life, i. 497 d, 790 b, ii. 718 o ; and Eur. countries, iii 522 b ; Entrep6ts, i. l>opulation, movement o( i. 498 b.-Death• 616 ab, 741 ca; Entry, Bill of, i 742 oo; rate, variations in, diff. o{ Age, i 494 b, 495 b ; dist. fr. Excise, i. 786 d ; Expertise, i 793 oo ; Indigence, i 496 d; Insanitary conditions, i G. FABBBONI on, ii. 8 a; Hist. of, i 474 d, 497 ab ; Marriage, i. 495 d; unhealthy Occupa• 794 ab, iii 517 d; Incidence of, i. 476 a; and tion, i 496 be ; Race and climate, i. 495 d ; Inlsnd revenue, i. 475 c; Prisage and~ Seasons, i. 495 ca ; Sex, i. 495 D ; Vice, i. 496 ab. prisa., i, 647 d 1 794 b, ii. 367 a, iii 205 b, 2~ D j Debasement of Coin : Eng.,· i. 499 b ; Eur. Protective, i 475 a; A. Sli!TH on, iii. 420 d, countries, i. 500 o ; Expln. of term, i. 500 d ; 421a; Statistics, 1837-1887,i. 475 oo; U.S.A., W. FLBB'rWOOD on, L 731 d, ii. 89 d ; Fr., i 708 DEBENTURE INDEX DEMAND

146 a, 600 b ; Greece and Rome, i. 498 tl ; and International Coinage, iL 441 be ; Latin lrel., i. 500 a, ii. 457 ctl, iii. 204 tl; J. de Union, i. 515 d; A. de MORGAN on, iL 820 b; MARIANA on, iL 692 b ; Meth. of, i. 498 c ; C. W. PASLEY on, iii. 73 a; Prospects of, Eng., complete and partial, effects on va.lue of Money, i. 518 ali ; invd. by S. Stevin of Bruges, i. 515 b. D. RICARDO on, ii. 794 bed j N. 0RESMB on, iii. DECKER, Sir M. : on Customs Duties, i. 519 b; 43 ac ; Scot., i. 499 a; 16th centy., effects, i. Taxation, anticipation of A. SMITH, i. 519 c ; 722 b j A. SMITH on, i. 563 b. Trade, causes of decline in, i. 519 ctl ; W ea.lth, Debenture: issued under Companies Acts, i. soUrces of national, i. 519 d. 501 b ; Expln. of, i. 501 a ; and Floating Decl. of Paris : Blockade, effective, i. 520 c, iL Charge, ii. 90 b ; and Floating Debt, ii. 91 446 a, iii. 58 be; Contra.band, i. 520 be, 521 b; issue of, and Jnt.. Stk. Co., i. 501 b, ii. 488 b; and International Law, i. 521 c, ii. 446 a ; c ; Negotiable, i. 346 b, iii. 15 b ; issued under Marque, letters of, ii. 700 b ; N eutra.lity, i. Special Act, i. 501 a.-Debenture Stock, 520 be, iii. 16 b; Privateering, i. 520 btl, ii. 700 b. compd. with Debenture, i. 502 ali; com pd. Deductive Meth. : and Abstraction, i. 523 ctl ; with Preference stock, i. 502 a. Application o:t; i. 524 a ; Austrian Soh., i. 73 D.Sbouches: James MILL and J. B. MILL on, i. ali; W. BAGBHOT on, applicable only to advanced 503 b j J. B. SAY's theory, i. 503 ali, iii. 358 be. societies, i. 79 d-80 b, 735 b, ii. 74 7 a, iii. 135 Debt: Common and Civil Law, i. 505 c-506 c; ctl j J. E. CAIRNES, i. 202 ali, 203 b, 525 C, ii. Crown, i. 468 be ; writ of Execution, i. 468 c, 747 a; Classica.l Sch., i. 526 a j A. COMTE'S 789 ctl ; Imprisonment for, i. 504 b ; and Int., crit. o:t; i. 383 a, iii. 171 c ; Direct and indirect, i. 504 b; and Jnt.-Stk. Co., i. 506 b; Judg• J. S. MILL on, ii. 638 a; Dutch Soh., i. 657 a; ment, i. 504 a, ii. 494 ali ; Roman Law, i. 391 and Econ. Hist., i. 675 be; and Econ. ma.n, i. b ; Sc. law, i. 588 tl, 592 b ; Speciality and 122 tl, 303 c, 676 d-677 c, ii. 525 c, iii. 133 c; Contract, i. 504 a, iii. 452 ctl.--Floating infl.. of Experience in, i. 791 ali ; and His• Debt, Const. o:t; ii. 90 a; and Debenture, ii. torica.l Soh., i. 524 tl, 67 5 d ; necessity of 91 b ; Disadv. of, ii. 91 b; illustr. by G. J. combination with Inductive, i. 526 ali, ii. 683 1Goscben's Act, ii. 90 a ; Statistics o:t; ii. 91 a. b, 743 tl, 744 a, 747 be, iii. 133 bd; W. B. -National Debt, U.K., R. D. BAXTER on, i. JBVONS on, i. 524 tl, ii. 476 a, 746 a; T. E. 126 ctl ; Burden of, meth. of estimating, iii. 3 a ; Cliffe LBBLIB on, i. 525 ali, ii. 747 a j and Evolution of, iii. 2 ctl ; Floating, statistics of, Ma.thema.tica.l symbols, i. 524 c j J. S. MILL iii. 4 a ; Funded, statistics of reduction, ii. on, i. 524 tl, ii. 638 a, 747 a; and Observation, 169 b, iii. 3 ctl; G. J. Goschen's operation, i. i. 523 b, iii. 133 d ; D. RicARDo, iii. 305 a ; 404 d, 786 a, ii. 66 b, iii. 3d; Earl of HALIFAX W. N. SENIOR on, iii. 134 a, 378 d, 379 a j and foundation of, ii. 27 4 c ; Hist. of, iii. 3 be ; com pd. with Synthesis, iii. 507 abc.-Deduc• A. HOOKE on,- ii. 330 c j D. HoME on, i. 733 c, tive Meth., Postulates or premisses of, Physical ii. 342 d; J. R. M'CuLLOOH on, i. 507 d, ii. Laws of Increasing and Dimin. Returns, ii. 657 a; in Napoleonic period, i. 42 b; 19th 746 b; Psychological Laws of Supply and centy., i. 404 ctl ; S. READ on, iii. 266 a ; Demand, ii. 746 be; Social conditions of necessity of Repayment, iii. 2 a ; and Savings freedom and restraint, i. 523 d, ii. 746 ctl. Banks, i. 110 d; A. SMITH on, i. 507 a, iii. Defence, national: mod. Continentalsyst., i. 530 421 bc.-Debts, Public, Professor Adams on a ; loss of Productive energy by war, i. 529 d.. political, social. and industrial effects, i. 508 b: 531 a, iL 366 a.-Defence, Brit., Cost o:t; i. and Anticipation of revenue, i. 507 b ; Argu• 530 ctl, 531 a; compd. with Fr. and Ger., i. ments for and against, i. 507 ctl ; in Colonies, 531 b ; Syst. described, i. 530 b. i. 324 b, ii. 67 d, iii. 3 b ; meth. of Contracting, Deferred payments : Money as stan. of, i. i. 508 ctl; Conversion of, i. 404 be, 507 ali, 532 d, ii. 790 c, 793 d, 794 a ; Tabular stan., 508 tl, 509 a, ii. 66 b, 75 c, 95 a, 621 a, iii. i. 532 d, ii. 794 a, iii. 509 b.- 421 be, 447 d; and Funding syst., i. 507 a, Deficit : Causes o:t; i. 533 d ; U.K., statistics of, ii. 169 b, iii. 4 be ; Holl., conversion of, ii. 75 c : i. 534 ali. U.S.A., ii. 79 bed; of the World, statistical Definitions: J. E. CAIRNES on, i. 534 d; Con-. statement of, i. 509 b-513 b.-Debts, public, fusions respecting, i. 535 a, ii. 742 be ; T. R. in Fr., ii. 70 d; Privileges over other sees., iii. MALTHUB on, i. 534 c; Necessity o:t; i. 534 tl, 290 be ; Rentes or int. on, iii. 289 b-290 c.• ii. 742 a ; econ., application of Relativity to, Redemption of National Debt, J. BENTHAll[ ii. 742 c, iii. 279 ctl ; D. RICARDO'S neglect of, on, i. 132 a j R. HBATHFIELD on, approved. by i. 634 be ; H. Sidgwick OJ), i. 534 a ; little used D. RICARDO, ii. 295 ab; Statistics 1882-97, iii. by A. SMITH, i. 534 b j R. WHATELY on, i. 534 b 272 d. DBFOB, D. : on Money, Robinson Orusoe, i. 535 c ; Debtor : position of, i. 505 c, 692 ali, 749 ctl ; Poor relief; i. 781 d ; Self-int., i. 729 ali, iii. Fugae Warrant or restraint o:t; ii. 166 d.. 374 d. Decentralisation: Administrative, Eng., i. 513 DBLFICO, M. : on Free Trade, i. 538 a ; In• a; compd. with Centralisation, i. 513 a; . dividualiszn, i. 538 a ; absolute Property, i. Crit. of, i. 514 b, ii. 829 ctl; Judicial, Fr., i. 538 a. 513 a ; Legislative, in federal states, i. 514 a ; Delivery, common law of: i. 538 a. C. M. RAUDOT on, iii. 265 b ; U.S.A., i. 513 d.. DB LucA, G. B.: on Mere. Syst., i. 539 c; Protn., Decimal syst. : Advantage of, i. 514 ctl; i. 539 c ; Taxation, i. 539 a. Commercial use of, 16th centy., i. 515 be; Demand: D. DIDBROT on, i. 578 a; and Distance compd. with Duodecimal, i. 651 ctl ; Ger. and in time, i. 598 c ; Elasticity o:t; J. S. MILL on, Russ., i. 515 a; Hist. of, Eng., i. 515 a-517 a; i. 691 c; Incr. of, ambiguous term, i. 542 a; DEMESNE INDEX DIMINISHING RETURNS 709

and International Value, i. 748 a, ii 451 ed; 420 ed, 421 a ; and Gov. action, i. 563 b ; Lord Measure of, J. E. CAIRNIIS' crit. of J. S. MILL KING on, ii. 506 C ; J. S. MILL on, i. 562 a, 563 a j on, i. 540 b ; Neglect of by older Economists, i. and Paper money, effects of, i. 563 b ; D. 540 a ; Schedules, A. A. COURNOT on, i. 540 d ; RICARDO on, i. 562 b; and Value, measure of, rel. to Value, T. DE QuiNciiY on, i. 569 b.• i. 562 c. Demand Curves, i 540 ed, 542 bed, 654 c ; Depression: Agricultural, Causes, i. 563 d- Cautions in use of, i. 543 ed ; and Elasticity, 564 d; Effects, i. 565 ab, ii. 30 ab.-Depression i 543 ab ; H. H. GoSSIIN on, ii. 233 b ; K. H. of Trade, Causes, i. 567 abed; Features of, HAGEN on, ii. 272 b ; and Higgling of market, 187 4-5, i. 566 bed ; Limitations to, i. 565 d; ii. 305 a ; Individual and Collective, i. 543 b ; Remedies for, i, 568 a. and Numerical determination of the Laws DB QUINCBY, T. : on law of Dimin. returns, i. of Utility, iii. 28 a.-Equalisation of Inter· 569 ed ; confused Final utility with total, i. national Demand, and Indebtedness, i. 7 48 b ; 569 b, 570 a ; on Profit, i 569 c ; on Rent, i J. S. MILL on, i. 748 a.-Demand, Law of, 569 d ; on Utility, iii. 602 a.-DE QUINCBY, T., and Continuity, i. 541 b ; Price, i. 541 bed, ii. on Value, rel. to Demand, i 569 b; and 582 d ; Utility, Dimin., i. 541 a, ii. 583 ab, iii. Diffie. of attainment, i. 569 a, 580 a ; D. 490 ed.-Demand and Supply, illustr. by RicARDo's theory of, i. 568 b; rel. to Utility, Curves, i. 575 a, 576 a, iii. 489 b, 492 c, 497 i. 568 d. d, 498 a; Interdependence of, i. 540 a; curves, Dx SANCTIB, M.A., on scarcity of Money: i. 570 c, H. C. F. JENKIN on, ii 473 be; Law of, ii. 473 ii. 462 c. be, iii. 279 a ; A. Marshall's "fundamental sym· DBSTUTT DB TRACY, A. L. C., on Value, D. metry," i 761 ed. RICARDO on : i. 572 be. Demesne tenants, origin of Copyhold : i. 544 be, Development : and relativity, W. BAGEHOT on, ii. 28 b, iii. 85 d, 625 be. i. 80 d, iii. 277 d ; or evolution, compd. with Demography: and Arith., Political, i. 57 a ; Darwinism, i 481 d, 482 a, 572 d ; J. G. J. GRAUNT, i. 57 a, 545 a, 731c; word invd. by FICHTB on, i. 573 a, ii. 55 d, 502 b; G. W. F. A. GUILLARD, i. 544 d, ii 270 b ; Population, HEGEL and idea of in Econ., i. 573 a, ii. 55 d, mathematical knowledge of, i. 544 d ; and Sta• 296 c, 297 a, 502 b, 705 c ; B. HILDEBRAND on, tistics, i. 545 ab. ii. 305 d, 311 d; leading principle in Historical DEMOIVRE, A. : on Annuity on Life, i. 545 ed, ii. Meth., i. 573 a, 675 d, ii. 308 d, iii.136 ed, 276 d; 416 a ; Expectation of Life, term introd. by, theory of and Positivism, iii. 172 a, 432 b ; i. 790 b ; Probability, i. 545 c. w_. RoscHER's theory, ii. 311 be, iii 277 b, Demonetisation: Effects of, i. 546 be; Statistics 324 d, 325 a, 326 a. of, i. 546 ab. DEw, T. R. : on Banking, i. 573 d; Int. and Denominator, Common : Ideal Money as, ii. usury, i. 573 d. 793d; W. S. JEVONs' measure of Value, i. 549a, DIDBROT, D. : on Agriculture, i. 577 d; Charity, ii. 789 d ; F. A. W ALKBR on, i. 549 b, ii. 789 ed, i 578 b; Demand, i 578 a; Exchange, i 793 abed. 578 a; Free Enterprise, i. 579 a; Gov., i 579 ab; Department : Administrative, list of them, i Labour, i. 578 c ; Legis!., i. 578 c; Luxury, i 550 ed ; Fr. territorial, i. 551 a. 578 ed; Physiocrats, i. 577 ed, 7 45 a; Poverty, Depopulation : and Agriculture, decline of i. 578 d; Property, i. 578 d, 579 a; Taxation, in 14th cent., i. 552 a ; and Colonisation, i. 277 c, i. 579 b ; Wealth, national, i. 578 b. 559 b ; and Enclosures, i. 551 b, 552 be, 710 c ; DIBTERicr, K. F. W., on Meth. of P. E.: i 579 c. as symptom of Famine, i. 553 ed, ii. 21 d ; and Differential calculus : Example of use, ii. 423 d; Labourers, Statute of, i. 552 b ; Remedies for, i. and Mathematical Meth., ii. 711 b ; Meth. of 558 d ; econ. Results of, i. 558 d ; Returns of use, ii. 423 ed. 1517 and 1608, i. 552 c; 16th cent., i. 552 be, Diffie. of Attainment : Austrian Sch. on, i. iii. 455 a ; Span. PolMicos on, iii. 450 bc.-De• 582 a ; in absence of Competition, i. 581 c; population, Causes of: Communication, im• and Cost of prodn., F. A. WALKER on, i. 580 a ; provements in towns, marriage rate, i 555 ab. and Dimin. returns, i. 581 b, iii. 140 b, 147 a; -Economic: repeal of Corn Laws, machinery, Exceptions to theory, i. 580 d ; where !ncr. is factory syst., growth of towns, education, limited, i 581 ed; and Mechanics of Industry, stan. of living, i. 554 ed; repeal of Poor Law, W. S. JBVONS on, i 581 b, 582 a ; J. S. MILL on, formation of deer forests, i. 554 b.-Physical, i. 580 ab, ii. 760 d; in cases of Monopoly, i. i. 553 abc.-Political: Deportation, persecution, 581 d ; D. RICARDO on, i. 580 c, 582 a ; and badgov., i. 554a; War, i. 553d.-Depopula• Value, T. DB QuiNcEY on, i. 569 a, 580 a. tion, rural, statistics of, Eng. and Wales, i. Dime Royale : DE LA.roNCHERE's project, i 555 d-556 c ; Eur. countries, i. 558 b ; Fr. i 537 b; V. R. de MIRABEAU on, ii. 372 c; S. le 557d-558 b; Ire!., i. 557 abed; Soot., i. 556 c; P. VAUBAN's project, i 537 b, 583 abc, ii 63 c, U.S.A., i. 558 be. 155 c, 372 c, iii. 612 d, 613 a, 628 a. Deposit:' Statistics of, i. 560 c; Use of term, i Dimensions, theory of: i. 583 d ; illustr. by 560 ab. Curves, i. 584 ed ; and Diagrams, i. 584 c ; Depreciation : of Coinage, and Exchequer, appl. to unit of Utility, i. 584 b. medvl., i. 780 c; of Silver, i 81 c, 147b, 149 a, Dimin. Returns, law of: i. 173 a, 585 a, ii. 583 a, 564 b, 771 d, iii. 396 a.-Deprec. of Machinery, 746 b, iii. 140 b; J. E. CAIRNES on, i. 586 a, iii. i 561 ab ; and Reserve, i. 561 d ; and Sinking 145 d ; H. C. CAREY on, i. 585 d ; T. CHALMERS Fund, i. 561 d.-Deprec. of Monetary on, i 585 d ; T. DB QurNCBY on, i. 569 ed ; Standard, "secular," E. COPLliSTON on, i. and Diffie. of attainment, or Cost of Prodn., 710 DISCOM:MODITY INDEX DUTCH SCHOOL

i. 681 b, iii.l40 b, 147 a; illustr. by Functions, Employment, i. 622 d, ii. 458 d.-Dock mathematical, ii. 168 c; illustr. by Intensive Statistics, Bristol, i 614 c ; Cardiff, i. 614 d ; cultivation, ii. 424 d; R. JoNBB on, ii. 490 c; Dublin, i. 615 a ; Glasgow, i. 615 ab ; Hull, i T. R. MALTHUB on, i. 685 b, ii. 672 be; J. S. 614 d ; Leith, i. 615 e ; Liverpool, i 613 d ; MILL on, i. 585 d, ii. 759 a ; Mod. theory, i. 586 London, i. 613 ac; Newcastle, i 614 b; Sun• a ; and Rent, i. 585 b,!ii. 672 be, iii. 283 bed ; D. derland, i. 614 c; Swausea, i. 614 c; U.K., Rio..umo on, i. 585 c ; and V a.lue, iii. 607 d ; i 618 a-621 b. Sir E. WBST on, i. 585 c, iii. 663 be. Doctrinaire : E. BURKB on, i 624 a ; and Cur• Discommodity: term invd. by W. S. JBVONS, i. rency doctrine, i. 623 cd; and La.issez-fa.ire, 589 c; Labour regarded as, ii. 516 a, 691 b, iii. i. 623 c, iii. 146 a; J. S. MILL on, i. 624 b; 382 a; Negative quantities, iii. 14 d, 382 a. and D. RICARDO'S jlefi.nitions, i. 623 d j W. Discount: on Bill of Exchange, i. 589 d ; Stk. WHBWBLL on, i. 624 b. Ex., Eng., i.· 590 d, 591 a ; Stk. Ex., Fr., Dogma. and econ. enquiry : i. 624 d. i. 590 c; True, theory of, i. 590 ab; Uses Domesday Book : Sources fr. wh. compiled, i. of word, i. 589 d. - Discount, Rate ot; 629 ab ; and Statistics, i •. 629 d ; and Ta.xa.• Autumnal drain, i. 74 a; Eng. i. 93 abc; tion, i. 630 a ; Technicality ot; i. 630 a. Fr., i. 93 abc, 97 d ; Ger., i. 93 abc ; Hamburg, Domicil : and Bankruptcy, ii. 448 cd ; Infi. of, i. 106 b; Scot., i. 96 a. i. 631 b, ii. 442 d, 447 a-449 b; and Inheri• Discoveries, geographical, infL on Trade : i. tance, i 387 b, 631 d, ii. 447 d, 455 c; and 591 be, iii. 214 a. Jurisdiction, Scot., ii. 495 b; and Legitimacy, Distance in time : S. BAILEY on, i. 593 d ; and i 631 c; and :Ma.rria.ge, i. 631 d, ii. 447 cd. Capital, i. 593 b ; and Demand, i. 598 c ; W. DoUBLBDAY, T., on law of Population: i. 634 b, S. JBVONB on, i. 592 d ; and Labour, i. 593 c ; iii. 166 a. J. LooKB on, i. 592 c ; J. B. MILL on, i. 598 b ; DoVB, P. E. : on Land, na.tiona.lisation of, i. J. RAB on, i. 592 c, iii. 250 d ; and Saving, i. 636 a ; Legisl. i. 636 a ; P. E., i. 636 b ; 593 ab; and Value, i. 592 cd. Taxation, i. 636 ab. Distress : Causes ot; i. 594 a ; in Ind11Strial Dower : Legal sense, i. 686 d ; Popular sense, i. Revolution, ii. 400 d ; ~~ term, hist. of, i. 636 c. 594 d-595 b ; princ. of Relief, i. 594 b. DBAGONBTTI, L., on Neapolitan finances: i. 637 b. Distribution : and Bargaining operations, i. Drapier's Letters, J. SWJFT's, and W. WooD's 600 cd ; aud Communism, i. 598 a, 606 b ; patent : i. 639 d, 732 a, ii. 795 b, iii. 19 c, and Consumption, i. 394 d; diflio. of Def., i. 505 abed, 652 c, 672 d. 603 ab ; functions of Entrepreneur, i. 600 b, Drawbacks: and Bonded warehouses, i. 168 d, 601 b ; and Exchange, i. 596 b, iii. 496 a ; of ii. 370 a ; compd. with Bounties, i. 640 b ; materials of nourishment, T. HOBBBB on, ii. and Import Duties, ii. 370 a ; and :Mere. 316 a; of wealth, and Ital. Soh., ii. 464 b; Syst., i. 353 ab ; A. Sl!UTH on, i. 353 a, 640 be, and rei. of Labour and Capital, i. 600 d, ii. iii. 416 c. 517 d; ofwea.lth, M. LoNGJ'IBLD on, ii. 640 b; DRUllll!IOND, H. : on Corn Laws, i, 642 a ; sources J. B. MILL on, i. 603 a, ii. 759 b; Nature of of national Wealth, i. 642 b. process, i. 599 d; Non-technical use of word, i. Drunkards: protn. of Property, i 588 be, 648ab; 596 c; Physiocrats on, i. 595 be; aud Prodn., statistics of Retreats, i. 642 d. ii. 518 b; Sir G. RA.liiSAY on, iii. 260 be; and DucPJ:TIAux, E. : on Criminals, punishment ot; i. Rent of Land, i. 602 a, iii. 288 d; D. RICARDO 645 a ; La.issez-fa.ire, i. 645 b ; Pauperism, on, i. 596 a, 603 a ; J. B. BAY on, i. 595 d; i. 645 b. Sci. of, i. 597 a ; comparative neglect of by A. Due : compd. with Custom, i 645 cd ; Ecclesi• Sl!UTH, i. 595 cd, 603 a ; aud Socialism, i. astical, i 645 d-646 e; Fiscal or regal, i. 64 7 bed ; 598 a-599 a, 606 b ; and Sub-products, i. 600 a; Municipal, i. 646 d, 647 a ; Seignorial or Man• W. TH01dl'SON on, iii. 536 e; law of, and Wages, orial, i 647 a. i. 599 e-602 c. DUNcAN, H. : on Emancipation ofSlaves, i. 649 d; Dividend : in Bankruptcy, i. 607 d ; in rei. to founder of Savings-banks, i. 649 bed. Capital, i. 606 d ; and Deferred Stock, i. DuNOYER, C., on IDima.teria.l Wealth: i 651 b. 583 a, 607 b ; and Directors, lisb. of, i. 607 e ; DUPIN, Claude: on Corn Trade in Fr., i. 652 b.; Medvl. term, i 607 e ; and Preference Shares, :Money, i 652 c. i. 607 a, iii. 185 a ; in rel. to Profit, i. 606 d. DuPONT, P. S.: articles in Ephem.Srides, i. -Foreign Dividends, and Imports, ii. 99 c; 653 ac, 744 e; on Free Tta.de, i. 652 d; True and spurious, ii. 99 d. Impat unique, i. 653 c, ii. 872 b ; La.issez• Dock : and Bonded warehouses, i. 612 b, 615 d, fa.iie, i. 653 e ; and Physioora.ts, i. 652 d. iii. 657 c; and Commercial routes, i 616 ab; DuPuiT, A. J. E. : on Communication, me&nB and Com.Petition, i 616 c ; Econ. changes, i. of, i 654 d ; :Mathein&tica.l :Meth., i. 654 cd ; 615 d; FiDa.nces of, 617 ab; and Free Trade, Utility and Value, i. 654 ab, 765 c. i. 616 a; early Hist. of, i. 611 'cd; Incidence Dutch E. Ind. Co. : i 830 a. 850 b, 488 a, 670 b, of charges, i 616 d; effects on 1\ondon trade, ii. 265 b, 347 d, iii. 273 b, 561 d. i 612 a; Management of, i 617 c; and Naviga• Dutch Sch. of Economists : Abstract meth., tion laws, i 616 b ; Public ownership, argu• i. 657 c ; Bimetallism, i 657 d, 658 d ; P. de ments for and against, i. 617 cd; and Suez la CouR~ on :MonoJ?!t,~ 657. a; Deductive Canal, i 616 b; Dock Warrant, i 615 c, :Meth., 1. 657 d ; es, L 659 a ; Free 623 a.-Dock Labour, Mr. Booth on list ot: Trade, i. 658 d j D. GBABWINCKBL on free branches of, i 621 d ; and Irregularity of trade, i 656 be ; H. GROTIUS on Value, i DUTCH TRADE INDEX ECONOMICS 711

656 alJ ; W. KERSSEBOOM On Life tables, i. 657 b ; 477 e; M. MINGHETTI on, ii. 768 e; D. G. and T. R. MALTHUS' doctrine of population, MORHOF on, ii. 199 b, 820 d; W. NEWMAROH i. 658 b ; W. C. Mus, follower of D. RICARDO, on progress of, iii. 18 c; T. PATERSON on i. 657 c; C. SALMASIUS on Int., i. 656 d; and physical and mental elements in, iii. 7 8 b ; Socialism, i. 658 ed ; and State interference, Physiocrats on subject of, ii. 155 d ; Social i. 658 be. dist. fr. political and psychological sci., ii. 741 Dutch trade, decline of, E. LUZAO on : ii. 655 c. ac.-Econ. sci., Meth. of, i. 679 a ; Analyti• Duty: disadv. of Ad valorem, i. 15 c, ii. 369 ed; cal, i. 38 ed, ii. 7 44 be, iii. 507 cibe ; A pos• on Inhabited house, hist. of, ii. 407 d, iii. teriori, i. 43 b, ii. 7 44 a1J ; C. BABliAGE on, i. 582 a.-Countervailin~ Duty, Objects of, i. 75d,76a; R.CANTILLON,i.215c; H.C.CAREY, 443 b ; D. RICARDO and pnces due to taxation, i. 226 b; Chemical (empirical), Macaulay's, J. i. 443 d.-Discriminating or Differential S. MILL on, ii. 637 d; K. F. W. DIETERICI on, Duties, J. R. M'CULLOOH on, i. 591 d; J. S. i. 579 c; Divis. of, ii. 740 a, 741 bd; Experi• MILL on, i. 592 a ; Reasons for, i. 591 d. mental, use of, i. 792 cib, ii. 391 d; Geometri• Dwellings, Industrial : princ. of Construction, cal or deductive, James MILL on, ii. 637 d, i. 663 b; Financial aspect, i. 661 alJ ; Hist. i. 756 a; B. HILDEBRAND on, ii. 311 d; C. 661 d·662 d ; Objects, i. 269 be, 660 d; Statis· JANNET on, ii. 471 d, 472 a; Literary, of tics, i. 661 c.-Dwellings, Model: in Fr., Classical Sch., compd. with mathematical, ii. Cite ouvriere, statistics of, i. 664 d-665 c; 712 a; Regulative and positive, connexion of, Hist. i. 664 b.-Dwellings, Reguln. by the ii. 7 40 be ; J. G. Courcelle- SENEUIL on, iii. State in Eng., i. 665 d, ii. 537 c ; acts enforcing 377 b.-Econ. sci., Abstract meth., T. Sanitation, i. 666 cibcd. CABLYLE on, i. 228 a; com pd. with Concrete, i. 5 c, ii. 743d; Dutch S&.., i. 657 e; F. B. W. Earnings : and Int. fund, i. 667 b.-Earnings HERMANN on, ii. 202 c, 302 b ; compd. with of Management, first investigated by H. K. E. Historical, ii. 309 a, iii. 533 d ; J. S. MILL von MANGOLDT, ii. 683 b, iii. 285 ed; and Profit, on, i. 5 b, 734 d.-Econ. sci., A priori i. 667 ed ; a species of Wages, i. 667 d, 668 b, meth., i. 47 d, ii. 744 a1J; J. S. MILL, i. 383 b, ii. 517 a. ii. 757 be; D. RICARDO, i. 47 d.-Econ. sci., E. Afr. Co. : i. 19 d, 20 be, 332 b. Constructive meth., Analytical and Synthetic, Easterlings or Hansards : i. 17 b, 668 d-669 b, ii. 7 44 b ;_ A _Priori and A posteriori, ii. 744 ii. 279 a, 284 a, 285 b. alJ ; Evolut1on and dynamics, ii. 7 43 be ; E. Ind. Companies, Foreign: i. 319 c, 330 b, 670 b, Inductive and Deductive, ii. 743 ed, 744 cib. ii. 576 d, 819 be. -Econ. sci., Deductive Meth., and Ab• E. Ind. Co. : i. 169 c, 271 b, 326 d, 330 a, 343 d, straction, i. 523 ed ; Application of, i. 524 a ; 344 bd, 350 b, 353 c, 375 c, 483 d, 487 d, 650 b, Austrian Sch., i. 73 alJ ; appl. to advanced 722 d, 723 cibc, 728 a, 729 be, 730 c, ii. 147 c, societies, W. BAGEHOT on, i. 79 d-80 b, 735 b, 275 b, 324 b, 601 d, 729 b, 778 d, 829 b, iii. 36 ed, ii. 747 a, iii. 135 ed; J. E. CAIRNES, i. 202 alJ, 68 b, 72 cib, 151 b, 275 d, 333 d, 334 c, 561 d; 203 b, 525 c, ii. 747 a; Classical Sch., i. 526 Sir J. CHILD on, i. 277 a ; and Coinage, Ind., a ; A. CoMTE's crit. of, i. 383 a, iii. 171 e ; ii. 780 bed; home Competition, i. 671 cibc, ii. Direct and indirect, J. S. MILL on, ii. 638 a ; 216 c; mode of Conduct, i. 670 a; Sir D. DIGGES Dutch Sch., i. 657 d; and Econ. Hist., i. on, i. 582 be, 726 be ; H. DUNDAS on, i. 650 be ; 675 be; and Econ. Man, i. 122 d, 303 c, 676 and Econ. settlement of Ind., i. 331 alJ, 672 c, d-677 e, ii. 525 e, iii. 133 c ; infl. of Experi• ii. 361 c; H. ELKING on, i. 693 a ; and Factories, ence in, i. 791 alJ ; and Historical Sch., i. ii. 3 d; Objects of, i. 669 ed ; v. SANDYS, and 524 d, 675 d ; necessity of combination with interlopers, ii. 437 a ; A. SMITH on, iii. 417 d, Inductive, i. 526 alJ, ii. 683 b, 7 43 d, 7 44 a, 418 d; State control estab., i. 672 be ; necessity 747 be, iii. 133 bd; W. S. JEVONS on, i. 524 d, of Territory, i. 670 d ; compd. with Turkey ii. 476 a, 7 46 d; T. E. Cliffe LESLIE on, i. 525 Co., iii. 595 b. cib, ii. 747 a; and Mathematical symbols, i. E. Ind. Dock Co. : i. 612 c. 524 c; J. S. MILL on, i. 524 d, ii. 638 a, 747 Eastland Co.: i. 18 a, 271 b, 375 c, 672 d, 673 a; and Observation, i. 523 b, iii. 133 d; a, ii. 436 d, iii. 275 ed, 621 b. Postulates of, Physical laws of Increasing Eox, J., on Int. a.nd Usury, Triple Contract: i. and Dimin. returns, Psychological laws of 673 ed, ii. 435 d, 663 d. Demand and Supply, Social conditions of Economic : Econ. Freedom, i. 67 4 be ; Econ. freedom and restraint, ii. 746 bed ; Premisses Phrases, T. CHALMERs', i. 256 b.-Econ. Man, of, i. 523 d ; D. RICARDO on, iii. 305 a ; W. conception of by Deductive economists, i. 122 N. SENIOR, iii. 134 a, 378 d, 379 a; compd. d, 303 c, 676 d-677 c, ii. 525 c, iii. 133 c; and with Synthetic, iii. 507 alJc.-Econ. sci., E~oism, i. 687 b.-Econ. Organisation, and Formal-descriptive meth., and Classification, C1vilisa.tion, Gilds, i. 302 d; Nation, i. 302 ii. 742 c; and Definitions, ii. 742 a.-··Econ. d, ii. 630 ed ; Village communities, i. 302 d, sci., Historical Meth., i 675 d; compd. with iii. 622 alJ. Abstract, ii. 309 a, iii. 533 d ; Abstract Economics : Applied, or Art of P.E., i. 44 a, element in, ii. 308 d ; T. von BERNHABDI, i. 58 d.-Econ., Medvl., i. 85 a ; M. AGAZZINI 135 d ; A. COMTB and Sociology, i. 382 d, on, i. 21 a ; Infl. of St. Thomas AQUINAS, i. 48 383 eel, ii. 310 d ; compd. with Concrete, ii. a.-Econ., Sci. ot; i. 59 a ; Experiment in, i. 309 a ; Development a leading principle of, 791 d ; N. FORTUNATO on, ii. 121 c ; W. S. i. 573 a, 675 d, ii. 308 d; B. HILDEBRAND, ii. JEVONP on, calculus of human satisfactions, ii. 305 d, 311 d ; compd. with Inductive, ii. 712 ECONOMISTES INDEX ENCLOSURES

309 b; J. s. MILL on, i. 735 a, ii. 759 a; J. Eng., recent efforts at Improvement, ii. 396 e ; M!lsBR on, ii. 825 e ; Necessity of, iii. 135 b, Private enterprise, ii. 397 ab ; School boards, 142 e ; rei. to Organic view of society; i. 67 5 d, ii. 396 d ; Secondary technic&l. schools, ii. 396 ii. 309 e j W. ROSCHER on, iii. 324 e j compd. d; U.S.A., ii. 397 a.-Educa.tion, Nation&!., with Statical, ii. 309 b ; H. F. von STORCH, iii. i. 269 d, ii. 243 a, 538 c ; Sir E. BAINES on, 479 bc.-Econ. sci., Inductive Meth., i. 83 a j Sir J. P. KAY-SHUTTLEWORTH, ii. 502 a. meth. of Agreement and Diff., i. 792 a, ii. 744 a, Egoism : and Economic man, i. 687 b ; used by 7 45 a; Application, causes of diflic. of, ii. 7 45 d, Economists in philosophic sense, i. 686 a ; T. R. 746 a ; J. E. CAIRNES on, ii. 392 a; T. MALTHUB on, i. 686 cd ; A. SMITH on, i. 686 b. CABLYLB, ii. 392 c; ClassicaJ. Soh. and, i. Eight hours' day: ordinary Arguments for, i. S26 a, ii. 391 c, 392 b ; compd. with Concrete, 688 b ; in Colonies, i. 688 a ; Effects, i. 688 ii. 391 a; Sir F. M. EDBN on, i. 679 e; compd. cd ; arguments for Legislative enactment, i. whh Historical, ii. 309 b ; W. S. JBVONS on, 689 e ; Origin of movement, i. 687 a ; advo• ii. 476 ab; determination of Laws, ii. 745 a; cated in exceptional Trades, i. 688 a. underv&l.ued by J. S. MILL, ii. 391 b; Necessity Elasticity : of Demand, i. 543 ab, 691 e ; A. of, iii. 134 b-135 b; Place in econ., ii. 392 b; Marshall's use of, i. 543 b, 691 b ; J. S. MILL and Quantitative agreement or diff., ii. 7 45 c ; on, i. 691 c. A. SMITH's use of, i. 734 a.-Econ. sci., ELIOT, F. P., on ldea.l money: i. 692 cd, ii. Logic&l. meth., J. E. CAmNEs, i. 202 a, 525 e; 353 b, 793 a. W. S. JBVONB, ii. 475 d, 476 a, 687 e-688 b j ELKING, H. : on E. Ind. Co., i. 693 a ; Wh&l.e J. S. MILL, ii. 637 d-638 b j R. WHATELY, ii. fishery, i. 693 a. 637 c.-Econ. sci., Ma.thematica.l Meth., Emblements, or Growing crops : i. 696 be, ii. G. CBVA on, i. 252 cd; theory of Consumers' 268 a. Rent, ii. 712 b ; A. A. CouRNOT, i. 445 b, ii. Emigra.tion : Causes of, i. 697 a ; Earlier and 156 c, 712 be; Dia.gra.ms, i. 574 a-576 b; later phases, i. 696 a; Eng., early, i. 322 b, Differential calculus, ii. 423 cd, 711 b; A. J. 333 c, 698 a; Ger., i. 101 be ; J. HILL-BuRTON E. DUPUIT, i. 654 cd ; Equations, ii. 711 b, on, ii. 307 a ; Holl., i. 698 c; and Immigra• 712 a; Functions, ii. 167 d, 711 a ; F. tion, i. 700 b, ii. 355 e ; Ire!. and Sweden, i. Fuoco, ii. 169 a; H. H. GosSEN, ii. 231 d- 701 b; Italy, i. 701 b; J. S. MILLon, i. 697 a; 233 a; complement of Historical Meth., iii. 19th centy., i. 322 b, 699 b; Portug&l., i. 698 b ; 142 a; Hypothesis, Approximative, ii. 349a; Scot. and Norway, i. 701 b ; Spain, i. 698 b ; Hypothesis, Illustrative, ii. 348 a ; Indirect J. VmGILIO on, iii. 629 a ; and colonisation, use of, ii. 711 d ; Integra.! calculus, ii. 423 b ; E. G. W AKEFXELD on, i. 333 a, 334 a, 697 ab, A. N. !SNABD, ii. 460 be j W. S. JBVONB, ii. 476 700 a, iii. 648 ®.-Emigration, Results of: be, iii. 136 d ; Least squares, ii. 587 cd ; Commercial, i. 697 d, 700 d ; Political, i. 698 a, compd. with Literary meth. of Classica.l Sch., 701 b ; on volume of Population, i. 697 c, ii. 712 a j T. R. MALTHUS on, ii. 711 e; and 700 b ; on condition of Working classes, i. 697 c, Monopoly, ii. 712 be; Negative quantities, 699 cd. iii. 14 a, 15 a; G. 0RTI!S, iii. 44 be; G. PEA• Eminent Domain : Eng., i. 381 b, 702 d ; Fr., COCK, iii. 82 a j calculus of Probabilities, iii. i. 702 d; H. GROTIUS on, i. 702 ab j S. PUFEN• 208 ab ; Scope of, iii. 137 a ; G. SILIO, iii. 395 DORF on, iii. 241 b ; Roman Law, ii. 545 e j a; c&l.culus of Variations, ii. 711 b; A. A. WAL• U.S.A., i. 381 b, 702 c, 703 a. BAB, iii. 652 d j M. E. L. W ALRAB, i. 543 d, iii. Empiricism, econ. : Sir T. GRESHAM, i. 704 a ; 653 be; Weighted observations, iii. 662 cd.• Middle Ages, i. 721 b ; Mod. reviv&l. of, i, 704 b. Econ. sci., Narrative meth., and History, ii. Emphyteusis, tenure of la.nd in Roman law: i. 742 d, 7 43 ab ; and Statistics, ii. 7 43 a.• 703 c, ii. 1 b, 546 b, 563 b. Econ. sci., Statistical Meth., iii. 467 b-469 b ; Employers : W. BAGEHOT on, i. 705 b ; compd. and Social Sci., iii. 431 be.-Econ. sci., with Capitalists, i. 704 d, ii. 516 a, iii. 210 d ; Synthetic Meth., iii. 506 a ; compd. with effects of Co-operation on, i. 706 b ; or En• Analytical, i. 38 cd, ii. 7 44 be, iii. 507 abc; trepreneur, i. 7 41 a ; False and re&l. classes compd. with Deductive, iii. 507 abc. of, i. 707 e ; Functions of, i. 704 d, 706 be ; Economistes or Physiocrats : i. 679 ab. Importance of, in mod. industry, i. 706 a, ii. Economy: Nation&!. dist. fr. provincial, iii. 4 a; 517 a; Industry, captains of, ii. 402 be ; Natural compd. with moneyed, B. HILDEBRAND leg&!. rei. to Labourer, i. 706 a, ii. 523 b-525 b, on, ii. 504 cd ; transition from N atur&l. to 538 a ; Liab. of, i. 358 c, 707 a ; B. PRrcB on, moneyed, S. JOHNSON on, ii. 485 b; Rural, iii. 188 a; Socialist view, i. 706 be ; F. A. L. G. L. G. de LAVERGNE on, ii. 575 d j gener&l. WALKER on, i. 705 bd, 742 a, ii. 516d, iii. 6491l. Use of word, i. 678 a. Employment : and Unemployed, i. 707 d.• EDEN, Sir F. M. : on Brit. Commerce, i. 680 a; Irregularity of Employment, Causes of, ii. Inductive Meth., i. 679 c ; Poor Law, i. 458 e ; Dock Labour, i. 622 d, ii. 458 a ; 277 c, 679 cd, iii. 156 c. Remedies for, ii. 459 a ; and problem of EDGEWORTH, Maria, on Irish la.nd syst. : i. 680 cd. Unemployed, ii. 458 b. Education: Agricultural, U.K., ii. 397 b; J. Emulation : effects, on Expenditure, i. 709 be ; BENTHAM on, i. 133 c j R. COBDEN on, i. 316 on Wealth, i. 708 d. b ; General, econ. aspects of, i. 681 be, 684 a ; Enclosures : Arable la.nd, conversion to A. SMITH on, i. 264 a, 713 c, iii. 419 abc ; pasture, i. 260 d, 407 ab, 710 b, ii. 320 e; Technic&!., desirability of, i. 681 c; U.S.A. J. ARBUTHNOT on, 18th centy., i. 52 b j syst., ii. 397 d.-Industria.l Educa.tion, Champion a.nd Severalty, i. 23 b, 260 d ; ENCYCLICAL INDEX ERROR, LAW OF 713

and Depopulation, i. 651 b, 652 be, 710 c; T. E. Cliffe LEsLIE, Historical economist, i 736 Effects, i. 52 b, 711 c, ii. 686 d, 687 a ; under a; J. R. M'CULLOCH, i. 734 c j T. R. MALTHUS Feudal syst., L 359 d, 710 a ; J. HoWLETT on, on ~op.ulatio~ i. ?34 a! J. F. D. MAURICB and ii. 335 a ; Mod. legisl., L 24 b, 711 d ; Progress, Christian Soc1alism, 1. 735 a; J. S. MILL, 18th centy., i. 29 be, 32 d, 157 b, 711 a, iL application of Abstract meth. in concrete, i 321 b; under Tudors, i. 28 d, 710 c. 734 d; Minor writers, i. 735 d, 736 a ; R. Encyclical of Pope Leo XIII. : on Poor Relief, OWEN, i. 734 c ; D. RicARDO on Rent, i. 734 be ; L 712 d; on Socialism, i. 284 eel, 712 c. J. E. T. RoGERS, Historical economist, i. 735 a; Endowments: princ. of Application, i. 714 d; W. N. SENIOR, i. 734 c; . A. SMITH, crit. of Arguments for and against, L 264 ab, 713 d, Commercial syst., i. 733 d ; Sir J. STEUART, i. 714 c ; A. SMITH on, i. 264 a, 713 c, iii. 419 abc. 733 d; Wages Fund, crit. by W. S. JEVONB Enfranchisement : of Ser:t; effects of, i. 717 a. and F. A. WALKER, i, 735 c.-Laissez-faire, -Enfranchisement of Copyhold lands, 18th centy. movement towards, i. 732 b ; School, Compulsory, i. 718 b; Voluntary, i. 422 b, 717 d. i. 735 b.-Mere. Sch., N. BARBON, i. 131 d; Sir English Early Econ. Hist.: i 719 c; Bank of J. CHILD, i. 731 a; Sir T. CULPEPER (2), i. 730 d; Eng., foundation of, i. 728 c ; Commercial J. HALES, i. 730 b ; J. LocKE, i. 731 c ; E. policy of Edward I. and Edward III., i. 721 c ; MISBELDEN, i, 730 d ; T. MuN and exportation Econ. sci., reasona for slow growth in 16th of Bullion, i. 723 acd, 730 c.-Early Theorists: and 17th centy., i. 729 be; lndividu.alism, J. ABGILL, i. 731 a; G. BERKELEY, i, 732 a; econ., D. HUME, L 728 b.-Balance of Trade, R. CANTILLON and theory of Value, i, 732 C j Sir R. MADDISON on, i. 723 d; E. MISSELDEN on, D. DEFOE, i. 731 d; S. FORTREY on Eng, i 723 c.-Companies, E. Ind., i. 722 d, trade, i. 731 a; J. GRAUNT and Demography, 723 abc, 726 be, 728 a, 729 be ; Merchant i. 731 c; T. HOBBES, i. 731 a; J. LAw on Adventurers, i. 722 eel, 725 d, 727 a; Trading, Credit a.nd Money, i. 732 a ; J. MASSIE, i. hist. of, i. 728 a; Turkey or Levant, i. 726 b, 732 d; Sir W. PETTY and Arith., Political, i. 728 a, 729 b.-Medvl. Church, Eng. compd. 731 b; J. TUCKER, i. 732d; W. WOOD, i 732a. with Continent, i. 721 abed ; in1!. on Gilds, i. Entail: Eng. syst., i. 738 b-740 c, ii. 49 a, 546 a; 720 c; on Int. and usury, i. 719 d, 720 bed; Minorat, Ger., ii. 770 c; Sc. syst., i. 740 d- on Justum pretium, i. 720 c.-Medvl. Econ., 741 Q.-Entail, Majorat, Fr., iL 664 a; Credit, i. 721 c ; Empiricism, i. 721 b ; Int. Objections to, ii. 664 c ; Prussia, iL 664 b.• and Usury, i. 721 c; Money, i. 721 d ; Staple Entail, Objections to, as checking Improvement, syst., i. 721 c.-Mere. Syst., Balance of i. 739 c ; as restricting Transfer, i. 7 40 a, ii. 49 b. Trade, i. 724 c ; undermined by development Enterprise: one of :Agents of Prodn., iii. 214 d, of Banking, i. 729 a; N. BARBON, i. 728 d ; 215 a ; Free, D. DIDEROT on, i. 579 a. opposed to Canonists on Usury, i. 725 b; Sir J. Entrepllts : and reopening of Commercial CHILD, i. 725 c ; R. CoKE on Manufacture, routes, i. 616 ab; and Customs Duties, i. i. 727 be ; and Companies, i. 725 eel; Sir T. 741 eel. CULPEPER (2) on Usury, i. 725 b; Sir D. DIGGES, Entrepreneur: or Employer, i. 7 41 d, ii. 691 eel; i. 726 be; J. HllES, i. 722 b; T. HOBBES, i. and fluctuations in Exchange since 1873, iii 728 b ; and Interdependence of econ. and other 210 d; and Luck or Conjunctur, ii. 648 b; forces, i. 724 b ; J. LOCKE, i. 728 b, 729 a ; Sir R. J. B. SAY on, iii. 358 b.-Entrepreneur, MADDISON, i. 723 d ; E. M:rsBELDEN, i, 723 be ; Functions of, in Distribution, i. 600 b, 601 b ; T. MUN, i. 723 acd, 724 ac, 725 c, 726 c, 727 ad, and Positivism, iii. 172 d; F. A. WALKER on, 729 c; Navigation Laws, i. 726 d ; Self-Int., i. 705 bd, 707 c, 7 42 a, ii. 516 d, iii. 649 d. i 724 a ; Sir W. TEMPLE, i. 724 b; J. WHEELER, li:phemerides : D. DIDBROT on, i. 7 45 a ; Hist, i 722 d.-Merchant Adventurers, struggle of, i. 743 d-747 a; Importance in eoon. hist., with Staple syst., i. 725 d ; opposed on i. 747 be; Laissez-faire in, ii. 534 d; crit. of grounds of Usury, i. 722 c.-Sixteenth centy., opponents of Physiocrate, i. 7 44 d ; and Agriculture, i 722 a ; Commerce, i. 722 b ; Slavery, abolition of, i. 125 b, 744 a.• Debasement of Coin, effects of, i. 722 b ; li:phemerides, Articles by N. BAUDRAU, i Industry, i. 722 a.-Staple syst., defence 125 be, 7 44 abc, 7 45 c ; Butre, i. 7 44 c ; P. S. of, by G. de MALYNEB, i. 723 be ; by T. MILLES, DUPONT, i. 653 ac, 7 44 c; V. R. de MIRABEAU, i. 722 c. i. 744 b, 745 c, ii. 777 c; F. QUEBNAY, i. 744 b; English Soh. of P.E. : i. 730 a ; J. ANDEEBON A. R. J. TURGOT, i. 744 c, iii. 592 a. on Rent, i. 734 b ; Anti-Com-Law League, Equality, econ. conception of, free Competition: i 736 b ; similarity to Austrian Soh., i. 735 c ; i. 748 d. W. BAGEHOT, Deductive Meth., i. 735 b ; Equilibrium: and W. S. JBVONs' Mechanics Bank Act, Sir R. PEEL's, crit. of, i. 735 c; of Industry, i. 581 b, 749 b, iL 720 c.• Bi-metallism, mod. view, i. 735 c ; J. BRIGHT Equilibrium of Supply and Demand, i and R. COBDEN, i. 735 b j J. E. CAIRNES, i. 7 49 b, 7 61 c, iii. 490 d, 493 a-494 a ; and Int., 735 b ; T. CHALMERS on Rent, i. 734 c; Econ. rate ot; ii. 428 b ; a.nd Price, i. 7 49 c, iii Sci, recent developments in, i. 736 c ; H. 200 ab. FAWOETT, i. 735 b j A. FERGUSON, i. 733 b j Equity : administration of Accounts, i. 750 c; in:fl. on Fr. Sch., i 733 a ; closely conn. with Contract, i. 750 d; Trust, i 750 c. Ger. Sch., iL 205 c ; D. HUllE on Balance Error, Law of: Application, i. 753 a; illustr. of Trade, i 732 C, 733 c; F. HUTCHESON, by Curves, i. 751 eel; classes of Phenomena in "greatest happiness of greatest number,"i. 733b; wh. observed, i. 752 ab; and Statistics, i W. S. JEVONS, crit. of J. S. MILL, i. 735 a j 751 b; illustr. by Tables, i. 752 eel. 714 ESTERNO INDEX EXPROPRIATION

EsTBRNO, P.: defence of Agriculture, i. 755 c; 262 b.-Exchange, Value in, determined by on Banks, departmental, i. 755 b ; follower of Diffie. and Utility, i. 759 d, iii. 609 ab.• T. R. MALTHUB, i. 755 c. Under unlimited Competition: measured by Ethics: Prot., and Historical Sch., i. 286 bed; Cost of Prodn., i. 761 b; not measured by and econ., Span. Sch. on, iii. 451 d.-Ethics, CostofProdn., i. 760d.-Under Monopoly: conn. with Art. of P. E., Charity, iii. 138 d; One-sided, i. 760 b, ii. 806 ab; Two-sided, i. in Distr., i. 596 cd, iii. 138 a ; theory of Fair 7 59 d, ii. 806 b. Price, iii. 138 b ; theory of Liberty, iii, 138 a ; Exchanger, Royal, hist. of office: i. 724 d, P. P. MERCIER DE LA RIVIERE on, iii. 104 d, 778 d. 138 a; Socialism, iii.138 c.-Ethics, conn. with Exchequer : Exchequer Bond, and Conversion Sci., econ., i. 597 a, iii. 137 d, 139 a, 145 c ; of Brit. National Debt, i. 786 a, iii. 3 d; T. R. MALTHUB on Population, iii. 145 c ; D. Exchequer, Closing of by Charles II., effects, RICARDO on Rent, iii. 145 cd; Wages, quest. i. 786 be, iii. 3 c ; Exchequer, Early hist. of, of, iii. 145 d, 146 a; F. A. WALKER on Labour, T. MAnox on, ii. 662 b; in Scot., i. 784 a.• Mobility of, iii. 145 d. Exchequer Bill, compd. with Exchequer Evolution : compd. with Darwinism, i. 481 d, Bond, i. 785 be ; Funding of, i. 785 a ; Hist. 482 a, 572 d; J. G. FroHTE and G. W. F. of, i. 784 bed, ii. 275 ab ; State Notes, iii. 3d, HEGEL on, i. 573 a, ii. 502 b ; G. KANT on, ii. 464 a.-·Exchequer, Medvl., i. 779 b-780 b; 502 b ; Social, econ. rei. of to scientific meth., and Depree. of Coinage, i. 780 c ; Justices of i. 573 a, 675 d, ii. 743 be, iii. 432 b.-Evolu. the Jews, ii. 481 d; Pella, clerk of, iii. 88 b, tion, Econ., and T. E. Cliffe LESLIE, ii. 313 be, 527 b; Pipe rolls, i. 780 d, iii. 110 b-111 a; 597 b; and F. LIST, i. 310 d, 613 cd; Theory Records of, i. 7 80 d ; nomination of Sheriff, iii. of, i. 573 a, iii. 432 b. 392 cd; Tellers, iii. 527 b.-Exchequer, Examples, use of: Fictitious, F. BABTIAT, T. Mod., Budget, i. 185 b, 781 c; Consolidated DE QUINCEY, D. RICARDO, i 758 be; Real and Fund, i 389 d, 781 c, 782 b ; Parly. control, General, D. RICARDO and A. SMITH, i. 758 b ; i. 783 a ; Supply, i. 782 be ; dist. fr. Treasury, Real and Particular, J. E. CAIRNES and A. i. 783 c, iii. 578 cd. SMITH, i. 758 b. Excise : dist. fr. Customs Duties, i. 786 d ; Exchange : rates of, and Arbitrage, i. 51 a ; Eng. and Continental countries, iii. 522 c ; dist. fr. Barter, i. 122 c ; Bimeta!lic ratio of, Gauger, ii. 187 d; ln(iirect tax, i. 787 a; and Monetary Conference of Paris 1878, ii. New Impost, iii. 17 a ; Permit, iii. 95 b ; 785 be ; Broking, com pd. with Bill Broking, Statistics of, i. 787 d, 789 ab; Sir R. i 140 d, 141 a, 778 b; and transmission of WALPOLE's reform of, i. 787 b.-Excise Bullion, i. 777 c; D. DIDEROT on, i. 578 a ; Scheme of Sir R. WALPOLE, econ. Merits, and Distr., i. 596 b, iii. 496 a ; Dry, euphem• i. 788 b, iii. 652 b ; A. SMITH's approval, i. ism for usury, i. 643 b, ii. 431 d; H. H. Goa• 789 a, iii. 652 b; Unpopularity, i. 788 cd, iii. BEN on, i. 766 a, ii. 233 a j W. 8. JEVONS on, i. 652 b. 766 be, ii. 4 77 cd ; K. Menger on, i. 766 c; J. du Expenditure : Meaning of word, i. 790 d ; Pro• MEBNIL MARIGNY on, ii. 736 d; James MILL ductive and unproductive, ii. 228 be, 654 be, on, i. 759 b, ii. 755 b; J. S. MILL on, i. 759 cd, iii. 216 d. 760 c-761 b; T. MILLES on, ii. 764 c; Money as Experience : infl. of in Deductive Meth., i. common medium of, ii. 789 ab, 791 c-793 a; 791 ab, iii. 133 d; importance of, R. JONES on, Exchange of Notes, and Be. clearing syst., ii. 490 b ; Relative value of, i. 791 a. i. 307 d, 778 ab ; Origin of, i. 121 d; and Parity Experiment : com pd. with Observation, i. 791 d, of value, iii. 63 be; basis of Prodn. and Diatr., iii. 29 d, 30 a ; in P. E., practically impossible, i. 758 d ; as part of Prodn., i. 451 d; Sci. of, iii. 30 b. or Catallactics, i. 233 c, 351 be, 735 b, iii. 664 a; Experimental Meth. : use of in Econ. sci., i. A. SMITH on, i. 759 b; G. D. TURBOLI on, iii. 792 ab, ii. 391 d ; use of in econ. Legisl., i. 792 590 b ; Uses of word, i. 261 c ; M. E. L. W ALRAS b, iii. 297 c; Sir W. PETTY's use of, iii. 100 a ; on, i. 766 c.-Exchange or Bourse, i. 174 d, J. B. BAY's use of term, i. 792 c. 767 b; Coulisse, i. 441 c ; Parquet, iii. 64 cd. Expert : Econ., different classes of, i. 793 a ; -Exchange, Foreign, Arbitrage demand, Relative value of, i. 792 d. i. 50 bed ; Axioms governing, i. 772 b.• Exports: Brit., 1854-1890, i. 339 b-340 d; Exchange, Foreign, Fluctuations in, C. BOBAN· Foreign, i. 340 cd ; Free, general practice QUET on, i. 169 a; Causes of, i. 771 abed; respecting, ii. 370 c.-Exports, Duties on, in since 1873, and Produce Clearing,. iii. 210 c- Colonies, Brit., i. 795 d, 796 a, iii. 522 c; Eng., 211 b ; and fall in gold price of Silver, i 771 i. 794 a-795 b ; Foreign countries, i. 797 a ; ca.-Exchange, Indian, Brit., i. 776 b-777 c; Incidence of, i. 797 a ; Ind., i. 796 b ; J. R. Dutch, i. 773 a-776 b.-Exchange, Internal, M'CULLOCH on, i. 795 c ; discouraged by 1\oierc. and Banks, national, U.S.A., i. 777 d; Syst., i. 795 c ; Origin of, i. 794 a, ii. 367 a ; and Clearing syst., i. 777 d ; Mod. facilities absence of in U.S.A., i. 796 d ; mod., in W. for, i. 777 c.-Exchange, International, and Indies, i. 796 be.-Exports, Restraint on, Bi-metallism, i. 148 ab; and Latin Union, Contraband, ii. 371 a ; mod. Eur. countries, i. 36 a ; in Middle Ages, i. 22 be, 85 a.• ii. 370 d ; Precious metals, Mere. Syst., ii. Exchange, M~dvl., Italians or Lombards, i. 370 d; Wool trade, Eng., ii. 370 d. 342 c; Jews, 1. 342 c.-Exchange, Royal, Expropriation : Compensation for, i. 798 abc ; compd. with Foreign institutions, i. 767 d- Necessity of in certain cases, i. 797 be ; Prine. 768 b; founded by Sir T. GRESHAM, i. 767 b, ii. of, i. 797 d. FABBRONI INDEX FINANCES 715

FABBRONI, G., on Customs Duties and Free on Labour, iii. 297 b ; Retaliation, iii. 300 a ; Trade : ii. 3 lib. Socialism, ii. 42 d. Factories, as syst. of Colonisation : i. 321 be, ii. Federation, commercial, in Brit. Empire : 3d. Objects of, ii. 45 b ; Prospects, ii. 48 a.• Factory: labourer in, P. GASKELL on, ii. 186 c ; Proposals: by inter-Imperial Free Trade, ii. dist. fr. Mill, ii. 754 d; Statutory conception 46 a ; Mr. Hoffmeyer's, ii. 47 c, iii. 691 c ; by of, ii. 6 be, 9 tibc ; dist. fr. Workshop, ii. 7 be, Preferential tariff, ii. 46 d. 9 tibc, iii. 679 ed.-Factory Acts, H. FAWCETT Females and children, Earnings of: previous on, ii. 42 c, iii. 297 b ; Foreign countries, ii. 8 to Factory syst., ii. 50 ed ; in Field Labour, ii. tibc, iii. 297 a ; Hist. and effects, i. 278 bed, 51 d; Statistics of, 1832, ii. 51 be. 683 d, ii. 4 d-8 c, 242 c, 243 a, iii. 147 d, 299 FERGUSON, A. : similarity of views to A. SMITH'S, be, 344 c, 679 c; and Hours of Labour, ii. i. 733 b, ii. 53 a ; and Sociology, ii. 53 ed ; 333 d, 585 d; W. S. JEVONS on, ii. 477 a, iii. on Taxation, ii. 53 b. 297 c ; and Manchester Sch., ii. 679 d ; and Feudalism: Advantages of, i. 53 be; develop• rei. of Master and Servant, ii. 710 a; R. ment of in Anglo·Saxon period, ii. 509 b ; Char. OASTLER, ii. 333 d, iii. 28 d ; Sir R. PEEL, iii. of, i. 738 b, ii. 54 ed, 543 b, 545 d ; struggle of 87 d; and Restrns. on Labour, i. 179 b, medvl. City with, i. 292 ed, ii. 55 b, 140 b, 830 278 ed, ii. 5 ed, 400 d, 524 d, iii. 296 c, 297 lib; b ; Irish Coshery, i. 434 b ; Defects of, i. 299 U.S.A., ii. 8 cd, 540 c ; L. R. VILLERME on, a; N.D. FUSTEL DE COULANGES on, ii. 171 be; iii. 626 d.-Factory Syst., Econ. effects, ii. Honour and manorial syst., ii. 330 lib ; and 10 d, 11 lib, 518 b ; Moral and physical effects, Taxation, ii. 55 a ; Sc. Thirlage, iii. 534 d. ii. 10 be; NEWBURY, JACK OF, 16th centy. -Feudal Incidents, Aid, i. 30 b, ii. 137 d, anticipation of, iii. 17 b ; R. OWEN on, iii. 48 a ; 510 d, iii. 427 a, 513 c; Escheat, i. 753 d, ii. Rise of, i. 278 lib, ii. 10 a. 511 b, iii. 513 c; Fine, ii. 82 a, 511 a ; Mar• Fairs: dist. fr. Markets, ii. 13 b-14 a, 696 a; riage, ii. 138 a, 511 a, 692 d, 700 cd, iii. 427 a; Medvl., functions of, ii. 14 be, 721 tibc. Primer seisin, ii. 511 a, iii. 202 b ; Relie~ ii. Fallacies, econ. : Illustn. of, ii. 17 bed ; J. S. 137 d, 511 a, iii. 280 bed, 427 a ; Wards, ii. MILL on, ii. 17 b; J. SwiFr on, iii. 504 ed. 138 a, 511 a, 700 d, iii. 427 a, 657 a. Famine : Conditions of, ii. 19 be, 20 a-21 a ; and FICHTE, J. G., on Development : i. 573 a, ii. 55 price of Corn, ii. 21 ab ; Depopulation as d, 502 b. symptom of, i. 553 ed, ii. 21 d ; Fr., 18th FILANGIERI, G., link between Mere. Syst. and centy., ii. 19 d, 20 a; Ind., ii. 20 b ; G. B. · Free Trade : ii. 59 c. SEGNI on, and ltal. corn trade, iii. 372 a ; A. Final Degree of Utility: Austrian Sch. on, i SMITH on, ii. 19 d; C. di TAPIA on, iii. 515 d. 73 b, ii. 61 a; J. BENTHA'It: on, i. 133 b; illustr. -Famine, Remedies for, Artificial, ii. 22 c ; by Curves, ii. 60 abed ; H. H. GOSSEN on, ii. 233 Natural, ii. 22 lib. a ; W. S. JEVONB on, i. 378 c, 393 d, 766 b, ii. Farmers' Organisations, U.S.A. : Political infi. 59 d, 60 d; compd. with Total Utility, i. 569 of, ii. 26 c-27 a ; and Amern. Railways syst., b, 570 a, iii. 606 d-607 b. ii. 23 d, 25 d, 26 d, 27 b ; and Silver, coinage Finances : and Cameralistic Sci., i. 207 d, 208 of, ii. 25 c ; Statistics of, ii. 26 b ; and Taxa• a, ii. 62 b, 196 ed ; Dutch Sch. on, i. 659 a ; tion, ii. 25 d. K. von HocK on, ii. 316 d; Indian, H. FAW• Farming syst. : Allotment and. subdivision, ii. CETT on, ii. 42 lib; J. H. G. von JusTI on, ii. 30 be ; and Depression, agricultural, ii. 30 500 a ; conception of by Mere. Sch., ii. 62 a ; lib ; Description and effects, ii. 29 bed ; in Eng. and P. E., ii. 62 b ; and public Property, ii. and Scot., rise of, ii. 28 b-29 a ; Future of, ii. 62 d ; Roman, fiscus, ii. 85 be ; Russ., G. 31 d ; Lease and agreement, ii. 30 d ; Legis!. 0ANORIN, i. 210 b, iii. 340 a; A. SMITH on, ii. on, ii. 31 ed ; Rent, ii. 31 a. . 61 c, 62 bcd.-Finances, Belgium, Fonds FABR, W.: and Census, i. 239 b, ii. 701 b; and Communal, ii. 68 c; Statistics 1889, ii. 681ib.• Centralisation, ii. 34 b ; and Life tables, Finances, Brit., Budget, i. 185 b ; Deficiency calcul. of, and vital statistics, ii. 34 lib ; and Advances, i. 533 be; Deficiency Bills, i. 533 Mean a.fterlifetime, i. 497 d, 790 b, ii. 718 c. ed ; Local, statistics 1892-93, ii. 66 d, 622 d- Fashion: form of Custom, i. 476 d; effects of 624 a; W. PITT's reform of, ii. 560 d, iii. 111 d ; Fluctuation, ii. 37 c ; in Prodn. and Distr., Earl of STAIR on, and Amern. war, iii. 455 c.• and trade risk, ii. 36 d-37 b; effects on Wage• Finances, Brit. Imperial, Expenditure : Con• earner, ii. 37 d-38 a.-Fashion in Consump• version of National Debt, ii. 66 b; Statistics tion, G. BERKELEY on, ii. 35 d ; Limitations to, 1892, ii. 66 a.-Revenue : Customs, ii. 65 c, ii. 36 b ; J. LocKE on, ii. 36 c ; affecting Qual. iii. 522 b ; Excise, ii. 65 c, iii. 522 c ; Stamp and Quant. of ~oo~~· ii. 36 a; affecting ~pidity duties, ii. 64 c, 65 d, iii. 521 c, 523 c ; Statis• of consumption, u. 36 b; J. B. SAY on, u. 35 d, tics, ii. 65 b. -Finances, Colonial and 36 b, Indian, Control of, ii. 67 a ; Debts, public, i. Fathers : on Charity, ii. 38 c, 39 lib.• 324 d, ii. 67 d, iii. 3 b ; Excise, ii. 67 b ; Import Fathers, post - Constantinian, on Int. and Duties, ii. 67 a; Royalty, ii. 67 c; Works, Usury, ii. 39 c; Property, ii. 39 a; Slavery, public, ii. 67 c.-Finances, Fr., Budget, ii. ii. 39 b ; Trade, ii. 39 c. 69 a ; L.-E. de CORVETTO, i 43~ a ; Dep8ts et FAWCETT, H.: on Factory Acts, ii. 42 c, iii. Consignations, i. 560 d ; Direct taxation, 297 b ; Indian Finances, ii. 42 lib ; Income• ii. 69 b ; Expenditure, statistics of, ii. 70 a; tax, differential, ii. 377 d ; Intrinsic Value, Extraordinary budgets, ii. 70 b ; Duke of GABTA ii. 455 d, 456 a ; Pauperisin, ii. 42 d; Restrns. and reform of, ii. 176 d, 177 a; Indirect 716 FIRM INDEX FREE TRADE

taxation, ii 69 C, iii 522 be ; D. LOUIS, ti. Forethought : and Climate, ii. 118 b; and Gov., 645 c ; Monopolies, state, ii 69 d, iti. 522 d ; ii. 118 d; and Religion, ii. 118 c; and en• National Debt, ii. 70 d; J. NECKER's attempt couragements to Saving, ii. 118 d. at reform, iii 14 a1Jc ; Paulette and sale of Forfeiture : breach of Contract, ii. 11 9 d ; offices, tii. 79 d-80 b; position of A. J. du P. Treason or felony, ii. 119 c. RICHELIEU, tii. 310 d, 311 a1J ; Taxation, defi• FORTUNATO, N. : on Econ. sci., ii. 121 c; ciencies in syst. of, ii. 7 0 ed ; A. R. J. TURGOT Neapolitan Taxation, ii. 121 c. and reform of, iii. 591 bed, 592 cd, 593 ed.• FosTER, J. L. : on Balance of Trade, ii. 121 d; Finances, Ger. local, ii. 7 4 d.-Finances, Irish Trade, ii. 122 b. Ger. Empire, Expenditure, statistics, ii. 72 Foundling Hospitals: Effects of, ii. 123 a; ; in a.-Revenue : Customs, ii. 72 be ; Excise, ii. Fr., ii. 123 c; and J. HANWAY, ii. 286 c. 72 c-73 b; Matricular contributions, ii. 73 ed; FOURIER, C. : on Co-operation and social Stamp duties, ii 73 b, iii. 623 c ; State organisation, i 364 a, ii. 157 b; syst. of property, ii 72 alJ.- Finances, Italy, A. PhaJ,angea, ii. 126 a, iti. 49 a;, 432 b; on Right MAGLIANI on, ii. 663 a;; Q. SELLA'S reform of, to labour, tii. 3ll d, 312 a. tii. 376 c. -Finances, Medvl., Comptes, FRANCHI, C., on conversion of Neapolitan Debt: Cha.mbre des, i. 380 ed; Dia.logus de ii. 127 a;. Sca.ccario, i. 576 be, iii. 280 d; Domaine, i. Franchise : privilege granted by Crown, ii. 127 a;, 628 be, ii. 61 c ; Purveyance, iii. 242 a1J ; -Franchise, Parly., Anomalies of, ii. 127 d; Queen gold, tii. 246 c.-·Finances, Nether• Eur. countries, ii. 128 b ; Qualifications for, ii. lands, and change of Colonial policy, ii 75 d; 127 b. Expenditure, ii 76 d; National Debt, con• FRANCIS, J., on hist. of Banking: ii. 128 c. version of, ii. 7 6 c ; Provincial, ii. 77 b ; FRANcis, P., on Currency, paper: ii. 128 d. Revenue, statistics 1894, ii. 76 a; ; Taxation, FRANKLIN, B. : on Currency, paper, ii. 129 c ; syst. of, ii. 76 b, iti. 521 c.-Finances, Laissez-faire, ii. 129 d; Population, iii. Prussia, Expenditure and revenue, statis• 163 d. tics of, ii. 7 4 a1J ; Taxation, ii. 74 cd, iti. Frauds, the statute of: Contract, ii. 131 a;; 519 d, 521 c.-Finances, Spain, Juros or Judgment, ii. 132 b; Lease, ii.131 d; Trust, Loans ii. 496 d ; PoUticoa on, iii. 462 ab.• ii. 131 d ; Will, ii. 132 a. Fina.nces and Taxation, Direct and Indirect, Freehold : Frankalmoign, ii. 129 b, 138 d ; ii. 63 d, 64 a1J.-Ru1es of taxation: Distribu• Historical, ii. 137 be ; Increase of, ii. 139 b ; tion, Economy, Elasticity, and Productivity, Legal def. of, ii. 139 a; ; grand Serjeanty, ii. iti. 618 c ; Elasticity, Equality, Generality, 138 a ; Socage, ii. 138 b, iii. 426 d. and Sufficiency, ii. 63 be.-Finances, U.S.A., Freeman : Anglo - Saxon conception, Liber National Debt, ii. 79 bd; State, county, and Homo, ii. 139 c, 602 d, 603 a;; Norman idea, municipal, ii 80 bc.-Revenue and Expendi• conn. with tenure, Libere Tenentes, ii. 139 d, ture, statistics 1892, ii. 79 ac ; Import duties, 603 bed, 685 b ; later Roman Empire, ii. 139 b. ii 77 c ; Internal, ii. 78 alJ, 440 alJc ; Land, Free Towns, medvl.: Florence, ii. 141 d; Genoa, public, ii. 78 c. -Finances, U.S.A., State ii 142 a1Jc; Ger., ii. 143 b; in Italy, hist. of, and Local, Revenue, ii. 80 d ; Statistics 1890, ii. 140 b; Milan, ii 141 a1J; in Netherlands, ii ii 81 ed; Taxation, plans of, ii. 81 be, iti. 519 c. 142 d ; Pisa, ii. 142 a1J ; in Spain, ii. 142 d ; Firm, legal and mercantile conceptions of : ii 83 in Switz., ii. 143 b ; Venice, ii. 142 alJc. d, 84 a;, iti. 70 b. Free Trade: Anti-Corn-Law League, i. 42 d, FIRMIN, T., on Poor relief: ii. 84 d. ii. 148 ed; Arguments against, ii. 145 b; Sir E. FITZHERBERT, Sir A.: on Agriculture, 16th BAINES on, i. 83 c ; F. BASTIAT on, i. 123 c ; century, ii 86 ed ; Surveying, ii. 86 ed. Bill of 1846, i. 42 d, 424 d, ii. 150 c; and FLEETWOOD, W. : on Debasement of coin, i. 731 Bounties, i 172 b ; Lord BROUGHAM on, i. d, ii 89 d ; changes in value of Money, ii. 181 b ; Budget, 1852, i. 187 d, 188 a ; E. 89 c ; Prices of corn and other commodities, i. BURKB on, i. 88 b, 195 b; J. E. CAIRNES on, 731 d, ii. 89 be. ii. 143 d, 461 a; G. CANNING and, i. 211 c; FLETCHER, A., on Sc. Pauperism : ii. 90 a;, D. CARAFA on, i. 226 a; C. B. di CAVOUR on, i. FLOREZ EsTRADA, A. : on condition of Labourer, 237 a1J; M. CHEVALIER on, i. 276 c; Sir J. ii 91 d; Span. Taxation, ii. 92 a. CHILD on, i. 277 b ; appl. to Coasting trade. FoNFREDB, H. : on Debts, public, conversion of, i. 313 d ; W. COBBETT on, i. 315 C ; R. COBDEN ii. 95 a; ; Land, mobilisation of, ii. 96 a;. on, i. 316 d, ii. 143 d; R. COKE on, i. 319 a;; FORBONNAIS, F. V. de, on Protn., opponent of and Colonies, i. 323 b, 326 alJcd, ii. 46 abc ; Physiocrats: ii 96 be, 156 b, 200 c, iii. 108 alJ. and admission to trading Companies, ii. 146 d; Forests : Assart or Essart, Purpresture, and Marquis de DANGEUL on, i. 480 c ; M. DBLI!'ICO Waste, i. 754 c, ii. 109 d-110 c; Beasts, ii. on, i. 538 a; : and Division of Labour, ii. llO c; Charters, hist. of, ii. 112 d; Climatic 144 a; and Dock, i. 616 a;; Dutch Sch. on, infl. of, ii. 114 d-117 a;; Courts, ii. 108 c; Econ. i. 668 d; and Duty, reduction of, ii. 146 d ; importance of, ii. 108 a, 113 d; Laws, hist. of, Effects on prosperity of country, ii.l44 a,161 a; ii. 112 a1Jc; Medvl., Names and extent, ii. 111 movement in 18th centy., ii 147 ed ; G. a1J ; Medvl., Properties of, ii. 108 c; Mod., F ABBRONI on, ii. 3 a1J ; Fallacies concerning, statistics 1892, ii. 114 a;c; Monetary value of, ii. 17 c; in com, F. GALIANI on, ii. 178 d, ii. 117 a1Jc; Officers of, ii. 109 a;; Park, chase, 463 a, iii. 103 d; F. GAHBRINI on, ii. 179 C; and warren, ii. 110 d; Produce, Brit. importa• F. GEMELLI on, ii. 189 b ; F. M. GIANNI on, ii. tion of, ii. ll7 d. 207 a1J ; S. GIOGALLI on, ii. 214 b ; Sir J. G. FREIGHT INDEX GENTZ 717

R. GRAHAM on, ii. 249 d; D. GRASWINCKELon, Ger., ii. 163 b; Legal rights of, ii 166 be; i 656 be, ii. 256 a1J ; H. GROTIUS on, i. 656 a ; Legis!. on, ii. 162 ci/,; Numbers and const., ii in corn, C.• J. HERBBRT on, ii. 299 ci/, ; G. K. 163 c; provision for Old age, ii 165 d; reform van HOGBNDORP on, ii. 319 a; J.D. HUMB on, of, and Premium syst., ii. 161 c. ii. 343 be; W, HUSKISSON's Reciprocity Bill, ii. Functions : mathematical, compd. with Curves, 148 alJ, 346 b, iii. 267 d; Count S. JACINI i. 474 a1J; illustn. of law of Dimin. returns, on, ii. 471 a ; E. de LACROIX on, ii. 532 a ; ii. 168 c ; illustn. of law of Increasing and Laissez fa.ire, ii. 535 d; F. LisT on, ii. returns, ii. 168 c; H. C. F. JENKIN on, illustn. 203 a, 613 ci/,; J. F. E. LcTZ on, ii 645 b; of price and demand, ii. 473 a ; and Mathe• Manchester Sch. and A. SMITH's doctrine of, matical Meth., ii. 167 d 711 a; Maximum, ii. 678 b; Medvl. conception of, ii. 146 c; J. ii. 717 a ; illustn. of law of Substitution, ii. S. MILL on, ii. 144 b; deduced from nature of 168d. Money, iii. 144 ci/,; R. MURRAY on, ii. 842 c; Fundin~: of Exchequer Bills, i. 785 a.• W. PATERSON on, iii. 78 c; and Physiocrats, Fundxng syst., T. CHALMERS on, i 256 a1J ; ii. 147 d, 148 a, iii. 105 ci/, ; W. PITT's com• and National or public Debt, i 507 a, ii. mercial treaty, ii. 147 d, 148 a, iii. Ill d; 169 be, iii. 4 be. party in Ger., founded by J. PRINCB·SMITH1 Fuoco, F. ::on Credit, ii. 169 d; Mathematical iii. 203 d; Sliding scale of 1828, ii. 148 b; Meth., ii. 169 d ; D. RICARDO'S theory of Sliding scale of 1842, ii. 149 b; A. Sli!ITH's Rent, ii. 169 d, 466 a; theory of Value, ii. Wealth of Nations, ii. 144 a, 148 a, 678 b; 169 d. and Staple syst., ii. 146 d ; A. STRUZZI on, iii. FusTEL DB CouLANGBS, N. D. : on Feudalism, 482 be; Theory of, ii. 143 ci/,, 451 a; T. ii. 171 be ; Land tenures under Roman VIOLET on, iii. 628 d • 629 b ; and theory of Empire, ii. 170 b; Manor, ii. 170 b, 695 b, iii. Wages, ii. 144 c.-Free Trade, Exceptions 622 d, 623 a. to, F. IsOLA on, ii. 460 c ; admitted by A. Future Goods : compd. with Present, ii. 172 c, Sli!ITH, i. 352 d, ii. 144 d.-Free Trade and 427 a, iii. 187 d, 214 c.-Future Goods and Reciprocity, ii. 145 d, iii. 268 a ; H. CLAY on, Services, Austrian Sch. on, ii. 172 a ; and i. 305 b ; and Merchants' Petition of 1820, theory of Consumption, ii. 174 a; and Cost ii. 678 c, 734 b. of Prodn., ii. 17 4 d ; effects in Distr., ii. 173 Freight: and Adjustment, Average, i. 9 ci/,; ci/, ; and Exchange, Value in, ii. 172 cd ; Cheapened, effects of, ii. 153 d ; items of and Goods of the 2nd order, ii. 172 b ; Mar• Cost, ii. 152 d ; Econ. importance of, ii. 152 c ; ginal Utility of, ii. 172 c ; and Productivity an invisible Export, ii. 154 b ; Meth. of pay• of Capital, ii. 173 b. ment, ii. 151 c ; where Payable, ii. 152 a1J ; Futures: and Clearing syst., ii. 175 b, iii. 212 Varieties of, ii. 151 d; and sailors' Wages, be; dealings in, illustr. by Cotton, ii. 175 ci/,, ii. 154 c. iii. 212 a ; and Exchange, fluctuations in French Sch. of P.E. : F. BASTIAT and econ. since 1873, iii. 210 c; and Options on Stk. Optimism, ii. 158 b ; St. A. BAZARD and Ex., ii. 175 b. Collectivism, ii. 157 a; J. BODIN on Money, GALIANI, F. : on Currency, ii. 462 b ; on Free ii. 155 b; P. BOISGUILLEBERT on Money, ii. Trade in corn, ii. 178 d, 463 a, iii. 103 d ; 155 b; P. J. B. BUCHEZ on Co-operat~?n, ii. infl. of B. INTIERI on, ii. 455 d ; on theory 157 b ; R. CANTILLON, father of P.E., n. 155 of Value, ii. 178 c. a ; Classical Sch., ii. 156 b, 157 d ; A. COMTE Game Laws: Arguments for and against, ii and Sociology, ii. 157 c ; E. B. de CONDILLAC, 180 c-181 a; Fr. Capita.inerie, i. 217 b; Hist. crit. of Physiocrats, ii. 156 b ; A. A. COURNOT of, ii. 179 d -180 b ; Res nullius, ii. 179 d, iii. and Mathematical Meth., ii. 156 c ; infl. of 291 a. Eng. Sch. on, i. 733 a ; C. FouRIER on Co• Gangs, Agricultural: as basis of Education, operation, ii. 157 b ; J. C. M. V. de GOURNAY technical, ii. 182 d ; Legis!. against, ii. 182 alJ, and Laissez fa.ire, ii. 155 c ; mod. econ. Legis!., iii. 297 c. ii. 160 b ; Sch. of P. G. F. LB PLAY, ii 158 c, GARNIER, Count G., translated A. Sli!ITH'S Wealth 159 b, 595 a1J; Liberal Sch., 1848-1878, ii. of Nations into Fr.: ii. 184 b, 782 c, iii. 210 a, 158 c; A. de MONTCHR!l:TIEN, originator of 424 a. name P.E., ii. 155 a ; N. 0RESMB on Money, GARNIER, J., on elements of Econ. : ii. 185 b. ii. 155 b ; Physiocrats on subject of P.E., ii. GABVE, C. : on Industrial development, ii. 186 b ; 155 d ; Revolution, Fr., and Physiocrats, translated A. SMITH'S Wealth of Nations into ii. 156 a ; R. C. Sch., ii 159 c ; C. H. de ST. Ger., ii. 186 a, 201 c, iii. 424 a; on Trade and SIMON and Socialist Sch., ii. 157 a; J. B. SAY morality, ii. 186 b. and Classification of econ. sci., ii 156 b ; GASPARIN, A. E. P., Count of: on Agriculture, S.le P. VAUBAN and Dime Royale, ii. 155 c; F. ii. 186 d, 187 a; Metayage, ii. 186 d; Wages, VIDAL on" Iron Law" of wages, ii 157 b ; Fr. ii. 187 a. doctrine of Wages, W. S. JBVONS on, ii. 158 a. GASSER, S. P. : on Intensive cultivation, ii. Friction in Econ. : Causes of, ii. 161 b ; and 187 c ; Taxation, ii. 187 c. movements of Labour and Capital, ii. 161 a, Gavelkind, inher. by: i. 178 b, 420 alJ, ii. 188 525 c ; and Prices, ii. 161 b; and Taxation, a, iii. 59 d, 203 a. ii. 160 d. GENOVESI, A. : on Mere. Syst., ii 189 d, 463 a; Friendly Societies : J. ACLAND and, i. 8 c ; Population, ii. 189 d; Value, theory of, ii Branch syst., ii. 165 a; Char. of, ii. 161 d- 190 a. 162 c; Collecting, ii. 162 b, 166 a; Fr. and GENTZ, F. von, follower of A. Sli!ITH : ii. 190 d. 718 GEOMETRICAL METHOD INDEX GOODS

Geometrical or Deductive Meth., James MILL a.-Gilds, Ger., or Ziinfte, Decline of, i. 431 on : ii. 637 d, 756 a. C ; K. A. von HARDENBERG and abolition of, i. Geometrical Ratio, and T. R. MALTHUS' 431 d, 432 a, iii. 473 d ; Hist. of, i. 431 be, iii. doctrine of Population: i. 57 b, ii. 195 d, 668 691 d.-Gild Merchant, rei. to Borough, i. d, iii. 164 c. 293 cd, 372 a, 428 d, ii. 210 bed, 717 cd; Const. German Sch. of P.E. : H. CoNRING on Statis• of, i. 428 d ; struggle with Craft gilds, i. 294 tics, ii. 199 b; Currency dispute, 16th centy., a, 429 b, ii. 211 b, 212 a ; and medvl. municipal ii. 197 b; Customs union, 16th centy. scheme, courts, and Law Merchant, ii. 579 d ; rei. to ii. 197 b ; closely conn. with Eng. Sch., ii. 205 Market, ii. 15 b, 210 c, 696 d, iii. 461 a; c; Erasmus and Humanism, ii. 197 a, 338 a ; medvl. Powers of, i. 293 d, ii. 210 cd.-Gild F. B. W. HERMANN on Value, ii. 202 c; mod. syst. in Spain, Gremio, ii. 213 d, 214 a ; G. Historical Sch., ii. 203 b ; econ. Journals, ii. M. de JOVELLANOS on, ii. 493 b. 205 ab ; J. H. G. von JusTI, founder of Econ. GIOJA, M. : on Gov. Reguln., ii. 214 c, 466 a ; sci in Ger., ii. 199 d ; F. LAssALLE on "Iron assoc. of Labour, ii. 214 c. Law" of Wages, ii. 204 b ; G. W. von LEmNIZ Glut, universal, possibility of: affirmed by T. R. and econ. Philosophy, ii.199 b; F. LIST on Free MALTHUS, ii. 216 b, 674 d, iii. 45 d; denied by Trade and National syst., ii. 203 a; M. LUTHER D. RICARDO, ii, 216 b, 674 d. and Reformers, ii.197 b; K. MARX on Wages, GoDm, J. B. A.: Familistere, i. 289 a, 413 a, ii. 204 a ; Mod. conditions, ii. 205 cd ; Mod. ii. 18 c, 125 d, 217 a; on Inher., ii. 217 b. economists, classification of, ii. 204 cd; G. GODWIN, W. : on Anarchism, ii. 218 a; Divis. OBRECHT's Insurance scheme, ii. 197 c; infl. of Labour, ii. 218 b ; Luxury, ii. 218 a ; crit. of Physiocrats, ii. 200 a ; K. H. RAu and by T. R. MALTHUS, ii. 217 d, 669 c; on T. R. Theoretical sch., ii. 202 a ; inti. of A. SMITH, MALTHus' theory of Population, ii. 218 b; on ii. 200 d, 201 c ; Socialism, political, ii. 203 Poverty, ii. 218 a. d ; Socialists of the Chair, ii. 203 c ; J. von GooBL, I. J. A.: on Dutch Banking, ii. 218 d; SONNENFELB on econ. Classification, ii. 200 d ; Laissez faire, ii. 218 d ; Dutch Taxation, ii. J. H. von THUNEN on Rent, ii. 202 b; mod. 218 cd. sch. on Value, i. 763 d, 764 b; Zollverein, ii. Gold : Gold Certificates, U.S.A., ii. 226 c ; 202 d.-Ger. Sch. of P.E., Cameralistic statistics of Consumption, ii. 219 a-220 a; Sci., Foreign inti. on, ii. 199 c ; Mod. survivals, statistics of Geographical distr., ii. 225 d • 226 ii. 201 ab; Prot. branch, ii. 198 cd; R. C. b; Gold Notes and banks, U.S.A., ii. 226 d; branch, ii. 198 ab. Over-prodn. of, B. PALISSY on, iii. 56 a; GBRSON, J. C. de: on Contract, ii. 206 c; Usury, Gold Points on foreign exchanges, ii. 226 d- ii. 206 b. 227 b; Prodn., A. SOETBEER and E. Suess on Gilds : Anglo-Saxon, i. 428 d, ii. 209 d; infl. of future of, ii. 226 a, iii. 148 c, 441 a ; Protn. medvl. Church, i. 720 c, ii. 209 b ; Florentine, and fall in gold prices, iii. 235 b ; Stan. of and revolt of Ciompi, i. 288 b ; in Eng., hist. finene~s, iii. 457 bc.-Gold, Appreciation of of, i. 428 d • 430 c ; Industrial, com pd. with since 1873, iii. 395 d ; Birmingham Sch. on, i. merchant Companies, i. 373 d, 429 b, ii. 212 67 c.-Gold Bullion, Sale ot; with Bank of be, 699 c ; origin of Jnt. -Stk. syst., iii. 72 a ; Eng., ii. 224 cd; Fr. and Italy, ii. 225 a ; Ger. courts, medvl., and Law Merchant, ii. 578 b ; Reichsbank, ii. 224 d ; Eng. Mint, ii. 224 b ; in N ewcastle-on-Tyne, vend, etc., ii. 213 be, U.S.A., ii. 225 ab; Value and price identical, iii. 276 a, 313 b, 615 a-616 a; as econ. Organisa• ii. 225 c.-Gold, Coinage of, at Mint, ii. 134 tion, i. 302 d, ii. 403 c ; Origin of, theories as bd, 771 ab; Mint, U.S.A., ii. 772 cd.-Gold, to, i. 293 c, 429 a, ii. 209 a ; Religious, in Discoveries o~ ii. 225 d ; J. E. CAIRNES on effects Middle Ages, i. 429 c, ii. 210 b.-Gilds, Craft, of, i. 202 c, ii. 795 d ; J. LALoR on, ii. 541 a ; or Corporations, tendency to Amalgamation, and Latin Union, ii. 570 c; W. NEWMABCH ii. 212 c ; and AJ?prenticeship, i. 45 cd, 430 on, ii. 795 d, iii. 18 b ; and Prices, 16th centy., a; Roman CollegiUm, i. 320 d, 429 a; Journey• i, 344 a, ii. 298 c; P. J. STIRLING on, iii. 477 men's Compagnonnages, i. 367 d, ii. 212 c, d, 478 a.-Gold as Stan. or measure of 492 be ; Const. of, i. 429 c, ii. 211 d ; Decline value, iii. 457 d; M. CHEVALIER on, i. 276 d, of, 18th centy., i. 430 b, ii. 213 a; and Domestic ii. 796 a ; in early Civilisation, ii. 220 b ; syst. of Industry, ii. 325 c ; in Florence, ii. introd. into Ger., 1872, i. 773 d ; Hist. of, 19th 722 a; rei. to Journeyman, i. 430 a, ii. 491 d, centy., iii. 395 be ; in Holl., ~talm boiteu:r: of 492 a ; J. H. JUNG STILLING on, ii. 494 d ; 1875, i. 774 ab; International, ii. 222 b; estab. Livery of, i. 372 a, ii. 614 d; in London in by 2nd Earl of LIVERPOOL in Eng., 1816, i. 147 Middle Ages,. i. 372 a, 430 a ; or Mistery, ab, ii. 221 d, 616 d ; international, and Mone• ii. 212 b, 779 b ; Origin of, i. 429 a, ii. 211 d; tary Conference of Paris, 1867, ii. 440 d, 571 syst. of, and Partnership, iii. 67 d, 68 a, 72 a ; c, 784 bd ; Regulns. respecting, ii. 220 d.• favoured by Plantagenets, i. 429 d ; and Gold, Value of, infl. of Bimetallism on, i. 148 Restrns. on Labour, ii. 709 c, iii. 297 d ; A. cd, ii. 222 a ; Causes affecting, ii. 221 d ; SMITH on, i. 430 b ; reguln. of under Tudors, i. Changes in, 1850-93, ii. 223 cd; and Cost of 430 a, ii. 212 d, 240 d ; and prize competition Pl>odn., ii. 222 d ; effects of Varia tiona in, ii. of Academy of Verona, 1789, ii. 690 ab, 699 c, 223 ab. iii. 551 b, 632 a.-Gilds, Fr., organised by J. Goldsmiths, banking operations of, 17th centy. : B. COLBERT, i. 431 a; Hist. of, i. 430 c-431 b; i. 93 c, ii. 227 c. J urande or managing board, i. 430 c, ii. 495 a ; Goods : Appropriable and unappropriable. ii. abolished by A. R. J. TURGOT, i. 431 b, iii. 593 229 d; Collective, i. 320 c; econ., or Commo- GOSSEN INDEX HANSEATIC LEAGUE 719

dity, ii. 230 b ; Complementary, K. Menger rlaervea a d~»nicile, ii 615 a ; and F. PATRIZI, on, i. 380 cdJ ; Consumption and prodn., i. iii. 79 a. 392 a, ii. 229 be, iii. 212 d ; Durable and GliBNVILLB, W., Baron, opposed Com Importation transient, ii. 229 cdJ ; Future compd. with Bill on grounds of freedom of Trade : ii. 261 c present, ii. 172 c, 427 a, iii. 187 d, 214 c; GBBsBA:ar, Sir T. : econ. Empiricism, i 704 a ; Immaterial, ii. 230 b; Material and personal, founder of Royal Exchange, i. 767 b, ii. 262 b ; ii. 229 a ; Natural and acquired, or gratuitous Financial operations of, ii. 261 d, 262 a.• and onerous, ii. 229 d ; of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Gresham's Law, operation of in Brit. order, and Prodn., instr. of, i. 380 cdi, 892 a, Colonies, 17th and 18th centy., ii. 263 cdJ; 393 b, ii. 172 b, iii. 212 d, 216 b, 250 c; Trans• under James I., ii. 263 a; Limits to, and ferable and non-transferable, ii. 230 a. Money, ii. 794 be ; example in Revolution, GossEN, H. H.: on Currency, ii. 233 c; Demand Fr., iii. 304 a ; Span. Sch. on, iii. 460 cdJ ; Cnrves, ii. 233 b ; Dimin. Utility, law of, in U.S.A., ii. 263 b. ii. 232 a; Exchange, i. 766 a; FiD.al utility, Gross and Net : J. S. MILL on, ii. 264 cd, 758 d ; ii. 233 a ; theory of Labour, ii. 282 be ; Physiocrats on, ii. 264 d, iii. 222 a ; D. Mathematical Meth., ii. 231 d, 283 d ; RICARDO on, ii. 264 a j A. SMITH on, ii. 264 cd, Prodn. and consumption, ii. 232 be ; Rent, 374 a, iii. 222 be, 414 c. ii. 233 b ; Self-int., ii. 233 c; Utilitarian GROTros, H. : on Eminent Domain, i. 702 aJJ ; principle, ii. 231 b, 233 d. Free Trade, i. 656 a; Int. and Usury, i. Gothenburg Syst. : Arguments for and against, 656 b, ii. 266 a, 432 d ; International Law, ii. 234 abc ; and Local option, ii. 628 a. ii. 265 c, 498 c; Jus naturale, ii. 266 be, GOURNAY, J. C. ll. V. de, and Laissez Fa.ire: 498 c; Money, i. 656 b ; Monopoly, ii. 266 d ; ii. 166 c, 236 a, 534 b, iii. 105 a. Property, i. 285 d, ii. 266 c ; Value, theory Government: St. Thomas AQUINAS on, i. 49 b; by of, i. 656 b, ii. 266 d. Aristocracy, i. 53 abc ; J. BoDIN on theories Growth, proportionate : Def. of, ii. 268 a ; of, i. 161 a, iii. 29 c; J. CALVIN on, i. 204 c; and Graphic Meth., ii. 268 b. D. DIDEROT on, i. 679 cdJ ; K. L. von HALLER Guinea. Co. : i. 18 d, 330 a. on, ii. 276 c j T. HOBBES on, ii. 816 b j W. von HUMBOLDT on, ii. 340 a j D. HUME on, ii. Habit compd. with Custom: i 476 b, ii. 272 a. 341 b ; Intervention, H. Sidgwick on, i 194 b ; HAGEN, K. H. : crit. of A. A. COURNOT on W. S. JEVONS on functions of, i 194 b ; J. intemationa.l trade, ii. 272 be ; on Demand LOCKE on, ii 634 ab; J. S. MILL on, i. 194 c, Curves, ii. 272 b. ii. 762 c ; S. PuFENDOBF on, iii. 241 b ; W. HALES, J., 16th centy. economist : i. 261 a, 722 b, ROSCHER on, iii. 325 a j J. J. ROUSSEAU on, iii. 730 b, ii. 273 d, iii. 456 a. 830 b, 331 a j V. L. von SBCKBNDOBFF on, iii. HALIFAX, C. Montague, Earl of: and Bimk of Eng., 870 d, 371 a j Sir J. SINCLAIR on, iii. 408 a j ii. 274 d; reform of Curr., ii. 276 a; use of A. SMITH on, iii. 418 be j A. YOUNG on, iii. Exchequer Bill to meet deficient eire., ii. 275 688 b.-Gov., Econ. effects o:t; Colonial and cdJ ; foundation of National Debt, ii. 274 c. foreign policy, ii. 237 d-238 a ; Executive, ii. Hall-marking: recent Eng., ii. 276 a; Hist. of, 237 be ; Indirect, ii. 238 be ; administration of ii. 276 d. Justice, ii. 237 cd; Legisl., ii. 236 d-237 b. HALLER, K. L. von, on Gov. and Taxation : ii. Grading : and Clearing syst., ii. 243 d ; in 276 c. Metal trades, ii. 243 c ; Mineral oil, ii. 243 d ; Hamburg Co. : i. 18 a, 376 c. Raw silk and wool, ii. 243 d. HAMILTON, A. : on Bank Note, ii. 277 c; BI• Granger organisation, U. B.A.: Hist. of, ii. 260 d; metallism, ii. 277 c; Financial operations of, Ra.ilwaylegisl., and absentee, i. 4 a. U.S.A., ii. 277 b; on Inconv. paper money, Graphic Meth.: Advantage of, ii. 261 bed ; ii. 795 a ; Protn. and manufacture, ii. 277 d, illustn. of price of Corn, ii. 262 a-268 c ; iii. 234 b. illustn. of Death-rate, ii. 254 c; Examples, HANcocs:, W. N. : on Land legisl., Irish, ii. ii. 255 cdJ ; and Growth, proportionate, ii. 278 d ; Savings Banks, ii. 278 d. 268 b j W. S. JEVONS' use of, ii. 263 bd j Ha.nse of London, organisation and privileges appl. by W. PLAYFAIB to financial Statistics, of: i 341 b, 343 b, ii. 279 b-280 a, 731 d, ii. 251 be, iii. 116 c ; illustn. of consumption 782 c, 783 bd. of Sugar and Tea, ii. 254 b, 268 be. Hanseatic League : Articles of trade, i. 342 b, GBASLIN, L. F. de: opponent of Physiocrats, ii. 284 be ; Baltic trade, centre at Liibeck, ii. ii. 265 c, iii. 345 b ; on Produit net, ii. 256 d ; 281 d-282 c; and medvl. Carrying Trade, i. on Taxation, ii. 255 d. 342 b, 349 a, ii. 285 b ; and medvl. Commerce, GRASWINCKEL, D. : on Free Trade in com, i. diffic. of, ii. 281 be ; Decline of, i. 360 a, ii. 656 be, ii. 256 cdJ ; rise of Prices, i. 666 cd. 285 a- 286 a ; Hanse towns, list of, ii. 280 be ; GBAUNT, J. : and Demography, i 67 a, 646 a, Hist. and position of, i. 669 a, ii. 148 b, 280 d- 731 c ; rel. to Sir W. PETTY, ii. 257 be, iii 99 cd. 281 a, iii. 275 c; and Merchant Adventurers, GRAY, S. : econ. Fallacies of, ii. 257 d; crit. of i. 17 bed, 343 b, ii. 283 d ; Organisation, ii. A. SMITH, ii. 25 7 d. 283 be, 284 a, 403 c ; and Russ. Co., ii. 286 d ; Greek Econ., A. H. L. HEEREN on : ii. 295 d, and Steelyard, i. 17 bed, 373 d, 669 a, ii. 296 a. 284 ad, 286 a, iii. 471 d ; and Trade, foreign. Greenland Co. : ii. 258 d, iii. 595 b. regulns. o~ iii. 559 d, 560 d ; and Vict'liaJ. Greniers d'abondance: ii. 2119 b-260 a; and Brethren, ii. 285 c, iii. 621 be ; W. Eur. trade, I tal. Scb., ii. 462 d ; P. LABoULINil!:BE on centre at Cologne, ii. 282 d, 288 a. 720 HARDENBERG INDEX HUDSON'S BAY CO.

IIABDENBBRG, K. A., Prinz von : and abolition of RoM.AGNOSI, iii 321 b ; W. ROscHER on, iii 324 Gilds, i. 431 d, 432 a, iii. 4 7 3 d ; advised by c ; compd. with Statical, ii 309 b ; and J. G. HoFFMANN, ii. 318 b ; and Peasa.nt Static~~a social, and social Dynamics, ii proprietors, iii. 4 7 3c ; Prussia, econ. reforms 308 d, iii 466 b ; H. F. von STORCH, iii 479 be. in, ii. 28 b, 288 a. Historical Sch.: A posteriori meth., i. 43 b; Harmonies of Econ. : and Individualism, i position in Austria, Eng., and Ger., ii 310 b, 675 ab ; Liberty a condition o~ i. 67 5 a, ii. 313 d ; A. COMTB and Sociology, i. 382 d, 289 a ; belief of Physiocrats in, ii. 290 b.• 383 eel, ii 157 c, 310 d; and Deductive Harmonies, F. BASTIAT's theory, i. 4 d, 123 d, Meth., i. 524 d, 675 d; mod. Ger. develop· d7 4 d, ii. 288 c, 289 a ; Fallacies in mente o~ ii. 203 b, 312 d ; B. HILDEBRAND on argument, ii. 289 b. -Harmonies, H. C. Development. ii. 305 d, 311 d; R. JoNES on CABBY's theory, ii. 289 d ; and Protn. in Rent, ii. 310 eel, 490 c, 491 a ; J. de B. U.S.A., ii 289 d. KEMPER, ii. 504 a ; K. Knies and theory of HARRINGTON, J., Oceana: ii. 290 C, iii. 603 a. Relativity, ii. 312 b, iii. 277 be; and Laissez HEARN, W. E. : on condition of lrel., ii. 294 d ; fa.ire, i 286 c, iii. 146 c ; T. E. Cliffe LESLIE Plutology, ii. 294 c, iii. 118 c. and idea of Evolution, ii 313 be, 597 b ; F. Hedonism : HBLVBTIUS on, ii. 299 a ; and Self• LIST and idea of Evolution, ii. 310 d, 613 cd; int., ii. 814 a, iii 375 b; and Utilitarianism, ii. and Protestantism, i. 286 b ; K. F. H. ROESLER, 295 be, 299 a, 814 a. iii. 319 a; points of Diff. from W. RoscHER, iii. HnBBN, A. H. L. : on Greek econ., ii. 295 d, 296 326 d, 327 a ; W. RoscHER and principle of a ; opponent of Manchester Sch., ii 295 d. Relativity, ii. 311 ab, iii. 277 bd, 325 b; HBGBL, G. W. F. : on Development of society, synonym for Socialists of the Chair, ii. 312 c. i 573 a, ii. 55 d, 296 c, 502 b, 705 d ; infl. on History: W. RosCHER on, iii. 326 be; A. L. von Ger. Socialism, ii. 203 d, 296 cd, 297 a, 502 Soi!LOZER on functions of, ii. 199 c, iii 362 d ; . b, 705 d, iii. 21 d. philosophy of, and Social Sci., iii. 429 a.• HELD, A. von : on Classical Sch., ii. 298 a ; Econ. Hist., rei. to scientific Meth., ii. 742 d, Social hist. of Eng., ii 297 d ; Socialists of 743 ab, iii. 136 abc; K. W. NITZSCH on, iii. 23 the Chair, ii. 297 d, 298 b. ab; J. E. T. RoGERS on, i 735 a, ii. 313 b, 333 HBLFERICH, J. A. R. von : on Gold discoveries of c, iii. 11 b, 319 d, 397 d.-Econ. Hist., rel. to 16th centy., and rise of Prices, ii 298 c ; crit. Theory, iii 532 d. 584 b ; Concurrent view, i. of Quant. theory of Money, ii 298 b. 675 d; Corrective view, i. 675 c; Handmaid HBLVBTIUB : and Hedonism, ii. 299 a; and Self• view, i. 675 c; No-connexion view, i 675 b; int., i. 128 a. Supersession view, i. 675 d. HENLEY, Walter of, on medvl. Agriculture: ii. Boarding : Causes of, ii. 314 be ; Eng., ii. 314 c ; 299 be. Fr., ii 314 d; Ind., ii 314 d; during Panic, HERBERT, C.-J.: on Free Trade in corn, ii. 299 ii 315 a. cd ; on Land as basis of Wealth, ii. 299 c. HOBBES, T. : on trading Companies, ii 315 c ; Heredity: Elements in, Blood, Civilisation, Curr., ii. 316 a; Distr. of materials of nourish• and Education, ii. 300 ab ; Environment, ii ment, ii. 316 a ; Gov., ii. 316 b ; infl. on Sir W. 300 ca.-Heredity, Inft. of, on National char., PETTY, iii 101 c ; on Property, iii. 104 c, 231 ii. 300 cd ; Occupation, ii. 300 a. d; Social Contract, ii. 350 d, iii. 427 be, 428 a; HERMANN, F. B. W. : on Abstract meth., ii. 202 W ea.lth, national, i 731 a, ii. 315 d. c, 302 b ; Capital, ii. 302 b ; princ. of Econ., HODGSKIN, T.: on Capital, ii. 317 a; on inft. of ii 302 a; Productive Labour, iii. 219 c. Knowledge, ii. 317 a; infi. onK. MARX, ii. 317 HBBBBNSOHWAND, connecting link between F. b; on Prodn. of Wealth, ii. 317 a. QUBBN AY and A. SI\£ITH : ii. 302 c. HOGBNDORP, G. K. van: on Colonies, ii. 319 b; Biggling of the Market : R. CANTILLON on, ii. Free Trade, ii. 819 a ; Taxation, ii. 319 a. 305 b ; E. B. de CoNDILLAC on, ii. 305 b ; and Holidays : Econ. advantages of, ii. 323 c 824 a ; Demand Curves, ii. 305 a; H. C. F. JENKIN Philanthropic motives, ii. 323 be : Aeligious on, ii. 304 d, 305 a ; J. S. MILL on, ii. 305 a; motives, ii. 323 ab.-Holida.ys, length of, rel. A. SHITH on, ii. 304 d. to National temperament, ii. 328 c ; char. of HILDEBRAND, B. : Historical Meth., ii. 305 d, Occupation, ii. 323 d; Use made of them, ii 311 d; on Utility and Value, i 765 c. 323 d. HILL, Sir R., and Penny Postage: ii. 306 c-307 b, HoLLAND, J.: founder of Bank of Scot., ii. 324 iii. 175 a. be ; on Mortgages on land, and Poor relief, HILL BURTON, J. : on Emigration, ii. 307 d; ii. 324 d. W a.ges Fund, ii. 307 c. Homestead and Exemption Laws, U.S.A. : Historical Meth. : Abstract elements in, ii. ii 553 d, 815 c ; Diff. between states, ii. 325 d- 308 d ; compd. with Abstract meth., ii 309 a, 826 d; Statistics, ii 327 a-329 d. iii 583 d; T. von BEBNHABDI, i. 135 d j compd. HORNECK, P. W. von, on econ. development of with Concrete meth., ii. 309 a ; and princ. of Austria: ii 198 b, 331 b. Development and Relativity, i. 573 a, 675 d, HOBNBR, F. : and Bullion Committee, Report ii. 308 d, 311 ab, 312 b, iii. 276 d; compd. o:( i. 191 d, ii 331 cd ; crit. of T. R. MALTHUB with Iilductive Meth., ii. 309 b ; and Inter• and A. SMITH, ii. 331 d.• dependence of sciences, ii 309 d; J. S. MILL HoRTON, S. D., on Bimetallism : ii. 332 eel, on, i 735 a, ii. 759 d ; J. MOSER on, ii 825 c; 796 a. Necessity of, iii 135 b, 142 c; rel. to Organic Hudson's Bay Co. : i. 826 d, 880 b, 331 c, 611 view of society, i 675 d, ii 309 c; G. D. b, ii. 335 d, iii. 37 6 b. HUET INDEX INCOME 721

HuBT, F. : and Christian Socialism, ii 336 be; iii. 602 a, 603 a ; E. CABBT'S Icarie, i. 198 bed, on Property, ii. 336 b ; and R. C. Sch. ii., 365 d, ii, 818 b, iii. 603 be; T. CAMPANELLA'S 336 b. O'ivitas Solia, i. 208 b, 363 ab, ii. 818 a, iii. HUFELAND, G., Ger. follower of A. SMITH: ii. 603 a; Econ. value of, iii. 603 cd; J. HAR· 201 d, 337 a. . RINGTON'S Oceana, ii, 290 C, iii. 603 a j D. Humanism: and Absolute monarchy, ii. 197 a, HUME's Perfect Oummonwealth, iii. 603 a; Sir 338 d; and Cameralistic Sci., ii. 338 d; 'f. MORE's Utopia, i. 198 b, 362 a, ii. 338 a, and development of City life, ii. 338 ab ; and 817 b-818 a, iii. 602 d; MOBELLY's Baailiade, revival of Classical culture, ii. 337 d ; and ii. 820 a, iii. 603 b ; PLATO's Republic, i. 362 c, Collectivism, ii. 339 ab ; and Humanitarian ii. 818 a, iii. 113 d-115a, 602 c; and mod. movement, ii. 339 c ; and Mere. Syst., ii. Socialism, iii. 604 a. 197 a, 338 c ; and Patriotism, ii. 338 be ; Idealist, infi. and value of: ii. 352 d. F. PATRIZI, iii. 79 a; and Physiocrats, ii. Ideologue, Napoleon I. on: ii. 353 c. 339 a ; and Protestantism, i. 286 d ; W. Immigration: to Brit. Colonies and S. Amer., RoscHER on econ. infi. of, ii. 337 c ; and A. ii. 360 c ; compd. with Colonisation, ii. 355 cd ; SMITH's view of Laissez fa.ire, ii. 339 a ; Effects of, ii. 101 b, 355 d; and Emigration, and econ. as sci. of Wealth, ii. 339 be. i. 700 b; and Wages, low, ii. 146 a, 359 cd. Bumanisme, term invd. by N. BAUDEAU: i, 125 c. -Immigration to U.S.A., Causes affecting, HuME, D. : on Balance of Trade, i. 87 ad, 732 c, ii. 357 ab ; Dangers of, ii. 359 bed ; Future 733 c, ii. 342 c ; Gov. ii. 341 b ; Int., varia• prospects of, ii. 360 ab ; econ. effects, supply tions in rate of, i. 733 c, ii. 342 b ; Inter• of Labour, ii. 358 c- 359 a; Legis!. on, ii. 360 a; national trade and price of precious metals, effects on Population, ii. 357 c - 358 b ; ii. 342 c ; Labour, ii. 341 d; Luxury, ii. Statistics of, ii. 356 bed. 341 d, 653 d, 654 cd ; anticipated by J. Imports : Foreign, i. 340 c ; advantage of Inter• MAssiE, ii 707 b; on Mere. Syst., i. 733 c, ii. national Trade consisting in, ii. 450 b.-Im• 341 b ; Money, functions of, ii. 342 a, 795 c ; ports, Brit., 1854-90, i. 339 b-340 d; and int. National Debt, i. 733 c, ii. 342 d; P.E., ii. on Foreign investments, i. 340 b, ii. 101 a.• 341 b; Population, anc. compd. with mod., Import Duties, Book of Rates, i. 167 d, ii. i. 732 c, 733 c, iii. 163 be; Rent, ii. 341 c ; 367 b ; in 9olonies, ii. 368 b ; and Draw• Social Contract, i. 728 b ; Taxation, ii. 342 backs, ii. 370 a; Eur. countries, ii. 368 d ; d; foreign Trade, ii. 341 d; Wealth, ii. early, not dist. fr. Exports, duties on, ii. 341 be. 367 a ; effects of Floee Trade policy on, h. HUME, J., and financial reform : ii. 344 ab. 367 d ; Incidence of, theories on, ii. 369 b ; Hundred: as court of Justice in Anglo-Saxon Ind., ii. 368 c; New subsidy of tonnage and period, ii. 344 cd; unit of Local Gov., ii. poundage, ii. 367 b, iii. 17 a, 548 a ; Parva 345 a, iii. 554 b ; Hundred Rolls, as record C'U8tum.a, ii. 367 a ; desire to make a uniform of medvl. revenue, ii. 345 b, 603 c, 687 b, 700 d. Percentage, ii. 369 d ; W. PITT's reform of, ii. HUSKISSON, W. : on Bimetallism, ii. 346 c j 367 d ; Specific preferred to ad valorem, ii. and Bullion Committee, report of, ii. 346 a ; 369 c ; hist. of, illustr. by Statistics, ii. 367 d, and Navigation Laws, ii, 148 a, 346 b, iii. 368 a ; U.S.A., ii. 369 a.-Imports and 10 a ; and Ta.ri1f revision, ii. 148 b, 346 b, Exports, Eur. and Amer., 1850-90, ii. 363 a ; 367 d, iii. 267 d. Official Values, iii. 33 be ; Tables of, econ. HUTCHESON, F. : anticipation of J. BENTHAM'S aspect of, ii. 365 d; U.S.A., 1840-91, ii. 362 d. "greatest happiness of the greatest number," -Brit. with Colonies, 19th centy., ii. 363_cd; i. 132 d, 733 b, ii. 347 a; anticipation of A. with Eur. and Amer., ii. 364 b ; Statistics of, SMITH, ii. 347 a. ii. 361 d-362 c.-Imports, Free, Free List HUTCHINSON, J. H., on decline in Irish Trade: in protectionist countries; ii. 139 b, 370 c ; ii 347 c. Great B!it., ii. 370 be; Middle Ages, ii. 370 b. Hypothesis : Different kinds of, connexion -Imports, Protective restraint on, effects of, between, ii. 350 d ; as assistance to Observa• ii. 371 d ; Eng., ii. 371 b; Fr., Berlin decrees, tion, i 791 c, ii. 350 d, 351 ac, iii. 31 a ; ii. 371 b ; Fr., J. B. COLBERT'S legis!., ii, 371 b; Tentative, W. S. JEVONS on crises, periodicity Roll. and Spain, ii. 371 c; cases where Justifi• o( ii. 349 d; Working, social contract theory, able, ii. 372 a; U.S.A. and McKinley tariff, ii. 350 d.-Hypothesis, Approximative, Ad• ii. 371 c. vantages and dangers of, ii. 349 abc ; and ImpOt Unique : Span. Alcavala., i. 30 d, ii. 372 Mathematical Meth., ii. 349 a ; J. S. MILL d; N. BAUDEAU on, ii. 372 b; B. DAVILA's Poll• on demand, ii. 349 c ; D. RICARDO on Rent, tax, i. 485 a, ii. 372 d; Dime Royale, S. le P. ii 349 c ; D. RICARDO on Value and Distr. 1 VAUBAN'B, i. 537 b, 583 abc, ii, 63 C, 155 C, 372 ii. 349 b; and Wages fund theory, ii. 349 c. C, iii. 612 d, 613 a j P. S. DUPONT on, i. 653 c, -Hypothesis, Explanatory, T. R. MALTHUS ii. 372 b ; hist., in Fr., ii. 372 c ; I. ISELIN on, on Swedish death-rate, ii. 350 b; A. SMITH's ii. 460 a ; and Produit Net, ii. 372 b, 460 b, use of, ii. 350 c.-Hypothesis, Illustrative, iii. 222 b ; F. QUESNAY on, ii. 372 b, iii. 222 b; and Mathematical Meth., ii. 348 d; J. S. hist., in Spain, ii. 372 d, 373 a ; Span. Sch. MILL on international value, ii. 348 c; on, iii. 451 ab. J. S. Nicholson on Money, ii. 348 c. Impressment : dist. fr. Conscription, ii. 373 d ; G. EvERETT on, i 757 d; W. NoY and Ship• Ideal, the econ., Wealth as : ii. 352 be. money, iii. 27 c, 393 b. Ideal Commonwealths: F. BACON's New Atlantia, Income : and Exchangeability, ii. 37 4 be ; and VOL. III 3A 722 INCOME TAX INDEX INDUSTRY

Immaterial an

char., ii. 629 a ; and Physical conditions: business, ii. 418 a ; and payment of Estate Climate, Geological formation, Position and duty, ii. 418 a ; Financial position of, ii. 410 communication, means o:t; ii. 629 a1J ; effects d, 418 b.-Insurance, Marine, and Aver• of Progress of civilisation on, ii. 630 bed.• age, general, i. 9 e, 74 d, iii. 64 d; Bottomry, Acquired advantages: Connexion and organisa• loan on, i. 170 be, ii. 409 d; and Canon tion, ii. 629 d ; Subsidiary industries, ii. law, i. 213 be, ii. 94 c ; Floating policy, ii. 629 d.-Medvl.: settlements of Foreign 91 be; Foenus nauticum, ii. 94 be, 430 d, iii. artisans, ii. 629 c ; Gilds, syst. of, ii. 403 c.• 294 b ; Law of, ii. 418 d; hist. of Lloyd's, Mechanics of Industry, and Equilibrium, ii. 410 ab, 619 d ; Op!m policy, iii. 36 b ; W. S. JEVONS on, i, 581 b, 749 b, ii. 720 C j Particular avera~e, iii. 65 a ; Ristourne, and Total Utility, i. 581 b, ii. 720 d, 721 a. Fr., iii. 314 d; Slip, iii. 411 c; Total loss, iii. -Industry, Organisation of, Anc., divis. of 64 d.-Insurance, State, in Ger., against employments, ii. 403 a ; Individualism and Accidents, ii. 420 b • 421 c ; Hist. of, aud Sociahsm, views of, ii. 402 d ; Medvl., Gilds, socialism, ii. 419 b • 420 a, iii. 437 b ; against Hause, and Staple, ii. 403 c.-Mod. : Inter• Invalidity and Old age, ii. 421 c- 423 a; against dependence of trades, ii. 404 be ; Localisation Sickness, ii. 420 ab. of employments, ii. 403 d, 404 a; Specialisation Integral Calculus, meth. of : ii. 423 b. of labour and capital, ii. 404 be.-Pre• Interdiction: Continental law, ii. 425 c ; Sc. Roman Industry in Brit., Bronze age, earlier law, ii. 425 bed ; and Eng. family Settlement, Celts, iii. 186 b ; Iron age, later Celts, iii. 186 c ; ii. 425 d, iii. 387 b. New Stone age, Iberians, iii. 186 a. Interest: Accrue, i. 7 a; N. BARBON on, i. 120 Infants : Disabilities of, i. 587 d, ii. 404 d ; a1J ; effect of Certainty, i. 251 c; Compound, Protn. of, ii. 405 a. i. 39 c, 380 b ; rel. to Exchange, value in, ii. Inflation: U.S.A., 1862-1879, struggle between 434 c; C. deS. de MoNTESQUIEU on, ii. 809 c ; J. inflationists and advocates of resumption, ii. PROUDHON aimed at abolition of, iii. 238 a ; 407 alJ, iii. 298 ed.-Inflation, Great Brit., Socialism, attitude of, based on D. RICARDO 1797-1819, W. S. JEVONS on, ii. 406 be; and and A. SMITH, ii. 434 d.-lnt. and Profit, fluctuations of Prices, ii. 406 a1J ; D. RICARDO rate of, J. S. MILL on, ii. 434 b ; tendency to on, ii. 405 c; Statistics of, 1800-1821, ii. 405 d. Minimum, ii. 434 alJ.-Int., Rate of, in Inheritance: Bonorum possessio, Roman law, Banks, popular, i. 109 e, 110 b; Causes de• i. 164 c; Borough Eng., to youngest son, i. termining, ii. 427 a- 428 b, 435 b ; in Colonies, 168 c, ii. 455 b; Code Napoleon compelled i. 324 be ; and Equilibrium of supply and subdivision, iii. 203 b; Co-parceners, i. 420 a, demand, ii. 428 b; D. HUME on variations in, ii. 455 b, iii. 59 d, 203 a ; Dead's part, i. i. 733 c, ii. 342 b ; J. LOCKE on, ii. 632 C, 635 a ; 486 b; and Domicil, i. 631 d, ii. 447 d, 455 c; Natural, J. MASSIE on, i. 732 d, ii. 707 b; Sir Entail, Eng., i. 738 b • 7 40 c, ii. 49 a1J ; Entail, D. NoRTH on, iii. 24 d; and Savings, i. 7 d, Scot., i. 740 d- 741 b; Escheat, i. 753 d, ii. 110 d; Scot., i. 96 a1J; J. SwiFT on, iii. 504 d; 511 b, iii. 513 c; Inher., Estate o:t; ii. 408 b, 545 tendency to Uniformity, i. 601 a; Variations in, d ; Fideicommissum, ii. 56 d ; Gavelkind, i. causes of, ii. 428 bc.-Int., Theory of, Absti• 178 b, 420 ab, ii. 188 a, 455 b, iii. 59 d, 203 a; nence or waiting, ii. 426 c, 427 d, 428 a ; and J. B. A. GODIN on, ii. 217 b; position of Heir, use of Capital as indirect meth. of Prodn., ii. ii. 297 b; Heirlooms, ii. 297 c; Jus relictae, 427 b ; Exploitation, ii. 426 e, 434 c ; and value Sc. law, ii. 499 b ; Legacy, ii. 589 d, 590 a ; of Future and Present goods, ii. 427 a, iii. 220 Legatum, Roman law, ii. 590 d; Legitim, Sc. b; Labour, ii. 426 c; Productivity, ii. 426 law, ii. 592 a ; Sir H. Maine on law of, i. b, 434 be, iii. 220 a; Use, ii. 426 b.-Int. 570 d; Majorat, ii. 664 a; Minorat, ii. and Usury, St. ANTONINUB on, i. 43 a ; St. 770 c; Necessarii heredes, iii. 13 ed; Para• Thomas AQUINAS on, i. 49 ab, 479 cd, ii. 461 b, gium, iii. 59 d ; Perpetuities, rule against, iii. 528 b ; ARISTOTLE On, i. 54 d, ii. 429 d j J. and THELLUSSON Act, iii. 95 d, 96 a, 387 e, BENTHAM's argument, i. 131 ab, ii. 433 d ; C. 532 d ; Primogeniture, derived from feuda• BESOLD on, i. 136 a j J. CALVIN'S defence of, lism, i. 455 b, iii: 202 d, 668 be ; Quotite i. 205 bed, ii. 432 C j J. CAMERARIUS on, i, 208 disponible, Fr., iii. 249 b ; in Roman law, i. b, ii. 338 a ; evasion of Canon law against, i. 130 d, 164 c, 790 a, ii. 408 c, iii. 668 d ; 213 b-214 a, 217 cd, ii. 431 d · 432 c; Sir J. CHILD Succession, Sc. law, iii. 485 a· 486 a ; Tanistry, on, i. 725 c, 731 a, ii. 432 d ; opposed by medvl. i. 178 c, iii. 515 c. Church, i. 212 b, 217 c, 719 d, 720 bed, ii. 431 Insurance : A. de CouROY on, i. 445 a ; Fire, a; Sir T. CULPEPER (elder and younger), on, i. ii. 410 be ; and Luck, ii. 648 cd; C. MORRIS 470 cd, 725 b, 730 d; F. T. DE Vro on, i. 573 c; on, ii. 821 b; Mutual, ii. 419 b; Salvage, T. R. DEW on, i. 573 d; Diff. between, ii. 429 iii. 349 d; of Slaves, anc., ii. 409 d.-Insu• a1J ; J. EcK on, contractus trinus, i. 673 ed, ii. rance, Life, Actuary, i. 8 d; F. BAILY on, i. 435 d, 663 d ; post-Constantinian Fathers on, 83 a, ii. 416 b; Bonus, i. 164 d, ii. 415 d, ii. 39 c; J. FERRARI on, ii. 53 d; G. D. GAITO 417 b; Contract of, law respecting, ii. 416 on, ii. 177 c ; in Greek law, ii. 429 d ; H. c ; and Death-rate, i. 497 ed ; Endowment GROTIUS on, i. 656 b, ii. 266 d, 432 d ; J. LOCKE assurances, ii. 417 d; Hist. of, ii. 411 a1J; on, ii. 433 a ; M. LU1'HER on, ii. 432 be, 653 b ; and Mortality tables, ii. 411 cd; calcul. of S. MAE'FEI on, ii. 436 a, 662 b ; M. MASTROFINI Premium, ii. 412 a·416 a, iii. Hl5 c; Reduced on, ii. 710 d j R. MAUGHAM on, ii. 713 d; P. premium, ii. 417 b; Wager policy, iii. 634 MELANCHTHON on, ii. 724 C j C. MOLIN..EUS, de· a. - Life Insurance Companies, Annuity fence of, ii. 432 cd, 781 d, 782 a; examined by 724 INTERLOPERS INDEX ITALIAN SOH. OF ECONOMISTS

M. MossE, i. 4i9 d, ii. 620 b, 826 b; PLATO on, theory, and Free Trade, ii. 143 d, 451 a; ii. 430 a, iii. 115 C ; S. PuFENDORF on, iii. 241 Good and evil results of, ii. 450 c ; advantage d ; Repeal of acts against, 19th centy., ii. 433 of consists in Imports, ii. 450 b ; and Labour d; R. C. view, ii. 435 b, 436 b; in Roman law, and Capital, diffic. of movement, ii. 450 a ; J. i. 39 c, ii. 429 b, 430 b ; C. SALMASIUS on, i. S. MILL on, i. 604 a, ii. 450 a-451 a, 761 d; 136 a, 656 d, ii. 432 d, iii. 348 b ; N. SANDER functions of Money in, i. 604 a, ii. 450 d ; and on, iii. 351 c; J. C. L. S. de SISMONDI on, ii. 434 price of Precious metals, D. HoME on, ii. d ; A. SMITH on, ii. 433 abc ; H. SMITH on, iii. 342 c ; and Protn., iii. 235 d, 236 a ; Reci• 425 b ; E. B. SUGDEN on, iii. 486 b ; Templars procity theory, ii. 13 b, 145 d, iii. 267 d, 268 and AQUINAS' view of, iii. 528 b; A. R. J. ac, 299 d; W. N. SENIOR on, iiL 378 c ; P. TURGOT on, ii. 433 bc.-Int. and Usury, VERRI on, iii. 619 b. Canon law based on Roman law, ii. 430 d; International Value : J. E. CAIRNES on, ii. 451 Consumptibles and fungibles, i. 393 a, ii. bd ; effects of Competition, ii. 452 b ; and 169 c, 172 d, 843 c; Damnum emergens, i. Cost of Prodn., ii. 451 c ; and Demand, i. 49 b, 479 cd, ii. 431 ad, 649 a; Lucrum cessans, 748 a, ii. 451 cd; W. S. JEVONS on, ii. 452 be; i. 49 b, 479 cd, ii. 431 ad, 620 a, 648 d, 735 d; J. S. MILL on, ii. 348 c, 451 d-452 c, 761 c; Mora, ii. 430 d, i24 c, 813 a, iii. 8 b; Mutuum, effects of extension of Trade, ii. 452 a. ii. 843 c ; and Partnership, ii. 620 b, iii. 68 c; International Working Men's Assoc.: Anar• relative to Rank, ii. 430 d. chism and M. )3A.KOUNIN, i. 38 d, 39 a, ii. Interlopers : Arguments for and against, ii. 437 453 ab ; Hist. of, ii. 452 d- 453 c, 667 a ; and b . 438 a ; E. Ind. Co. v. Sandys, ii. 437 a ; H. K. MARx, ii. 452 d, 704 d; and Socialism, PARKER on, iii. 63 d; favoured under Protec• scientific, i. 361 d, ii. 453 a, iii. 433 be ; and torate,ii.436d; competitionwithRegulatedand Eng. Trades Unions, ii. 453 abc. other tliading Companies, ii. 436 cd, iii. 276 a. Intestate Succession : i. 14 d, 603 cd ; Antiquity InternatiOnal Coinage : Commissions on, of, iii. 667 a ; Eng. law, ii. 455 b ; Roman results of, ii. 440 d, 441 a ; and Decimal law, i. 164 c. syst., ii. 441 be; and Latin Union, ii. 440 Investment: Aleatory, i. 31 b ; Foreign, of d ; G. ScARUFFI on, iii. 360 d. U.K., statistics, ii. 100 ab; in Foreign under• International Law: Agents and instr. of war• takings, ii. 457 b ; in Land Banks, i. 108 a ; fare, ii. 444 d ; Angarie, droit d', i. 40 a ; effects of, and Luxury, ii. 654 be ; in existing Decl. of Paris, i. 521 c, ii. 446 a ; Diplomacy, enterprises, effects on Money Market, ii. 457 ii. 443 b ; Embargo, i. 695 d; Enemy goods b ; limited by Property, ii. 456 e ; and or property on land, i. 715 a, ii. 444 b ; Enemy Savings, ii. 456 ed. goods at sea, maritime capture, i. 715 a, ii. Ireland, econ. condition of: Sir F. BREWSTER on, i. 444 c ; Enemy persons, position of, ii. 444 a; 178 d; Sir R. J. KANE on, ii. 501 a; T. Equality, doctrine of, ii. 443 b ; H. GROTIUB NEWENHAM on, iii. 17 C ; E. WAKEFIELD on, iii. on, ii. 265 c, 498 c; Jus gentium, ii. 497 d- 499 a; 647 cd. Licenses, ii. 604 d; Naturalization and "Iron law" of Wages: Fallacy of. ii. 17 d; F. Jurisdiction, ii. 442 c; Neutral Markets, LASSALLE on, i. 337 d, iL 204 b, 567 d, 568 a, iii. 16 be; Neutral Property, iii. 16 d; iii. 432 d ; K. J. RODBERTUS on, i. 337 d, iii. Origin of, ii. 441 d ; Paper blockade, i. 520 318 b; F. VIDAL on, ii. 157 b, iii. 621 c. c, iL 446 a, iii. 58 be; Pre-emption, iii. 184 d ; ISELIN, 1.: on Impot Unique, ii. 460 a; infl. of Search, right of, iii. 370 b ; territorial F. QUEBNAY on, ii. 200 b, 459 d. Sovereignty, iL 442 b, iii. 448 d; T. Twrss on, lsNARD, A. N., on Mathematical Meth.: ii. 460 iii. 596 d; War, preliminaries of, ii. 443 d.-• be. International Law, Neutral States, and ISOLA, F. : on exceptions to Free Trade, ii. 460 Blockade, effective, L 57 d, 156 abc, 397 a, c; on Intrinsic Value of Money, ii. 460 c. 520 c, ii. 445 d-446 b, iii. 58 b ; Contraband Italian Sch. of Economists : St. ANTONINUB on trade, i. 398 d, ii. 445 cd ; Maritime capture, Wealth, ii. 461 be; St. Thomas AQUINAS on ii. 445 b ; Position of, ii. 444 d, 445 a ; Un• Usury, ii. 461 b; and Austrian Sch., ii. 468 neutral service, ii. 446 b.-International d; C. B. BECCARIA on Divis. of Labour, ii. Law, Private, Amendment of, ii. 449 a ; 464 a ; G. BOTERO on Population, ii. 462 a ; Bankrnptcy, ii. 448 cd; Capacity, ii. 447 be; A. BROGGIA on princ. of Taxation, ii. 463 b ; Contract, Limitation, and Tort, i. 387 c, ii. D. CARAFA on Taxation, ii. 461 d; B. DAVAN• 105 c, 448 b, 608 b ; Domicil and Nationality, ZATI on Curr., ii. 462 b ; and Distr. of i. 387 c, ii. 105 b, 447 ab; Foreign judgments wealth, ii. 464 b ; Eclecticism, 18th centy., ii. and procedure, i. 387 c, ii. 105 d, 448 d, 449 a ; 464 b; F. Ferrara on Rent and Value, ii. Marriage and divorce, i. 631 d, ii. 105 be, 447 466 c ; F. GALIANI on Curr. and Free Trade, cd; Minors and lunatics, ii. 447 c; Property ii. 462 b, 463 a ; A. GENOVESI on Mere. Syst., and Will, i. 387 b, 631 d, ii. 105 cd, 447 d, ii. 463 a ; and Greniers d'abondance, ii. 462 455 c.-International Law, Recognition, d ; F. GUICCIARDINI on Taxation, ii. 461 d ; of Belligerency, ii. 443 d, iii. 269 d- 270 b; of and social condition of Italy, ii. 465 ac; N. new form of Gov., iii. 269 b ; of national Inde• Macchiavelli on Gov., ii. 461 d ; A. Messedaglia pendence, ii. 442 a, iii. 269 cd; of Insurgency, on Population, ii. 467 e ; Mod. developments, iii. 270 b. ii. 468 be ; and Optimism, ii. 465 d; G. 0RTES International Trade : J. E. CAIRNES on, iL 450 on Capital and Population, ii. 464 d, 465 b ; a, 451 a; Continental theory, ii. 451 a; and F. Petrarch on Gov., ii. 461 c; and P. E., Cost, Comparative, i. 434 be, ii. 450 b ; Eng. landed property syst., ii. 469 a; and agrarian JAKOB INDEX KING, G. 725

Protn., ii. 463 a ; P. L. E. Rossi on P. E., ii. --Jews, Justices of, and Exchequer, ii. 481 466 b ; G. ScARUFFI on Bimetallism, ii. 462 b ; d ; Executive functions, ii. 482 c ; Fiscal func• A. SERRA on International Trade andMone.Y, tions, ii. 482 b ; Judicial functions, ii. 482 a ; ii. 462 c; com pd. with Socialists of the Chair, Status, ii. 482 d. ii. 464 c ; theory of Value, ii. 463 cd. J ORNSON, S. : on Commerce, ii. 485 a, iii. 320 JAKOB, L. H. von, follower of A. SMITH: ii. 471 c. be ; Excise, i. 789 a ; Middleman, ii. 485 b ; JANNET, C. : on Meth. of P. E., ii. 471 d, 472 a; transition from a Natural to a. Moneyed econ• Socialism, ii. 472 a. omy, ii. 485 b. JENKIN, H. C. F.: on Consumers' Rent, ii. 473 Joint Family, Ind. : ii. 486 a. c ; Curves, demand and supply, ii. 473 be ; Joint Products: special case of, By-Products, Functions, illustn. of demand and J.rice, ii. i. 197 c ; J. S. MILL on value of, ii. 485 d ; 473 a ; Higgling of market, ii. 304 , 305 a ; conditions determining Value, ii. 485 d. Supply and demand, law of1 ii. 473 be; Time• JoNEs R.: on Dimin. returns, law of, ii. 490 c; labour syst., ii. 4 73 c. importance of Experience, ii. 490 b ; and early JENNINGS, R.: on Dimin. Utility, law of, ii. 474 Eng. Historical!Sch., ii. 491 a, iii. 276 d ; on a ; expression of econ. theories by Figures, ii. primitive P.E., ii. 490 d; Rent, i. 734 c, ii. 474 b; Luxury, iL 474 a; Satiable wants, 810 cd, 490 c; crit. of D. RICARDO, i. 784 c, ii. law of, ii. 583 d; Taxation on employment 490 be, iii. 276 d. of men, ii. 474 b. JOURDAN, A. : on Econ. Sci in rei. to sci. of JEVONS, W. S.: on Alternative stan•. of value, i. law, ii. 491 c; econ. functions of State, ii. 491 36 a; Appreciation of stan., i. 45 b ; T. C. b. BANFIELD's anticipation of hia views, i. 91 c, ii. Journeyman: Compagnonnages or Journey• 583 d; on Bimetallism, i. 36 a, 147 cd, 148 men's societies, i. 367 d, ii. 212 c, 492 be, iii. d, 149 b, ii. 476 cd ; Competition, i. 378 c ; 93 d ; rei. to Gilds, i. 430 a, ii. 491 d, 492 a; Consumption, utility as foundation of, i. 393 Medvl. position of, ii. 491 d; Mod. survivals, d; Deductive Meth., i. 524 d, ii. 476 a, 746 ii. 492 a. d ; invd. phrase "Degree of utility," i. 536 JOVELLANos, G. M. de: on Enclosures, ii. 493 c; a, ii. 588 b ; on Diffie. of attainment, i. 581 Free Trade in corn, ii. 493 c ; GTemio11 or b, 582 a ; Dimin. utility, law of, ii. 583 b ; Span. craft gilds, ii. 498 b. Distance in time, i. 592 d ; Econ. sci., as Jury: Hist. of, Eng., ii. 496 a, iii. 270 c; Scot., calculus of human satisfactions, ii. 477 c ; ii. 497 a.-Jury, Mod. practice, Eng., ii. 496 Equilibrium and Mechanics of Industry, i. c ; Scot., ii. 496 d. 581 b, 7 49 b, ii. 720 c ; Exchange, i. 766 be, ii. Jus gentium : Generally accepted princ. of right. 477 cd; Factory Acts, ii. 477 a, iii. 297 c; ii. 266 b, 498 a ; International Law, ii. 266 b, Final utility and value, i. 878 c, 393 d, 766 498 c.--Jus gentium dist. fr. Jus naturale, b, ii. 59 d, 60 d, 691 d; Gov., functions of, i. by Ecclesiastical writers, ii. 498 b ; by Roman 194 b ; Graphic Meth., use of, ii. 253 bd ; jurists, ii. 498 a. Indifference, law of, ii. 387 d, 477 d, 588 c ; Jus naturae, Jus naturale, Natural law or right: Inductive Meth., ii. 476 ab; Inflation, Great St. Thomas AQUINAS on, i. 48 b, ii. 498 b, 499 Brit., 1797-1819, ii. 406 be; International a j ARISTOTLE on, ii. 498 a ; Canon Law on, value, ii. 452 be; Intrinsic value, ii. 456 a ; i. 212 a ; H. GROTIUS on, ii. 266 be, 498 c ; J. Labour, ii. 516 a ; Laissez faire, ii. 586 cd ; LOCKE on, ii. 684 b, iii. 281 d; N. MALE• Logical meth., ii. 475 d, 476 a, 637 c-638 b; BRANCHE on, ii. 665 d ; and Mark syst., ii. Mathematical Meth., ii. 476 be, iii. 136 d; 693 d ; Physiocrats' theory of, iL 497 c, 665 effects of 2-sided Monopoly, i. 760 a; Multi• d, iii. 104 d, 311 d ; dist. fr. Positive law, plication of Services and Divis. of Labour, iii. 171 a; S. PUFENDORF on, iii. 241 b; G. ii. 828 b ; Periodicity of Crises and sunspots, Vmo on, iii. 620 d; C. von WoLFF on, iii. 671 be. tentative hypothesis, i. 461 d, 467 ab, ii. 253 JUBTI, J. H. G. von: on Finances, ii. 500 a; b, 349 d, 476 c ; his formula for Price of com, earliest systematic writer on P.E. in Ger., ii. iii. 498 c ; on Restrns. on Labour, empirical 199 d, 499 d. char. of, iii. 296 d; State control, dist. fr. State management, ii. 477 a ; Tabular stan., i. 472 KANT, I. : on Evolution, ii. 502 b ; Silver the b, ii. 476 c, iii. 509 b, 510 cd, 511 a; Trades best money, ii. 502 a ; compd. with A. SMITH, Unions, i. 760 a, ii. 477 b; Utility, direct ii. 501 c ; on Society, ii. 501 d. and indirect, ii. 389 b ; Value as cause of Kartell or Trust : i. 229 c. wages, ii. 478 a; Wages, doctr. of Fr. Sch., KELLEY, W. D. : on Curr., ii. 503 b ; ProtiL, ii. 158 a, U.S.A., ii. 503 a. Jews: enmity of medvl. Barons, ii. 479 d; atti• KERsSEBOOM, W., on Life tables: i. 657 b, ii. tude of Church, ii. 480 b, 481 a; Expulsion fr. 504 b. Eng., ii. 481 b, 730 b ; superseded by Italian Kind, payments in : Barter, ii. 504 cd ; money-lenders, i. 842 c, ii. 481 b, 638 d ; King's Metayage, ii. 504 d ; J. S. MILL on, ii. 505 a; cattle, ii. 506 d ; dependence on King, ii. 479 A. SMITH on, ii. 504 d, 505 a ; Truck syst., b; Poor-relief among, iii. 160 c-162 b; orga• ii. 504 d, 538 a, iii. 586 a. nised by Richard I., ii. 479 a ; Royal usurers, KING, C., opposition to treaty of Utrecht (1713) : before 1194, ii. 478 d, 638 d, iii. 462 a; results of ii. 505 ab. Edward I.'s laws against Usury, ii. 480 be.• KINo, G. : on Population, Statistics of, ii. 320 Jews, Houses for converted, and Edward I., d, 505 c-506 a ; on Price of com and deficient ii. 483 cd ; Henry III.'s provision for, ii. 483 b. harvest. ii. 506 b. 726 KLOCK INDEX LABOUR

KLocK, K., on Taxation : Fines on criminals, ii. Exchange, R. OwEN's, and experiment in Com• 508 b ; Proportional, i. 508 c. munism at New Harmony, i. 365 be, ii. 520 d, KRAUS, C. J., follower of A. Sli!ITH: ii. 513 ah, 521 a ; and proposal for Curr. based on iii. 363 d. labour, ii. 520 d, 522 be, iii. 50 d ; and Federal Co - operation, ii. 521 be ; and Labour: Agent of Prodn., i. 21 be, iii. 214 alJ ; doctrine of labour as source of Wealth, ii. Assoc. of, A. PERDIGUIJjiR on, iii. 93 d ; dist. fr. 520 b.-Labour Exchange Notes, causes Capital, ii. 515 c ; Children's, under Factory of Failure, ii. 522 be ; Hist. of, ii. 522 b ; Prine. syst., i 278 b; Combination of, J. S. MILL on wh. based, ii. 522 b.-Female Labour, on, ii. 758 d; as Commodity, E.· BURKE on, effects, ii. 50 b; 18th centy., ii. 49 c; effects of i. 195 a; Cost o~ and wages, T. BRABSEY on, Factory Syst., ii. 49 d ; Statistics, 1850-85, i. 176 d; Curr., K. J. RoDBERTUS on, iii. 317 ii. 49 d, 50 a.-Forced Labour, Disadv., ii. d ; Labour Department, hist. and functions, 96 d, 99 a ; anc. Egypt, ii. 97 b.-Corvee : ii. 519 be; D. DIDEROT on, i. 578 c; a Dis• mod. Egypt, i. 433 d, ii. 97 d, 98 c, iii. 517 b ; commodity, ii. 516 a, 691 b, iii. 382 a ; Dis• and Prestation, Fr., i. 433 be, ii. 97 c, iii. placement of, by Conversion of Arable into 188 b; and Suez Canal, i. 433 d, ii. 98 d.• Pasture, i. 49 d ; and Distance in time, i. Foreign Labour, Baking trade, ii. 101 d; 593 be ; H. H. GossEN on theory of, ii. 232 Boot trade, ii. 101 d; Cabinet-making, ii. 102 be ; D. HUli!E on, ii. 341 d; Immigrant, ii. a ; Cheap, arguments for and against, ii. 103 a-' 101 b, 358 e-359 d; law of Increase of, J. S. 105 a ; Superior classes of, econ. view, ii. 102 MILL on, ii. 758 d; W. S. JEVONS on, ii. 516 d; Tailoring, ii. 102 b.-Hours of Labour, a ; J. LOCKE on, ii. 516 be, 634 c ; J. R. Colonies, ii. 334 alJ ; Econ. view of, ii. 333 M'CULLOCH on, ii. 515 be, 516 a; Marginal, c; Eight Hours' day, Australia, i. 688 ac, and benefits of prodn., i. 597 c ; Required, D. 689 d, ii. 333 c, 334 a ; and Factory Acts, RICARDO on, iii. 307 c; J. B. SAY on, ii. 515 ii. 333 d, 585 d ; l\fedvl., J. E. T. ROGERS' d; W. N. SENIOR on, ii. 515 d, 516 a ; A. theory, ii. 333 c ; Reguln. under Elizabeth, ii. SMITH· on, ii. 515 be ; Transferability of, W. 333 d ; K. J. RODBERTUS on, iii. 317 e ; in BAGEHOT and P.E., Postulates of, iii. 148 e; Utopia, i. 362 d, ii. 333 d, 817 c, iii. 602 d.• J. TUCKER on, iii. 589 b ; prodn. of Utility, Labour, Mobility ot; restrd. by Custom, ii. i. 358 a, ii. 516 b, iii. 217 c; as source of Value, 525 be; between Employments, ii. 525 d, 526 K. MARX on, i. 763 cd, ii. 705 a.-Bureau of a; under Industrial regtme, ii. 525 c ; between Labour, iii. 312 d, 313 a ; Eng., i. 193 a ; U.calities, ii. 450 a, 526 b; J. S. MILL on, ii. Switz., i. 193 a; U.S.A., i. 193 b.-Labour 525 d ; A. SMITH on, ii. 525 d; F. A. WALKER and Capital, Antithesis, fallacy of Co-opera• on, iii. 145 d.-Labour, Organisation ot; tive view, i. 706 b, ii. 518 e; real as regards ii. 519 a; C. BABBAGE on, i. 76 be; J. J. L. Distr., i. 600 d, ii. 517 d; Earnings of BLANC and, i. 65 c, 153 d; Bourse du travail, management a species of wages, i. 668 b, ii. i. 174 d; F. F. LA FARELLE on, ii. 532 bc.• 517 a ; considerations against use of : functions Productive and Unproductive Labour, T. of Employer in mod. industry, i. 706 a, ii. CHALMERS on, i. 256 b, iii. 210 b ; F. B. W. 517 a; errors resulting fr., and Factory REBMANN on, iii. 219 c; A. Marshall on, iii. Acts, ii. 518 b ; unreal as regards Prodn., ii. 210 b; J. R. M'CULLOCH on, ii, 653 d, iii. 210 517 e; Socialism, fallacy in view, ii. 518 d; b, 217 c, 218 b; Mere. Sch. on, iii. 217 c; J. errors resulting from, and Strikes, ii. 518 b.• S. MILL on, i. 358 a, ii. 757 a, 758 d, iii. 210 Labour Disputes, and Apprenticeship, a, 217 ab, 218 c-219 b; and Personal Services, Statute ot; i. 46 e ; Arbitration and Con• or immaterial Goods; ii. 230 b, iii. 96 b • 97 a, ciliation, i. 51 b, 384 d-385 c, 389 ahc, iii. 382 be; Physiocrats on, iii. 106 ah, 108 a, 209 239 be, 559 a.-Division of Labour, Argu• cd, 217 d; W. ROSCHER on, iii. 219 ad; J. B. ments for and against, i. 610 ab ; C. BABBAGE SAY on, iii. 210 a, 218 b; W. N. SENIOR on, on, i. 76 b, 609 b; C. B. BECCARIA on, i. 127 iii. 210 b, 219 b; A. SMITH on, i. 358 a, iii, d, ii. 464 a ; coincident with creation of 209 d, 217 d, 218 ah, 414 d ; and Temperance, Capital, i. 608 d ; dist. fr. Combination of A. PRENTICE on, iii. 185 d.-Rent, Labour, Labour, i. 608 e ; Dangers o~ i. 609 e ; and and Black Death, i. 28 c, 152 b, 261 a, 407 effectiveness or Efficiency, i. 609 a, 684 e ; a ; Commutation of, effect on Manor as econ. and Free Trade, ii. 144 a; and Industrial unit, i. 28 c, 152 b, 407 a, ii. 28 b, 54 d, 685 d- revolution, ii. 400 e ; and Interdependence of 686 c, iii. 287 a, 625 bc.-Restrictions on industries, i. 409 d, 610 b, ii. 404 be; and Labour, Apprenticeship, iii. 298 a; Boy• Localisation of Industry, ii. 628 d ; A. cotting, i. 175 c; Empirical char. of, W. S. H. MULLER on, ii. 827 d; and Multiplication JEVONS on, iii. 296 d ; Factory Acts, i. 278 of Services, W. S. JEVONS and R. WHATELY cd, ii. 5 cd, 400 d, 524 d, iii. 296 c, 297 alJ ; on, ii. 828 b ; Sir W. PETTY on, iii. 101 b ; H. FAWCETT on, iii. 297 b; and econ. concep· PLATO on, iii. 114 b ; appl. to Poor relief, i. tion of Freedom, \ii. 296 ae ; Gilds, ii. 709 c, 266 d ; and Productivity, i. 609 b ; A. SMITH iii. 297 d ; attitude of Laissez faire Sch., iii. on, i. 409 b, 609 ab, iii. 413 b; and Subsidiary 296 be; W. ROSCHER on, iii. 297 b, 298 a ; Shop industries, i. 609 a ; and Warehousing Hours Acts, ii. 334 a, iii. 297 c ; Strikes, iii. 297 syst., iii. 657 d.-Efficiency of Labour, d, 298 a; Trades Unions, ii. 536 d, 537 a, iii. effects of Certainty on, i. 251 c.-Elements 297 d.-Right to Labour, J. J. L. BLANc's in : Diligence, i. 685 ab ; Physical vigour, i. Ateliers Nationaux, i. 66 a, iii. 312 a; P. 682 d-684 a ; Skill, i. 684 a-685 a.-Labour F. BONCERF on, i. 163 b; C. FOURIER on, iii. LABOURER INDEX LAND 727

311 d, 312 a ; compd. with Physiocrats' droit ii. 537 d ; laws on Town life, ii. 537 b.• de travailler, iii. 51 a, 311 d ; and Socialism, Laissez Faire Sch., i. 735 b ; confused art and iii. 312 be, 432 c; assistance of Unemployed, sci. of P.E., iii. 296 b, 367 a ; attitude to iii. 312 be.-Labour, Skilled, dist. fr. Restrns. on Labour, iii. 296 be ; compd. with Capital, ii. 515 c, 527 be ; as Fixed capital, Socialists of the Chair, iii. 438 a. A. SMITH on, ii. 5 27 b ; Increase ot; and LALoR, J. : on influx of Gold, 1852, ii. 541 a ; industrial development, ii. 527 c, 528 d ; effect Laissez faire, ii. 541 b. of Machinery, ii. 527 d-528 c; and Unskilled, Land : as Agent of Prodn., i. 21 be, iii. 213 d, ii. 526 d, 527 a.-Labour Statutes, Medvl., 214 a; Bocland, i. 35 d, 160 d, ii. 94 d, 300 d, ii. 529 abed ; Mod., ii. 531 abc ; under Tudors, 509 b ; Copyhold, Enfranchisement of, i. ii. 240 d, 241 a, 530 abed, 591 b.-Labour 422 b, 717 b; Distr. of, W. BELL on, i. 129 be; as measure of Value, T. R. MALTHUS on, i. Eminent Domain, ii.. 545 c ; Entail, i. 738 b, 562 c, ii. 67 4 b ; and scientific Socialism, iii. ii. 49 a, 546 a ; and F's, the three, ii. 1 a; 432 d.-Labour as source of Wealth, Sir T. and Fair Rents, ii. 1 d, 12 b ; and Feudalism, MoRE in Utopia on, ii. 818 a ; Sir W. PETTY i. 738 b, ii. 543 b,. 545 d ; Folkland, i. 35 b, on, ii. 818 a, iii. 100 b ; A. SMITH on, iii. 145 160 d, ii. 94 d, 509 b; Fr. syst. of inher., b, 377 d, 413 b. objections to, ii. 815 c; as basis of Gov., J. Labourer : condition of, 18th centy., R. CANTILLON HARRINGTON's Oceana, ii. 290 c; Irish, and on, i. 215 ~.-Labourer, legal rel. to Employer, Griffith's valuation, ii. 263 b ; econ. Impor• i. 706 d, ii. 523 b-524 c, 538 a; Statutes de• tance of, ii. 545 b ; Life tenant, present position fining, ii. 524 c-525 b.-Labourer, Medvl., and of, i. 739 be, 755 a ; Mobilisation of land, H. Allotment, i. 32 c; and Canon Law, i. 212 b. FONFREDE on, ii. 95 a ; public loans on LACROIX, E. de : on Free Trade, ii. 532 a ; on security of, Mortgage Banks, ii. 823 ab ; Taxation, ii. 531 d. small quant. of let out as substitute for Poor Laissez Faire: R. L. de V. de P. d' ARGENSON on, relief, i. 755 b; Public, U.S.A., origin and i. 52 d, ii. 339 a, 534 d; W. BAGEHOT on, ii. 536 disposal of, ii. 553 c ; conveyance of, Release. C; F. BASTIAT on, ii, 289 a; J. BENTHAM on, i, iii. 280 a ; most satisfactory source of Revenue, 133 b, ii. 535 ed; P. BOISGUILLEBERT on, ii. ii. 67 c ; and Sale, free, ii. 2 be ; Sale of, 534 C ; F. BOWEN on, ii, 539 cd ; J. BRIGHT on, Vendor and purchaser, iii. 617 e-618 a; i. 179 b; E. BURKE on, i.195 b; J. E. CAIRNES Servitudes and Easements, i. 668 c, ii. 546 be, on, i. 194 c, ii. 536 b, 537 a; H. C. CAREY on, iii. 384 d ; Settlement, i. 739 a, iii. 386 d ; ii, 539 c; T. CARLYLE on, i, 227 d; C. B. di H. F. K. vom STEIN and sale of, iii. 473 c ; CAVOUR on, i. 237 d; R. COBDEN on, i. 316 b; Tenant right in, iii. 529 c ; Tenement, iii. and Consumption, i. 394 d, 395 a ; and 529 d ; Transference of rights in, ii. 546 d, Doctrinaire, i. 623 c, iii. 146 a; E. Duc• 547 a.-Land syst. in Amern. Colonies, PETIAux on, i. 645 b ; P. S. DUPONT on, i, rights of Indians, ii. 557 d ; New Eng., small 653 · c ; in Ephemerides, ii. 534 d; and freeholds and village communities, ii. Evolution, H. Spencer on, i. 482 a ; B. 559 abc ; Quit rent, ii. 557 c ; tenure by FRANKLIN on, ii. 129 d ; and Free Trade Socage, ii. 556 d; Sub-grants, ii. 557 a; movement, ii. 535 d; J. C. M. V. de GOURNAY Virginia, large holdings, ii. 558 bed, 626 c.• on, ii. 155 c, 236 a, 534 b, iii. 105 a ; period, Land Banks: Advantages, i. 107 d, ii. 823 d; 19th centy., and Gov. RefZU].n. of Industry, J. AsGILL'S scheme, i. 179 c, ii. 564 d; Austro• ii. 242 a, 536 ab ; aud Historical Sch., i. Hungary, i. 108 c; rivalry with Bank of Eng., 286 c, iii. 146 c; and Humanism, ii. 339 a; i. 257 ab, ii. 564 b ; N. BARRON's, i. 119 a, W. S. JEVONS on, ii. 536 cd ; J. LALoR on, ii. 120 d, ii. 564 d; assoc. of Borrowers, Ger., i. 641 b ; F. LASSALLE on, ii. 567 d ; F. LE 107 a, ii, 822 cd; J. BRISCOE'S scheme, i. 179 c, GENDRE on, ii. 534 be, 592 a ; T. E. Cliffe ii, 564 c ; H. CHAMBERLEN'S scheme, i. 257 ab, LESLIE on, ii. 536 bd ; and Manchester Sch., ii, 563 d · 564 c ; F. CRADOCKE'S proposal, i. i. 237 d, ii. 679 a, iii. 146 b; B. MANDEVILLE 451 a, iii. 682 a; Credit Foncier, Fr., i. 108 b, on, i. 732 b, ii. 535 ab ; and Mere. Syst., ii. 454 bed, ii. 823 c ; J. GRAY on, 18th .centy., ii. 727 a ; J. S. MILL on, i, 194 C, ii, 762 d ; 257 c; assoc. of Lenders, Ger., i. 108 a, ii. 823 a; Objections to, i. 380 a ; Physiocrats on, ii. F, W. RAIFFEISEN'S syst., iii. 251 cd, 366 a ; 534b-535a, iii.105a,367~; andProtestantism, C. E. RoYER on, iii. 331 d, 332 a ; 17th centy. i. 285 ad ; D. RICARDO on, ii. 535 c ; W. N. schemes, ii. 564 cd ; under State control, Ger., SENIOR on, iii. 379 b ; J. C. L. S. de SISMONDI on, i. 108 d, ii. 822 c- 823 b ; conditions of Success, i. 286 c, iii. 408 d ; A. SMITH on, ii. 339 a, i.107 d.-Land Companies and Colonisation, 535 b ; Span. Sch. on, ii. 120 d, iii. 451 cd ; ii. 544 b ; Financial agencies, ii. 544 c ; and and Strikes, ii. 537 a ; W. T. THORNTON on, Mines, ii. 544 be. - Crown Lands, in ii. 536 c; and legisl. by Trades Unions, ii. Colonies, i. 324 a, 469 c ; Foreshore, i. 536 d, '537 a ; and legisl. on Wages, ii. 536 d. 469 b, ii. 107 ab ; and Forfeiture, i. 469 c, ii. -Laissez Faire in Amer., Early Sch. on, ii. 119 c; in Middle Ages, i. 469 a.-Land, 539 c; New Sch., ii. 539 d-540 b; Orthodox Ecclesiastical, in Middle Ages, protected against Sch., i. 539 ab.-Laissez Faire, Legislative Alienation, i. 282 a ; superior Cultivation of, interference with, in Amer., ii. 540 c; Contract, i. 282 d; subject to Scutage, i. 282 c.• ii. 538 d ;_Education, ii. 538 e; payment of Holdings of Land, Anglo-Saxon syst., ii. 320 wages in Kind, ii. 538 a; Post-office a; 17th centy., G. KINa's estimate, ii. 320 d; monopoly, ii. 538 a; Railways, ii. 538 b; effect of Napoleonic wars, ii. 321 d; Statistics, Rent and Allotment, ii. 538 e ; Shipping laws, ii. 321 ac, 322 ac.-Etfects of Enclosures, 728 LAND INDEX LATIN UNION

16th centy., ii. 320 c ; 18th centy., ii. 321 b. Anglo-Saxon, ii. 532 a ; Liber homo, Anglo• -Large, Advantages of, i, 471 ab, iL 223 a, Saxon, ii. 139 e, 603 a ; Libere tenentes, 402 a; A. SMITH on, iL 322 d; A. YouNG on, Norman, ii. 137 b, 139 d, 603 bed, 685 b, iii. ii. 322 d.--8mall, in Fr., Arguments for, ii. 383 b, 439 c, 624 b ; Manuoperationes, ii. 815 d, 816 a; Statistics of, ii. 815 abc.-Land 689 d, iii. 36 b ; Metayage, ii. 1 d, 28 a, 186 Legisl., Irish, causes of Agrarian trouble, ii. d, 504 d, 738 a, 759 d; Molmen, i. 685 b, 54 7 d- 548 c ; Encumbered Estates Acts, ii. 782 d, iii. 439 d ; Operarius, iii. 36 b ; Para• 548 d, 549 a ; W. N. HANCOCK on, ii. 278 d ; gium, iii. 59 d; Precariae, i. 25 b, ii. 684 c, conversion of Tenant into Proprietor, i. 179 b, iii. 287 a, 383 a, 625 a ; statute Quia Emp• ii 549 d- 550 b, iii. 529 d. -Suggestions for tores, i. 544 b, ii. 138 b, 330 b, 511 b, iii. 248 Reform: Compensation, ii. 547 b ; F's, the abc, 484 c; Quit Rent, ii. 557 e, iii. 248 d ; three, ii. 547 be, 549 be; Land, Nationalisa• Radmanni, iii. 250 a, 439 c ; Recovery, iii. tion of, ii. 54 7 c ; multiplication of Proprietors, 272 ab, 322 a ; Celtic Rundale, ii. 818 a, iii. ii. 547 bc.-Land, Nationalisation of, and 333 cd; Sasine, Sc. law., iii. 353 a-354 a; Compensation, i. 376 c, ii. 547 c, 551 d, 552 Scythe penny, iii. 370 b; Seisin, iii. 374 e; a ; P. E. DovE on, i. 636 a ; T. EvANS on, i. Serfdom, ii. 28 b, iii. 380 b ; Serjeanty, petit, 7 57 a ; and Fixity of tenure, ii.' 552 be ; H. ii. 138 c, iii. 380 q, ; Socage, ii. 138 ab, 543 b, George's proposal, ii. 543 d, 553 ab, iii. 106 c, iii. 280 c, 426 d, 427 a, 439 c ; Socmen, iii. 222 c; and Increment, the unearned, as subject 439 cd, 625 b ; Soke, ii. 684 b, iii. 443 d ; fortaxation,ii. 382 d, 550 d- 551b; J. S. MILL's Sokemannemot, iii. 443 d, 444 a ; Steelbow proposal, ii. 383 b, 551 e, 763 b ; Results of, tenants, iii. 471 c ; Subinfeudation, ii. 138 ii. 552 d ; and D. RICARDO's doctrine of Rent, b, 511 b, iii. 248 a, 484 e ; Tenant syst., ii. 28 ii. 551 a ; T. SPENCE on, i. 736 a, iii. 453 e ; M. be, 561 d, 563 cd, iii. 529 bed ; Testa deNevill, E. L. W ALRAS on, iii. 654 a.- Land, Owner• iii. 531 d, 625 b ; Udal, iii. 597 b ; Ulster ship or Property in, Absolute, Roman law of, tenant-right, iii. 597 d-598 c; Vavasseur, ii. 543 a ; Colonial lands, i. 324 a ; Common, iii. 614 be; Villanus, Villein, or Yardling, ii. 542 d, 543 a ; and Communism, T. SPENCE i. 25 a, 28 c, 544 be, ii. 1 c, 139 d, 559 e, 602 on, iii. 453 e ; Divided, ii. 2 cd ; in Eng. law, i. d, 603 bed, 685 a, 709 be, 842 a, iii. 85 cd, 287 754 d; Equality of, PLATO on, iii. 115 b; a, 383 a, 439 cd, 534 d, 538 c, 624 b- 626 a, Private, and single tax, iii. 404 be ; Re• 629 c, 681 b; Virgate or Yardland, i. 25 a, mainder, iii. 281 a.-Land, and Peasant ii. 52 d, 58 b, 685 a, iii. 439 c, 538 c, 625 a, proprietors, ii. 424 c, 549 d, iii. 83 b-85 a, 629 c; Week-work, i. 25 b, ii. 58 a, 139 d, 303 a, 411 c, 473 e; and division in Fr., 188 c, 684 c, iii. 287 a, 383 a, 439 c, 662 be ; Morcellement, ii. 814 d.-Land Registra• Zemindar, Bengal, ii. 251 a, iii. 689 d-690 b. tion, i. 199 d, 200 a, ii. 547 a, iii. 354 a, 681 -Land-tenures, in Roman law, Emphy• d; Acts of 1862 and 1875, reasons for failure, teusis, i. 703 c, ii. 1 b, 546 b, 563 b; under ii. 555 be ; Enrolments, statute of, ii. 554 d ; Empire, N. D. FusTEL DE CoULANGRS on, ii. in Fr., ii. 554 e ; and multiplication of Pro• 170 b ; Precarium and locatio, i. 130 a, prietors, ii. 556 b ; importance to land Transfer, ii. 28 a, iii. 181 b; Vectigales agri, iii. 614 ii. 543 d, 554 b ; land Transfer by, Sir R. c.-Land as basis of Wealth, C. HALL on, TORRENS' Act, ii. 554 d, iii. 550 d, 551 a ; A. ii. 275 c; C.-J. HERBERT on, ii. 299 e; national, YARRANTON on, iiL 681 d.- Land Tax, S. ScROFANI on, iii. 369 b. Apportioned and rated, iii. 520 d; Eng., 1692- Landlord : Agricultural, position of, i. 27 a, 690 d. 1797, ii. 560 b; Incidence of, ii. 561 e; NICOLAI -Landlord and tenant, Compensation for on, in papal states, iii. 21 a ; W. OGILVIE on, improvements, i. 376 a, ii. 563 be ; Fixtures, iii. 34 d ; W. PrTr's plan for redemption of, ii. ii. 89 a; in Ind., ii. 563 c ; duration of Lease, 560 d.-Land Tenures, Alod, i. 35 bd, iL ii. 563 a, 586 d, iii. 529 b ; Rent, i. 7 42 c, ii. 52 b, 304 c, 557 d; Bede, i. 128 d; Benefice, 562 b-563 a, iii. 284 b; rei. in U.K., ii. 561 d, i. 130 a ; Cens, Fr., 18th centy., i. 237 d ; 562 a. Copyhold, i. 422 b, 544 b, 717 b, ii. 28 b, 543 LANGE, F. A. : student of J. S. MILL, iL 565 c; on b, 546 a, iii. 625 c ; Cornage, i. 426 d ; Socialism, ii. 565 b. Cottiers, i. 439 be, ii. 139 d ; Day work, i. LANGENSTEIN, H. of, on medvl. doctrine of status 485 d ; Land, Domaine congeable, Brittany, and J ustum Pretium : ii. 500 c, 565 d. ii. 544 d ; Drengage, i. 641 a ; Extraneus, i. LASSALLE, F. : on Abstinence theory of profit, 798 d; Fealty, ii. 43 ab ; Fee Simple, ii. 48 ii. 427 d, 568 b ; "Iron law" of wages, i. d, 557 c ; Fee Tail, ii. 48 d; Feod, ii. 52 b ; 337 d, ii. 204 b, 567 d, 568 a, iii. 432 d; Feudal, char. and advantages, i. 53 b, ii. 54 e; Laissez faire, iL 567 d ; compd. with K. Fixity of, iL 1 b, 547 b, 552 be ; Frankalmoign, MARX, ii. 568 e ; on Minimum of subsistence, i. 282 c, ii. 129 b, 138 d, 825 a ; Freehold, ii. ii. 769 d; conn. with K. J. RODBERTUS, iii. 137 b; N.D. FUSTEL DR COULANGES on feudal, 318 a ; and scientific Socialism, ii. 419 c, iii. ii. 171 be; Gebur and cotsetla, Anglo-Saxon, 432 d, 433 b. ii. 188 e, 684 c, iii. 624 e ; R. GLANVlLL, De LATIMER, H., on 16th centy. econ. : ii. 570 a. LegiJJus, ii. 216 a, iii. 248 a, 270 c; Grand Latin Union: and Bimetallism, i. 36 a, 146 d, sergeantry, ii. 138 a ; Guard Rents, ii. 269 a ; 147 c, 149 a, ii. 573 d; and Decimal syst., i. Heriot, i. 422 b, ii. 301 a, iii. 280 b ; Knight• 515 d; and Gold, discoveries of, ii. 570 c; and hood, distraint of; ii. 508 c ; Knight's Fee, International coinage, Monetary Confe• ii. 508 d- 510 a; Knight's Service, or rence of Paris, 1867, ii. 440 d, 783 d; Objects Chivalry, ii. 137 d, 508 d-512 a; Laenland, and basis, ii. 570 be; and restrns. on coinage LAUDERDALE INDEX LIFE 729

of Silver, 1874, i. 147 b, ii. 571 d; Treaty of 278 d; of Supply, i. 438 c, ii. 473 be, 584 b' 1865, i. 35 c, ii. 570 d ; Treaty of 1878, ii. iii. 279 a; statements of Tendency, i. 676

Limitation, prescriptions of, Eng. law: ii. ii. 634 ab ; Irish Industry, ii. 633 b, 636 d ; 566 cd, 608 a. Int., Rate of, ii. 632 c, 635 a; Int. and Usury, LIPS, A., on improvement of Agriculture: ii. ii. 433 a ; Intrinsic Value, ii. 456 b ; Labour 609 b. as basis of Property, and Natural right, ii. Liquor laws : Colonies, ii. 611 b, 612 abc ; 634 c, iii. 55 b, 231 d ; and Mere. Syst. i. Eng., ii. 611 b • 612 a ; Ind., ii. 612 b ; and 728 b, 729 a, ii. 634 d, 636 d ; on silver Local Option, ii. 628 abc ; U.S.A., ii. 611 b, Monometallism, i. 146 d, ii. 635 d· 636 c, 612 c. iii. 205 a ; Quant. theory of Money, ii. LIST, F. : and idea of Evolution, ii. 310 d, 635 d, iii. 144 c; Rapidity of eire. of Money, 613 cd ; on Free Trade, ii. 203 a, 613 cd ; ii. 635 b, iii. 261 b; Rent, ii. 635 c; Silver, National syst. of P.E., ii. 203 a, 613 bed, coinage of, i. 729 a, 731 c, ii. 633 a, 646 d, iii. iii. 234 c ; Protn., i. 171 b, ii. 203 a, 613 cd, 395 b ; Social Contract, ii. 633 d, iii. 427 c, iii. 234 cd, 277 a ; Skill as capital, i. 220 b ; 428 a; Value in use and exchange, i. 762 d. and the Zollverein, ii. 202 d, 613 a. Logic and P.E.: J. E. CAIRNEs, i. 202 a, 525 c ; Literary meth. of Classical economists, compd. W. S. JEVONS, ii. 475 d, 476 a, 637 C· 638 b; with Mathematical: ii. 712 a. J. S. MILL, ii. 637 d-638 b; R. WHATELY, LIVERPOOL, Charles, 1st Earl of: Goins of the ii. 637 c. Realm, ii. 262 d, 263 a, 615 d, 795 c; on Income Logismography: i. 165 d-167 d. taxof1798,ii.615 d; on Neutral trade,ii. 615d. Lombards : medvl. Bankers, hist. of, i. 342 c, LIVERPOOL, Robert, 2nd Earl of: on Corn Laws, ii. 142 cd, 481 b, 638 d · 639 c, iii. 462 a; ii. 617 a; estab. Gold stan., 1816, ii. 221 d, evasion of Usury laws, ii. 638 d, 639 a. 616 d, 800 c; and Panic of 1825, ii. 617 a; London Co. (Virginia Co.): iii. 119 a, 630 b. limited Silver coins to tokens, ii. 616 d; London: City of, Corporation, Election, ii. 751 c; and W. PITT's Sinking Fund, ii. 616 b. Powers, ii. 751 d, 752 a.-London, adminis• Livery: of Gilds, craft, i. 372 a, ii. 614 d; trative County of, County Council, Education of baronial Retainers, ii. 614 c. and Sanitation, ii. 752 cd; Election, ii. 752 a; Living Wage: and Comfort, stan. of, ii. 617 c ; Jurisdiction, ii. 7 52 be ; Lieutenancy, ii. 7 52 Impossibility of guaranteeing, ii. 617 be. d ; Rates, ii. 752 b. Lloyd's, and Underwriting business: ii. 410 ab, LONGFIELD, M. : on Distr. of wealth, ii. 640 b ; 619 d, iii. 598 d. Poor law, ii. 640 c. Loan : Benevolences and subsidies, i. 130 d, ii. Lotteries: Class or Dutch syst., ii. 641 c· 642 a; 620 d, iii. 484 d; on Bottomry, i. 169 d-170 d, econ. Disadv. of, ii. 642 b ; in Eng., hist. of, ii. 409 d, 430 d, iii. 293 d-Loans, Forced, ii. 643 b . 644 c ; Interest syst., ii. 642 a ; under early Eng. kings, ii. 620 c; Mutuum in Number syst., ii. 640 d • 641 b ; Private, ii. Roman law, ii. 620 a, 843 c ; loan, canonist 642 d, 643 a ; Profit of state, ii. 642 c. de f. o:t; and doctr. of Usury, ii. 620 ab,• Lorz, J. F. E. : on Free Trade, ii. 645 b ; crit. Loans, Public, Conversion of, ii. 621 d ; Ex• of A. SMITH, ii. 645 a; on Unproductiveness ternal, meth. of raising, ii. 621 a ; Internal, of capital, ii. 645 b. meth. of raising, ii. 621 a ; form of documents LowE, J.: on S. GRAY's theory of Population, of Ownership, ii. 622 a ; issue above or under ii. 646 b ; Tabular stan., ii. 646 b, iii. 509 Par, ii. 622 b ; and Terminable Annuities, bd ; W. Ind. colonies, ii. 646 b. i. 42 b, iii. 530 b; Underwriting, ii. 622 b. LOWNDES, W., on amendment of Silver coinage, Local : Local Adininistration, Areas, i. 12 ab ; 1695 : i. 729 a, 731 c, ii. 646 cd, iii. 144 c. and Betterment, i. 136 cd, ii. 547 d; rel. to Luck : and Co-operation, ii. 648 d ; and posi· Central, i. 10 d, 13 ab, ii. 625 b ; A. SMITH on, tion of Entrepreneur, ii. 648 b ; and Insu· i 156 d.-Local Authorities, By-law and ranee, ii. 648 d.-Luck or Conjunctur, and legislative powers, i. 196 d ; Const. and Rent, ii. 648 b, iii. 285 d ; Socialist view, i. functions, i. 12 bed ; powers in Poor relief, i. 388 a ; infl. on Speculation, i. 387 d ; and 251 b.-Local Finance, Prine., i. 62 b, ii. Value, ii. 648 c. 625 b ; Rate, i. 444 cd, ii. 622 d, 623 a, iii. Lucrum Cessans : Canon Law based on 262 c; Statistics of, Brit., 1892-3, ii. 622 c- Roman Law, i. 479 c, ii. 431 a, 620 ab, 649 624 a.-Local Gov., Abuses of, ii. 625 b; a; dist. fr. Damnum Emergens, i. 49 b, 479 Count;r. Borough, powers, i. 443 d ; County C, ii. 648 d, 649 a ; A, MERENDA on, ii. 735 d ; Council, powers, i. 444 ab ; Econ. char. of and Mora, ii. 431 a, 724 c. work, ii. 625 a; Functions of, i. 12 d, 296 be, Li:iDER, A. F. : on free Competition, ii. 201 d, ii. 624 be ; in Middle Ages, i. 11 c ; Parish 649 c ; Statistics, ii. 649 c. and Act of 1894, iii. 62 d-63 b, 554 b; Prine. Lunacy : Detention and treatment of lunatics, of, i. 250 d, ii. 624 d- 625 c ; Syst. of, i. 12 be, ii. 651 ab; Establishments and authorities, ii. ii. 345 a, iii. 554 b.-Local Gov. in U.S.A., 650 b ; Property of lunatics, i. 588 be, ii County Syst., Virginia, ii. 626 cd ; Town syst., 651 be. New Eng., ii. 625 d-626 b, iii. 555 be; Town• LuPo, G. : on Justum pretium, ii. 652 a ; ship county syst., Central and N.W. states, ii. Usury, ii. 651 d. 627 ab, iii. 554 d-555 c.-Local Option, and LuTHEE, M.: on Int. and Usury, ii. 432 be, Gothenburg syst., ii. 628 a ; and Liquor 653 b ; Peasants' War, ii. 653 b ; Poor relief, laws, ii. 628 abc. ii. 653 b. Lock-out compd. with Strikes : ii. 631 ab. Luxury: D. DIDEROT on, i. 578 cd; D. HUME LocKE, J. : on Distance in time, i. 592 c ; on, ii. 341 d, 653 d, 654 cd ; effects of Invest• Fashion in consumption, ii. 36 c ; Gov., ment, ii. 654 be; R. JENNINGS on, ii. 474 a; MABLY INDEX MARK SYSTEM 731

J. R. M'CULLOCH on, ii. 653 d j B. MANDEVILLE 242 C, 734 a, ii. 671 a, iii. 344 b j F. BASTIAT on, ii. 341 d, 654 a, 682 c, iii. 528 c ; J. on, ii. 288 d ; Darwinism and natural selec• M.!UVILLON on, ii. 716 c; J. S. MILL on, ii. tion, i. 481 d, ii. 536 a, iii. 166 be; Deductions 653 d, 654 b; W. PALEY on, iii. 55 d; A. from, iii. 165 ab; and Dutch Sch., i. 658 b; s~nTH on, ii. 653 c, 654 a ; and Sumptuary opposed by A. H. EVERETT, i. 757 b, iii. 165 laws, iii. 487 aJJ j J. VANDERLINT on, iii. 611 a. d; and Geometrical ratio, i. 57 b, ii. 195 d, MARLY, G. B. de: on future of Amer., ii. 656 b; 668 d, iii. 164 c j W. GODWIN on, ii. 218 b j Communism, i. 363 b, ii. 656 a ; landed crit. by T. JARROLD, ii. 472 c; Objections to Property, ii. 655 d. argument, ii. 671 a ; P.E. and Ethics, iii. M'CuLLOCH, J. R. : on Absentee, i. 3 c, 623 d, 145 c ; G. von RU:r.t:ELIN on, iii. 333 b ; and 624 a, ii. 657 b ; Direct Taxation, i. 586 d ; Socialism, iii. 168 c ; and U.S.A., iii. 165 cd. Exports, duties on, i. 795 c ; Indirect MALYNES, G. de : on exportation of Bullion, i. 723 Taxation, i. 396 a; Labour, ii. 515 be, 516 c, ii. 677 d ; on declJ3 of Trade, i. 723 b, ii. a; Luxury, ii. 653 d; National Debt, i. 677 d. 507 d, ii. 657 a ; P.E., practical aim of, iii. Manchester Sch.: Anti-Corn-Law League, 137 c, 367 a; Productive Labour, ii. 653 d, ii. 678 d ; on Colonies, ii. 679 c ; on Factory iii. 210 b, 217 c, 218 b; Profit, iii. 223 a; Acts, ii. 679 d, iii. 296 b; and Free Trade, D. RICARD3, i. 734 c, iii. 305 b ; Stationary A. SMITH's doctrine of, ii. 678 b; crit. of by state, iii. 466 d ; incidence of Tithes, iii. Ger. Historical Sch., ii. 298 b, 680 a; Infl. 545 d. . of, i. 317 a, ii. 680 cd ; Laissez faire applica• Machinery : effect on Labour, skilled, i. 684 d, tion of P.E., i. 237 d, ii. 679 a, iii. 146 b, 296 ii. 527 d-528 c ; and Luddites, ii. 649 a ; b ; Practical char. of, ii. 680 b ; on War, i. 317 compd. with Tool, iii. 549 b.-Machinery, a, ii. 679 b. Econ. functions of, i. 694 a ; C. BABBAGE on, MANCINI, C. : on Money, ii. 681 a ; Taxation, ii. i. 76 c-77 a j J. BENTHAM on, i. 132 b j W. 681 a. COBBETT on, i. 315 d. MANDEVILLE, B. : on Laissez faire, i. 732 b, ii. MADISON, J., one of the authors of the Federalist: 535 ab ; Luxury, ii. 341 d, 654 a, 682 c, iii. ii. 661 d. 528 c; "Private vices public benefits," i. 732 Magna Carta: Amercements and Waynage, b, ii. 654 b, 682 be ; Society, ii. 682 d. i. 37 c, iii. 660 b; Feudal incidents, ii. 511 aed, MANGOLDT, H. K. E. von : on Earnings of ma• 700 d, iii. 280 d ; Foreign traders, protn. of, nagement, ii. 683 b, iii. 285 cd ; Interna• i. 341 d, 354 b, ii. 106 b, 731 c, iii. 461 b, tional Value, ii. 452 a ; Sci., econ., ii. 683 b. 560 a; Forests, ii. 112 c, 180 a; Sheriff, Manor: Amercements, i. 37 c; Court rolls, iii. 392 c; Taxation, ii. 384 b, 510 d, 511 cd, manorial accounts and extents, i. 447 b- iii. 242 a. 448 b ; Decline of, self-sufficing supplanted by MAIZIERES, P. de : on Monts de Piete, ii. 663 profit-gaining economy, ii. 686 c ; N. D. FUSTEL cd; Usury, ii. 663 c. DE COULANGES on, ii.170 b-171 a, 695 b, iii. 622 d, MALON, B., on scientific Socia.lism: ii. 159 cd, 623 a; Reeve, i. 24 d, iii. 273 be; F. Seebohm 667 ab, iii. 433 ab, 434 c. on, i. 25 d, 359 be, ii. 58 b ; conn. with Tribe, i. MALTHUS, T. R. : and Arithl. ratio, i. 57 b, ii. 26 b, ii. 684 a.-Manor as Econ. unit, Anglo• 195 d, 668 d, iii. 164 c; C. B. BECCARIA's Saxon period, i. 25 d, ii. 684 bed ; effects of anticipation of, i.127 d; on Bullion committee, Enclosures, ii. 686 d, 687 a; after Norman ii. 674 cd; and F. J. de CHASTELLUX, i. 273 b j Conquest, i. 25 ab, 28 b, ii. 685 ab ; effects of and Checks on Population, i. 273 be, ii. commutation of Rent, labour, ii. 54 d, 685 d- 668 d- 669 b, 670 b, iii. 164 d, 167 c; argument 686 c.-Manor as Seignorial unit, Anglo• against Communism, i. 367 a ; crit. of M. C. Saxon period, ii. 684 be ; after Norman Con• de CONDORCET, ii. 669 b j on Definitions, i. quest, ii. 685 a, iii. 62 b ; effects of absorption 534 c ; on law of Dimin. returns, i. 585 b, of jurisdiction by Royal courts, ii. 687 be. ii. 672 be ; on Egoism, i. 686 cd ; P. EsTERNO Manufacture: C. BABBAGE on, i. 76 b, 77 a, ii. a follower of, i. 755 c; A. FoNTEYRAUD trans• 689 ab, iii. 292 b j Sir F. BREWSTER on, i. 178 d j lated Definitions into Fr., ii. 95 c ; infl. in Ger. Hist. of word, ii. 688 d ; effects of Industrial re• compd. with Fr., ii. 205 c ; crit. of W. GoDWIN, volution, ii. 400 ab ; K. MARX on organisation . ii. 217 d, 669 c; use of Hypothesis, explanatory, of, ii. 689 b; A. YARRANTON on, iii. 682 d. ii. 350 b ; on law of Increasing returns, ii. 381 Margin: Austrian Sch. on, ii. 692 a; of Con• d; on Labour as measure of value, i. 562 c, sumption, ii. 691 d ; W. S. JEvoNs on final ii. 674 b; on Mathematical Meth., ii. 711 c; utility, ii. 691 d ; or Maximum satisfaction, on Minimum of subsistence, ii. 769 c; on ii. 691 d, 717 a.-Margin of Prodn., marginal Peasant proprietors, iii. 84 b; on Poor law, Disutility of labour, i. 597 c, ii. 691 b ; ii. 669 a, 670 d, 675 a- 676 a; on Prices, ii. margin of Investment of capital, ii. 691 c; 675 c; on Profit, ii. 673 d, iii. 223 a, 377 d; of letting Land by Landlord, ii. 691 c.-Of on Rent, i. 734 b, ii. 671 d, iii. 145 c; points outlay of Entrepreneur: margin of Cultivation, of diff. fr. Sch. of D. RICARDO, ii. 673 d-67 4 b ; ii. 691 d ; marginal "Dose" of capital, ii. 691 on Value in use and exchange, i. 763 b, ii. c ; marginal '' Shepherd,'' ii. 691 c. 673 d; on Wages fund, ii. 673 c, 769 c, iii. Mark syst.: theory of voluntary assoc. of Free• 636 d, 637 bd; on Wages, opposition to D. men, Kemble and Von Maurer, i. 25 d, 359 a; RICARDO, ii. 673 be j and R. WALLACE, ii. 669 ii. 684 a, 694 a; and Jus naturale, ii. 693 d; b, iii. 651 b j J. WEYLAND'S crit. of, iii. 663 d. E. de LAVELEYE on, ii. 694 d ; Mixed theory, -MALTHUB, T. R., doctrine of Population, i. Vinogradotf, Round, Glasson, Flach, ii. 684 a, 732 MARKETS INDEX MERCHANT ADVENTURERS' CO.

695 b, iii. 623 be ; theory of Roman Villa, N. 0RTES, iii. 44 be; G. PEACOCK, iii. 82 d; Pro• D. FUSTEL DE COULANGES and F. Seebohm, i. babilities, calculus of, iii. 208 ab; Scope of, 25 d, 26 a, 359 b, ii. 170 d, 684 a, 695 b, iii. iii. 137 a; G. SILIO, iii. 395 a; calculus of 622 d, 623 a; Ind. Village communities, Sir Variations, ii. 711 b ; A. A. W ALRAB, iii. 652 H. Maine's view, i. 24 a, 359 a, ii. 694 d. d ; M. E. L. W ALRAB, i. 543 d, iii. 653 be j ;Markets: dist. fr. Fairs, ii. 13 b • 14 a, 696 a ; Weighted observations, iii. 662 cd. rei. to Gilds Merchant, ii. 15 b, 210 e, 696 c, Maundy, Royal, hist. of: ii. 714 bed. iii. 461 a ; Medvl. functions of, ii. 695 d, 696 a ; MAURICE, J. F. D.: on Christian Socialism, i. Med vl. syst., ii. 15 b, 696 cd ; Mod. syst., ii. 280 ab, 735 a, ii. 507 b, 715 ab ; Competition, 16 a; Market Overt, rule of, ii. 696 d, 697 c; i. 280 b ; Co-operation, i. 280 b, ii. 715 ac ; organised by writ of Quo Warranto, ii. 15 c, Property and communism, ii. 715 be. 696 b ; Market on Stk. Ex., ii. 697 a ; and MAUVILLON, J. : on Luxury, ii. 716 c j on statutes of Westminster (the first) and Win- Physiocrats, ii. 200 b, 716 be. chester, ii. 696 c. • Maximum satisfaction or Margin: ii. 691 d, Marque, Letters of: and Decl. of Paris, ii. 717 a. 700 b ; Hist. of, ii. 699 d, 700 a. Measures, medvl. linear and area: ii. 719 ab. Marriage : and Domicil, i. 631 d, ii. 447 cd ; MEEB, W. C. : on Bimetallism, i. 657 d, ii. 724 Marriage, Feudal syst., ii. 511 a, 700 ed; ab ; follower of D. RICARDO in abstract Primitive, J. F. M'LENNAN on, ii. 660 c; meth., i. 657 c. Marriage Settlement, law of, ii. 702 a.- MELANCHTHON, P., on Int. and Usury: ii. 724 c. Marriage-Rate : compd. with Death-rate, ii. Mercantile Agent, or Factor : i. 346 d, ii. 4 ab. 701 d, 702 a ; and Population, ii. 701 b ; Mercantile or Commercial Law: Code Na- causes of Variation, ii. 701 be. poleon, i. 347 b; Eng., i. 346 d; Fr., i. 318 ab; MARSHALL, W., on Agriculture : i. 24 a, ii. Problems affecting, i. 300 a. 702 d. Mercantile Syst., or Commercial Syst. : Ba• MARTINEAU, Harriet, on P. E.: ii. 703 be. lance of Trade, i. 84 d, 352 c, 724 c, ii. 727 c ; MARX, K. : on Development of society, ii. 705 undermined by development of Banking, i. d j infi. of T. HODGSKIN on, ii. 317 b j on 729 a; D. BLACK, i. 151 C j J. BORNITZ, i. 168 Industry, capitalist syst. of, ii. 705 abc ; and c; Bounties and Drawbacks, i. 353 ab ; old International Working Men's Assoc., ii. Colonial syst., i. 353 c ; Colonial trade, i. 350 452 d, 704 d ; on Labour as source of value, d, 353 c ; Commercial treaties, i. 353 b, 354 i. 763 cd, ii. 705 a; compd. with F. LASSALLE, b; C. DAVENANT, i. 87 d, 483 d, 729 d; G. B. ii. 568 c ; on organisation of Manufacture, ii. DE LucA, i. 539 c ; discouragement of Exports, 689 b j compd. with J. PROUDHON, ii. 157 b, 704 Duties on, i. 795 c ; Fallacies afl'ecting, i. c, iii. 238 b j infi. of K. J. RODBERTUS on, iii. 724 d, ii. 17 be ; and Finances, ii. 62 a ; S. 318 b; and scientific Socialism, i. 735 a, ii. FORTREY, i. 731 a, ii. 121 b, iii. 528 e; J. GEE, 706 a, iii. 432 d; on Surplus Value, ii. 204 a, ii. 188 d; A. GENOVESI, ii. 189 d, 463 a; Hist. iii. 432 d, 536 d, 610 b; on Tool, iii. 54fl b; of, i. 344 b, ii. 127 d -728 c; and Humanism, on Wages, ii. 204 a. ii. 197 a, 338 c; D. HUME on, i. 733 c, ii. MAsSIE, J. : anticipation of D. HUME, ii. 707 b; 341 b; and Imports of raw material and instru• on Int., natural rate of, i. 732 d, ii. 707 b ; on ments, i. 353 d; Sir T. JANSSEN, ii. 472 b; Money, ii. 708 a ; on Poor relief, ii. 707 c ; and Laissez faire, ii. 727 a ; embodied in on commercial Statistics, need of, ii. 708 a ; Legis!., Elizabethan, ii. 591 a ; J. LOCKE, on Taxation, ii. 707 be. i. 728 b, 729 a, ii. 634 d, 636 d ; F. MARTINEZ Master and Servant : Anglo-Saxon slave syst., DE LA MATA, ii. 703 d; J. F. MELON, ii. 724 ii. 709 ab ; policy of Elizabeth, ii. 710 a ; and d ; theory of Money, i. 85 ab, 352 ab, 724 cd ; Factory Acts, ii. 710 a; econ. changes of 14th T. MuN, i. 723 acd, 724 ac, 725 c, 726 c, 727 and 15th centy., ii. 709 cd ; Mod. law of, ii. ad, 729 c, 730 cd, ii. 727 c, 829 a; Naturaliza• 710 b; Norman syst. of serfdom or villeinage, tion of aliens encouraged by, iii. 6 ab, 629 a ; ii. 709 be. Objects of Mere. Syst., i. 352 a, 353 b, 724 a, Master's Associations : ii. 710 c. 725 ac, ii. 727 a ; infl. of scarcity of Precious Mathematical Meth.: G. CEVA on, i. 252 cd; metals, i. 85 ab, iii. 144 a; on Productive theory of Consumer's Rent, ii. 712 b; A. A. Labour, iii. 217 c ; Protn., i. 158 c, 344 d, 3~5 COURNOT, i. 445 b, ii. 156 c, 712 be ; Diagrams, b, ii. 727 be ; com pd. with mod. Protn., iii. 234 i. 57 4 a- 576 b ; Differential calculus, ii. 423 ab ; and Protestantism, i. 285 ad, 286 ab, ii. 197 cd, 711 b ; A. J. E. DUPUIT, i. 654 cd ; Equa• b ; A. SMITH on, i. 351 d · 353 c, 733 d, ii. 727 d, tions, ii. 711 b, 712 a; Functions, ii. 167 d, iii. 415 c, 417 d; compd. with Socialism, ii. 711 a; F. Fuoco, ii. 169 d; H. H. GossEN, ii. 727 b ; J. von SONNENFELS on, iii. 446 c; Span. 231 d- 233 d ; complement of Historical Sch. on, iii. 450 d; Sir J. STEUART, i. 733 d, Meth., iii. 142 d; and Hypothesis, Approxi• iii. 129 a, 475 d; infi. of medvl. Towns, iii. mative, ii. 349 a; and Hypothesis, Illustrative. 553 a ; and progress of Trade, i, 345 c ; G. H. ii. 348 d ; Indirect use of, ii. 711 d ; Integral ZINCKE, iii. 691 a. calculus, ii. 423 b ; A. N. lsNARD, ii. 460 be ; Mercers' Co. : ii. 728 d-729 c ; and Bank of W. S. JEVONS, ii. 476 be, iii. 136 d; Least Eng., ii. 729 b ; and E. Ind. Co., ii. 729 b ; squares, ii. 587 cd; com pd. with Literary or and Merchant Adventurers' Co., ii. 729 a. Classical meth., ii. 712 a ; T. R. MALTHUS on, Merchant Adventurers' Co.: i. 16 c, 329 d, ii. 711 e ; and Monopoly, i. 445 d, ii. 712 be, 343 b, 344 b, 374 cd, 727 a, ii. 146 d, 147 c, 806 b; Negative quant., iii. 14 d, 15 a; G. 436 cd, 729 a, 731 a, iii. 68 b, 275 c, 560 d, MERCHANT TAYLORS' CO. INDEX MILL, J. S. 733

561 a ; and Hanseatic League, i. 17 bed, 343 d ; Comfort, stan. of, i. 338 b ; defence of b, ii. 283 d ; and Staple syst., i. 16 d, 17 a, Communism, i. 367 b, ii. 759 be; on Com• 725 d, iii. 462 bed ; and treaty of Utrecht, petition, i. 378 b, ii. 762 c; compd. with A. 147 4, i. 17 be ; J. WHEELER on, i. 722 d, iii. COMTE, i. 383 ab ; infl. of A. COMTE on, i. 665 a. 382 d, ii. 757 e; on Consumption as motive Merchant Taylors' Co.: ii. 492 d, iii. 524 b-525 a. to prodn., ii. 757 a, 758 be; Cost of Prodn., Merchant or Trading Companies : com pd. with and value, i. 437 ab, ii. 756 be, 760 d; Curr., industrial Gilds, i. 373 d, 429 b, ii. 212 be, i. 472 b; Death Duties, i. 490 cd; Debouches, 699 c ; Hist. of, i. 373 d, 728 a, ii. 436 d ; i. 503 b ; Deductive .Meth., i. 524 d, ii. 7 4 7a ; competition with Interlopers, ii. 436 cd, iii. Deductive Meth., direct and indirect, ii. 638 a; 276 a ; A. MoRELLET on, ii. 819 be ; Regu• on Demand, measure of, J. E. CAmNEs' crit. lated and jnt.-stk., i. 18 b, 722 d, 723 a, ii. of, i. 540 b ; on Depree. of monetary stan., 437 be, iii. 418 d, 561 b. i. 562 a, 563 a ; Diffie. of attainment, i. Merchants : and Bank of Eng., ii. 731 b ; G. D. 580 ab, ii. 760 d; law of Dimin. returns, i. PERI's Negoziante, iii. 94 be ; dist. fr. Trader, 585 d, ii. 759 a ; def. of Direct Taxation, i. iii. 563 b.-Merchants, Alien, medvl., and 586 d ; on Discriminating or Differential Carta Mercatoria of 1303, i. 342 a, ii. 106 c, Duties, i. 592 a ; Distance in time, i. 593 b ; 281 b, 731 d, 732 a, iii. 560 b ; the Hanse, ii. Distr., i. 603 a, ii. 7 59 b ; on Doctrinaire, 279 a, 731 d, 732 c, 733 bd; protected by i. 624 b ; Elasticity of Demand, i. 691 c ; Magna Carta, i. 341 d, 354 b, ii. 106 b, 731 c, Emigration, i. 697 d ; Equalisation of iii. 461 b, 560 a ; Prosperity during Wars of International Demand, i. 748 a; Exchange, the Roses, ii. 732 c ; opposition of chartered i. 759 c, 760 c-761 b; Fair Rents, ii. 12 c ; Towns, ii. 106 b, 731 d; and Trade, foreign, on econ. Fallacies, ii. 17 b ; Free Trade, ii. regulns. of, ii. 106 ab, iii. 559 d, 560 a; Tudor 144 b; Gov., i. 194 c, ii. 762 c; Gross and legis!. against, ii. 732 d, 733 c.-Merchants, net, ii. 264 cd, 758 d; Higgling of market, ii. Eng. Medvl., causes of Development, 14th 305 a ; and Historical Meth., i. 735 a, ii. centy.,. ii. 730 b; royal Financiers in succession 759 d; use of Hypothesis, Approximative, ii. to Italians, ii. 730 c, iii. 462 a ; Functions, ii. 349 c ; use of Hypothesis, Illustrative, ii. 729 d, 730 a ; Merchant Adventurers' Co., 348 e ; on Income tax, ditl'erential, ii. 377 c ; ii. 731 a ; Staple syst., ii. 730 abd, 731 a ; proposal for taxation on Increment, the Sir R. WHITTINGTON, ii. 729 a, iii. 666 cd ; unearned, ii. 383 b, 551 c, 763 b ; on Indirect Wool trade, 14th centy., ii. 730 be. Taxation, ii. 388 abc ; undervalued Inductive Merchants' Petition of 1820 : on Free Trade Meth., ii. 391 b ; on rate of Int. and profit, aud reciprocity, ii. 678 c, 734 b ; on Protn., ii. 434 b ; International Trade, i. 604 a, ii. ii. 734 a ; T. TOOKE, ii. 678 c, 733 d, iii. 548 c. 450 a- 451 a, 761 d; International Value, Metayage : ii. 1 d, 28 a ; and Cottiers, J. S. ii. 348 c, 451 d-452 c, 761 C; W, 8. ,JEVONS' MILL on, ii. 7 59 d ; com pd. with Fermage, ii. crit. of, i. 735 b, ii. 452 c ; on Joint Products, 738 a; A. E. P. GASPARIN on, ii. 186 d; and ii. 485 d ; Kind, payments in, ii. 505 a ; Kind, payments in, ii. 504 d; Moral infl. future of Labouring classes, ii. 762 b ; Laissez claimed for practice, ii. 738 d- 739 b ; and faire, i. 194 c, ii. 762 d; Logic and P. E., ii. Revolution, Fr., iii. 303 ab ; in W. Indies, ii. 637 d-638 b; Luxury, ii. 653 d, 654 b; 739 be. Metayage and Cottiers, ii. 759 d; Minimum Metric syst. : method of Calcul., Fr., ii. 750 be; of Subsistence, ii. 769 d; Monopoly, ii. in Eng., hist. of movement, ii. 749 abed ; in 712 be, 805 d; Nationality, iii. 5 abc; Over• Fr., hist. of, ii. 749 d -751 a; International prodn., iii. 45 c ; Peasant proprietors, ii. convention, 1875, ii. 751 b. 549 d, iii. 84 c, 411 c ; Personal Services, Middleman : and Absentee, i. 3 d ; Co-opera• iii. 96 be ; P. E., ii. 763 c ; Productive tion and reduction in number of, ii. 754 a; S. Labour, i. 358 a, ii. 757 a, 758 d, iii. 210 a, JOHNSON on, ii. 485 a; Necessity of, ii. 754 a; 217 ab, :!18 e- 219 b; Profit, ii. 434 b, 757 a, and Sub-contract, iii. 483 b. 760 b, iii. 223 a, 314 be ; Property, ii. 574 d, Mill: dist. fr. Factory, ii. 754 d; and Factory 759 c; Protn., ii. 762 d, iii. 234 d; Quant. syst., ii. 7 54 cd. theory of Money, ii. 761 ab ; Rapidity of MILL, James: on Debouches, i. 503 b; on eire. of Money, i. 685 e, iii. 261 b ; Rent, ii. Exchange, i. 759 b, ii. 755 b, iii. 213 c; Geo• 760 e ; Residual and waste products, iii. metrical or deductive meth., ii. 637 d, 756 a; 291 d, 292 a ; on D. RICARDO, iii. 305 a ; on on Money as commodity, ii. 755 b; joined art Risk as element of profit, iii. 314 be ; Self• and sci. of P. E., iii. 129 d, 130 a ; on Prodn., int., iii. 375 b; Socialism, ii. 763 a, iii. 437 b: iii. 210 a, 213 c; infl. of D. RICARDO on, iii. double Stan., ii. 761 b ; Statics, social, and 305 a; Stationary state, iii. 466 e; Value, social dynamics, iii. 466 a ; Stationary ii. 755 d; Wages Fund, iii. 637 d, 638 a .. state, ii. 762 b, iii. 466 d; Taxation, i. 15 c, MILL, J. S. : on Absentee, i. 3 be ; Abstract ii. 762 c, iii. 519 a; Taxation, classification of, meth., i. 5 b, 734 d ; Agents of Prodn., iii. 520 b ; Trade, freedom of, ii. 757 a; Un• ~?-crease of, ii. _762 a; A priori meth:~. i. 383 b, productive Consumption, iii. 600 b; Utility. 11. 757 be; attrtude to Art of P. E., m. 130 c; iii. 602 a ; Value, measure of, i. 562 d, ii. on Capital, i. 220 d, ii. 87 d, 758 b, iii. 564 d; 761 ab; Value, in use and exchange, i. 393 d, Capital, law of increase of, ii. 759 a ; Chemical 763c; Wages, ii. 757 a, 760b; Wages Fund, (empirical) meth., Macaulay's, ii. 637 d; Com• theory of, ii. 760 a, 763 a, 769 d, iii. 538 a, bination and wages, i. 336 b, ii. 756 e, iii. 564 564 d, 638 abc; Wealth, ii. 757 ad, iii. 660 be. 734 MINES INDEX MONEY

--J. S. MILL on Labour, Combination of, ii. ii. 786 abed ; A. SOETBEER'B proposal for with• 758 d; law of Increase of (of population), drawal of small gold coins, ii. 786 cd.-Paris, ii. 758 d; Labour, Mobility of, ii. 525 d. 1867, and Five-Franc piece as denominator, Mines, Eng.: Coal, hist. of, ii. 766 a; formerly common. ii. 784 ed ; and Gold as international property of Crown, ii. 765 b ; Labour in, legis!. stan., ii. 440 d, 571 c, 784 bd ; called by on, ii. 6 a, 7 c, 766 ab; transferred to Land· Latin Union and Fr., ii. 783 d.-Paris, 1878, owners, 1688, ii. 765 e ; speculation in, H. G. called on Bimetallism by U.S.A., ii. 785 abc ; MACNAB on, ii. 660 d ; attempts to discover on bimetallic Ratio of Exchange, ii. 785 be ; Precious metals, ii. 765 d, 766 a ; Tin, Court on free coinage of Silver, ii. 785 bc.-Paris, of Stannaries, iii. 459 d-460 d.-Mines and 1881, called on Bimetallism by Fr. and U.S.A., Minerals, Exhaustion o:t; Coal, petroleum, ii. 441 b, 785 d. etc., ii. 767 e; Metals not precious, ii. 767 be; Monetary Syst. : of Charlemagne, i. 499 b, ii. effects on National prosperity, ii. 768 ab ; 617 d, 618 a; Fr. medvl., ii. 618 b; Fr., 16th Ornamental minerals, ii. 767 d, 768 a; Precious centy., H. PouLLAIN on, iii. 177 cd; of Revolu• metals, ii. 766 d, 767 a; a question only of tion, Fr., ii. 619 a. Time, ii. 7 66 ed. Money: Agio or Premium on, i. 22 b, iii. 185 c; Minimum of Subsistence: F. LASSALLE on, ii. ABISTOTLE on, i. 54 d, 765 b, ii. 795 b, iii. 143 e; 769 d ; T. R. MALTHUS on, ii. 769 e ; J. S. and Bank Act of 1844, ii. 795 d; Bank Note MILL on, ii. 769 d ; D. RICARDO on, ii. 769 e; regarded as, ii. 791 ed; N. BARBON on, i. 119 d, A. SMITH en, ii. 769 b; A. R. J. TURGOT on, 121 \a, 728 d ; Barrenness of, and canon law ii. 769 b, iii. 164 a; and Wages Fund, ii. of int., i. 212 b, 720 d ; Bill, in Parlt., ii. 769 b-770 b. 798 d ; Bimetallism and price of, ii. 795 a ; Mint : Assay, i. 60 d ; Betterness, i. 138 d ; P. BOIBGUILLEBERT on, ii. 155 b ; dist. fr. Cash, Billon, i. 146 a; Brassage, i. 176 c, ii. 134 b, i. 230 e ; Circ. of, rei. to econ. phenomena, J. 800 c, iii. 372 e; mint price of Bullion. ii. G. BuscH on, i. 196 a ; of Convention, dangers 774 a; in Colonies, ii. 771 d, 772 a; mint of, ii. 791 d-793 a; Credit and credit instr. par of Exchange, Eur. and Amern. states, excluded fr. category of, ii. 790 c • 791 e; and ii. 773 d ; Gold, and Free coinage of, estab. Curr. doctr., T. TooKE on, ii. 795 c; as stan. 1666, ii. 134 be; Hist. of, ii. 770 d; Journey, of Deferred payments, i. 532 d, ii. 790 c, ii. 491 e; Mintage, free, ii. 774 b; Moneyage, 793 d, 794 a, iii. 509 b ; D. DEFOE on, in iii. 372 e ; functions of Moneyers, ii. 799 a ; Robinson Orusoe, i. 535 e ; as Denominator, Pyx, trial of, iii. 243 e ; Recoinages, hist. ot; common, of value, i. 549 ab. ii. 789 cd, Eng., iii. 270 d • 271 e; Remedy, iii. 281 be ; 793 abed; necessity of Divisibility, i. 608 a ; Remonetisation, iii. 281 ed ; Trial plate, Claude DUPIN on, i. 652 e ; Fixed incomes iii. 580 d ; W orseness, iii. 680 c.-Mint, and variations in value of, ii. 88 d ; W. FLEET• Coinage, charges for, i. 176 c, ii. 134 d, 774 ab; wooD on changes in value of, ii. 89 c ; M. Colonial, ii. 771 e ; Gold, ii. 771 a ; Medals, GARRATI on theory of, ii. 185d j S. de GRAMO.NT etc., ii. 771 d; token Silver and Bronze, ii. on theory of, ii. 250 a ; Gresham's Law, 771 bc.-Mint, Seignorage, Gold, rates o:t; limits to operation, ii. 794 be ; H. GROTIUB on, iii. 373 b; Hist. of, i. 176 e, ii. 134 b, iii. 372 b- i. 656 b ; inconv. paper, A. HAMILTON on, ii. 3.73 a ; source of Profit to Fr. kings, ii. 618 c ; 795 a ; International, medvl. bezant, i. 139 a; Silver seignorage, rates of, iii. 373 e; on token and International trade, A. SElmA on, ii. Silver since 1816, ii. 800 c, iii. 373 d-374 b.• 462 c, 651 d, iii. 381 ab ; Intrinsic value of, Mint, U.S.A., Copper and nickel, ii. 773 a ; F. IsoLA on, ii. 460 c; Iron and Steel used Gold, ii. 772 e ; Silver, ii. 772 ed; Statistics as, ii. 458 a, 788 e; Kacorawns, gold wire of, ii. 773 b. used as, ii. 501 a ; paper, U.S.A., J. J. KNOX Mir: i. 22 d, 39 b, 360 e, 361 a, 413 b, ii. 77 4 ed, on, ii. 512 b, 796 a; based on Land, J. iii. 21 d. AsGILL on, i. 60 c, iii. 108 b ; C. MANCINI MIRABEAU, V. R., Marquis de : on Agriculture, on, ii. 681 a ; J. MASsiE on, ii. 708 a ; ii. 776 abed ; on Dime Royale, ii. 372 e ; as Measure of Value, disadv. of term, i. lead$lr of Economistes, ii. 775 abc ; articles 549 b, ii. 789 e, 793 bed ; Medvl. importance in Ephemerides, i. 744 b, 745 c, ii. 777 e; of, i. 85 a ; Medvl. view of, i. 721 d; as L. de LoM!l:Nm's biography of, ii. 639 d ; on common Medium of Exchange, i. 721 d, ii. Peasant Proprietors, iii. 84 d ; on Popula• 789 abd, 791 e-793 a; view of Mere. Syst., tion as source of wealth, ii. 737 a, 776 a, i. 85 ab, 352 ab, 724 ed ; Metals used as, ii. iii. 105 a; infl. by F. QuxsNAY, ii. 775 a, 788 e -789 a ; G. MONTANARI on, ii. 462 b, 776 bed; on Taxation, Theorie de l'Imp8t, ii. 808 cd; L. A. MURATORI on, ii. 841 c; Non• 777 ab. metallic substances used as, i. 450 e, ii. 788 ab; MrssELDEN, E., on decay of Eng. Trade : i. 723 b, G. NUYTZ on, iii. 28 e ; N. 0RESME on, ii. 155 b, 730 d, ii. 778 d. 795 b, iii. 42 d ; and coinage, Sir W. PETTY on, Mississippi Co.: ii. 576 d, iii. 508 ab; scheme, iii. 101 a ; J. F. von PFEU'FER on, iii. 102 e; J. J. LAw's, i. 182 d, ii. 576 d, iii. 508 ab. POLLEXFEN on, iii. 151 a; effect of variations MoLIN.IEus, C., attack on canonist doctr. of in quant. of, on Prices, iii. 198 be, 199 b; Usury: ii. 432 ed, 781 d, 782 a. Ring money, iii. 313 d, 314 a ; W. von MoNCADA, S. de, on econ. decay of Spain, 18th SCHRODER on, iii. 365 a ; A. SMITH on, iii. centy.: ii. 783 ab. 414 ed; and Suspn. of specie payments by Monetary Conferences, International : Brus• Bank of Fr., W. BAGEHOT on effects of, ii. 793 a; sels, 1892, called on Bimetallism by U.S.A., Tokens, limitation of silver coins to, ii. 616 d ; MONEYERS INDEX MORE 735

Universal, W. BAGEHOT on, i. 81 be ; Rice i. 146 d, ii. 801 bcd.-Monometallism, Gold, VAUGHAN on, iii. 613 be ; A. WALKER on, ii. F. E. de PARIEU on, iii. 61 b; A. SOETBEER and, 796 a, iii. 649 b; as national Wealth, J. G. ii. 786 cd, iii. 440 d ; tendency of Western LEIB on, ii. 592 c.-Money of Account, nations, ii. 801 d.- Eng. syst., ii. 799 d ; Bank money, i. 90 d, 103 d, 104 d, 105 a, Arguments for and against, ii. 800 d. 801 c ; 106 ac ; Chinese Candareen, i. 210 c ; estab. by 2nd Earl of LIVERPOOL, ii. 221 d, 616 d, Colonies, early Brit., ii. 796 cd ; Eur. 800 c.-Monometallism., Silver, in East, ii. countries, ii. 796 b ; Great Brit., ii. 796 be > 801 d, iii. 401 c ; hist. of, in Eng., ii. 800 Chinese Mace, ii. 658 a ; Anglo-Saxon Ora, abc ; estab. in Ind., iii. 334 c; J. LocKE on, iii. 39 b ; Chinese Tael, iii. 511 d ; Anglo• i. 146 d, ii. 635 d- 636 c, iii. 205 a; F. A. VAN Saxon Thrymsa, iii. 540 b. -Money as HALL and, in Hoi!., iii. 610 c. Commodity, S. CLEMENT on, i. 313 a ; Monopoly: ARISTOTLE on, i. 55 c; medvl. James MILL on, ii. 755 b.-Money, Conven• Banalites, i. 90 d ; Concession, i. 384 d ; Fr. tional char. of, ARISTOTLE on, i. 54 cd ; N. Copper syndicate, i. 488 d ; Copyright, i. BARRON on, i. 121 a ; G. BERKELEY, i. 135 a. 487 c ; A. A. COURNOT on, where advantageous -Money, effects of Debasement on value to public, and mathematical meth., i. 445 of, Complete, ii. 794 cd ; Partial, ii. 794 be ; d, ii. 712 be, 806 b ; P. de la COURT on, i. 447 D. RICARDO on, ii. 794 bcd.-Efficiency of b, 657 a ; under Stuarts, and Gov. reguln. of Money, as denoting Amount of pecuniary industry, ii. 241 b, 802 cd ; H. GROTIUS on, transactions, i. 685 d ; and eire. of Credit ii. 266 d ; J. S. MILL on, ii. 712 be, 805 d ; instr., i. 685 c ; and Quant. theory, i. 685 b ; Mines and saltworks, i. 488 a; Natural, i. Variations in, i. 685 c.-Money and Ex• 487 c ; One-sided, exchange, value in, under, change, PAULUS JULIUS on, iii. 80 c; PLATO i. 760 b, ii. 805 d, iii. 607 be ; Opium trade, on, iii. 114 c.-Money, Functions of, i. 84 i. 487 d, iii. 36 c • 37 d ; Patent laws, and d, 122 a, ii. 787 d; ARISTOTLE on, i. 55 b, 765 statute of James I. abolishing, iii. 75 a; effect b; D. HUME on, ii. 342 a, 795 c ; in Inter• on Prices, ii. 806 abed, iii. 201 b ; Sir W. national Trade, i. 604 a, ii. 450 d; J. LocKE RALEGH on, iii. 260 b ; Rent : effects of rent on, ii. 635 ab ; Sir T. MORE on, in Utopia, ii. on price, iii. 285 ab ; D. RICARDO on, ii. 805 817 d; Sir D. NORTH on, iii. 24 c; G. SeA• d, 806 a; Eng. Salt union, i. 488 d; W. N. RUFF! on, ii. 795 b, iii. 360 c.-Hard Money, SENIOR oil, ii. 805 d ; A. SMITH on, ii. 805 d, P.E. and Curr., iii. 143 d ; U.S.A., ii. 287 a. 806 a, iii. 417 c ; Dutch Spice trade, i. 488 a ; --Ideal Money, as Denominator, common, State, as source of revenue, i. 488 b, ii. 69 d, ii. 793 d.-Inconv. curr. : ii. 353 be ; F. P. iii. 522 d ; and Trade, foreign, reguln. of, ELIOT on, i. 692 cd, ii. 353 b, 793 d; G. iii. 561 b ; Two-sided, exchange, value in, WILSON on, ii. 353 b, 793 d, iii. 669 bc.• under, i. 759 d, ii. 806 b.-Monopolies, Money of account : in Banks, early Eur., U.S.A., Causes and results of, ii. 804 d-805 a; ii. 353 a ; based on Index numbers, ii. 353 Minority benefited by, ii. 806 d; "Natural," b ; Sir J. STEUART's, on Bimetallic basis, ii. railways, telegraphs, etc., ii. 803 a. 804 a ; 353 a ; Sir J. STEUART's, in Ind., ii. 353 a, 795 capitalists' Trusts, Stan. Oil Co., i. 488 b, ii. bc.-Money, Legal tender, and Bimetal• 804 be, iii. 587 ab. lism, i. 147 d ; Eng., ii. 590 b ; Ire!. and Scot., Monroe doctr., hist. and effects: ii. 807 a-808 b. ii. 590 b ; Requirements for, ii. 590 c ; U.S.A., MONTCHRliTIEN, A:. de, originator of name of ii. 590 c.-Money Market, W. BAGEHOT on, P.E.: ii. 155 a, 808 d, 809 a, iii. 475 d. i. 81 ab ; Bank of Eng., ii. 797 ab, 798 abc ; MONTESQUIEU, C. deS., Baron de: on Commerce, Discount houses and bill brokers, ii. 797 cd ; ii. 809 c; Consumption, taxes on, i. 395 d; Jnt.-stk. Banks, ii. 797 be; Mercantile houses, Farming of taxes, ii. 33 c ; Immaterial laws, ii. 797 a ; Pressure, monetary, iii. 187 d- ii. 809 b, iii. 104 a; Income, surplus, taxation 188 b ; Stk. Ex., ii. 797 a ; Stringency in, on, ii. 809 d; Int., ii. 809 c. and panic, iii. 482 a; Money of, Wealth in Monts de Piete : Flanders, ii. 811 b ; Fr., ii least specialised form, ii. 798 be ; Working of, 811 d, 812 a, iii. 282 a; Ger., ii. 811 c; Italy, ii. 797 d -798 b.-Quant. theory of Money, i. 213 d, ii. 663 cd, 811 a, iii. 109 b; P. de i. 84 c, ii. 635 d, iii. 144 c, 244 be ; J. S. MILL MArzrlmEs on, ii. 663 cd ; Objections to, ii. on, ii. 761 ab.-Rapidity of eire. of Money, 812 b ; and Pawnbroking, ii. 811 a, iii. 82 a; J. LOCKE on, ii. 635 b, iii. 261 b ; J. S. MILL on, Spain, ii. 811 b. i. 685 c, iii. 261 b ; Sir W. PETTY on, iii. 261 Morality, Syst. of. : Classical Sch., and bd; Practical aspects of, iii. 261 d; W. RoscHER hedonism, ii. 814 a; effects on Econ., exer• on, i. 685 b, iii. 261 C ; J. C; L. S. de SISMONDI cised by different ideals, ii. 814 b; Fellow• on, iii. 261 c.-Money, the best, Silver, feeling as basis of, A. SMITH on, ii. 814 a, I. KANT on, ii. 502 a ; J. LOCKE on, iii. 395 b. iii. 412 d, 413 a; Greek, on leisure, ii. 813 c; -Money, Value of, G. CEVA on fluctuations Medvl., on int., ii. 813 c ; Mod., on comfort, in, i. 252 c ; governed by Demand aud supply, ii. 813 d ; Necessity of, in econ. research, ii. ii. 790 ab ; extrinsic, intrinsic, and com• 813 c ; A. SMITH com pd. with J. Ruskin, ii. mercial, D. DIODATI on, i. 586 b ; Primitive, 813 d. and cost of prodn., ii. 790 b ; A. SERRA on, MoRE, Sir T., in Utopia : on treatment of iii. 381 c. Criminals, i. 362 d, ii. 817 c ; Hours of Labour, Moneyers : Medvl., position of, ii. 799 abc ; i. 362 d, ii.· 333 d, 817 c, iii. 602 d; Labour functions in Mint, ii. 799 a. as source of wealth, ii. 818 a ; functions of Monometallism : compd. with Bimetallism, Money, ii. 817 b, 736 MOREAU DE BEAUMONT INDEX OGILVIE

MOREAU DE BEAUMONT, J. L., author of A. Navigation, Inland: J. BRINDLEY, i. 179 c; SMITH's canons of Taxation: ii. 818 c. Canals, i. 208 d, 320 a; A. YARRANTON, iii, MoRELLET, A., on merchant Companies : ii. 682 d. 819 be. Navigation Laws: Act of 1825, iii. 10 b; R. ~IORG.m, A. de, on Decimal syst. : ii. 820 b. COKE on, i. 318 d, 727 b, iii. 11 c ; attacked MoRRIS, C. : on values of gold and silver as by Colonies, 18th centy., iii. 9 d, 10 a; against Bullion, ii. 821 c ; Insurance, ii. 821 b. Dutch, 17th centy., i. 344 c, 727 ab, iii. 9 b ; of Mortgage: Mortgage Banks, i. 107 a, ii. Elizabeth, ii. 591 be, iii. 9 a; W. HUSKISSON 822 c- 824 a ; Law of, ii. 822 a, 824 b ; dist. and, ii. 148 a, 346 b, iii. 10 a; Medvl., i, 342 fr. Pawn or Pledge, ii. 822 a, iii. 81 d, 117 d ; d, ii. 240 ed, 591 c, iii. 8 ed, 560 c ; Naval Mortgages, Registration of, ii. 824 b. aspect, A. SMITH on, ii 145 d, iii. 10 c, 415 d; MossE, M., on Int. compd. with Usury: i. Repealed 1849, iii. 10 c; Earl of SHEFFIELD on, 4 79 d, ii. 620 b, 826 b. iii. 391 b ; Statistics illustrating, iii. 11 d.• MuLLER, A. H. : on Divis. of Labour, ii. 827 Navigation Laws, Commercial effects, ii. 371 d ; and Romantic Sch., ii. 827 c ; crit. of A. b ; on Brit. Colonies, i. 7 43 be, iii. 11 c ; on SMITH, ii. 201 C, 827 c ; on Society, ii. 827 c. Dutch carrying trade, i. 229 be, 344 be, 727 MuN, T. : on exportation of Bullion, i. 723 be, 7 43 ab, iii. 11 b, 561 d ; on Shipping int., acd, 730 c, ii. 829 a, iii. 144 b ; Self-Int., i. iii. 11 a; A. SMITH on, iii. 11 a, 417 bc.• 724 a, iii. 374 d; Usury, i. 725 c. Navigation Laws and Enumerated Com• Municipality: rei. to Central gov., i. 295 ed, modities, Colonial trade, i. 7 43 be ; Eur. 296 bed, ii. 829 cd ; mod. Democratic, dangers trade, i. 7 43 ab. of, ii. 831 b, iii. 437 c ; Powers of, i. 427 cd ; NEBENIUS, K. F. : follower of A. SMITH, iii. 13 c ; anc. Roman, ii. 829 d.-Municipal Gov. in and the Zollverein, ii. 202 d, iii. 13 b. Belgium, organisation of Commune, ii. 831 NECKER, J., attempt at reform of Fr; Finances : d, 832 a ; local Independence of, ii. 832 a.• iii. 14 abc. Municipal Gov. in Fr., organisation of Com• Negative Quantities: Agents of Prodn., iii. mune, ii. 832 c- 833 a ; Finances, ii. 833 b- 14 d; Discommodity, iii. 14 d, 382 a; and 834 a ; Functions of, ii. 833 b.-Municipal Mathematical Meth., iii. 14 d, 15 a. Gov. in Italy, likeness to Belgium, ii. 834 be ; Neutrality, and Decl. of Paris : i. 520 be, likeness to Fr., ii 834c. - Municipality, iii. 16 b. Medvl., services to Civilisation, ii. 830c ; New Eng. Co.: i. 330 a, ii. 556 d, iii. 119 b. in Eng., hist. of, ii. 830 d ; struggle with NEWMARCH, W. : on Bank Acts, iii. 18 a ; progress Feudalism, i. 292 ed, ii. 55 b, 140 b, 830 b; of Econ. sci., iii. 18 c ; discoveries of Gold, Industrial organisation of, ii. 830 c ; power in ii. 795 d, iii. 18 b. Towns, iii. 552 ed. - Municipal Gov. in NEWTON, Sir I.: not a Bimetallist, iii. 19 d; Prussia, and supreme Administrative court, views represented by J. CONDUITT, i. 387 a; on ii. 835 c ; Berlin, illustn. of H. F. K. vom Curr., and valuations of Guinea, ii. 211 c, iii STEIN's Act, ii 834 d, 835 a- 836 c ; decay of 19 bed. medvl. City, ii. 834 d ; municipal Council, New Zealand Co. : ii. 544 b. ii. 836 bed ; Deputations, ii. 835 d, 836 a ; NICHOLLS, Sir G., and reform of Poor law: iii. Executive board, ii. 835 abed; Police ad• 20 be, 158 ab. ministration, ii. 836 c.-Municipal Gov. in NIFO, A., on Wealth, follower of ARISTOTLE : U.S.A., and State interference, ii. 837 b.• iii. 21 be. Philadelphia., common and select Councils, ii. Niger Co. : i. 19 d, 20 b, 332 b. 840 c; Departments, ii. 838 a-840 b; compd. Nihilism : compd. with Anarchism, iii. 21 c ; with Eur., ii. 837 a, 841 & ; Finances, ii. 840 Demands of, iii. 22 b ; Hist., iii. 22 a ; com pd. ab ; Hist., ii. 837 c ; powers of Mayor, ii. with Socialism, iii. 22 c. 839 abed ; reform of, and provision against NoRMAN, G. W.: on Banking and Curr., iii. State interference, ii. 838 abed. 23 d ; Taxation, iii. 23 d, 24 a. MuRATORI, L. A. : ou Charity, ii. 841 rl ; Com• North Borneo Co.: i. 271 a, 332 b. merce, ii. 841 c ; mercantilist view of Money, NORTH, Sir D.: on Balance of Trade, i. 87 be; ii. 841 c. Coinage, iii. 24 d ; early statement of Free MURRAY, R.: on Bank, national, ii. 842 b; Trade pri.nc., iii. 24 c ; on Int., rate of, iii. 24 Credit as substitute for money, ii. 842 ab ; d ; functions of Money, iii. 24 c. Free Trade, ii. 842 c. OASTLER, R., and Factory Acts : ii. 333 d, iii. Muscovy or Russia. Co.: i. 18 ab, 271 b, 330 a, 28 d. 375 c, ii. 285 d, 436 cd, iii. 275 c, 335 c-336 b, OBRECHT, G., on Aerarium liberorum, endowment 561 b. for children : ii. 197 c, iii. 29 d. Observation : and Deductive Meth., i. 523 b, Nationality : Def. of, iii. 1 d- 2 c ; Infi. of doctr., iii. 133 d; compd. with Experiment, i. 791 d, iii. 5 be ; J. S. MILL on, iii. 5 abc ; feeling of, iii. 29 d, 30 a ; useful if assisted by Hypo• and Protn., iii. 234 c. thesis, i. 791 c, ii. 350 d, 351 ac, iii. 31 a ; Natural Agents: dist. fr. Capital, i. 21 be, 219 J. B. SAY's use of, iii. 357 d; useful if assisted be; Property in, i. 47 ,be. by Theory, iii. 30 d. NAVARRETE, P. F.: on Depopulation in Spain, Octroi : Arguments for and against, iii. 32 bd ; effects of expulsion of Moors and discovery of in Fr., ii. 439 b, iii. 32 ac ; and Passe-debout, Amer., iii. 7 d, 450 c ; Manufacture in Spain, iii. 73 d, 74 a. iii. 7 d, 8 a. OGILVIE, W. : on progressive Agrarian law, iii. 34 OPIUM MONOPOLY lNDEX PEASANTS' REVOLT 737

be; Increment, the unearned, iii. 34 b; Land Pariah : Local Gov. Act of 1894, iii. 62 d-63 b, tax, iii. 34 d ; Property, landed, iii. 34 a. 554 b ; and Poor relief, iii. 62 be, 155 d. Opium monopoly : Arguments for and against, PARKER, H.: on Interlopers, iii. 63 d; Wealth, iii. 37 bed ; Hist., i. 487 d, iii. 36 c- 37 a. national, iii. 64 a. Optimism: F. BAB'riAT, i. 124 ac, ii. 158 b, 289 c; Partnership : Agency, law of, i. 21 a ; Com• H. C. CARBY, i 38 a, ii. 290 a ; C. B. di mandite, i. 338 d, iii. 68 d, 69 a ; mercantile CAvouR, i. 237 d; Classical Sch., iii. 97 d; Commandite or commenda, medvl. Italy, ii. causes of Decline, iii. 38 d ; Def., iii. 38 a ; J. 578 a, 601 d, iii. 67 c, 71 d ; ~ompd. with Co., DBOz, i. 641 d; 18th centy., iii. 38 be; Ital. i. 835 c, 368 ab, 869 ed, 428 h, iii. 71 abed ; Sch., ii. 465 d ; J. B. SAY, iii. 357 c, 358 c ; Companies, Eng. and Ital., iii. 68 ab ; and A. SMrrH, iii. 38 c. substitution of Contract for status, iii. 65 c ; Orders in Council : Eng. retaliation for Con· compd. with Corporation, i. 428 b, iii. 69 b ; tinental ayat., i. 397 be, ii. 605 be, iii. 16 b, or Firm. Eng. and Scot., ii. 83 d-84 c, iii. 70 ab; 40 a, 58 c, 93 c, 391 c ; effects on Fr., ii. 605 c, medvl. Gilds and companies, iii. 67 d, 68 a, iii. 41 b ; and Licenses, i 397 d, ii. 605 bd, 72 a; Greek and Oriental, iii. 65 d; Industrial, iii. 41 c ; exceptions in favour of Neutrals, ii. and profit-sharing, i. 416 a, 419 d, iii. 226 605 b, iii. 40 d; effects on U.S.A., and Amern. be ; and Int., Canon law of, ii. 620 b, iii. 68 war, iii. 39 d, 41 a, 42 b. c.-Partnership, Law ot: Bankruptcy and Ordnance Survey: i. 200 a. Debt, iii. 70 d ; Eng. compd. with Continental, 0BESME, N. : on Debasement of curr., iii. 43 iii. 69 c-70 d.-Partnership, Roman, Con• ab ; Money, ii. 155 b, 795 b, iii. 42 d ; position tract, iii. 66 c-67 b.-Societas, Children and as economist, W. RosCHER on, iii. 43 be. freedmen, iii. 65 d- 66 b ; Voluntary assoc., iii. 0RTEs, G. : on Capital, ii. 465 b ; Mathematical 66 b, 438 c. Meth., iii. 44 be ; Population, ii. 464 d, iii. PASCOLI, L., on econ. reform in Papal states : iii. 44 ab ; Value, ii 463 d ; Wealth, national, 73 a. ii. 465 a, iii. 43 cl, 44 a. Patent : Duration of term, Spain, iii 76 c ; Ex• Orthodox Sch. : infl. on commercial politics in tension of term, U.K., iii. 7 6 c ; Fees, iii. 7 6 d ; Eng., W. ATKINSON on, i. 66 c; or Classical International arrangements, iii. 77 b ; Investiga• Sch., iii. 44 d ; W. B. HODGSON, ii. 317 d. tion, Brit. syst., iii. 76 b ; Investigation, Ger. Over-prodn.: and Abundance, i. 6 a; J. S. and U.S.A., iii. 76 a; Journals and Libraries, MILL on, iii. 45 c. iii. 77 ab ; and statute of James I. abolishing OWEN, R.: his opinions held by C. and J. F. BRAY, Monopolies, iii. 75 a; Person of patentee, i. 177 ab ; and Co-operation in Eng., i. 365 b, Ger. and U.K., iii. 75 d; inventions useful for iii. 49 a, 50 ab, 432 b ; on Factory ayst., iii. Public purposes, iii. 77 a; Specification of in• 48 a ; Labour Exchange, i. 365 c, ii. 520 cl, vention, iii. 75 b; Validity of, iii. 75 c; pro• iii. 50 cd; colony of New Harmony, i. 365 ab, ii. visions for ensuring Working, Austria and 520 d, iii. 49 cd, 658 d ; administration of U.K., iii. 76 d, 77 a. New Lan&rk, i. 364 c, iii. 47 abed; scheme of PATERSON, W.: and foundation of Bank of Eng., Poor relief, i. 364 ed, iii. 51 a ; and Socialism, ii. 27 4 d, 576 b, iii~ 78 c ; on Coinage, iii. 78 iii. 48 c. d ; and Darien Co., i. 481 abc, iii. 78 ed; o:a PAGNINI, G. F.: on Roman ideas of Money, iii. Free Trade, iii. 78 c. 53 c, 80 c ; Price, iii. 53 b. Patriotism, and Humanism: ii. 338 be. PAINB, T.: on Colonies, iii. 54 b; Curr., iii. 54 c. PATRIZI, F.: and Greniers d'abondance, iii. PALEY, W.: on Charity, iii. 55 c; Luxury, iii. 79 a ; and Humanism, iii. 79 a. 55 d ; Population, iii. 55 ed ; Property, iii. PAULUS JuLIUS, on Exchange and Money: iii 55 b. 80 c. PALIBSY, B., on Over-prodn. of Gold: iii. 56 a. Pauperism : Boarding-out ayat. for pauper PAI,MERI, N., on Sicilian Agriculture: iii. 56 c. children, i. 159 d, iii. 155 c, 160 b; E. PALMIERI, G.: on Commerce, iii. 56 d; Taxa- DUCPETIAUX on, i. 645 b ; A. FLETCHER on Sc., tion, iii. 57 a. ii. 90 a; and Poor law, iii. 81 b ; legally dist. Panic : and Bank of Eng., i. 463 ab ; Cause•, i. fr. Poverty, iii. 81 a; Statistics of, iii. 81 c. 463 a; Effects, i. 465 a; of 1857, U.S.A., J. S. Pawnbroking: Brit. legis!., iii. 82 ab ; Monts GIBBONS on, ii. 207 c ; Hoarding during, ii. de piete, ii. 811 a, iii. 82 a. 315 a ; of 1825, 2nd Earl of LivERPOOL and, ii. PEACOCK, G. : on Free Trade, iii. 82 d ; 617 a; of1847, i. 459 a-461 d; of1857, 1866, Mathematical ~eth., iii. 82 d ; Metayage, 1890, i. 462a-466a; and Stringency in Money iii. 82 d. Market, iii 482 a. Peasant Proprietors : Advantages of, iii. 83 cl, PAOLETTI, F., link between Mere. Syst. and 84 a ; Arguments against, ii. 815 d, iii. 83 bed ; Physiocrats : iii. 57 d. · K. A. von HARDENBERG and, iii. 478 C; T. R. PABB, W.: on Co-operative farming, Ralahine MALTHUS on, iii. 84 b ; J. S. MILL on, ii. 549 syst., i 413 c, iii 60 d; plan for suppression d, iii, 84 c, 411 C; V. R. de MIBABEAU on, of Crime, iii 60 c ; follower of R. OwEN, iii. iii. 84 d ; F. QUESNAY on, iii. 84 c; W. RosCHER 60 b. on, iii. 84 d; A. SMITH on, iii. 84 b; A. R. J. PABIEU, F. E. de: on progressive Income tax, iii. TURGOT on, iii. 84 d, 303 a; A. YOUNG on, ii. 61 a ; Monometallism, gold, iii. 61 b. 424 cd, 814 cl, iii. 84 b, 303 a. PARis-DuvERNEY, J.: rival ofJ. LAW as financier, Peasants' Revolt : Causes and area, i. 28 c, iii iii. 61 d, 508 a; Visa, financial syst., iii. 61 d, 85 ab ; Hist. and effects, iii 85 d; and 630 d-631 b. Villeinage, iii. 85 c, 625 d. VOL. III 3B 738 PEASANTS' W .A.R INDEX POLITICAL ECONOMY

Peasants' War, Ger., M. LUTHER on: ii. 653 b. 775 abc; opposed by J. F. von PFEIFFER, iii. 102 PBEL, Sir R. : Bank Act of 1844, i. 113 d, 459 a, b ; their conception of P. E., i. 678 b, ii. 155 d; 472 ed, ii. 795 d, iii. 87 be ; repeal of Com on Population, iii. 105 a; Productive Laws, i. 42 d, ii. 150 e, 367 d, iii. 87 d ; Fac• Labour, iii. 106ab, 108 a, 209 c, 217 d; theory tory .Acts, iii. 87 d; Income Tax, iii. 87 bd. of Produit net, iii. 105 d • 106 d, 222 a; on Pens1ons: Army and Navy, iii. 89 e; Civil Property, iii. 105 c ; criticised by R. C. Soh., List, i. 301 c, iii. 90 b; Civil Service, iii. 89 d; ii. 156 a ; rel. to J. J. ROUSSEAU, iii. 330 C; Judicial, iii. 90 b; Perpetual, iii. 89 b; Political, J. B. SAY on, iii. 103 d; J. A. SCHLETTWEIN a iii. 90 a ; dist. Jr. Salary, iii. 89 a ; Statistics follower of, i. 431 d, ii. 200 a, iii. 362 be ; A. 1897-8, iii. 89 a ; Pensions, U. S . .A.., iii. 91 d- SMITH on, i. 27 c, iii. 103 d, 418 a; theory of 93 a.-Pensions, Old .Age, C. Booth's scheme, Society, ii. 155 d, iii. 104 e ; on Sterile class, iii. 90 d ; E. CABET, i. 198 e ; Contributory iii. 106 b, 222 b ; anticipated by SULLY, M. de schemes, iii. 91 a ; Denmark, Fr., and Ger., iii. B., Due de, iii. 486 c ; on Taxation of land, 91 e; E.-J. LECLAIRE's scheme, ii. 589 a; iii. 106 acd, 222 b; Value in use and exchange, Objections to schemes, iii. 91 b.-8tate-aided i. 762 d, 763 a, iii. 106 d; F. M. A. de Pensions, Denmark, iii. 463 e ; Eng. proposals, VOLTAIRE'S crit. of, iii. 103 c, 632 cd; theory iii. 463 e; Ger., iii. 463 b; Objections to, iii. 463 d. of Wealth, i. 27 c, ii. 299 c, iii. 105 d, 106 d, I'BRCBVAL, S., and Eng. Finances during Napole• 222 ab ; G. A. WILL's crit. of, iii. 667 a. onic wars : i. 457 ab, iii. 93 be. PITT, W.: Commercial treaty with Fr., 1786, PEREIRA, G. P., infl. of J. LOCKE on : iii. 93 d. ii. 147 c- 148 a, iii. Ill d- 112 e ; Consoli• Personal Services : F. BASTIAT on, iii. 96 e ; J. dated fund, ii. 367 d, iii. Ill d; redemption E. CAIRNES on, iii. 96 d ; and material Goods, of Land tax, ii. 560 d ; action on Poor law ii 229 a, iii. 382 be, 660 e ; A. Marshall on, iii. quest., iii. 112 a; Sinking fund, ii. 278 b, !16 d; J. S. MILL on, iii. 96 be; J. B. SAY on, iii. 111 d, 189 a, 405 d ; inti. of A. SMITH iii. 96 e ; H. Sidgwick on, iii. 96 d ; J. C. L. S. on, ii. 147 d, 143 a, iii. 111 d; Triple .As• de SISMONDI on, iii. 96 be ; A. SMITH on, iii. sessment, ii. 37 5 b, iii. 582 abed. 96 b, 218 a. Plantation syst. of Colonisation : i. 277 c, 321 Pessimism: Classical Soh. not influenced by, d, iii. 113 a. iii. 97 d; Def. of, iii. 97 d ; Econ., probable incr. PLATO: on Commerce, iii. 114 be; Commu• of, iii. 98 a. nism, Republic, i. 362 c, ii. 818 a, iii. 114 d, l'BTTY, Sir W. : on .A.rith., political, i. 55 d- 602 e; Divis. of Labour, iii. 114 b; Int. 56 b, 731 be, iii. 99 b ; on Divis. of Labour, and usury, ii. 430 a, iii. 115 c; Land, iii. 101 b; use of Experimental Meth., iii. equality of property in, iii. 115 b ; Money 100 a; rei. to J. GRAUN'r, i. 731 c, ii. 257 be, and exchange, iii. 114 e ; Property, iii. 231 iii. 99 cd ; inti. of T. HOBBES on, iii. 101 c ; on a; origin of Society, iii. 114 a; Wealth, iii. Money and coinage, iii. 101 a ; Population. 115 d. iii. 101 b; Rapidity of eire. of money, iii. PLAYFAIR, W.: app!. Graphic Meth. to financial 261 bd ; Taxation, iii. 100 d ; Trade, iii. statistics, ii. 251 be, iii. 116 e; crit. of A. 100 e; Wealth, source!¥Jf, ii. 818 a, iii. 100 b. SMITH, iii. 116 d. PFEIFFER, J. F. von : and Cameralistic sci., iii. Plutology : W. E. HEARN, ii. 294 c, iii. 118 e; 102 b; on Money, iii. 102 e; opponent of and Ergonomy, J. G. Courcelle-SENEUIL on, iii. Physiocrats, iii. 102 b. 118 b, 377 b ; term appl. to Theoretic side of Ji'hysiocrats : on .Abundance, i. 6 a ; .Ad• econ., iii. 118 b. vances, i. 16 a ; .A.rith., political, i. 56 d; Plymouth .Adventurers' Co. : iii. 118 c, 119 inft. of R. CANTILLON on, i. 215 a, iii. 105 d, be, 630 b. 209 c ; inti. on Catherine II. of Russ., iii. 337 Polegraphy : Combination of o:ptions and bed; on Competition, iii. 105 b; crit. by E. purchases, iii. 122 d-123 d; Options, simple B. de CONDILLAC, ii. 156 b; E. DAIRE on, i. 477 call and put, iii. 121 d-122 b; Purchases of ti; defence of legal Despotism, iii. 107 a; different amounts Combined, iii. 121 be ; Pur• Development of doctr., iii. 103 be ; D. DIDBROT chases, Simple, iii. 120 d, 121 a; operations en, i. 577 cd, 745 a; on Distr., i. 595 be; and on Stk. Ex. or produce exchanges, iii. 120 b· P. S. DuPONT, i. 652 d ; or Economistes, i. 124 a; Straddle or double option, iii. 122 be. 679 ab; compd. with Encyclopredists, iii. 104 Police: Hist. of term, iii. 124 abc; sch. of P.E a; and Free Trade, ii. 147 d, 148 a, iii. 105 ii. 779 d, iii. 124 d ·125 b.-Police in Eng., cd ; inti. on Ger. Sch., ii. 200 a ; opposed by Duties and powers, iii. 126 e-127 b; Hist., iii. L. F. de GRASLIN, ii. 255 e, iii. 345 b ; on 125 b-126 c.-Police in Fr., Administrative, Gross and net, ii. 264 d, iii. 222 a ; belief organisation and functions, iii. 127 b-128 a; in Harmonies of Econ., ii. 290 b ; and Judicial, iii. 128 be. Humanism, ii. 339 a; on Indirect taxation, Political Economy : .Agricultural syst., A. ii. 388 ab; Jus naturale, ii. 339 a, 497 c, 665 d, SMITH on, i. 27 c, iii. 103 d, 417 d-418 b; T. iii. 104 d, 311 d ; inft. on KARL FRIEDRICH of CARLYLE on, i. 132 cd, 227 c; T. CHALMERS Baden, ii. 155 d, 200 ab, 373 a, 502 e, iii. 107 on, i. 255 be ; and A. COMTE, ii. 157 c ; H. c, 361 ed; on Laissez faire, ii. 534 b- 535 a, CO:\"RING on, i. 388 b ; Experiment in, i. 791 iii. 105 a, 367 a; their conception of Laws of d ; rel. of Facts to theor,r, ii. 11 cd, iii. P. E., iii. 104 b; G. F. LBTROSNE on, ii. 598 a, 532 d ; old name for sci. of Fmances, i. 678 a, iii. !05 C; J. MAUVILLON on, ii. 200 b, 716 be; ii. 61 be ; as art of Gov., early view, i. 678 a, P. P. MERCIER DE LA RIVIERE, ii. 734 d, iii. 104 iii. 129 a; in Italy, hist. of, G. PECCHIO on, iii. d, 138 a ; V. R. de MIRABEAU a leader of, ii. 86 a ; and Labour a• source of wealth, A. POLITICAL ECONOMY INDEX POOR LAW 739

SMITH on, iii. 145 b, 377 d, 413 b ; E. de enquiry, UL 140 a ; W. S. JEVONS, ii. 475 d, LAVELEYB on, iii, 367 a; J. A. LAWSON on, ii. 476 a, 637 c-638 b; two conceptions of Law, 586 ab ; G. W. von LEIBNIZ on, ii. 199 b, 592 iii. 139 c; J. S. MILL, ii, 637 d-638 b; use of d; J. S. MILL on, ii. 763 c; Mod. developments terms "Normal " and "Tendency," iii. 139 e- of, historical meth. and principle of intercon• 140 b; R. WHATELY, ii. 637 c. -P.E., nexion of the sciences, iii. 148 be ; name invd. Postulates of, W. BAGEHOT on, transferability by A. de MONTCHRJ!iTIEN, ii. 155 a, 808 tl, 809 of capital and labour, iii. 148 cd; Limitations a, iii. 475 d; E. MORSTADT on, ii. 821 d; to use of, iii. 149 abc.-P.E. and Psycho• National syst. of, F. LIST on, ii. 203 a, 613 bed, logy, psychical Conclusions, iii. 141 a; psycho• iii. 234 c ; Physiocrats' conception of, i. 678 logical meth. and Consumption, iii. 141 c; b, ii. 155 d; Practical aim of, J. R. M'CULLOCH Curr. problem, iii. 141 d; assumed psycho• on, iii. 137 c, 367 a ; B. PRICE on, iii. 188 c ; logical Data, iii. 140 d ; use of Historical and Primitive, R. JoNES on, ii. 490 d ; first Pro• Mathematical Meth., iii. '142 cd ; Prodn. fessorship of, Naples 1754, ii. 455 d; Purpose and distr., iii. 142 ab; Value and exchange, of, K. G. KRIBS on, ii. 513 c ; S. READ on, iii. 141 d.-Science of P.E., ABISTOTLE's iii. 266 b; and Religion, A. de VILLENEUVE· conception of, i. 53 d, 279 d, 280 a, iii. 113 d, BARGEMONT on, iii. 626 be ; W. ROSCHER on 143 cd ; regarded by W. BAGEHOT as applicable theoretic and practical, iii. 324 d; divis. by J. only to advanced societies, i. 79 d, 80 abd, 735 b, B. BAY into prodn., distr., and consumption, ii. 536 c, 7 47 a, iii. 135 cd, 277 cd ; extreme ii. 156 b, iii. 357 d; A. SMITH on, i. 1178 be, iii. 129 Deductive view, W. N. SENIOR, iii. 134 a ; be ; E. P. SMITH on, iii. 425 a ; D. STEWART on, theory of Development, iii. 136 cd ; Econ. iii. 477 a; J. TUCKER on, i. 732 d, iii. 588 C; man, iii. 133 c; conn. with Ethics, i. 597 a, iii. Sir T. TWISS on hist. of, iii. 596 d, 597 a ; J. F. 137 d-139 a, 145 c; sci. of Exchanges, R. VoN BIELFI!LD, first use of term in Ger., iii. 633 WHATELY and H. D. Macleod on, i. 233 c, 735 c; J. WILSON on, iii. 669 d.-P.E., Application b, iii. 663 d, 664 a ; value to econ. Historian, iii. of, W. RoscHER on, iii. 325 c.-A priori: 135 d ; necessity of Historical Meth., iii. 135 Cost of prodn. theory, iii. 146 d, 147 a; b, 142 c; value of Hist. in study of mod. pro• Laissez-faire, Doctrinaire Sch., iii. 146 a; blems, iii. 136 abc ; Humanist conception of W. Laissez-faire, Manchester Sch., iii. 146 b ; RoscHER, iii. 143 c; necessity of Inductive State control, Collectivism, iii. 146 b; State Meth., iii. 134 b- 135 b; W. S. JBVONS on control, Protn., iii. 146 b, 147 b; Wages mathematical meth., ii. 476 be, iii. 136 d ; fund theory, iii. 146 d.-Historical: rei. Mathematical Meth., scope of, iii. 137 a ; of econ. to Physical sciences, iii. 148 a; W. J. S. MILL on, ii. 7 63 c ; Moral sCi., of society, RoscHER on extra-economic factors in econ. iii. 368 b; Non-moral sci., P. E. DovE on, quest., iii. 147 be; scope of State control, iii. i. 636 b ; Progressive char. of, iii. 143 ab, 147 d.-Art of P.E., or Applied Econ., i. 296 d; W. RoscHER on position in collective 44 a; J. E. CAIRNES denied independent syst. of Sciences, iii. 324 d ; separation fr. existence of, iii. 130 c ; formerly conceived as Social sci. in general, diflic. of, iii. 132 be; part of Finances, ii. 61 be, iii. 137 b ; rule of as sci. of Society, iii. 129 c. 130 d, 131 a.• Freedom, iii. 133 c; as art of Gov., mod. view, Diffic. of: fr. Complexity of subject, i. 304 c; iii. 130 d, 131 a ; H. GREELEY on, ii. 258 b ; fr. want of precise Nomenclature, i 304 c.• J. S. MILL's attitude, iii. 130 c.-Ethics and: Sci. of Wealth: J. B. SAY on, iii. 129 d; A. Charity, iii. 138 d; in department of Distr., SMITH on, i. 678 be, iii. 129 be, 143 b.-P.E., i 596 cd, iii. 138 a ; theory of Fair Price, Sci. and Art of, J. BENTHAM on, i. 131 d; iii. 138 b ; theory of Liberty, iii. 138 a ; Compd., i. 58 d- 59 b, iii. 132 d, 133 a, 367 P. P. MERCIER DE LA RlviilRE on, iii. 104 d, b; Dist., i. 678 d, iii. 139 b, 366 d; compd. 138 a ; Socialism, iii. 138 c.-Liberty : in rei. to Extra-econ. elements of social life, shortcomings as regards Distr., iii. 137 c; iii. 131 b, 132 a ; confused by Laissez faire importance as regards Prodn., iii. 137 c.• Sch., iii. 296 b, 367 a; H. MERIVALE on, P.E., Authorities on, iii. 149 d ; W. ii. 736 b ; Meth. of, confusion between, iii. WHEWELL on, iii. 665 d.-P.E. and Curr., 132 d, 133 a; joined by James MILL, iii. 129 ARISTOTLE's theory, iii. 143 c ; Dialogue d, 130 a; separated by W. N. SRNIOR, iii. 130 EryxW.s, iii. 115 d, 116 a ; Fiduciary syst., iii. ab, 148 a. 143 d; Free Trade derluced fr. nature of Poll-Taxes : Eng., i. 223 d ; Fr., capitation, money, iii. 144 cd; Hard money syst., iii. i. 223 b ; Graduated, i. 224 b ; A. SMITH on, 143 d; J. LAw and syst. of credit, i. 452 c. i. 224 a, iii. 420 b ; Spain, i. 485 a, ii. 372 tl, 732 a, iii. 145 a; Quantity theory, J. LOCKE, 783 b. ii. 635 d, iii. 144 c.-Precious metals, infl. POLLEXFEN, J.: on Money, iii. 151 a; Trade, of scarcity : on Medvl. econ., i. 85 a, iii. 144 a ; iii. 151 c ; Unproductive consumption, iii. on Mere. Syst., i. 85 ab, iii. 144 a.-P.E. and 151 be. Ethics, A. JoURDAN on rel. to sci. of Law, ii. Pool : i. 335 d ; nnd Railway traffic, iii. 152 be, 491 c; T. R. MALTHUS on Population, iii. 257 a. 145 c ; D. RICARDO on Rent, iii. 145 cd ; Poor Law: T. ALcocit on, i. 31 a; W. P. Wages quest., iii. 13!1 a, 145 tl, 146 a; F. A. ALISON on, i. 32 be; Allowance syst. of 1796, WALKER on Labour, mobility of, iii. 145 d. effects on labour, rent, aud wages, i. 33 ctl, -Logic and P.E.,Art dist. fr. Sci., iii.139 b; ii. 208 d, iii. 156 c ; principles of Amendment, J. E. CAIRNES, i. 202 a, 525 c ; idea of Cause, iii. 155 be; J. BENTHAM on, i. 131 C, iii. 158 a; ii. 638 a, iii. 140 c ; functions of Historical Eng., Sir E. CHADWICK on, i. 253 b, iii. 156 tl, '740 POOR RELIEF INDEX POVERTY

158 a ; rei. to Charity, i. 267 cd, 594 ah ; R. R. CANTILLON on, i. 215 b; Checks on, T. R. DUNNING on, i. 650 e; Sir F. M. EDEN on, i. 277 MALTHUS' view of, i. 273 be, ii. 668 d- 669 b, c, 679 cd, iii. 156 e ; E. G. GEIJER on, ii. 189 a; 670 b, iii. 164 d, 167 d ; Diminution, causes of, Guardians, functions of, ii. 269 be ; M. LoNG• W. BELL on, i. ] 29 b ; A. GENOVESI on, ii. FIELD on, ii, 640 e ; T. R. MALTHUS on, ii. 669 a, 189 d; S. GRAY'S theory, J. LOWE on, ii. 670 d, 675 a-676 a; Mod. views, iii. 157 d, 646 b ; Growth of, rei. to Labour quest., iii. 179 e; Sir G. NICHOLLS and reform of, iii. 20 be, 168 e; Law of, T. DOUBLEDAY on, i. 634 b, 158 ab; R. NORTH on, iii. 25 a; R. PASHLEY iii. 166 a; T. R. MALTHUS' doctr. of, i. 57 b, on, iii. 73 be ; and Pauperism, iii. 81 b ; quest., 242 c, 481 d, 658 b, 734 a, 757 b, ii. 195 d, action of W. PITT on, iii. 112 a ; movement for 218 b, 288 d, 472 c, 536 a, 668 d- 671 b, iii. Reform in, i. 736 b ; general Results, iii. 153 be ; 145 c, 164 c, 165 a-166 c, 168 c, 333 b, 344 b; Earl of SHEFFIELD on, iii. 391 e ; J. TOWNSEND A. Messedaglia on, ii. 467 c ; G. 0RTES on, ii. on, iii. 553 cd; Union, iii. 599 ab; and Vag• 464 d, iii. 44 ab; W. PALEY on, iii. 55 cd; rancy, ii. 710 a, 725 cd, iii. 605 cd; in Irel., Sir W. PETTY on, iii. 101 b; and Philanthropy, Sir J. B. WALSH on, iii. 655 d.-Poor Law, iii. 166 c ; Physiocrats on, iii. 105 a ; F.· Administration of, Lax, evils of out-door PLACE on, iii. 112 d, 165 e ; S. PUFENDORF on, relief, iii. 153 d, 154 ed ; Strict, workhouse iii. 241 e ; A. RESSI on, iii. 295 a; L. RICCI on, or indoor relief, iii. 153 d -154 e, 155 a.• iii. 310 b ; Stationary, in Fr., effects, iii. Poor Law Hist., Act of 1834, effects, i. 11 d, 167 d-168 b, 467 b; Sir J. STEUART on, iii. 13 a, iu. 157 be; Parish syst., founded on 475 d, 476 a; depends on Subsistence, F. manor, iii. 62 b, 155 d; W. N. SENIOR and QUESNAY and A. R. J. TURGOT on, iii. 105 a, Sir E. CHADWICK's plan for reform, iii. 156 d, 164 a j W. TEMPLE on, iii. 529 ab j J. 157 a ; Settlement, Act of 1662, iii. 156 a ; TucKER on, iii. 589 b; Viriculture, G. de· growth of Workhouse syst., iii. 156 b.• Molinari on, iii. 630 c; F. M.A. de VoLTAIRE Poor Law, Sc., Able- bodied and impotent on, iii. 632 be; as source of Wealth, V. R. poor, iii. 158 d, 159 a ; legal Assessment, de MIRABEAU on, ii. 737 a, 776 a, iii. 105 a j iii. 156 a, 159 d, 160 a; Outdoor relief for and distr. of Wealth, L. ZuccoLo on, iii. impotent poor, iii. 160 b; Parochial authorities, 691 c.-Population, Ger. theory, 18th centy., iii. 159 cd; Settlements, iii. 159 b; licensed Cameralist&, ii. 198 d, 199 ab, iii. 241 e ; Vagrancy, iii. 158 d.-Settlement, Poor favoured Growth, ii. 189 d, iii. 163 d ; A. Law, Sir F. M. EDEN on, iii. 156 e; Hist., LIPS, ii. 609 b; J. W. von der LITH, ii. 614 b. iii. 156 a, 387 d- 388 b ; A. SMITH on, ii. 399 c, -Population, Movement of, i. 56 d, 57 a, iii. 156 e; A. YOUNG on, iii. 388 b. 240 a, 241 c, 246 a ; and Birth-rate, i. 150 d ; Poor Relief: J. CALVIN's syst., i. 205 b; T. and Comfort, stan. of, i. 337 bd, 338 a ; and CHALMERS' syst., i. 255 b, iii. 159 d; Sir J. Death-rate, i. 498 b ; E. HALLEY on, ii. 276 d, CHILD on, i. 277 c, 679 d ; Diffie. of, i. 265 b, 411 c ; G. KING on, ii. 320 d, 506 a ; and 268 ab ; Divis. of Labour appl. to, i. 266 d; Marriage -rate, ii. 701 b. -Population, and Encyclical of Pope Leo XIII., i. 712 d; Reproduction and self-preservation, H. C. H. FIELDING on, ii. 57 e; T. FIRMIN on, ii. CARKY on, i. 226 b, iii. 166 d; W. R. GREG, 84 d; Fr. syst., i 267 d; Ger. syst., i. 268 a; iii. 166 e; H. Spencer, iii. 166 d-167 d.• M. de GIGINTA on, ii. 207 d; Gilbert's Act, Statistics of Population, iii. 162 b-163 a; ii. 208 C, iii. 156 b, 599 a, 673 b ; R. HAINES on, M. MESSANCE on, ii, 737 a. ii. 272 d ; Sir M. HALE on, ii. 273 b ; C. P. de Populist movement, U.S.A.: state control of HERRERA on, ii. 303 a ; small quant. of Land Railways, iii. 169 d, 170 a; free coinage of let out as substitute for, T. EsTCOURT on, i. 755 b; Silver, iii. 169 d, 170 ab. power of Local authorities, i. 251 b; M. LUTHER PORPHYRY, and bi-lateral Classification : iii. on, ii. 653 b; J. M'FARLAN on, ii. 658 a; V. 170 b. MARULLI on, ii. 704 a ; J. MASSIE on, ii. 707 c ; POSITIVISM: com pd. with Collectivism, iii.172 d; J. de MEDINA on, ii. 723 e ; Organisation, A. CoMTE's crit. of Deductive economists, i. necessity of, i. 266 d; Overseers, iii. 46 b ; 383 a, iii. 171 e ; theory of Development, iii. R. OwEN's scheme, i. 364 cd, iii. 51 a; F. PAGE 172 a, 432 b ; functions of Entrepreneur, iii. on, iii. 53 a ; Parish, iii. 62 be, 155 d ; Prine. 172 d ; services of P. E. to. society, iii. 171 d ; of, i. 265 d-266 e, 594 be; Public assistance, industrial Reguln., iii. 172 ab ; study of Social iii. 240 a; Rate in aid, iii. 264 b; T. RE• sci., iii. 172 b; new Spiritual authority, iii. NAUDOT, iii. 281 d ; Roundsman syst. iii. 172 c. 329 d j T. RUGGLES on, iii. 332 d ; R. SAUNDERS Post Office: Changes since 1840, iii. 175 be; on, iii. 355 a ; J. L. VIVEs on, iii. 631 d; Contract syst., 18th centy., iii. 174 b; abuse effects on Wages, i. 265 e ; B. WARD on, iii. of Franking privilege, iii. 17 4 c ; Functions 656 cd; Workhouse syst., iii. 154 b, 156 b, assumed by, 19th centy., ii. 538 a, iii. 175 d, 673 a-674 c.-Poor Relief among the Jews 523 a ; Sir R. HILT:s reform of, 1840, ii. 306 c- of Eng., Explanation of syst., iii. 160 c; 307 b, iii. 175 a; Hist. of, 16th and 17th centy., Jewish Board of Guardians, iii. 161 e-162 b; iii. 173 b-174 b; Mail coaches, iii. 174 c; hist. of Synagogue syst., iii. 160 d- 161 c. Savings banks, i. 111 be, ii. 538 a, iii. 175 d; Population: Anc. and mod. times, D. HOME on, Telegraphs and Telephones, iii. 176 ab. i. 732 c. 733 c, iii. 163 be; study of, as depart• Poverty: dist. fr. Destitution, iii. 152 d, 179 ab ; ment of econ., Arith., political, i. 56 bd, iii. D. DIDEROT on, i. 578 d; legally (list. fr. 163 a; J. BENTHAM on, i. 132 a; G. BERKELEY Pauperism, iii. 81 a; Sir W. TEMPLE on, iii. on, i. 135 b j G. BOTERO on, i. 169 d, iii. 163 c; 528 c.-Poverty, Policy of State, provision of PRECIOUS METALS INDEX PROCURATION 741

means of Escape, i 594 be, iii. 153 alJ, 179 d; Custom, i. 477 a; and Distr. of precious Laissez faire, iii. 153 a, 179 c.-Poverty, metals, i. 604 b ; and Equilibrium of supply Relief of, Gov. protn. of weak, iii. 179 d; evils and demand, i. 749 c, iii. 200 a1J; Fr., 1201- of Poor law, iii. 179 c. 1790, statistics, iii. 193 be; General remarks, Precious Metals : Econ. conception of, iii. 181 c; 1850-96, iii. 197 bd; Ger., 1250-1748, iii. 193 A. von HUMBOLDT on, ii. 219 b, 340 a; effects of d, 194 a; in Gold, fall in since 1872, i. 339 be ; Influx, 16th centy., i. 86 b, 344 a, ii. 298 c, iii. and Gold discoveries of 16th centy., i. 344 a, 455 b ; Platinum coinage, Russ., iii. 181 c ; ii. 298 c; Index numbers illustrating changes Prodn., E. Suess on future of, iii. 148 c, 441 a ; in 19th centy., iii. 192 d, 193 a, 194 bed, 196 fluctuations in Ratio, 1873-97, iii. 184 abc; bd ; fluctuations in, and Inflation, Great Brit., Scarcity, medvl., infl. of, i. 85 a, ii. 765 d, iii. 1797-1819, ii. 406 a1J; ltal., 1650-1799, iii. 144 a; Silver, gradual fall in value of, 1492- 194 a; medvl. in Fr., C. LEBER on, ii. 588 a; 1686, iii.182a-183 a.-Distr. of the Precious T. R. MALTHUS on, ii. 675 c; effect of Mono• Metals, Agencies affecting, i. 605 d, ii. 342 c ; poly, ii. 806 abed, iii. 201 b ; S. PUFENDORF and improved Banking facilities, i. 604 d ; on, iii. 241 c ; Prices, Real and nominal, iii. Course of, i. 605 c ; and Prices, i. 604 b ; D. 199 cd; effect of Rent on, iii. 284 d-285 b; RICARDO on, i. 604 a1J ; Statistics, i. 604 d- of Sees., effect of international sales, i. 50 b; 605 b.-Precioua Metals, Stable rei. of gold effect of Speculative credit, iii. 198 d, 199 a; and silver, Anc. and medvl., iii. 181 d; of Wheat, fixed by cheapest part of supply, iii. Statistics 1687-1873, iii. 183 b-184 a. 147 a.-Prices, High, T. ATTWOOD'S theory, Premium: Agio, in Curr., i. 22 b, iii. 185 c; i. 67 b ; C. BosANQUET on causes of, 18th centy., Insurance, ii. 413 c-415 c, 417 b-418 a, iii. i. 169 b; Forestallers and regrators, i. 489 185 c; Stk. Ex., iii. 185 c. b, ii. 107 c, 696 c, iii. 313 c.-Prices, Hist. Prescription: compd. with Custom, iii. 186 d; of, and Corn rents, i. 426 c ; in Greece and effects, Eng. law, ii. 566 b ; Fr. law, iii. 187 a ; Rome, iii. 190 abc ; and Manorial accounts, Political application of, ii. 566 d; Roman law, i. 447 d; Middle Ages, iii. 190 d; T. TOOKE ii. 566 a ; So. law, iii. 187 be. on, iii. 548 d.-Prices and Money, variations PRICE, B.: on herring Brands, i. 176 a, iii. 188 in Quant. of, iii. 198 be, 199 b ; changes in d; Employer and workman, identity of int., Value of, 1350-1750, iii. 192 ed; M. E. L. iii. 188 d ; P. E., iii. 188 c ; Profit, iii. 223 ab. W ALRAS' scheme, iii. 654 a.-Prices, Rise of, PRICE, R. : on Prison reform, ii. 334 d; W. D. GRASWINCKEL on, i. 656 cd ; J. A. R. von PITT's Sinking Fund, ii. 235 b, iii. 189 ac, HEL~'ERICH on, and Gold discoveries of 16th 405 d, 407 c ; vital Statistics, ii. 335 a, 416 b, centy., ii. 298 c ; and functions of Money, iii. 163 d. Seigneur de MALESTROIT on, ii. 666 C ; 16th Price : and Amount, effect of supply and de• centy., iii. 191 ac.-Prices, Gov. Reguln. of, mand on, iii. 492 d; and Cost of Prodn., i. Assize of Bread and Beer, i. 64 b, ii. 589 c, 394 c, 434 cd, 437 d, iii. 140 c, 200 d ; in 687 d ; Assize of Weights and Measures, Cotton trade, rate of wages, iii. 189 d ; A. A. i. 64 d.-Statistics of Prices, Economist, CouRNOT on variations in, i. 446 be ; Crisis-, 1851-97, iii. 196 be; Hamburg Bureau, 1851- luxury-, monopoly-, and panic-, iii. 201 b; 91, iii. 197 ac, 442 ab; J. E. T. ROGERS, 1261- illustr. by Curves, i. 445 b, 57 4 b, 575 cd; 1702, iii. 191 bd ; Mr. Sauerbeck, 1846-96, iii. Def. of, iii. 189 d ; and Demand, i. 541 bed, 196 d; A. SOETBEER'S table, iii. 441 d- 443 c; ii. 582 d ; Demand- and supply-, iii. 201 a, U.S.A. Senate, finance committee, 1840-91, iii. 488 cd; of Gold and silver, iii. 189 d, 190 a ; 195d, 196a; and Wages, 1720-1898, iii. 634a- and deficient Harvest, C. DAVENANT on, i. 484 c, 637 d; A. YOUNG, 1200-1800, iii. 192 ab. iii. 498 be; International, determining con• Primogeniture, derived fr. Feudalism : ii. 455 ditions, ii. 452 be; F. M. PAGANO on, iii. 52 d; b, iii. 202 d, 668 be. G. F. PaGNINI on, iii. 53 b; Retail and whole• PRINCE-SMITH, J., founder of Ger. Free Trade sale, iii. 201 a; Satiety-, iii. 354 c; effect of party : iii. 203 d. Surplus on, iii. 498 d, 499 a ; Theory of, iii. PRIOR, T. : on Debasement of Coin, Irel., 18th 201 b; W. T. THORNTON on, iii. 537 d ; rel. to centy., iii. 204 d ; recommended Irish Mint, Value, iii. 200 c.-Fair Price, or Justum iii. 205 a. Pretium, St. ANTONINUS on, i. 43 a ; St. Prison Labour: J. BENTHAM on, iii. 207 d ; Thomas AQUINAS on, i. 49 a, ii. 500 c ; B. GAS• CompetitiQn with free labour, iii. 206 d, 207 FARINO on, ii. 187 b; H. of LANGENSTEIN on, a1J ; in Convict prisons, iii. 206 a ; disposal of and medvl. doctr. of status, ii. 500 c, 565 d ; G. prisoners' Earnings, iii. 207 be ; Hist. and effects, LuPo on, ii. 652 a ; theory of, P. E. and ethics, iii. 205 be ; on Public works, iii. 207 a ; Short iii. 138 b ; S. SCACCIA on, iii. 360 a ; School• sentences, diffic. of, iii. 206 be ; State control, men on, i. 720 c, ii. 500 c ; Use of term, ii. 12 a ; contract, and lease, iii. 205 d. M. A. M. VENUSTI on, iii. 618 c. Prison Reform, J. HowARD's: ii. 334 cd, iii. Prices : and Bimetallism, i. 149 b ; effects of 205 c. Black Death, iii. 190 d, 191 a; effects of Privateering and Decl. of Paris : i. 520 bd, ii. Bounties, i. 174 ab, 425 cd; E. BuRKE on 700 b. causes affecting, i. 195 a ; and Competition, Probabilities : Calculus of, iii. 208 ab ; M. C. de S. CLEMENT on, i. 313 a ; of Corn and other CONDORCET on, i .. 387 a; A. DEMOIVRE on, i. commodities, W. FLEETWOOD on, i. 731 d, ii. 545 c; Sir J. W. LUBBOCK on, ii. 647 d. 89 be ; infl. of Credit, i. 452 d ; effect of Procuration by signature : Bill of exchange, abundant Curr., 16th centy., i. 86 b; and iii. 209 a ; general Mercantile usage, iii. 209 alJ. 742 PRODUCTION INDEX PROTECTION

Production : Agricultural, causes of decrease in, 408 a ; M. DEL~'ICO on, absolute, i. 538 a ; i. 50 a; Complex organisation of, iii. 215 b ; Descent of, Sir H. Maine on, i. 570 d ; D. E. B. de CONDILLAC on, iii. 217 G ; grades of, DIDBROT on, i. 578 d, 579 a; Divisibility of, Consumera' goods, i. 392 a, ii. 229 be, iii. right, iii. 230 c ; Eng. law, i. 299 c; Fathers, 212 d; Exchange as part of, i. 451 d ; of post-Constantinian, on, ii. 39 a, iii. 231 c ; H. wealth, T. HODGSKIN on, ii. 317 a; from GROTIUS on, i. 285 d, ii. 266 c ; T. HOBBES on, Land, law of incr. of, J. S. MILL on, ii. 759 a; iii. 104 c, 231 cd; F. HUET on, ii. 336 b ; as Limiting requisites, iii. 215 c; Margin of, ii. civil institution, E. de LAVELEYE on, ii. 57 4 d ; 6911 be; James MILL on, iii. 213 c; J. B. SAY J. LOCKE on, based on Labour, ii. 634 c, iii. on, iii. 213 c ; State interference with, i. 172 c. 55 b, 231 d ; "Magic of," econ. effects, i. 55 c, -Agents of Prodn., Capital, i. 21 c, 218 a, ii. 424 c, iii.84b; J. F. D. MAURICE on, and com• ii. 427 b, iii. 214 bed ; Enterprise, iii. 214 d, munism, ii. 715 be; J. S. MILL on, ii. 574 d, 215 a; Labour, i. 21 be, iii. 214 db; Land, i. 759c; in Natural agents, i. 47 be; Origin of, i. 21 be, iii. 213 d, 214 a; Limited, and rent and 47b, iii. 230d; W. PALEY on, iii. 55b; Personal wages, i. 21 d; incr. in, J. S. MrLL on, ii. 762 and Real, iii. 96 ab, 233 ab, 267 a, 386 ed ; a; Natural agents, i. 21 be, 219 be; Negative Physiocrats on, iii. 105 c; PLATo's crit. of, Quantities, iii. 14 d.-Prodn. and Con• iii. 115 a, 231 a ; rights of Possession, enjoy• sumption, H. H. GosSEN on, ii. 232 be ; Rei. ment, and alienation, iii. 229 a ; Prot. defence between, i. 393 c, 394 abc, ii. 757 a, 758 be, iii. of, i. 285 ed ; S. READ on, iii. 266 c ; Roman 215 d, 377 c.-Prodn., Instruments of, law of, i. 297 d; J. J. RoussEAU on, iii. 231 d, Appropriation of, i. 47 be; Goods of 1st, 232 a, 331 b ; and Socialism, iii. 232 ed ; 2nd, and 3rd order, i. 380 ab, 392 a, 393 b, ii. everything which has pecuniary Value, iii. 229 172 b, iii. 212 d, 216 b, 250 c; J. RAE on, iii. b ; A. A. W ALRAS on theory of, iii. 652 c.• 250 c. Incorporeal Property, conception of, Econ., Produit Net: H. George on, iii. 222 c, 287 c; ii. 381 b ; Eng. law, ii. 381 a ; Roman law, ii. L. F. de GRASLIN on, ii. 255 d, iii. 345 b; and 381 a.-Property, Landed, G. B. de MABLY Imptlt unique, ii. 372 b, 460 b, iii. 222 b ; on, ii. 655 d; W. OGILVIE on, iii. 34 a.• Physiocrats' theory of, iii. 105 d- 106 d, Property, Private, Arguments for and against, 222 a ; F. QUESNAY on, iii. 222 a, 247 a, iii. 232 b; and Distributive justice, i. 606 b. 345 b ; and theory of Rent, iii. 222 b; J. -Property, Restrns. on, iii. 229 d ; Aliena• N. M. G. de SAINT PERAVY on, iii. 345 b. tion and Bequest, iii. 230 be ; Taxation and Profit: Apportionment of, i. 221 d, 222 d; J. protn. of fellow-citizens, iii. 229 d, 230 a. E. CAIRNES on theory of, i. 202 d ; rei. to Protection : Adjustment, diffic. of, iii. 236 a ; Competition, i. 601 b ; T. DE QuiNCEY on rate and state control, A priori application of P.E., of, i. 569 c ; and Earnings of Management, iii. 146 b, 147 b; Bounties, protective Duty, i. 667 cd ; J. R. M'CULLOCH on, iii. 223 a ; T. and Navigation Laws, ii. 241 c, iii. 236 be; R. MALTHUS on, ii. 673 d, iii. 223 a, 377 d ; C. B. di CAVOUR on, i. 235 d- 237 a ; in Brit, Mrs. MARCET on, ii. 690 G ; J. S. MILL on, ii. Colonies, i. 323 b, 325 abc, ii. 46 b, 368 b ; 434 b, 757 a, 760 b, iii. 223 a, 314 be ; M. de G. B. DE LUOA on, i. 539 c ; Claude DUPIN on, MONTAIGNE on, and loss in exchange, ii. 808 b ; i. 652 b; 15th centy., i. 343 c, ii. 240 c, iii. Sir G. RAMSAY on, iii. 260 cd; compd. with 560 d ; F. V. de FORBONNAIS on, opposition Rent, i. 705 a ; Rent of ability classed under, to Physiocrats, ii. 96 be, 156 b, 200 c, iii. 108 iii. 285 d ; and Residual share of wages, F. ab ; and fall of Gold prices, iii. 235 b, 396 a ; A. WALKER on, iii. 292 d, 293 a, 649 d ; D. Import duties, ii. 371 a-372 a; infl. of special RICARDO on, D. BUCHANAN's crit. of, i. 184 a; Int., iii. 235 a; and International Trade, iii. A. SMITH on, iii. 222 d ; F. A. WALKER on, i. 235 d, 236 a; F. LIST on, i. 171 b, ii. 203 a, 439 b, 705 a, 735 c, iii. 223 b.-Profit, Ele• 613 cd, iii. 234 cd, 277 a; Merchants' Petition ments in, Compensation for risk, iii. 224 ed, of 1820 on, ii. 734 a; J. S. )/{ILL on, ii. 757 314 be; Int., iii. 223 c- 224 a, 314 c; reward a, 762 d, iii. 234 d; and feeling of Nationality, 1 for Labour, iii. 224 be, 314 c. ii. 613 bed, iii. 234 c; Political dangers of, iii. Profit Sharing : Arguments for and against, i. 236 b ; and Relativity, F. LisT's theory, ii. 412 ab, iii. 225 ab, 226 be ; Firms employing, 613 ed, iii. 277 a; as source of Revenue, iii. iii. 225 c; Hist. in Eng., i. 412 b, iii. 225b- 226 a; 235 be ; agricultural, D. RICARDO on, iii. 308 d ; and Industrial Partnership, i. 416 a, 419 d, A. de SAINT-CHAMANS on, iii. 345 a ; A. SMITH ii. 398 b, iii. 226 be; E.-J. LECLAIRE's scheme, on, iii. 235 ab, 415 d ; rei. to Socialism, i. ii. 588 b-589 a, iii. 225 b. 236 d, 237 a, iii. 236 c; and Sumptuary Progress, inft. of, on Value : Manufacture, iii. laws, ii. 241 c, iii. 487 cd, 560 c.-Protn., 227 c ; Minerals, iii. 227 c ; Raw materials, iii. Econ. effects, iii. 235 ed ; Eng., i. 236 c ; 227 ab ; Services, iii. 227 d ; and expansion differing in agriculture and Industry, i. 236 of Trade, iii. 227 d. ab.-Protn. and Mere. Syst., i. 158 c, 344 Promissory Note, compd. with Bill: i. 145 a, d, 345 b, ii. 727 be; compd. with Mod., iii. 234 ii. 664 d, iii. 228 b. ab.-Protn., Temporary, Defence of, i. 172 c, Property: St. Thomas AQUINAS on, i. 48b; ARIS· ii. 762 d; P. VERGANI on, iii. 618 d.-Protn. TOTLE's defence of, i. 55 c, iii. 231 b ; J. in U.S.A., E. B. BIGELOW on, i. 140 b; F. BOWEN BENTHAM on, iii. 232 a; J. P. BRISSOT DE on, i. 175 a ; H. C. CAREY on, i. 38 a, 226 lie, ii. W ARVILLE on, as theft, i. 180 a, ii. 819 d; J. 289 d, 290 a, iii. 234 d; H. CLAY on, i. 37 d, 38 a, CALVIN's defence of, i. 204 d; Canon law on, 305 a ; and manufacture, A. HAMILTON on, ii. i. 212 a, iii. 231 c ; form of Conveyance, i. 277 d, iii. 234 b; J. L. HAYES on, ii. 293 a; PROTESTANTISM INDEX RENT 743

Hist. o~ ii. 361 b ; W. D. KELLEY on, ii. 503 a ; RAu, H., follower of A. SMITH: ii. 201 ab, 202 D. WEBSTER on, iii. 661 d. a, iii. 264 d. Protestantism: and Historical Sch., i. 286 b ; RAYNAL, G. T. F., on Eur. settlements in the and Humanism, L 286 d ; Individualism, i. Indies: iii. 265 cd. 285 abc ; Laissez faire, i. 285 ad ; Mere. READ, S. : on N a. tiona.! debt, iii. 266 a ; P.E., Syst., i. 285 ad, 286 ab, ii. 197 b; P.E. and iii. 266 b; Property, iiL 266 c; Ta.xa.tion, Ethics, i. 286 bed ; Propert:y, i. 285 cd. iii. 266 d ; V a.lue, iii. 266 c. PBOUDHON, J.: and AnarchlBm, iii. 237 c; Reciprocity: H. CLAY on, i. 305 b; and Com• BaniJ'Uil d'lchange, iii. 237 d; aimed at aboli• mercial treaties, i. 354 b, 355 a ; theory of tion of Int., iii. 238 a; com pd. with H. K. MARX, International Trade, ii. 13 b, 145 d, iii. 267 ii. 157 b, 704 c, iii. 238 b. d, 268 ac ; Colonel R. TORRENS on, ii. 13 b, iii. Province syst. of Colonisation : i. 321 cd. 268 a, 550,c; Treaties, 1815-1826, iii. 267 cd; PuFENDOBF, S. : on Eminent domain and Gov., U.S.A., iii. 268 b-269 a. iii. 241 b; Int. and usury, iii. 241 d ; Jus Referendum: Def., iii. 273 d; Eng., iii. 274 c; natura.le, ii. 498 d, 499 a ; Popula.tion, iii. Origin, iii. 274 a; Switz., iii. 274 ab; U.S.A., 241 c ; Prices, iii. 241 c. iii. 274 a. Re~tration : of Debt, public, Fr. Grand Queen Anne's Bounty: advances for Building, hvre, ii. 250 be; Documents, Fr., Enregis• iii. 246 ab ; Employment of, i. 40 c, ii. 85 b, iii. trement, i. 737 b; Firm, ii. 84 b; Land, L 245 d-246 b. 199 d, 200 a, iii. 681 d; Land, titles to, ii. QoEsNAY, F. : articles in Ephemerides, i. 744 543 d, 54 7 a, 554 b- 556 b, iii. 354 a, 550 d, b ; inft. on V. R. de MIRABEAU, ii. 775 a, 551 a ; Mortga.ges, ii. 824 b ; Property, i. 776 bed; on Pea.sant proprietors, iii. 84 c ; 199 d; Style or Trade Name, iii. 483 a; on Popula.tion, dependent on subsistence, iii. Trade Ma.rk, iii. 562 d, 563 a ; of Trades 105 a, 164 a ; on Produit net and Impot Unions, desirable, iii. 564 a. unique, ii. 372 b, iii. 222 ab, 24 7 a, 345 b ; on Rela.tivity: W. BAGEHOT's application of, i. 80 Ta.xa.tion, ii. 372 b, iii. 222 b, 247 a. d, iii. 135 cd, 277 Cd ; illnstr. by works of Cla.ssica.l Sch., iii. 279 b ; appl. to econ. RAE, J.: on Accumula.tion, effective desire of, Definitions, ii. 7 42 c, iii. 279 cd ; of econ. i. 592 cd, iii. 250 d, 251 a; Prodn., instr. Doctr., in concrete stage, iii. 278 be ; principle of, iii. 250 c ; Wealth, national, iii. 250 b. of, and Historica.l Meth., i. 573 a, ii. 311 a, RAlFFEISEN, F. W. : syst. of Land banks, i. 3!2 b, iii. 276 d; R. JONES on, appl. to D. 106 d, iii. 251 cd, 366 a ; compd. with F. H. RICARDO's doctr. of rent, iii. 276 d; K. Knies on, ScHULZE· DELITZSCH, iii. 251 C, 366 a. ii. 312 b, iii. 277 be; F. LIST'S theory of Protn., Ra.ilwa.ys: Fr. syst., concessions for limited ii. 613 cd, iii. 277 a ; J, S. MILL on, i. 735 a ; periods, iii. 258 c- 259 c ; Hist. and sta.tistics, ofecon. Precepts, iii. 277d, 278a; W. RoscHER's ii. 538 b, iii. 252 abc ; Light, iii. 258 be ; Pool theory, ii. 311 ab, iiL 277 bd, 325 b; Span. Sch. and traffic on, iii. 152 a, 257 a ; Restrns. on, on, iii. 452 a; Sir J. STEUART on, iii. 475 c; Eng. compd. with Continent, iiL 253 c.• Universality of econ. doctr. in abstra.ct stage, Ra.ilways, Goods rates, Classification, iii. 255 iii. 278 d, 279 a. cd ; Export, import, and transit rates, iii. 256 Rent : Agricultural, def. of, ii. 31 a ; J. ANDER• bed; Pool and combina.tion, iii. I 52 be, 257 ab; SON's theory, i. 39 d, 40 a, 734 b, iiL 145 c, 288 analogy with Ta.xa.tion, iii. 256 ab, 575 bc.• a; Anti-Rent a.gitations, i. 42 d, 43 a; S. Ra.ilwa.ys, Speculation in, and Crises, 1836, BAILEY'S theory, i. 82 d; N. BARBON on, i. i. 466 d ; 1847, i. 459 b- 460 b, 467 a.• 119 b ; Building and mining land, iii. 284 be ; Ra.ilwa.ys, State, and private Assoc., iii. 252 d, and Cost ofprodn., i. 438 cd, iii. 284 cd; T. 253 a; Australia compd. with Prussia, iii. 253 d. DE QuiNOEY on, i. 569 d ; and law of Dimin. -Ta.riff on Railwa.ys, Eng., control of, iii. returns, i. 585 b, ii. 672 be, iii. 283 bed ; rel. 253 d, 254 a; Private and state ra.ilways, iii. to Distr., i. 602 a, iii. 288 d ; effect of Fertility, 254 cd.-Form: Mileage, iiL 255 b, 574 d; iii. 288 b; Ground-, ii. 267 b; Ground-annual, Postal principle, iii. 255 a ; Sliding scale, iii. Scot., ii. 267 b ; D. HolliE on, ii. 341 c; effect 255 b; Zone, iii. 255 a.-Ra.ilwa.ys, U.S.A., of Improvements, iii. 288 b ; and Intensive Independent, iii. 253 b ; and Interstate Com• cultivation, iiL 283 d ; Irel., statistics, ii. merce Law, ii. 453 d-455 a, 803 d, iii. 152 12 d, 13 ac; R. JONES on, i, 734 C, ii. 310 cd, be, 254 b, 57 5 d ; state control of, and Populist 490 c; of Kelp, A. SMITH on, ii. 503 c; Rent, movement, iii. 169 d, 170 a. La.bour, medvl., i. 28 c, 152 b, 261 a, 407 a, RALEGH, Sir W. : on Census, iii. 260 b; Colonies, ii. 54 d, 685 d- 686 c, iii. 287 a, 626 be ; of iii. 259 d ; Dutch trade, iii. 260 a ; Mono• Land, A. SMITH on, iii. 287 bed, 413 d, 414 a ; polies, iii. 260 b. rel. of Landlord and Tenant, i. 7 42 c, ii. 562 b- RAMSAY, Sfr G. : on Distr., iii. 260 be; Profit, iii. 563 a ; J. Loco on, ii. 635 c ; and Luck, ii. 260 cd ; Rent, iii. 260 d ; national Revenue, 648 b ; T. R. MALTHUS on. i. 734 b, ii. 671 d, iii. 260 d. iii. 145 c ; J. S. MILL on, ii. 760 c ; effects on RAPP, G., founder of sect of Economites: i. 366 Price, monopoly-rent, iii. 284'd- 285 b ) theory d, iii. 49 be, 262 ab. of, and Produit net, iii. 222 b ; compd. with Ra.tes: Act of 1601 and mod. syst., iii. 263 b- Profit, i. 705 a ; D. RICARDo's doctr. of, i. 21 d, 264 a ; County, i. 444 c ; Hist., before 1601, 184 ab, 226 a, 734 b, ii. 169 d, 288 d, 349 c, iii. 262 cd ; Incidence, iii. 263 ab ; Ra.te in 466 a, 551 a, iiL 145 cd, 276 d, 278 d, 279 a, aid, iii. 264 b ; dist. fr. Taxes, iiL 262 b. 282 d-283 b, 288 a, 307 cd ; regarded as a Tax, 744 REPRODUCTION INDEX ROMAN LAW

iii. 288 c ; T. P. THOMPSO:

i. 708 a, ii. 681 b; codification under Theodosius, SADLER, M. T., opponent of T. R. MALTHUS: iii. iii. 323 a ; Unification under Emperors, iii. 344 b. 322 d, 323 a.-Roman Law, XII. Tables, i. ST. SIMON, C.-H., Comte de: reaction fr. spirit of 297 b ; Mancipatio and nexum, ii. 681 be, Revolution, Fr., iii. 346 b; and Socialism iii. 321 d. in Fr., ii. 157 a, iii. 347 a, 432 b.-ST. SIMON, Romantic Sch., and A. H. MULLER : ii. 827 c. Sch. of, Char. and infl., iii. 346 ab ; E. PEREIRE, RoscHER, W. : on theory of Development, ii. iii. 94 a. 311 be, iii. 277 b, 324 d, 325 a, 326 a ; Disadv. Sale of Goods : general rule Caveat emptor, i. of meth., ii. 311 c ; on Extra-economic factors 176 b, 234 d, ii. 729 e ; law of, Codified 1893, in econ. problems, iii. 147 cd; on Gov., iii. iii. 347 bed ; Merchantableness, ii. 729 c.• 325d; on Historical Meth., ii. 311 a, iii. 324 c; Sale in Roman law, i. 708 a; Mancipatio, points of diff. fr. Historical Sch., iii. 326 d, ii. 681 b. 327 a ; on History, iii. 326 be ; on econ. infl. SALMASIUS, C., on Int. and usury : i. 136 a, of Humanism, ii. 337 c ; on Peasant pro• 656 d, ii. 432 d, iii. 348 b. prietors, iii. 84 d ; on Productive Labour, Salt, Taxes on: Fr. Gabelle, ii. 176 a, iii. 348 e, iii. 219 ad ; on Rapidity of eire. flf Money, 486 d ; Brit. Ind., iii. 348 c ; Objections to, iii. i. 685 b, iii. 261 e ; on principle of Relativity, 348 d. ii. 311 ab, iii. 277 bd, 325 b; on Restrns. on Salt Union, Eng.: i. 488 d. Labour, iii. 297 b, 298 a.-W. RoscHER on Salvage : Civil, iii. 349 b ; Insurance, iii. 349 d ; P. E., Application of, iii. 325 c ; Humanist Military, iii. 349 c. conception of, iii. 143 e ; position in collective Sanctuary : and Abjuratio regni, medvl., iii. syst. of Sciences, iii. 324 d ; Theoretic and 350 abed; Tudor period, iii. 350 d, 351 a. practical, iii. 324 d. SARTORIUS, G. F., follower of A. SMITH : iii. Rossi, P. L. E. : on Liberty, iii. 328 d ; lectures 352 d. on P. E. in Paris, ii. 466 b, iii. 328 b. Satiety Price : iii. 354 c. ROUSSEAU, J. J.: refuted by F. BRIGANTI, i. SAVIGNY, F. C. von, on hist. of Law: iii. 181 be, 179 a; on Gov., iii. 330 b, 331 a; on state of 355 c-356 b. Nature, ii. 289 ed, 338 d, 693 d, iii. 105 b; rei. Saving : Def. of, iii. 356 c ; and Distance in to Physiocrats, iii. 330 c; on Property, iii. time, i. 593 ab; in Ger., i. 109 b; Investment 231 d, 232 a, 331 b; on Social Contract, ii. of savings, ii. 456 c ; Opportunities for, and 350 d, iii. 104 ae, 330 b, 427 d, 428 a; rei. to Tl).rift., i. 7 c, ii. 118 d, iii. 539 d-540 b. mod. Socialism, iii. 232 a, 330 d; on Wealth, Savings Banks: Banks, popular, Ger. and national, iii. 331 a. Italy, i. 109 a -110 c ; in Colonies, i. 111 d ; Royal African Co. : i. 19 a, 330 be, ii. 271 d, iii. P. COLQUHOUN on, i. 334 d ; founded by H. 275 d. DUNCAN, i. 649 bed ; Fr., i. 111 d ; Irish, W. RifMELIN, G. von : on T. R. MALTHUS' doctr. of N. HANCOCK on, ii. 278 d ; Investment of Population, iii. 333 b ; Statistics, iii. 333 a. deposits, i. 560 a ; Post-office, i. 111 be, ii. Rupee : and Coinage, native rights of, iii. 335 b ; 538 a, iii. 175 d; U.K., i. 110 e-111 b. Hist., iii. 333 d-334 e; closing of Ind. Mints, SAY, J. B.: on Bounties, i. 171 c; analysis of i. 776 d-777 b, iii. 335 a; enfaced Paper, Capital, iii. 358 a ; theory of Debouches, i. i. 715 b ; fall in gold price of Silver, iii. 503 ab, iii. 358 be ; on Distr., i. 595 d; on 334 d. Entrepreneur, iii. 358 b ; defence of Farming Russia or Muscovy Co. : i. 18 ab, 271 b, 330 a, of Taxes, ii. 23 c ; on Fashion in Consump• 375 c, ii. 285 d, 436 ed, iii. 275 e, 335 e-336 b, tion, ii. 35 d, 36 b ; on Labour, ii. 515 d; 561 b. use of Observation, iii. 357 d ; Optimism, Russian Sch. ofP.E.: iii. 336 c-343 c; Agrarian iii. 357 e, 358 c ; on Personal services, iii. quest., iii. 341 ab ; Co-operation, industrial, 96 c; on Physiocrats, iii. 103 d; Popularity iii. 342 ed ; Curr. and credit, iii. 341 ed ; of his works, iii. 357 e; on Prodn., iii. 213 c; Discussion of econ. forbidden after Napoleonic on Productive Labour, iii. 210 a, 218 b; war, iii. 339 c ; Finances and taxation, iii. on Value in use and exchange, i. 763 d.• 343 c ; Free Trade party, iii. 342 b ; Gor!off, J. B. SAY and P.E., divis. into Prodn., Distr., follower of J. B. SAY, iii. 340 c ; Historical and Consumption, ii. 156 b, iii. 357 d ; as sci. Sch., iii. 343 b ; Industry, syst. of, iii. 342 c ; of Wealth, iii. 129 d. followers of H. K. MARX, iii. 342 d; Peter the SAY, Leon: on Democracy and Socialism, iii. Great, iii. 337 b ; Physiocrats, infl. on Catherine 359 be ; Taxation, iii. 359 b. II., iii. 337 bed ; Polevoi on the Serf, iii. 337 c; SCACCIA, S.: on Justum Pretium, iii. 360 a; J. Possoshkoff and Gov. authority, iii. 337 a ; Usury, iii. 360 ab. Railways, iii. 341 d; Russo-Ger. sch., iii. ScARUFFI, G. : on Bimetallism, ii. 462 b, 808 d, 339 d, a4o a, 4 79 a ; Serfdom, abolition of, by iii. 360 c ; International coinage, iii. 360 d ; Alexander II., iii. 340 ab ; H. F. von STORCH functions of Money, li. 795 b, iii. 360 c. and N. T. Turgueneff on Freedom, iii. 339 b ; ScHLETTWEIN, J. A., follower of Physiocrats: i V. Stroinoffski, follower of Physiocrats, iii. 339 431 d, ii. 200 a, iii. 362 be. a; Sylvester and G. Krizhanich, early writers, iii. SCHLOZER, A. L. von : on functions of Hist., ii. 336 d; Tchernychevski and scientific Socialism, 199 c, iii. 362 d ; a 11-Iercantilist, iii. 362 d. iii. 340 d; G. Tsekanovetski's crit. of A. SMITH, ScHMALZ, T. A. H., latest of Physiocrats : iii. iii. 340 be ; A. SMITH's Wealth, of Nationa 363 b. translated into Russ. by N. Politkoffski, iii. ScHON, H. T. von, and H. F. K. vom STEIN's legis!.: 838 ed. iii. 364 ab. 746 SCHOOLMEN INDEX SILVER

Schoolmen : and Econ. thought, i. 48 a ; on Rent of ability, iii. 285 c; Trades Unions, Justum Pretium, i. 49 a, 720 c, ii. 500 c. iii. 379 a; Wages fund, iii. 146 c, 378 cd. ScHRODER, W ., Freiherr von, on Money and Serfdom: Abolition of, 1861, by Alexander II. of Balance of Trade: ii. 198 be, iii. 365 alJ. RUBS., i. 340 alJ, 380 c ; in Agriculture, ScRULZE·DELrrzscH, F. H.: and Banking, co• disadv. of, i. 716 b ; Def. of, i. 716 a; early operative, i. 109 abc, 412 d, iii. 251 c, 366 a ; Hist., iii. 380 b; in Industry, disadv. of, i. F. LASSALLB's attack on, ii. 427 d, 568 b, iii. 716 d; 19th centy., iii. 380 b; Norman syst., 365 d; compd. with F. W. RAIFFBISBN, iii. ii. 28 b, 709 be ; Polevoi on, iii. 337 c ; and 251 c, 366 a. alterations in Prices, 16th centy., iii. 380 d ; Sciences : Aims and scope of, iii. 367 d ; Moral in Prussia, abolished by H. F. K. vom STBIN, dist. fr. Physical, iii. 367 c.-sciences of Society, ii. 28 b, iii. 473 alJ; Rdss., i. 23 a, iii. 380 c, Anthropology, iii. 368 a, 431 b; Economics, 479 b; Serf, .at time of Norman Conquest, iii. 368 b, 431 b ; Politics, iii. 367 d, 368 a. manumission of, ii. 689 c, ScBOPB, G. P. : on Index numbers and Tabular BERRA, A. : on Money and International stan., iii. 369 d, 510 be ; Population, iii. Trade, ii. 462 c, 651 d, iii. 381 alJ; Value 370 a; Silver Stan., iii. 369 d. of Money, iii. 381 c. SECKENDOBFF, V. L. von, on Gov. : iii. 370 d, Services : Ability and benefit of, iii. 382 b ; F. 371 a. BABTIAT's doctr. of, i. 124 b, ii. 256 be ; power SECBETAN, 0. : and Christian Socialism, iii. o~ personal Capital, iii. 382 d ; Commodity 371 d ; on Solidarity, iii. 371 d, 444 d. and Discommodity, iii. 382 a ; Exchange Securities: Arbitrage, i. 50 c, ii. 449 d; value of, iii. 382 a ; Material, prodn.- and Bearer, i. 127 b ; Blank transfer, i. 155 c ; consumption-, ii. 229 a, iii. 382 b ; Personal, Certificate, share, i. 251 d, 346 c; Coupon, ii. 229 a, iii. 96 b, 218 a, 382 c, 660 c ; Pro• i. 444 d; Debenture, i. 346 b, 501 a, ii. 90 b, ductive, iii. 217 a.-Services,. Predial and 91 b, 488 c ; Def. of, iii. 371 d; Enfaced military, Fyrd, ii. 175 d, iii. 384 be; Libere paper or Rupee paper, i. 715 alJ ; Exchequer tenentes, iii. 383 alJ; Villein, 383 a-384 b. Bond, i. 785 be, iii. 3 d ; Face value, ii. 3 b ; Settlement : Perpetuities, rule against, and Inecribed stock, ii. 408 d; Instr., Negoti• TBBLLUSSON Act, iii, 95 d, 387 c, 532 d ; able, ii. 409 be, iii. 15 alJ ; International, Personal property, iii. 386 c ; Real pro• ii. 449 b ; Letter of Allotment, ii. 598 b ; perty, iii. 386 d ; Statute of Uses, iii. 387 alJ ; Letter of Application, ii. 598 b ; Lloyd's Statute of Westminster II., de dania condicio• Bonds, i. 163 c, ii. 620 a; Margin. ii. 691 a ; nalibus, iii. 387 a.-Settlement, Poor law Negotiable, ii. 409 c; Prices of, effect of syst., Description, ii. 399 c, iii. 388 c • 389 a ; international sales on, i. 50 b ; Scrip, iii. Hist., iii. 156 a, 387 d- 388 b. 369 a ; Stock, iii. 478 cd ; Talon, iii. SBYD, E., on Bimetallism : ii. 795 d, iii. 389 d. 514 be; Treasury Bond. iii. 579 b. SHEFFIBLD, J. B. Holroyd, Earl of: on Com• Self-Interest : and Altruism, i. 37 b, iii 375 b ; merce, Amern., iii. 390 d ; Corn laws, iii. C. B. BECCARIA on, i. 128 a ; and Competi• 391 a; Irish trade, iii. 390 c; Navigation tion, i. 377 b, 379 ab, iii. 588 cd ; D. DEFOB laW&, iii. 391 b ; Poor law, iii. 391 c. on, i. 729 alJ, iii. 37 4 d ; H. H. GOSSEN on, ii. Sierra Leone Co. : i. 19 b, 330 b, 331 d, iii. 537 c. 233 c; and Hedonism, ii. 295 c, 814 a, iii. Silver : effects of Bimetallism on price of, i. 375 b; HELVBTIUS on, i. 128 a j Hypothetical 148 cd; as By-product, i. 197 be; and Closing char. of principle, iii. 375 C j W. KOSBGABTBN of Ind. mints, results, i. 776 d- 777 b, iii. 335 on, ii. 512 d; J. S. MILL on, iii. 375 b ; T.. alJ ; and London Produce clearing, i. 311 b, MUN on, i. 724 a, iii. 37 4 d ; or egoism, A. ii. 175 b, iii. 212 be ; Protection, effect of fall SliiiTll on, i. 686 b, iii. 38 c, 375 a, 422 be; J. in exchange, iii. 235 b, 396 b ; as Reserve in TUCKBB on, iii. 588 c- 589 a ; A. R. J. TURGOT banking, i. 147 b; A. SliiiTR on value of, i". on, iii. 374 d; R. WHATELY on, iii. 375 a.• 414 alJ ; Stan. of fineness, iii. 457 be; mone• Self-Int., as Econ. motive, compd. with Calcul., tary Status of, revolution in, 19th centy., iii. iii.117 d; Family affection, iii.ll7 d; Utility, 395 cd; coins, limitation to Tokens, ii. 616 d. iii. 117 c. -Silver, Coinage of, Charges on, ii. 135 a; SBLKIRK, T. Douglas, 5th Earl of: on Emigra• and Farmers' Organisations, U.S.A., ii. tion, iii. 375 d-376 b; effects of disbanding 25 c; J, LOOKB on W. LOWNDES' proposed Highland clans, iii. 375 d, 376 a. amendment of, 1695, i. 729 a, 731 c, ii. 633 a, 8BNBUU., J. G. Courcelle- : on Labour, ii. 515 d; 646 cd ; and bronze, tokens, at Mint, ii. Method of P.E., iii. 377 b; Plutology and 771 be; tokens, Mint, U.S.A., ii. 772 c. ergonomy, iii. 118 b, 377 b ; interdependence -Free : and Monetary conference, Paris, of Prodn. and Consumption, iii. 377 c. 1878, ii. 785 be ; and Populist movement, SBNIOB, W. N.: on Absentee, i. 3 b, 4 b; U.S.A., iii. 169 d-170 b.-Silver, Consump• Abstinence theory of Capital, iii. 377 d- tion of, compd. with Prodn., iii. 401 alJc ; 378 b ; Deductive Meth., iii. 134 a, 378 d, Statistics, iii. 398 d-401 a.-Silver Curr., 379 a ; law of Increasing returns, iii. 378 China, Sycee, iii. 506 a; Tael, iii. 511 d. be; International trade, iii. 378 c; Intrinsic -Silver, Depree. of, i. 81 c, 147 b, 149 a, value of gold and silver, ii. 456 a; Labour, 564 b, 771 d, iii. 396 a ; W. BAGBROT on, ii. 515 bd, 516 a ; Laissez faire, iii. 379 b ; i. 81 c.-Silver, Discoveries of: 16th Monopoly, ii. 805 d; P.E., separated art centy., L. DIODATI on, i. 586 d ; Medvl., iii. fr. sci., iii. 130 ab, 148 a; Poor Law, iii. 156 396 c ; Roman Empire, effects on demand, iii. d; Productive Labour, iii. 210 b, 219 b; 398 alJ ; stimulus to existing sources of Supply, SINECURE INDEX SMITH, .ADAM 747

iii. 396 d-397 c; U.S.A., effects on demand, trading, i. 16 b, 18 ab, iii. 418 d, 419 a; Com• iii. 398 ab.-Silver Legisl., U.S.A., Bland petition, i. 378 a, ii. 525 d; Consumption, Act and Dollar, i. 154 c, iii. 398 a, 401 cd; i. 393 c; Corn laws, i. 425 d, iii. 416 d, Sherman Act, iii. 398a, 402ab.-Silver the be.•t 417 a; Corn as measure of value, i. 562 d; Money, I. KANT on, ii. 502 a; J. LOCKE on, Cost of prodn. and value, i. 434 d, 437 c, iii. 395 b.-Silver, Prodn. of, and Bimetal• 580 d, 763 ab; Curr., i. 472 b; Customs lism, i. 148 c j A. von HUMBOLDT on, ii. 219 b, Duties, iii. 420 d, 421 a ; Death Duties, 340 a ; Statistics, iii. 399 abcd.-Silver as i. 490 be, iii. 420 c; Debasement of Coin, Stan. of value, in Eng., hist. of, i. 499 cd, iii. i. 563 b ; Debts, public, or national, i. 178 b; Monetary Conference, Paris, 1878, ii. 507 a, iii. 421 be ; sparing use of Definitions, 785 be ; before 19th centy., iii. 395 a ; G. P. i. 534 b; on Distr., i. 595 cd, 603 a; Draw• ScROPE on, iii. 369 d. backs, i. 353 a, 640 be, iii. 416 c; E. Ind. Co., Sinecure : Causes and effects, iii. 403 cd ; Sine• iii. 417 d, 418 d; Education and Endow• cures, Colonial, abuses of, iii. 403 d-404 b; ments, i. 264 a, 713 c, iii. 419 abc; use of Eng., iii. 403 c; Fr. before Revolution, iii. Examples, i. 758 b; on Exchange, i. 759 b; 403 b. approved. of Excise scheme of Sir R. WALPOLE, Sinking Fund : or Amortization, i. 38 b ; i. 789 a, iii. 652 b; Famine, ii. 19 d; Far• , Annuity, i. 40 d ; and Depree. of machinery, ming of Taxes, ii. 23 c, 33 c; Fellow-feeling as i. 561 d; Sir N. GOULD on, ii. 235 b; A. basis of morality, ii. 814 a, iii. 412 d, 413 a; HUTCHESON on, ii. 346 c ; Loans, colonial, iii. conn. with A. FERGUSON, i. 733 b, ii. 53 ab j on 407 d; Misapplication of princ;, iii. 406 cd ; Finances, i. 733d, ii. 61 c, 62bcd; Free Trade, Old and new, iii. 407 ab; of 1786, W. PITT's ii. 144 a, 148 a, 678 b, iii. 415 c; Free Trade, or Dr. R. PRICE's, ii. 278 b, iii. 111 d, 189 a, Exceptions to, i. 352 d, ii. 144 d ; infl. on Ger. 405 d, 406 a ; Prine. of, iii. 405 ab, 407 c ; Sch., ii. 200 d, 201 c ; on Gilds, i. 430 b ; superseded by Terminable annuities and Gov., iii. 418 be; S. GRAY's crit. of, ii. 257 d; conversion, iii. 407 b j N. VANSITTART's, on Gross and net, ii. 264 cd, iii. 222 be, iii. 1813, iii. 406 b, 612 a j Sir R. WALPOLE'S, 414 c; Higgling of market, ii. 304 d; Hol• 1716, iii. 405 bed, 651 cd. dings of Land, large, ii. 322 d ; view oflaissez SISMONDI, J. C. L. S. de : on Insurance, State, faire, and Humanism, ii. 339 a; F. HUTCHE• ii. 419 c; Int. and usury, ii. 434 d; Laissez soN's anticipation of, ii. 347 a; use of Hypo• faire, i. 286 c, iii. 408 d ; Personal services, thesis, explanatory, ii. 350 c; use of Induc• iii. 96 be ; Rapidity of eire. of money, iii. tive Meth., i. 734 a; Infl. of, i. 734 a, ii. 148 261 c ; necessary Wage, iii. 408 cd. a, iii. 422 a ; on Int. and usury, ii. 433 abc ; Sixteenth centy. : Depopulation, i. 552 be, iii. compd. with I. KANT, ii. 501 c; on Kelp, 455 a ; W. HARRISON on condition of Eng.,· ii. Rent of, ii. 503 c ; on Kind, payments in, ii. 291 b ; effects of influx of Precious metals, 504 d, 505 a ; on Laissez faire, ii. 339 a, 535 b ; iii. 455 b. Liberty, iii. 413 d, 415 d, 418 b; J. F. E. LoTz' Slavery: Abolition of, 19th centy., i. 2 a; crit. on, ii, 645 a ; on Luxury, ii. 653 c, 654 a ; Abolitionist, i. 1 d ; St. Thomas AQUINAS on, Minimum of subsistence, ii. 769 b; Money, i. 48 d ; Assiento Treaty, i. 62 d, iii. 409 c, iii. 414 cd; Monopoly, ii. 805 d, 806 a, iii. 417 447 b j Lord BROUGHAM on, i. 181 b; J. E. c; Morality, theory of, com pd. with J. Ruskin's, CAIRNES on, i. 201 b, 202 b ; and meuvl. ii. 813 d; A. H. MULLER's crit. of, ii. 201 c, Church, i. 281 a-282 a; anc. City based on, 827 c; Objections urged against, iii. 422 be; Op• i. 291 d j T. CLARKSON on, i. 1 d, 303 b; B. timism, econ., ii. 242 b, iii. 38 c; on Peasant EDWARDS on, i. 682 a; in Eng., Anglo-Saxon proprietors, iii. 84 b ; Personal services, iii. period, ii. 709 ab, iii. 385 d ; Ephemerides and 96 b, 218 a j anticipated by E. PHILIPS, iii. 102 d j abolition of, i. 125 b, 7 44 a ; post-Constantinian on Physiocrats, iii. 103 d, 418 a; infl. on W. Fathers on, ii. 39 b; Medvl., iii. 386 a; PITr, ii. 14 7 d, 148 a, iii. 111 d ; discussed by Manumission of slaves, Roman law, ii. 689 W.PLAYFAIR, iii.ll6 d; on Poll taxes, i. 224 a; c ; Mod. hist. of, iii. 409 cd ; Objections to, i. on settlement syst., Poor Law, ii. 399 c, iii. 694 c, iii. 410 ab ; anc. Rome, ii. 28 a, iii. 156 c ; debt to Previous writers, iii. 422 ab ; on 385 be j J. STEPHEN on, iii. 474 d j J. SWAN Profit, iii. 222 d ; Protn., iii. 235 ab, 415 d ; on, iii. 502 c.-Emancipation of slaves, H. Public works, iii. 418 d ; Rent of land, iii. DUNCAN on, i. 649 d; Effects, i. 694 c-695 c; 287 bed, 413 d, 414 a; Revenue, i. 733 d, iii. as Religious act, i. 281 d. 419 d; crit. by Louis A. SAY, iii. 359 d; on SMITH, Adam: on Administration, local, i. 156 Self-int. or egoism, i. 686 b, iii. 38 c, 375 a, d; Advances, i. 16 b; Balance of trade, i. 422 be; Silver, value of, iii. 414 ab; F. J. H. 87 d- 88 b, ii. 727 c, iii. 416 ab; infl. on von SoDEN's crit. of, iii. 440 b ; on Stationary E. BAUMSTARK, i. 126 a, ii. 201 b ; C. B. state, iii. 466 c; compd. with Sir J. STEUART, BECCARIA's anticipation of, i. 127 d, ii. 464 a ; i. 733 d, iii. 367 a, 475 be j D. STEWART'S crit. compd. with J. BENTHAll! as philosopher, i. 132 of, iii. 477 a; on Value in use and exchange, d, 133 a; on Bounties, i. 171 b, 173 b, 353 b, i. 763 ab, iii. 413 b; Wages and profit, natural iii. 416 cd ; on Cadastral survey, i. 200 b ; rate of, iii. 413 c; Wealth, national, iii. 413 Carrying trade, i. 228 d; Coinage, iii. 418 ab.-A. SMITH on Capital, Employment of, d ; Colonial empire, i. 353 c, iii. 417 b, 421 d, iii. 415 a ; Fixed and floating or circulating, 422 a ; old Colonial syst., i. 323 a, 329 b, 331 i. 16 b, 220 cd, ii. 87 d, iii. 414 c; and Stock, c, 353 c, iii. 421 d, 422 a ; Commercial iii. 414 bc.-A. SMITH on Labour, ii. 515 be; treaties, i. 353 b, iii. 417 b ; Companies, Divis. of, i. 409 b, 609 ab, iii. 413 b ; labour, 748 SOCIAL CONTRACT lNDEX SOUTH SEA CO.

Mobility of, ii. 525 d ; Productive and iii. 138 c ; and Population, T. R. MALTHUS' unproductive, i. 358 a, iii. 209 d, 217 d, 218 doctr. of, iii. 168 c ; and Property, iii. 232 cd; alJ, 414 d ; Skilled, as fixed capital, ii. 527 b ; and Protn., C. B. di CAVOUR on, i. 236 d, 237 a ; as source of Wealth, iii. 145 b, 377 d, 413 b. and Right to Labour, iii. 312 cd, 432 c; mod., -A. SMITH on Navigation Laws, Com• J. J. RoussEAU's rei. to, iii. 232 a, 330 d; C. mercial aspect, iii. 11 a, 417 be; Naval aspect, H. de ST. SIMON conn. with, ii. 157 a, iii. 347 a, ii. 145 d, iii. 10 c, 415 d.-A. SMITH on P.E., 432 b ; Switz., iii. 434 b ; U.K. and Colonies, Agricultural syst., i. 27 c, iii. 103 d, 417 d- iii. 435 a; U.S.A., iii. 435 be; anticipated by 418 b ; Commercial or Mere. syst., i. 351 d- J. VANDERLINT, iii. 611 b.-Socialists of the 353 c, 733 d, ii. 727 d, iii. 415 c, 417 d; as Chair, Ger., ii. 203 c, 419 d, 472 a; A. von sci. of Wealth, i. 678 be, iii. 129 be, 143 b.• HELD on, ii. 297 d, 298 b ; Historical Sch., A. SMITH on Taxation, Capitation, i. 224 a, synonym for, ii. 312 e ; and Insurance, state, iii. 420 d ; Classification of, iii. 520 a ; on in Ger., ii. 419 d, 420 a, iii. 437 b ; compd. Houses, etc., iii. 420 b ; Imperial, iii. 421 c ; with Ital. Sch., ii. 464 e ; compd. with Indirect, i. 352 d, 395 d, 396 alJ, iii. 420 d ; Laissez faire Sch., iii. 438 a, 451 d; l!l. on Land, Tithes, iii. 420 a ; Maxims of, de LAVELEYE, ii. 574 d, 575 a; E. NASSB, certainty, convenience, economy, and equality, iii. 1 be; compd. with Scientific socialists, iii. i. 251 d, 435 a, 519 c, ii. 53 b, 818 c, iii. 419 438 a ; and Socialism, state, iii. 437 b, 438 b. d, 518 b, 519 a; on Rent, iii. 287 cd, 420 a. -Socialism, Scientific, and International -A. SMITH, Wealth of Nations, Annotated by working men's Assoc., i. 361 d, ii. 453 a, J. Joycr:, ii. 493 c.-Translated: into Danish, iii. 433 be ; and Labour as measure of value, iii. 424 a; Fr., by G. GARNIER, ii. 184 b, 78~e, iii. 432 d; F. LAssALLE, i. 337 d, ii. 204 b, iii. 210 a, 424 a ; Ger., by C. GARVE, ii. 186 a, 419 c, 568 e, 769 d, iii. 318 a, 432 d, 433 b ; 201 c, iii. 424 a ; Ital., iii. 424 a ; Russ., by B. MALoN, ii. 159 cd, 667 ab, iii. 433 alJ, N. Politkoffski, iii. 338 cd; Span., by J. A. 434 e ; H. K. MARX, i. 735 a, 763 e, ii. 204 a, ORTIZ, iii. 44 d, 424 a, 451 be. 317 b, 452 d, 568 e, 689 b, 706 a, iii. 432 d ; Social Contract : J. ALTHusros on, i. 36 c; K. J. RODBERTUS on, ii. 204 b, 434 d, 706 a, Doctr. of, ii, 501 d, iii. 312 b, 427 b-428 b; iii. 316 d, 433 b ; Compd. with Socialists of T. HOBBES on, ii. 350 d, iii. 427 be, 428 a ; D. the Chair, iii. 438 a ; doctr. of Surplus HUME on, i. 728 b ; C. LEMONNIER on, ii. 593 b ; value, ii. 204 a, iii. 432 d, 536 d, 610 b; J. LOCKE on, ii. 633 d, iii. 427 e, 428 a ; PLATO Tchernychevski, iii. 340 d; Wages, "Iron on, iii. 114 a ; J. J. RoussEAU on, ii. 350 d, Law" of, i. 337 d, ii. 17 d, 157 b, 204 b, 633 d, iii. 104 ac, 330 b, 427 d, 428 a ; Sir W. 567 d, iii. 432 d.-Socialism, State, J. J. L. TEMPLE on, iii, 528 b; C. von WOLFF on, iii. BLANC and Ateliers N ationaux, i. 66 b, 154 671 b. . b, iii. 432 c; J. S. MILL on, ii. 763 a, iii. 437 Social Science : iii. 367 d, 368 a, 428 b ; 18th b ; and Municipal gov., iii. 437 c ; C. H. centy., iii. 428 c ; Imperfect condition of, iii. PEARSON, iii. 83 a ; and democracy, Leon SAY 431 ab ; Organic view, iii. 429 be ; Philosophy on, iii. 359 be ; and Socialists of the Chair, of hist., iii. 429 a ; part of moral Sciences, iii. iii. 437 b, 438 b ; Theory and practice of, iii. 367 d ; Scope confined to one aspect of life, iii. 436 d, 437 a. 429 d-430 b; and Statistical Meth., iii. 431 Society : ARISTOTLE on origin of, i. 55 abc, iii. be.-Social Sci., or Sociology ; term invd. by 114 a ; J. F. BRAY on jnt.-stk. modification o~ A. COMTE, i. 383 a, ii. 157 c, 310 d, 741 a, iii. i. 177 be; I. KANT on, ii. 501 d; B. MANDE· 167 b, 172 a, 368 a, 428 e, 430 d; A. FERGUSON, VILLE on, ii. S82 d; primitive, J. MILLAR on, ii. 53 ed ; G. D. ROMAGNOSI, iii. 321 a. ii. 764 ab; Physiocrats, theory o~ iii. 104 c; Socialism : Aims of, iii. 432 a ; compd. with Robert VAUGHAN on functions of, iii. 613 d ; Anarchism, iii. 431 d ; Austria, iii. 433 d, G. Vrco on hist. of, iii. 620 d. -Society, 434 a ; Belgium, iii. 434 d, 435 a ; J. F. BRAY, Development of, G. W. F. HEGEL on, ii. i. 177 be ; Christian, i. 280 a, 735 a, ii. 336 296 c ; H. K. MARX on, ii. 705 d ; K. J. ROD• be, 507 be, 715 ab, iii. 12 b, 86 c, 371 d ; or BERTUS on, iii. 317 a.-Society, Organic view Collectivism, i. 320 cd, iii. 431 d ; compd. of, rei. to Historical Meth., i. 675 d, ii. 309 c; with Communism, i. 366 c, 598 a, ii. 125 d, A. H. MuLLER on, ii. 827 c ; and Social sci., iii. 232 be ; and Distr., i. 598 a-599 b, 606 b ; iii. 429 b. and Dutch Sch., i. 658 cd ; Encyclical of SOETBEER, A. : on future of Gold prodn., ii. 226 a, Pope Leo XIII. i. 284 cd, 712 c; J. G. FicHTB, iii. 441 a; Index numbers, iii. 442 d; gold ii. 56 a, 203 d, 419 c, 502 b, iii. 312 b; Fr., Monometallism, ii. 786 cd, iii. 440 d.• iii. 434 be; Ger. political, infi. of G. W. F. Soetbeer's table of Prices, iii. 441 d-443 c; HEGEL on, ii. 203 d, 296 cd, 502 b, 705 cd, iii. based on Hamburg. table, iii. 442 alJ. 21 cd ; view of Int. and usury, based on D. Solidarity : A. COliiTE on, i. 383 a, iii. 444 b ; RICARDO and A. SMITH, ii. 434 d; C. JANNET opposed to Individualism, iii. 10 4 d, 445 alJ ; on, ii. 472 a ; F. A. LANGE on, ii. 565 b ; P. LEROUX on, ii. 157 b ; Objections to doctr., P. LEROUX on, ii. 157 b, 595 d, iii. 431 c ; iii. 444 cd ; in Primitive society, iii. 444 d, K. MARLO (K. G. WINKELBLECH), ii. 419 c, 445 a ; C. SECRETAN on, iii. 371 d, 444 d. 699 a ; compd. with Mere. Syst., ii. 727 b ; South Sea Co. : i. 182 be, 271 b, 330 b, iii. 295 c, compd. in number with Military force of Eur., 418 d, 447 a-448 b; and reduction of National iii. 435 cd ; compd. with Nihilism, iii. 22 c ; debt, i. 404 c, iii. 447 cd.-S. Sea Bubble, i. points Overlooked by, ii. 518 d, iii. 232 d, 436 183 a, iii. 295 c, 447 d; and J. ArsLABIE, i. a; R. OWEN, iii. 48 c ; and P.E. and ethics, 30 c. SOVEREIGN INDEX STEUART, SIR J. 749

Sovereign : iii. 448 c ; Abrasion of, i. 2 c, 548 d. Statistics: G. AcHENWALL and, i. 8 a, ii. 199 c, Sovereignty : Internal and external, iii. 448 d ; iii. 363 c; sci. of, and Arith., political, i. Legal and political, iii. 449 a. 56 b; use of Average, i. 74 be, iii. 468 d; and Spanish Sch. of P.E. : Politicos on Depopula• C. BABBAGE, i. 75 b; C. BEBOLD on functions tion, iii. 450 be ; Finances, iii. 452 b ; and of, i. 135 d; T. H. BUCKLE on, i. 185 a; 17th Gresham's law, iii. 450 ab ; on Laissez faire, centy., E. CHAMBERLAYNE'S Angliae Notitia, i. ii. 120 d, iii. 451 ed; Mere. Syst., iii. 450 cl ; 256 d ; use of Chorogram, i. 279 c ; use of P.E. and Ethics, iii. 451 d ; Relativity, iii. Chronogram and Hexogram, i. 287 b ; Col• 452 a ; Single Tax, iii. 451 ab ; Taxation, lection of, iii. 467 c ; and Demography, i. Span., iii. 449 ed ; Vagrancy, iii. 450 c.• 545 ab; Error, law of, i. 751 b; Prussian Span. Sch., and Spain, causes of econ. Decline, official, J. G. HOFFMANN on, ii. 318 be; of iii. 449 bed ; econ. policy, E. de LARRUGA on, Florentine population, 18th centy., M. LASTRI ii. 567 be ; decline in 18th centy., S. de MoNCADA on, ii. 569 a ; Laws of, limits to, iii. 469 b, on, ii. 783 ab; industry, D. de OLIVARES on, 470 ab; A. F. LUDER on, ii. 649 c; econ., rei. iii. 35 b.-Econ. reform: J. de UZTARIZ on, of to scientific Method, ii. 7 43 a; E. MoRPURGO iii. 604 be ; B. WARD on, iii. 656 be. on, ii. 821 a; C. OLIPHANT's law of sickness, SPENCE, T., on Land, nationalisation of: i. iii. 35 a ; Physical, F. P. DUFAU on, i. 648 c ; 736 a, iii. 453 c. of Population, G. KING on, ii. 320 d, 505 cd ; Stamp Duties on Bill of Exchange: i. 143 d, G. R. PORTER on, iii. 170 d; and theory of ii. 64 c, 65 d, iii. 456 b, 523 c. Probability, M. C. de CoNDORCET on, i. 387 a ; Standard of value : Alternative, i. 35 d; G. VOn RfiMELIN on, iii. 333 a ; M. SCHMEITZEL Appreciation of, i. 45 b. on, ii. 199 be, iii. 363 c; as Sci. of things, iii. Staple: i. 16 c, 342 b, 721 c, 722 c, 723 b, ii. 469 cd. -Statistics, Meth. of, Analysis of 403 c; Advantage of, 13th and 14th centy., returns, iii. 468 be ; use and misuse of Average, i. 374 a, ii. 146 d, 147 a; merchants of, i. 7 4 be, ii. 386 d, 718 c, iii. 468 d ; diffic. of king's Bankers, ii. 730 b, iii. 462 a ; importance Classification, iii. 467 d- 468 b ; use of Curves, of Calais, i. 16 c, 374 d, 722 a, ii. 604 be, i. 47 4c; rei. between social Phenomena, iii. 468d, 731 a, iii. 462 abed ; causes of Decline, i. 469 a, 470 ab.-Statistics, Vital, A. DEPAR• 375 ab, iii. 462 bed ; and Gov. reguln. of CIEUX on, i. 549 d j W. FARR on, i. 239 b, 497 d, Industry, ii. 240 a; courts of, and medvl. 790 b, ii. 34 a, 718 c ; J. GRAUNT, ii. 257 b j Law merchant, i. 374 b, ii. 579 a, iii. 461 d; Carlisle tables, J. HEYSHAM and J. MILNE on, exemptions fr., Licenses to wool merchants, i. 242 c, ii. 304 a, 764 d. ii. 604 be; defended by G. de MALYNES, i. Statutes : Acton Burnell, or Statute of Mer• 723 be; and Merchant Adventurers' Co., chants, i. 342 a, ii. 581 a, 730 b, iii. 470 c- i. 16 d, 17 a, 375 ab, 725 d, iii. 462 bed; 471 b, 560 a; Apprenticeship, i. 45 d-47 a, and Merchants, medvl., i. 374 b, ii. 730 a- 318 d, 430 a, ii. 4 d, 136 a, 241 ab, 530 ed, 731 a, iii. 275 c; defended by T. MILLES, i. 591 b, iii. 563 c; Arbitration, i. 51 d; Distr., 722 c ; Ordinance of, ii. 146 d, 581 a, iii. 461 i. 603 cd ; Enclosures, i. 24 b, 711 d ; Enrol• c, 560 b ; source of Revenue, iii. 461 c ; ments, ii. 554 d ; Gilbert's Act, ii. 208 ed, Towns, hist. of, iii. 460 d- 461 d ; and Trade, iii. 156 b, 599 a, 673 b; Gloucester, ii. 687 b; foreign, reguln. of, medvl., iii. 560 b ; and of 1463 on Imports, i. 343 c ; Labourers. i. Woollen trade, iii. 460 d- 462 d. 28 c, 552 b, ii. 240 b, 529 a, 591 c, 709 d; State : State Control, E. BURKE on princ. of, i. Merton, i. 359 d, 710 a, ii. 700 d, 736 c; 195 b ; and laissez faire, J. E. CAIRNES on, Mortmain, de viris religiosis, ii. 825 a, iii. 248 b, i. 194 c ; dist. fr. state management, W. S. 601 b; Poor Law of Edward VI., ii. 530 b; Poor JEVONS on, ii. 477 a ; K. MARLO (K. G. Law of Elizabeth, ii. 591 d, iii. 156 a; Poy• WINKELBLECH) on, ii. 698 d j Necessity of, i. nings' Act, iii. 180 cd ; Provisors, iii. 238 d, 194 ab. -State, Econ. functions of, i. 10 a, 239 a; Settlement Act of 1662, iii. 156 ab, 387 14 a, iii. 147 d; A. JOURDAN on, ii. 491 b; d; Ordinance of the Staple, ii. 146 d, 581 a, R. von MOHL on, ii. 779 d.-State Inter• iii. 461 c, 560 b j THELLUSSON Act, iii. 95 d, 387 c, ference, and Dutch Sch., i. 658 c ; G. G. 532 d ; Uses, iii. 95 c, 387 ab, 601 a ; Vagrants, MAROGNA on, ii. 699 c; G. D. ROMAGNOSI on, ii. 530 d, iii. 388 a ; Westminster I., 127 5, ii. 511 iii. 321 c. d, 696 c ; Westminster II., 1285, de don is con• State Notes : Coin receipts, iii. 464 b ; Con• dicionalibus, i. 359 d, 710 a, 738 d, iii. 95 c, vertible, iii. 465 abc ; Exchequer Bill, iii. 387 a; Westminster III., 1290, Quia Emptores, 464 a ; Inconvertible, iii. 464 ed ; Int.. i. 544b, ii. 138 b, 330 b, 511 b, iii. 248 abc, 484 c; bearing, iii. 465 a; Vales reales, 1780, iii. 606 b. Winchester, ii. 509 d, 696 c. Statics, social, and social Dynamics : A. Steelyard and Hanseatic League: i. 17 bed, COMTE on, i. 383 a, ii. 310 d, iii. 465 d; and 373 d, 669 a, ii. 284 ad, 286 a, iii. 471 d. Historical Meth., ii. 308 d, iii. 466 b ; J. S. STEIN, H. F. K., Freiherr vom : and Freedom in MILL on, iii. 466 a. Ger., ii. 191 a, iii. 4 72 c ; and sale of Land, Stationary State: T. CHALMERS on, i. 256 c, iii. 473 c ; Municipal gov. act, illustr. by iii. 466 d ; J. R. M'CuLLOCH on, iii. 466 d ; Berlin, ii. 834 d-836 c; abolition of restrns. James MILL on, iii. 466 c; J. S. MILL on, ii. on Occupations, i. 431 d, 432 a, iii. 473 c ; 762 b, iii. 466 d ; Mod. vie)Vs, iii. 467 ab ; D. legis!. of, and H. T. von SCHON, iii. 364 ab ; RICARDO on, iii. 466 d ; A. SMITH on, iii. 466 c. abolition of Serfdom, ii. 28 b, iii. 473 b. Statistical Meth.: iii. 467 b- 469 b; and Social STEUART, Sir J. : on Balance of Trade, i. 87 b, sci., iii. 431 be. iii. 476 a; Banking, iii. 476 a; Ideal Money, 750 STEWART, D. INDEX SYNTHESIS

Ind., ii. 353 a, 795 be ; Mere. Syst., i. 733 d, .SULLY, M. de B., Due de: anticipation of iii. 129 a, 475 d; Population, iii. 475 d, 476 ·Physiocrats, iii. 486 c; reform of Taxation a; Relativity, iii. 475 c; compd. with A. ip Fr., iii. 486 d. SMITH, i. 733 d, iii. 367 a, 475 be; on Taxa· Sumptuary laws : and Luxury, iii. 487 ab; tion, iii. 476 ab. and Protn., ii. 241 c, iii. 487 cd; and Trade, STEWART, D.: on scope of P.E., iii. 477 a; crit. foreign, reguln. of, medvl., iii. 561 a. of A. SMITH, iii. 477 a. Supply : Conditions of, iii. 488 be ; Variations in STIRLING, P. J. : on discoveries of Gold, iii. returns, iii. 489 ab.-Supply and Demand, 477 d, 478 a; Trade, iii. 477 d. Alternative and competitive, iii. 494 ad, 495 Stock Exchange: Account, i. 6 d; Arbitrage, abed ; illustr. by Curves, i. 540 d, 542 bed, i. 50 b, ii. 449 d; Assignee, i. 64 a; Back• 575 a, 576 a, ii. 473 be, iii. 489 b, 492 c, wardation, i. 78 b, 127 b, 396 c; Bear, i. 127 b ; 497 d, 498 a; law of Dimin. Utility, iii. 490 Bearer (sees.), i. 127 b; Bond, i. 163 c; ed ; Distr. and Exchange, iii. 496 a; law of Broker, i. 181 a; Bull, i. 190 d; Buying in, Efficiency, iii. 491 a ; Equilibrium of, i. 7 49 i. 196 d; Call, i. 203 c, ii. 175 b, iii. 39 a, b, 761 c, ii. 428 b, iii. 490 d, 493 a- 494 a; law 121 d, 242 c, 542 a ; Carrying over, i. 228 d; of Increasing disutility, iii. 490 cd ; Inter• Cash, sale for, i. 231 c ; Cedula, i. 237 d ; dependence of, i. 540 a; Joint and comple• Change (Agents de), Fr. legis!., i. 262 a; mentary, iii. 494 abed, 495 d ; Laws of, i. and Clearing syst., i. 310 b, 487 a; Consols, 541 a, ii. 582 d, 584 b, iii. 279 a ; effect on. i. 390 c ; Continuation or Contango, i. 127 Price and amount, iii. 492 d; Producers' Rent, b, 396 c ; Contract note, i. 402 d ; Corner, i. iii. 496 a.-Supply and Demand, measure 427 a ; Cum dividend, i. 472 a; Dealer, i. of, Capital and rate of Int., iii. 491 d- 492 b ; 486 d ; Dearness, i. 489 c ; Deferred and pre• Money and price, iii. 491 be; Services, 491 b. ferred stock, i. 533 a, 607 b; Delivery, Good, -Supply, Parly., Appropriation Act, i. 782 i. 539 b, ii. 228 b ; Discount, i. 590 d, 591 d, iii. 497 c; Committee of, i. 783 b, ii. 798 d, a ; Discount, escompte on Fr. bourse, i. 590 iii. 496 c ; annual, and Consolidated fund, c; Drawing, i. 640 d; Ex. All, i. 758 a; i. 389 d, 782 ab ; Estimates, i. 782 be, iii. 496 Ex. Dividend, i. 789 b ; Ex. Drawing, i. d ; Motions and Resolutions, iii. 497 a ; and 789 b; Ex. New, i. 790 a; Forestall, ii. Taxation, i. 783 b, iii. 497 b; Ways and 107 b; Futures, ii. 175 b, iii. 212 be; Gaming means, committee of, i. 783 b, iii. 497 b.• Contracts, ii. 181 ed ; International sees., Supply-Price, of Commodity, iii. 201 a, 488 ii. 449 b; Jobber, ii. 484 c; Making-up, ii. cd ; Components of, iii. 489 be; and Rent, 664 d, 665 a ; Market, ii. 697 a ; Middle agricultural, iii. 489 c- 490 b. Price, ii. 754 b; and Money market, ii. 797 Surplus: Econ. conception of, iii. 499 d; a ; Notes bought and sold, iii. 26 c ; Surplus Value, H. K. MARX on, ii. 204 a, iii. Options, i. 203 c, ii. 175 b, iii. 39 a, 121 d, 432 d, 536 d, 610 b.-Surplus, etl'ect on Price, 212 c, 242 c-243 c, 541 d; Par, iii. 59 b; iii. 498 d, 499 a; W. S. JEVONS' formula for Polegraphy and operations on, iii. 120 b-124 price of corn, iii. 498 be; Mathematical illustn. a ; Premium, iii. 185 c ; Prime on Fr. of, iii. 499 ab. bonrse, iii. 201 c ; Prospectus, iii. 233 c ; Surrey Canal Co. : i. 612 c, 615 c. Put., i. 203 c, ii. 175 b, iii. 39 a, 121 d, 242 c, Survey, cadastral : for Financial purposes, Fr., 542 a ; Quotation, iii. 249 b ; Settling day, i. 200 b, iii. 512 c, 520 d; Sir A. FITZHER· iii. 389 be ; Time bargains, iii. 541 c, 542 b. BERT on, ii. 86 ed ; A. Messedaglia on, ii. -Exchange, Stock, London, Administra• 467 d ; Ordnance, i. 200 a ; A. SMITH on, i. tion, i. 769 d; Foundation, i. 182 b; Hist., i. 200 b. 769 c; Position, i. 768 bc.-Exchange, SurVival of the fittest : Physical, i. 481 d, iii. Stock, Provincial, Business, i. 770 c ; Organi• 500 ab ; Social, i. 482 a, iii. 500 cd. sation, i. 770 ab. Suspension of specie payments: Eng., 1797- Stockbroking, legis!. on, 1696: i. 182 b. 1819, i. 92 b, 315 d, ii. 121 d, iii. 501 abc ; STORCH, H. F. von: on Historical Meth., iii. Fr., 1848, 1870, i. 98 b, ii. 793 a; U.S.A., 1861- 479 be; Serf in Russ., iii. 479 b. 1878, iii. 501 c- 502 a. Strikes : Causes, iii. 480 d, 481 a ; com pd. with SWAN, J.: on Note syst. based on Land, iii. Lock-out, ii. 631 ab ; Loss resulting fr., ii. 502 d ; Slavery, iii. 502 c. 518 b, iii. 480 c ; Restrns. on Labour, ii. Sweating : and Domestic syst. of Industry, 537 a, iii. 297 d, 298 a; and Trades Unions, i. 630 d ; Legis!. on, iii. 503 d- 504 b ; and iii. 565 ab, 572 ab.-Strikes, Legis!. on, iii. Sub-contract, iii. 484 ab, 503 abc. 480 be, 481 ed ; and Blackleg, i. 153 be. SWIFT, J. : imitated by F. BASTIAT (see i, 123 be), Stroinoffski, Count V., Russ. follower of Physio• iii. 504 c; Drapier's letters and W. Wooo's crats : iii. 339 a. patent, i. 639 d, 732 a, ii. 795 b, iii. 19 c, 505 abed, Sub-contract : Artisan contractor, iii. 483 c ; 652 c, 672 d ; on econ. Fallacies, iii. 504 cd ; J. E. CAIRNES on, iii. 483 d; Middleman, iii. rate of Int., iii. 504 d. 483 b; and Sweating, iii. 484 ab, 503 abc. Syndicate : i. 335 d, iii. 506 b ; Fr. Copper, i. Substitution, law of: ii. 168 d, 584 a, iii. 140 b, 488 d; workmen's, F. F. LA FARELLE on, ii. 278 d. 532 be. Sugar bounties, Austria, Fr. and Ger. : i. 172 b, Synthesis and Synthetic meth. : iii. 506 d ; 173b-174c. compd. with Analytical, i. 38 ed, ii. 744 be, SUGDEN, E. B., Baron St. Leouards : on Annuity, iii. 507 abc ; compd. with Deductive, iii. 507 iii. 486 b ; Int. and usury, iii. 486 b. abc. TABULAR STANDARD INDEX TAXATION 751

Tabular Stan. : and Deferred Payments, i. in Fr. and Italy, iii. 31 c, 73 d; G. PALMIERI 532 d, ii. 794 ah, iii. 509 b ; Sir G. Evelyn on, on, iii. 57 a ; M. PALMIERI on, iii 57 b ; on iii. 509 bd, 510 a ; W. S. JEVONS on, i 472 b, Paper, iii. 58 d-59 b; Sir W. PETTY on, iii 532 d, ii. 476 c, iii. 509 b, 510 c-511 a; J. 100 d; Plantation duties, iii. 113 be ; on LOWE on, ii. 646 b, iii. 509 bd ; Mod. views, ii. Property and capital, iii. 521 be ; Propor• 380 c, iii. 511 abc; G. R. PoRTER on, iii. 510 tional, K. KLocK on, ii. 508 c; Queen Anne's cd; G. P. SCROPE on, iii. 369 d, 510 be; A. Bounty, i. 40 c, ii. 85 b, iii. 245 d ; F. YOUNG on, iii 509 d. QUBSNAY on, ii. 372 b, iii. 222 b, 247 a; Poll Tally: Dica, i. 576 c ; Hist. of, i. 779 d, iii. 88 b, taxes or capitation, i. 223 b, 485 a, ii. 372 d, 242 a, 513 d, 514 a, 527 b; Tally Trade, iii. 420 b ; dist. fr. Rate, iii. 262 b ; S. READ iii. 514 b. on, iii. 266 d ; on Rent, T. CHALMERS on, i Tammany Hall: Hist., iii. 514 c-515 b; Power, 256 a ; on bank Reserve, i. 99 a ; D. RICARDO iii. 515 be. on, i. 396 a, iii. 129 d, 308 a ; RICHARD DES Tanistry, inher. by: i. 178 c, iii 515 c. GLANIERES on meth. of, iii. 310 c; on Salt and Tarfl and Tret : i. 33 a, iii. 516 a. gabelle, ii. 176 a, iii 348 cd, 486 d; G. Taxation: Ad valorem duty, i. 15 c, iii. 17 a, SARCHIANI on, iii. 352 b ; Leon SAY on, iii. 359 456 b ; Anglo- Saxon, iii. 517 d ; St. Thomas b ; G. ScoLA on, iii. 368 c ; Ship-money, iii. 27 AQUINAS on, i. 49 b; Assessed taxes, i. 61 c, iii. c, 393 b-394 a; Stamp duties, i. 143 d, ii. 64 523 a, 582 a; princ. of Assessment, Imperial, c, 65 d, 73 b, iii 455 d-457 a, 523 be; Sir J. i. 61 d; on Auction sales, i. 68 d, iii. 517 c; STEUART on, iii. 476 ah; on Surplus income, Bate's case, rights of, claimed by Crown, i.125 C. de S. de MONTESQUIEU on, ii. 809 d ; Syst. of, a, iii. 561 c; J. BENTHAM on, i. 132 a; and Direct and indirect compd. with Single tax, Betterment, i. 136 b-138 d; Bounties, nega• ii. 63 d, iii. 519 cd; Triple Assessment, W. iive tax, i. 172 cd, 446 a ; Brit., reform of, i. PITT's, ii. 375 b, iii. 582 abed; J. TUCKER on, 186 cd ; A. BROGGIA on princ. of, i. 180 be, ii. iii. 588 d, 589 c ; P. VERRI on, iii. 619 c ; F. 463 b; J. CALVIN on, i. 204 d; D. CARAFA on, A. WALKER on distr. of, iii. 518 d; Window i. 224 cd, ii. 461 d; Certainty of, i. 251 d; tax, ii. 407 d, iii. 420 b, 521 a ; L. ZECCHI on, and Chambers of Agriculture, i. 258 b ; iii. 689 d.- Taxation, Classification of, under Charles I., i. 168 a ; W. CoBBETT on, i. C. F. Bastable on, iii. 520 b ; J. S. MILL on, iii. 315 cd; R. COBDEN on, i. 317 a; of Colonies, 520 b ; A: SMITH on, iii. 520 a.-Taxation, G. GRENVILLE's Stamp Act, ii. 260 be, iii. 113 Corvee, Egypt, i. 433 d, ii. 98 a, iii. 517 b ; c ; Communication and transport, iii. 523 b ; Eng., i. 432 d; Fr.,i. 433 b, ii. 97 c.-Direct A. A. COURNOT on, i. 15 d, 446 ab ; fines on Taxation, J. R. M'CULLOCB on, i. 586 d; J. Criminals, K. KLocK on, ii. 508 b ; Custom, S. MILL's def., i. 586 d ; H. Sidgwick on, i. 587 Eng. and Eur., iii. 522 b ; Marquis de DANGEUL a.-Taxation, Florence, Catasto, i. 233 d, ii. on, i. 480 d ; C. DA VENANT on, i. 483 c, 484 b ; 244 d, 245 a, 778 d, iii. 21 b, 368 d; Estimo, Death duties, i. 490 b, iii. 523 d ; G. B. DE i. 755 d, ii. 244 d, 778 c; 15th centy., ii. 207 LUCA on, i. 539 d; on bank Deposit, i. 103 c; a, 244 d, 245 a.-Taxation, Fr., Aides, cour D. DIDEROT on, i. 579 b ; P. E. DOVE on, i. 636 des, medvl., i. 30 b; C. L. G. d'AumFFRET on, ab ; Dutch, I. J. A. GOGEL on, ii. 218 cd ; anc. i. 69 be ; Capitation, i. 223 b ; Champart, i. Egypt and Greece, iii. 517 b ; under Elizabeth, 260 d ; of clergy, Decimes, i. 518 b ; N. i. 168 a; Excise, Eng. and Eur., iii. 522 c; D. DESMARETS, i. 571 c, iii. 628 a ; Dixii!me, iii. deS. F. FAJARDO on, ii. 17 a; F. FAUQUIER on, 628 ab ; of clergy, Do,n gratuit, i. 632 d ; ii. 41 b; on Food, 18th centy., ii. 95 d, 96 a; and Epices, i. 747 d; and Etats generaux, i. 756 Friction in Econ., ii. 160 d; Duke of GAETA c; Fouage, ii. 122 c; Francfief, ii. 126 d; on, ii. 177 a; S. P. GASSER on, ii. 187 c ; L. F. de Gabelle, ii. 176 a, iii. 348 c, 486 d; Gene• GRASLIN on, ii. 255 d ; K. L. von HALLER on, ralite, ii. 189 b ; Greniers a sel, ii. 259 b ; ii. 276 c ; Hearth-money, ii. 295 a ; G. K. reform of, by J. B. MACHAULT D' ARNOUVILLE, van HOGENDORP on, ii. 319 a; on Houses, and ii. 658 d, iii. 628 b ; Patente, iii. 77 c -78 b, Inhabited house duty, ii. 407 d, iii. 420 b, 521 249 d, 521 d ; Prestation, i. 433 c, ii. 97 c, iii. a ; D. HUME on, ii. 342 d ; Earl of IDDESLEIGH 188 be ; Quotite and Repartition, iii. 249 cd ; on, ii. 351 d, 352 a ; on Income, ii. 63 c, 375 reform of, by Due de SULLY, iii. 486 d ; Taille, a, iii. 521 d; on Int., J. DRAKE on, i. 639 c ; iii. 486 d, 512 a-513 a; Vingtieme, ii. 658 d, Internal Revenue, U.S.A., ii. 440 be ; under iii. 628 bc.-Graduated or progressive Taxa• James I., i. 168 a; J. L. KRUG on, ii. 514 a; tion, Cata.sto in Florence, i. 233 d, ii. 244 d, Local, princ. of assessment, i. 62 b, ii. 622 d ; 245 a, 778 d, iii. 21 b, 368 d ; Colonies, ii. on Luxury, 18th centy. and mod., i. 61 c ; !tal. 246 a ; Def. of, ii. 244 a ; 18th centy., ii. 245 Macinato or grist tax, hist. of, ii. 659 a- 660 b, b ; mod. Ger., ii. 245 c ; anc. Greece, ii. 244 c ; iii. 376 C; C. MANCINI on, ii. 681 a; J. MASSIE 1\fedvl., ii. 244 c ; Switz., ii. 245 cd ; U.S.A., on, ii. 707 be; M. MERELLO on, ii. 735 c; J. ii. 246 b.-Arguments against : Practical, ii. S. MILL on, i. 15 c, 586 d, ii. 388 abc, 762 c ; 248 cd; Theoretical, ii. 248 ah.-Indirect V. R. de MIRABEAU, Theorie de l'lmp(;t, ii. 777 Taxation, Arguments for, i. 395 d, ii. 389 a ; ab ; state Monopoly as source of revenue, Brit., princ. of, i. 186 d; Cost of, i. 396 a, i. 487 d, ii. 69 d, iii. 37 a, 522 d ; Monthly 435 c, ii. 389 a ; Incidence of, i. 396 b ; P. Assessments under Commonwealth, ii. 560 b, Leroy-Beanlieu on, ii. 388 ac; J. R. M'CULLOCH 810 a, iii. 518 a; A. R. A. de MONTYON on, ii. on, i. 396 a; J. S. MLLL on, ii. 388 abc; C. de 812 c; Neapolitan, N. FORTUNATO on, ii. 121 S. de MONTESQUIEU on, i. 395 d; J. S. Nicholson c; G. W. NomtAN on, iii. 23 d, 24 a; Octroi on, i. 395 d ; Objections to, i. 436 b, ii. 389 ab; ':52 TAXATION INDEX TITHES

Physiocrats on, ii. 388 a1J ; D. RICARDO on, i. d; Distr. of, iii. 519 a; Imperial, iii. 421 c; 396 a ; H. Sidgwick on, i. 396 a, ii. 388 b ; A. Sir G. C. LEWIS' protest against theory, ii. 600 SMITH on, i. 352 d, 395 d, 396 a, iii. 420 d.• b ; on Rent, iii. 287 cd, 420 a ; Tithes, iii. Taxation, Irish, Kernetty, ii. 504 a ; Spen• 420 a.-Taxation, Span., Alcavala, i. 30 d, dings, iii. 454 a ; Tillage duties, iii. 541 b. ii. 92 b, 372 d ; reformed by Z. de S. y B. ENSB• - Taxation on Land, Apportioned and NADA, i. 737:d,; 'A. FLOREZ ESTRADA on \ii. 92 a ; rated, iii. 520 d; W. OGILVIE on, iii. 34 d; reform of, and J. M. FLORIDA-BLANCA, ii. 92 b; Physiocrats, iii. 106 acd; A. SciALOJA on, Lenda, ii. 593 b ; M. de MACANAZ on, ii. 656 iii. 366 c ; later 17th centy., ii. 560 b, iii. 518 d ; Media anata, ii. 721 a ; Millones y a ; Sc. Teinds, iii. 525 b, 545 b ; Tithes, iii. Cientos, ii. 764 d ; Moneda, poll-taxes and 420 a, 543 c.-Taxation, Maxims of, C. F. subsidies in Aragon and Castille, ii. 783 be ; Bastable on, elasticity, e9.uality, generality, Montazgo, ii. 808 d ; Portazgo, pontazgo, and sufficiency or productivity, ii. 63 be, iii. and barcage,·iii. 170 c; Quintos, iii. 248 d; 518 c; Sir M. DECKER, anticipation of A. SMITH, and Span. Sch., iii. 449 cd ; Tercias reales, i. 519 C; A. FERGUSON on, ii. 53 b; J. L. iii. 529 d, 530 a ; Tercio diezmo, iii. 530 a ; MOREAU DB BEAUMONT, author of A. SMITH's, Yantar, iii. 681 a.-Taxation, Theories of, ii. 818 c ; A. SMITH's certainty, convenience, Compensatory, ii. 246 c ; Socialist, ii. 246 b. economy, and equality, i. 251 d, 435 a, 519 c, -Econ. : of Benefit, ii. 246 d, iii. 518 d; ii. 53 b, iii. 419 d, 518 b, 519 a.-Taxation, Diffusion, i. 582 b ; Faculty or Ability, ii. 24 7 Medvl., Annates, papal, i. 40 be; Benevo• b, iii. 519 a; Sacrifice, ii. 247 be, iii. 519 a. lences, i. 130 d, ii. 620 c, 825 b ; Butlerage, Taxed commodities, storage of: i. 163 d. i. 196 c, iii. 205 b; Cambage, on ale, i 206 Taxes, Farming of: when Admissible, ii. 33 bd; a ; Carucage, i. 229 d, ii. 304 be ; Chevage, D. CARAFA's defence of, i. 224 d, ii. 461 d; Eng. i. 27 4 d; Chiminage, i. 279 a ; Church-seed, medvl., ii. 33 a; Fr. Farmer-General, ii. 22 d, i. 287 b, 645 d ; Carnage, i. 426 d; Danegeld, 32 d, iii. 508 a, 592 C ; C. de S. de MONTESQUIEU i. 480 a, ii. 304 b ; and Domesday Book, i. on, ii. 33 c; Objections to, i. 180 c, ii. 33 c ; 630 a ; Ecclesiastical immunities from, i. 282 a; Roman Publicani, ii. 32 d, 33 bd, iii. 240 cd; under Edward I., i. 15 d ; Faldage, ii. 17 a ; J. B. SAY's defence of, ii. 23 c; A. SMITH on, ii. Fald-silver, ii. 17 b; Farm of the counties, 23 alJ, 33 c. ii. 32 b, iii. 110 d ; records of, Feodary, ii. 52 Taylors, Merchant: ii. 492 d, iii. 524 b-525 a. c ; and Feudalism, ii. 55 a ; Fifteenths and Telegraphic transfers: or Cable transfer, i. tenths, ii. 58 d, iii. 517 d; papal, First-fruits 199 cd; instr. of Credit, i. 442 d, 454 b; and and tenths, ii. 85 b, iii. 202 b; Food-Rents, International payments, iii. 526 c-527 a. ii. 95 c; Gafol, ii. 177 b, 188 c, 684 c; under Templars, the Knights : Bankers to kings of Henry VI., i. 136 b ; Hidage, ii. 304 b ; Fr., ii. 730 b, iii. 527 d; and St. Thomas Justice or Justiciare, ii. 500 a ; Landgafol, AQUINAS' view of Int., iii. 528 b. ii. 545 a ; Malatolta, ii. 665 b, 731 d; Malt TEMPLE, Sir W. : on Mere. Syst., i. 724 b, iii. silver, ii. 667 d, 668 a; Moneyage, Hi. 372 c; 528 d ; Poverty, iii. 528 c ; Social contract, New Customs, iii. 17 a, 517 d; Parva iii. 528 b. custuma, i. 794 c, ii. 367 a ; papal, Peter's Tenant : Agricultural, position of, i. 26 d, 376 alJ, pence, iii. 98 c; Pontage, iii. 151 d ; Prisage 690 c, ii. 563 be ; relation to Landlord, i. 7 42 c, and Recta prisa, i. 647 d, 794 b, ii. 240 a, ii. 89 a, iii. 529 be. 367 a, iii. 205 b, 272 c ; Promissum, iii. 228 c; Textiles : qual. of, and Conditioning, i. 385 d, Purveyance, i. 794 b, ii. 802 c, iii. 205 l>, 241 ii. 243 d ; effects of Cotton Famine on d ; Quit Rent, iii. 248 d ; Scavage, ii. 367 a ; industry, i. 440 d, 441 a ; manufacture of Scot and lot, iii. 368 d ; Scutage, i. 282 c, ii. Shoddy, iii. 394 be. 508 d, 510 be, 511 d, iii. 517 d; Subsidies, ii. Theory : inti. on estimation of Facts, ii. 11 cd, 367 b, 620 d, iii. 17 a, 484 d, 518 a; Tallage, iii. 30 d, 533 bed; com pd. with Facts and iii. 512 a, 513 bed, 517 d; Tertius denarius, Hist., i. 675 b-676 a, iii. 533 a1J; and Historical iii. 531 c ; Testa de Nevill, i. 552 alJ, ii. 52 c, enquiry, Dr. Keynes on, iii. 533 d, 534 a. iii 531 d; Tonnage and poundage, ii. 367 b, THOMPSON, W.: on Co-operation, iii. 536 d; iii. 17 a, 27 c, 548 alJ, 621 c ; Trinoda neces• Distr., iii. 536 c. sitas, i. 282 b, ii. 175 d.-Taxation, Roman, THORNTON, W. T. : on Laissez faire, ii. 536 c; iii. 517 c; Vicesima haereditatum, i. 490 b, Price, iii. 537 d; Trades Unions, iii. 538 a. iii. 620 b.-Taxation, syst. of Single Tax, Thrift : infl. of Enjoyment and Religion, iii. K. ARND on, i. 58 a ; Dime Royale, i. 537 b, 539 d ; Natural conditions, iii. 539 c ; Political 583 a, ii. 63 c, 155 c, 372 c, iii. 612 d, 613 a ; conditions, iii. 539 c ; opportunities for Saving, Effects claimed for, iii. 215 c, 404 c ; quest. of i. 7 c, ii. 118 d, iii. 539 d-540 b. Ethics rather than Econ., iii. 404 d; G. M. THUNEN, J. H. von : on Distr., ii. 469 a ; Rent GALANTI on, ii. 177 d; E. de GIRARDIN on, ii. of situation, ii. 202 b, iii. 540 d ; Wages, 215 c ; lmpot unique, i. 653 c, ii. 372 b, -normal, ii. 202 b, iii. 540 c. 460 a, iii. 222 b ; relieving Industry, iii. 404 c ; Time bargains : Contract for future Delivery, K. KRONCKE on, ii. 513 d; Objections to, iii. 541 c ; Ger. legisl., iii. 542 d, 543 a ; iii. 519 c ; and private Property in land, iii. Options, iii. 541 d ; and Produce Clearing, 404 be ; Span. Sch. on, iii. 451 alJ.-Taxa• iii. 542 c ; in goods described by Qual., iii. tion, A. SMITH on, i. 251 d, 352 d, 395 d, 396 542 c ; in Specified goods, iii. 542 be ; on Stk. a, 435 a, 519 c, ii. 53 b, 818 c, iii. 419 d, 518 Ex., iii. 541 c, 542 b. b, 519 a, 520 a ; Capitation, i. 224 a, iii. 420 Tithes : causes of Disputes, iii. 543 d ; Hist. of, TOCQUEVILLE, A. C. H. C. DE INDEX TRANSPORT 753

i. 645 d, 646 be, ill. 543 be ; lmpropriated, ill. on, iii. 425 be ; of U.K., home and foreign, iii. 545 ctl; Incidence of, J. R. M'CuLLOOH on, iii. 557 a.-Carryillg Trade, and Eng., i. 344 b ; 545 a ; Statistics, 1835-96, iii. 544 abcd.• and Hanseatic League, i. 342 b, 349 a, ii. Tithes Commutation Act, 1836, iii. 545 ab ; 285 b: Dutch, effect of Navigation Laws on, Terms of commutation, iii. 545 c. i. 229 be, 344 be, 121 be, 7 43 ab, iii. 11 b, 561 a ; TooQUBVILLB, A. C. H. C. de, on Democracy : iii. A. SMITH on, i. 228 d.-. Coasting Trade, 546 d, 547 a. Free Trade appl. to, i. 313 a ; Regulns. of, i. Toou, T. : on Bank Act of 1844, ii. 795 cd, iii. 314 a; Statistics, i. 314 bc.-Trade Dis• 548 d, 549 a ; Bullion Committee, i. 191 a ; putes, Combination. i. 336 be, 390 d, iii. Crises, i. 456 abc, 457 bed, 458 acd, 459 c, 669 abc ; Conseils de Prnd'hommes, i. 51 d, 466 ctl ; and Merchants' Petition of 1820, 386 be, 389 be, iii. 239 be, 558 d, 659 a ; Con• ii. 678 c, 733 d, iii. 548 a ; on Prices, iii. tinentallegisl, iii. 659 c ; individual Emplo7ers 548 d. and workmen, iii. 658 ctl.-Tra.de, Fore!~., Tool : C. BAl!BAGB on, iii. 549 ab ; compd. with T. CHALIIBRB on, i. 265 d.-Trade, Fore1~ Machinery, iii. 549 b ; H. K. MARX on, iii. 549 b. Regulns. o( medvl. : Commercial treaties. -Tool Rent, T. CooPER on, ill. 549 d, 550 a; iii. 660 a ; Companies, iii. 661 b ; Foreign and deductions, Truck Acts. iii. 584 be. Traders. ii. 106 ab, 731 c, iii. 559 d, 660 a; TOBRBNS, Colonel R. : and Colonisation of S. Hanseatic Lea.gne, iii. 669 d, 660 d ; rivalry Australia, iii. 550 c, 648 .b ; on Reciprocity, with Holl., iii. 561 c ; Monopolies, iii. 561 b ; ii. 13 b, iii. 268 a, 550 c ; on Retalia.tion, iii. Protn., iii. 660 c ; Staple, iii. 560 b ; Sumptu• 299 d. ary laws, iii. 487 ctl, 561 a; in Wool, iii. ToBBBNS, Sir R. R., act for La.nd transfer by 659 d.--Trade, Freedom of, P. de Ia COURT Registration : ii. 554 d, iii. 550 d, 551 a. on, i. 447 b, 657 b j J. GAUTIER on, ii. 188 a ; Towns, medvl. : Decay of, iii. 552 ab ; in11. on in Corn, P. NERI on, iii. 15 c ; G. B. PAOLINI Mere. Syst., iii. 553 a; power of Municipality, on, iii. 57 a; L. TORRI on, iii. 651 b; A. R. J. ill. 552 ctl; Villes Franches and chartered, TuRGOT on, iii. 590 d j J. VANDERLINT on, iii. iii. 627 abc. 611 b.-Trade. State Reguln. of, Brands, i. ToWNBBND, J., on Poor la.w: iii. 553 ctl. 176 d-176 b, iii. 188 d j J. CARY on, i. 230 b j Township: U.S.A., territorial division, ii. 627 ab, J. de UZTARIZ on, iii. 604 ctl.---Style or Trade iii. 554 c· 555 c; and primitive Village, iii. N a.me, Registration of, iii. 483 a.-Law of: 554 abc. Eug., iii. 482 c ; Fr., iii. 483 a ; Ger. iii. 482 d. TOYNBBB, A., on study of ~con. : iii. 556 b. Trader: Foreign, in Eng., hist. of, ii. 106 a, Trade : and Absentee, i. 3 be ; St. Thomas 731 c ; dist. fr. Merchant, iii. 663 b. AQUINAS on, i. 49 a ; ARisTOTLE on, i. 54 a ; Trades Unions: and Apprenticeship, i. 45 d, N. BARBON on, i. 119 c, 120 b, 731 d ; E. 46 a, ii. 400 d, iii. 298 a, 563 c, 572 a ; Caste BUBKB on disadv. of restrns., i. 195 b; Chap• as, i. 232 c; Const. of, iii. 664 be ; effect of irreg. man and early ret&il, i. 262 b ; Trade Coins, Distr., iii. 564 a ; Federal movement, iii. iii. 557 b-558 b; Consular Reports, i. 391 c; 664 b ; Eng., and International Working Depression, i. 565 d-568 a; effects of Dis• Men's Assoc. ii. 463 abc; W. S. JEVONS on, coveries, geographica.l, i 591 be; mod. Eur., i 760 a, ii. 477 b; Legisl., 19th centy., ii. hist. of, ii. 861 ah ; Fair, objects of, ii. 18 b, 624 d, iii. 568 ctl ; Registration desirable, 48 c ; post-Constantinian Fathers on, i. 49 a, iii. 564 a ; and Restrns. on Labour, ii. 536 d, ii. 39 c; and the Flag, i. 824 d-325 a; Fr., 537 a, iii. 297 d ; W. N. SENioR on, iii. 379 a ; 17th centy., J. Iii. MATHIAS DE SAINT JBAN on, old Unionist compd. with Socialist type, iii. ii. 713 a ; Home, as source of national wealth, 564 ctl ; Sta.n. rate of wa.gee, iii. 468 b- 459 c ; H. ROBINSON on, iii. 315 d-316b; and Indus• Statistics, iii. 564 a ; Strikes, iii. 665 ab ; trial Revolution, i. 345 a ; Irish, A. DoBBB on, Syndica.ts Professionels, Fr., iii. 606 be; i. 611 b ; Trade, Large and small, relative W. T. THORNTON on, iii. 538 a ; effect of advantages, iii. 562 abc ; and Magrw. Carta, i. combination on Wa.ges, i. 336 b, ii. 756 c, 341 d, 854 b, ii. 106 b ; Trade Mark, registra• iii. 664 d, 665 a.-Trades Unions, U.S.A., tion of, iii. 562 d, 563 a ; under Mere. Syst., Apprenticeship, iii. 572 a ; Benefits, iii. i. 344 b-345 b; Sir W. PBTTY on, iii. 100 c; J. 570 ab; Carpenters, United Brotherhood of, POLLBXFEN on, iii. 151 C j law of Restraint of, iii. 568 be; Cigar-makers' International Union, iii. 295 cd, 563 c ; Retail and wholesale, iii. iii. 567 a- 668 b ; labour Disputes and contests, 299 b, 556 c ; Revival of, indications of, iii. iii. 671 a; Federation, Amern., compd. with 300 d, 301 a ; J. B. von RoHB on, iii. 320 a ; Brit. Congress, iii. 570 d, 571 a ; Foreign W. ScOTT on, iii. 369 a ; Statistics in different Labourers, iii. 572 c; Glass Workers' Unions, countries, value of, ii. 366 b ; Sir J. STEUART iii. 569 ctl; Hist. of, iii. 666 d-566 b; Journa• on, iii. 475 d; P. J. STIRLING on, iii. 477 d; lism, iii. 673 b ; Knights of Labour, n. 24 d, Woollen, 18th centy., J. SMITH on, iii. 425 c- 26 a, iii. 568 c-569 a; Labels on goods made 426 a ; of the World, 1890, i. 340 b, ii. 364 c- by members, iii. 573 a ; Railroad Unions, iii. 365 c.-Boa.rd of Trade, estab. by 0. Crom• 669 abc ; State activity, iii. 671 be ; Stationary well, i. lli8 b, iii. 113 a ; Departments of, i. Engineers, iii. 569 a ; Statistics, 1896, iii. 159 be, iii. 556 d.-Trade, Brit., Anc., L 341 a; 566 c- 667 b ; Strikes, iii. 572 ab ; international Anglo-Sall:on, i. 341 a; Medvl., i. 341 c-343 c; Typographical Union, iii. 667 be. Mod., hist. of, L 339. a· 340 d, ii. 361 a- 362 b ; Transhipment facilitated, Bonded Warehouses : effect of Norman Conquest, i. 341 c ; 16th i. 163 d, 475 a, iii. 657 a. centy., i 343 d, 344 a; 17th centy., J. SJIITH Transport, railway : effect of Competition. iii. VOL. m 3c 754 TRANSPORTATION INDEX VALUE

575 c ; Equality, legislative_ provision for, iii. LUPO 011, ii. 651 d ; P. de MAIZifi:BBS 011, ii. 575 d; cost of Haul, iii. 574 d; equal Miteage 663 c; charge against Me:rcb,a.nt Adventurers, rates, iii. 255 b, 574 d; Mileage and terminal i. 722 c ; L. MoLINA 011, ii. 781 d ; doctr. of, syst., iii. 575 a ; State ra.ilwa.ys, Continental, a.nd Rent cha.rge, medvl., ii. 565 tl, iii. 286 ctl ; iii. 254 c, 57 6 ab ; element of Ta.xa.tion, iii. A. di SAN SALVATORE 011, iii. 361 d; S. ScAOCIA 256 ab, 575 be. 011, iii. 360 a ; R. della TORRB 011, iii. 660 b ; Tra.nsporta.tion to Colonies : Amer., 1619- T. WILBON on, iii. 670 a.-Usury, Evasion of 1775, iii. 576 tl, 577 a; Australia, 1787-1846, · law against, by Lomba.rds, ii. 638 tl, 639 a ; iii. 577 a-578 a; Siberia, iii. 578 ab. Periculum sortis, iii. 94 c.-·-Usury, Triple Trea.sury: Trea.sury Bills, iii. 3 d, 579 b; Contra.ct, J. EcK, i. 673 ctl, ii. 436 tl, 663 tl, Trea.sury Bond, iii. 579 b; dist.fr.Exchequer, iii. 8 a; J. MAJOR ou, i 674 a, ii. 435 tl, 668 d; i. 783 c, iii. 578 ctl; Functions and const., i. M. NAVABRUS 011, iii. 8 a. 783 tl, iii. 579 a; U.S.A., iii. 579 c- 580 b. Utilitarianism: J. BBNTJUJ['S form of, i 131 c:, Truce of God : iii. 583 be. 132 ctl; H. H. GoSBBN ou, ii. 231 b; a.nd Truck : Acts, ii. 524 c, iii. 583 d ; exception Hedonism, ii. 295 be, 299 a, 814 a. respecting Agriculture, iii. 583 d ; and Ba.rter, Utility: Degree o~ phrase introd. by W. S. i. 122 be, iii. 583 d. 586 a ; syst., a.nd Kind, JBVONB, i. 536 a, ii. 583 b ; T. DB QUINCBY 011, pa.yments in, ii. 504 tl, iii. 586 a.-Truck, i. 568 d, 669 b, 670 a ; Gra.tuitous and Deductions, Fines, iii. 585 ab; Insura.nce and onerous, ii. 266 b ; Indirsct and direct, W. S. benefits, iii. 584 tl, 585 a ; Tool Rent, iii. JBVONS ou, ii. 389 b; J. S. MILL 011, iii. 602 a; 584 be ; prevalent in certain Trades, iii. 586 bed. Productive, iii. 217 a; ral. to Va.Iue, i 393 d, Trust : i. 335 d ; Legal, i 750 c, ii. 131 d. iii. 580 be, 7 64 b -766 c:, ii. 156 b, iii. 220 abtl. 686 be; capitalistic Monopoly, U.S.A., Stan. 602 b.-Dimin. Utility, law o~ i. 623 d; Oil Co., i 488 b, ii. 804 be, iii. 687 ab.• and la.w of Dema.nd, i 641 a, ii. 583 ab, iii. Trustee Act, 1896, iii. 586 d; Ba.nkruptcy 490 ctl ; H. H. GosSEN on, ii. 232 a ; R. cases, i. 114tl, 116c:, 117 a; Lia.b. o~ i. 177 d, JENNINGS on, ii. 474 a; and Productivity iii. 686 c; in Sa.vings ba.nks, i. 110 d.• of Ca.pita.l, iii. 221 d.-Ma.rgina.l Utility, Trusts, Cha.rita.ble, legal Protn., iii. 587 d ; compd. with Tota.l, and va.1ue, i. 73 b, Restrns. on, iii. 687 d-588 b, 601 ab; State snper• 569 b, 570 a, iii. 606 d-607 b, 662 d; and visiou, iii. 687 c. Unit of Va.lue, iii. 599 d ; and Value, TucKBB, J. : on Colonies, iii. 689 ab ; Competi• A. A. WALBAS ou, iii. 662 d.-Numerica.l ticn, iii. 588 ctl : La.bour, iii. 589 b ; P.E., i. Determina.tion of La.ws of Utility, and 732 tl, iii. 688 c; Popula.tion, iii. 689 b ; Self• Dema.nd Curves, 1ii. 28 a ; Diffie. of, iii. 28 a. Int., iii. 588 c, 589 a ; Ta.xa.tion, iii. 688 tl, -Total Utility, A. J. E.-J. DuPUIT ou, i. 589 c ; W ea.lth, national, iii. 689 d. 654 b, 765 c; and Mecha.nics of Industry, TUBGOT, A. R. J.: on Ca.pita.l, i. 217 tl, iii. i 681 b, ii. 720 d; 721 a ; mensured by maximum 694 ab ; Colonies, iii. 690 c ; Egon. princ. o~ Sacrifice, iii. 551 d; and ratio of Satisfactiou, i 431 b, iii. 692 b; articles in Ephemerides, graphically illustr., i. 536 ctl. i 744 c, iii. 592 a ; reform of Fr. Fina.nces, UzTABIZ, J. de : on Econ. reform in SpaiD, iii. iii. 591 bed, 692 ctl, 693 ctl ; on Int. a.nd usury, 604 be ; reguln. of Tra.de, iii. 604 ctl. ii. 433 be; Minimum ofsubsistence, ii. 769 b, iii. 164 a ; Pea.sa.nt proprietors, iii. 84 d, 303 a; Va.gra.ncy: reform of, and Industrial Colonies, Popula.tion depends on subsistence, iii. 164 a ; ii. 394 d, iii. 605 c ; Licensed and Sc. poor la.w, Privileges, iii. 690 d, 591 a ; Productive and iii. 168 ctl ; Medvl. ii. 725 c ; and Poor la.w, salaried classes, iii. 593 d, 594 a ; Self-Int., iii. ii. 710 a-, 725 ctl, iii. 605 ctl ; Remedies for, ii. 37 4 d; Tra.de, freedom o~ iii. 590 d. 726 a, iii. 606 c ; Spa.n. Sch. on, iii. 450 c ; Turkey or Barbary or Levant Co.: i. 18 a, 27i b, Sta.tistics, 1895-96, iii. 605 ab. 330 a, 343 tl, 344 c, 875 c, 669 c, 726 b, 728 a, Value: effect of Abstinence, i. 761 d; M. 729 b, ii. 436 d, 802 tl, iii. 276 c, 418 tl, 561 b, AGAZZINI on, and Cost of reproductiou, i. 20 594 c- 696 c ; compd. with E. Ind. Co., iii. 596 b. d; N. BABBON on, i. 119 c-120 a, 121 a, ii. Twiss, Sir T. : on Hist. of Econ., iii. 697 a ; 466 a ; Conventional, i 404 · b ; and Cost Interna.tiona.l La.w, iii. 596 d. of Prodn., i. 434 ctl, 437 ab, 680 d, 760 d, 762 a-764 c, ii. 582 d, 766 be, 760 tl, iii. 146 Underwriting: Lloyd's, ii. 410 ab, 619 d, iii. tl, 220 be, 607 ctl ; B. DAV ANZA.TI on, i. 483 698 d ; and Loa.ns, Public, ii. 622 b. ab ; Decla.red a.nd real, a.nd ·trade sta.tistics, Unemployed: relief of, in Fr., Ateliers Na.tion• i. 521 d; Denominator, common, of, money, a.ux, objections to, i. 66 be ; J. CARY ou, i. i. 649 a, ii. 789 ctl, 793 abed ; rel. to Diffie. 230 b ; Class, origin o~ i. 707 d ; R. llrroHCOC!t of a.tta.inment, i. 669 a, 680 a, 759 d. iii. ou, ii 314 b ; quest. of, and Irregula.rity of 609 a ; and Dista.nce in time, i; 592 ctl, ii. Employment, rl. 458 b ; as!listance o~ and 294 d ; Falla.cies concerning, ii. 17 d ; and Right to La.bour, iii. 312 ctl. Final Utility, w. s. JBVONS 011, i. 378 c, 393 Usury: Sir T. CULPBPBB (elder and younger) on, d, 766 b, ii. 60 d; F. B. W. HERMANN on, ii. i. 470 ctl, 726 b, 780 d ; Dry Excha.nge, i. 202 c ; Interna.tiona.l, theory of, ii. 348 c, 643 b, ii. 431 .d ; J. C. de GBBSON on, ii. 206 b ; 451 b- 452 c, 761 c ; a.nd Luck, ii. 648 c ; D. B. GIUSTINU.NI on, ii. 216 ctl, iii. 361 d; Ma.rgina.l opposed to Total Utility, i. 669 b, dist. fr. Int., ii. 429 ab ; compd. with Int., 570 a, iii. 606 c- 607 b, 652 d ; Medvl. con· M. MOBBB on, i 479 tl, ii. 620 b, 826 b ; doctr. ception o~ ii. 600 tl, 666 c ; 0. MIOHABLIB 011, of, and canonist def. of Loa.n, ii. 620 ab ; G. ii. 763 c; James MILL on, ii. 766 d; Normal, VANDERLINT, J. INDEX WAGES 755

iii. 609 a ; quest. as to Origin, m. 609 fib ; VAsco, G. B. : on econ. Liberty, m. 612 c; rei. to Price, iii. 200 c ; infl. of Progress on, Vagrancy, iii. 612 c. iii. 227 a ; S. READ on, iii. 266 c ; D. RICARDO V AUBAN, S. le P., Seigneur de, on Dime royale : on, i. 568 b, 572 be, 763 b, iii. 306 d • 307 b ; i. 537 b, 583 abc, ii. 63 c, 155 c, 372 c, iii. 612 d, Stability of, iii. 609 be ; Subjective and 613 a, 628 a. objective, ii. 500 d, 666 c, iii. 609 d, 610 a ; Vend, Newcastle : causes of Decline, iii. 617 Surplus, H. K. MARX on, ii. 204 a, iii. 432 d, fib; as Gild, 1602-1768, iii. 615 a-616 a; 536 d, 610 b; M. L. VALERIAN! on, ii. 466 a, combined Gild and Ring, 1771-1844, iii. 276 iii. 606 a; as cause of Wages, W. S. JEVONS a, 313 b, 616 b- 617 a. on, ii. 478 a.-Value in Exchange, effect VERRI, P. : on International Trade, iii. 619 b; of Competition, iii. 608 fib ; determined by Society, iii. 619 c; Taxation, iii. 619 c. Diffie. and Utility, i. 759 d-762 b, iii. 609 VICo, G. : on Natural law, iii. 620 d; hist. of ab ; effect of law of Dimin. Returns, iii. 607 Society, iii. 620 d. d; Hist. of theory of, i. 762 d-766 d; effect of Village communities : Allmend, Switz., law of Increasing returns, iii. 608 a ; effect i. 23 d, 361 a ; Anglo-Saxon, i. 26 a, 27 d, of Monopoly, i. 7 59 d -760 c, ii. 805 d, iii. 359 a ; antiquity of Communal syst., Vino• 607 .be; M. E. L. WALRAS on, i. 766 c, iii. 378 gradoff on, ii. 58 be, 695 b, iii. 538 d, 623 be ; b, 653 cd.-Intrinsic Value, iii. 610 a; S. as Econ. organisation, i. 302 d, iii. 554 fib, 622 BAILEY on; i. 82 c, ii. 456 b; N. BARBON on, a ; Ind., i. 23 be, 360 c, ii. 694 d, iii. 581 a, i. 120 a, ii. 456 a; H. FAWCETT on, ii. 455 d, 690 b; Java, i. 23 ed, 360 c, 361 a; Medvl., 456 a; W. S. JEVONS on, ii. 456 a; J. LOCKE iii. 622 a ; Mir, Russ., i. 22 d, 360 c, 361 a, on, ii. 456 b ; of gold and silver, D. RICARDO 413 b, ii. 774 cd; New Eng., ii. 559 be; dist. on, ii. 455 d, 456 a ; W. N. SENIOR on, ii. fr. Tribal syst. by F. Seebohm, ii. 695 b, iii. 456 a.-Measure of Value, Bullion, D. 622 bc.-Village communities, Mark theory, RICARDO, i. 562 d ; Corn, A. SMITH, i. 562 d ; arguments against, iii. 623 d, 624 a ; crit. of, by and Depree. of monetary stan., i. 562 c ; N. D. FUSTEL DE COULANGES, ii. 170 d, 695 b, Labour, T. R. MALTHUS, i. 562 c, ii. 674 b; iii. 622 d, 623 a. Labour, Socialist view, iii. 432 d; J. S. MILL Villanus or Villein: development of Copyhold, on, i. 562 d, ii. 761 fib ; Money as, ARISTOTLE i. 544 be, ii. 28 b, iii. 85 d, 625 c ; Eng., i. 25 on, i. 54 c.-Value and Productivity of a, ii. 1 c, 602 d, 685 a, 709 be ; Income and Ca:P,ital. Cost of Prodn. theory, iii. 220 be ; Dues, iii. 383 a, 534 d, 625 fib ; and Peasants' Utility theory, iii. 220 abd.-Stan. of Revolt, iii. 85 c, 625 d; Position, ii. 139 d, Value, Alternative, i. 35 d; Appreciation 603 bed, 842 a, iii. 439 ed, 538 c, 624 bed, 626 of, i. 45 be ; Gold, iii. 457 d ; International, a, 629 c ; Rent, labour, commutation of. i. gold as, ii. 222 b ; W. S. JEVONS on fluctua• 28 c, 152 b, 261 a, 407 a, ii. 1 c, 54 d, 685 d- tions in value, i. 36 a, 45 b ; and Prices, 686 c, iii. 287 a, 625 be ; or Y ardling, ii. 559 iii. 458 a ; necessity of Stability, i. 146 d, c, iii. 681 b. iii. 609 cd.-Theory of Value, ARISTOTLE, Virginia Co. : i. 330 a, 331 a, ii. 556 d, 731 a, i. 54 c, 55 b, 762 d, 765 b; M. de AUGUSTINIS, iii. 119 b, 629 d, 630 ab. i. 72 ed; Austrian Sch., i. 73 ab, 735 c, 763 Visa, J. P.Ams-DuvERNEY's financial syst. : iii. d, iii. 608 ed ; S. BAILEY, i. 82 ed, ii. 456 b, 61d, 630 d-631 b. 755 d, 756 b; F. BASTIAT, i. 124 b, 764 a, ii. VoLTAIRE, F. M. A. de: crit. of Physiocrats, 256 be, 288 cd; J. E. CAIRNES, i. 203 b, 761 a; iii. 103 c, 632 ed ; on Population, iii. 632 be. R. CANTILLON, i. 215 b, 732 c; H. C. CAEEY, i. 225 d; F. Fuoco, ii. 169 d; F. GALIANI, ii. Wages : Allowance syst., i. 33 b ; and Black 178 c; A. GENOVESI, ii. 190 a; mod. Ger. Death, i. 28 c, 152 cd, ii. 28 c, 240 b, 686 c, Sch., i. 763 d, 764 b; H. GRoTius, i. 656 b, 709 c, iii. 191 a ; rei to Capital, i. 220 bd ; ii. 266 d ; !tal. Sch., ii. 463 cd.-Unit of and Cost of Prodn., i. 437 be, 438 a ; and Value and Index numbers, iii. 599 d; and Custom, i. 476 ed ; W. DENNY on, i. 548 b ; Marginal Utility, iii. 599 d.-Value in Earnings of management a species of, i. 667 Use and Exchange, ARISTOTLE on, i. 54 c, d, 668 b, ii. 517 a ; Fallacies concerning, ii. 762 d; J. LOCKE on, i. 762 d; T. R. MALTHUS 17 d; doctr. of Fr. Sch., W. S. JEYONS on, ii. 158 on, i. 763 b, ii. 673 d; H. K. MARX on, i. 763 c; a; A. E. P. GASPARIN on, ii. 187 a; low, and J. S. MILL on, i. 393 d, 763 c; Physiocrats Immigration, ii. 146 a, 359 ed; good, effects on, i. 762 d, 763 a, iii. 106 d, 218 be; J. B. on Industry, i. 685 b ; " Iron law " of, i. 337 SAY on, i. 763 d; A. SMITH on, i. 763 ab, iii. d, ii. 17 d, 157 b, 204 b, 567 d, 568 a, iii. 318 413 b.-Value, rei. of, to Utility, i. 393 d, b, 621 c; Living, ii. 617 bed; T. R. MALTHUS 570 a, 580 be, 759 d, 764 d-766 d, iii. 220 on, opposition to D. RICARDO, ii. 673 be; abd, 602 b, 606 d, 609 a, 652 d ; E. B. de Marginal, i. 597 c ; H. K. MARX on, ii. 204 a ; CONDILLAC on, i. 765 c, ii. 156 b ; A. A. J. S. MILL on, ii. 757 a, 760 b; Necessary, J. COURNO'r on, i. 765 d; T. DE QUINCEY on, i. C. L. S. de SISMONDI on, iii. 408 ed ; Normal 568 d-569 b; A. J. E.-J. DUPUIT on, i. 654 ab, or Natural, J. H. von THtiNEN on, ii. 202 b, iii. 765 c; H. H. GosSEN on, i. 766 a; B. HILDE• 540 c ; and Peasants' Revolt, i. 28 c, iii. 85 BRAND on, i. 765 c. b, 625 ed ; quest. of P. E. and Ethics, iii. 145 VANDERLINT, J. : on Luxury, iii. 611 a ; en• d, 146 a ; effects of Poor relief on, i. 265 c ; couragement of Raw Produce, iii. 611 a ; Wages and Prices, statistics, 1720-1898, iii. anticipation of Socialism, iii. 611 b ; on 634 a- 637 d; and Profit, natural rate of, A. freedom of Trade, iii. 611 b. SMITH on, iii. 413 c ; Progressive, iii. 228 a; VOL. HI 3 c 2 756 WAIF INDEX WEST INDIA DOCK CO.

Stan. rate o:t; and Trades Unions, iii. 458 b· · W ALRAS, A. A. : on Mathematical Meth., m. 459 c; State reguln. of, i. 28 c, 33 b, 152 cd, ii. 652 d; theory of Property, iii. 652 c; Value 536 d, 538 a, iii. 85 b, 625 c ; and Temperance, and marginal utility, iii. 652 d. A. PRENTICE on, iii. 185 d; Trades Unions WALRAS, M. E. L. : on Curr., proposal to steady and effect of combination, iii. 564 d, 565 a ; prices, iii. 654 a ; Exchange, Value in, i. tendency to Uniformity, i. 601 a; Value as 766 c, iii. 378 b, 653 cd ; Land, nationa.lisa• cause of, W. S. JEVONS on, ii. 478 a; Wages of tion o:t; iii. 654 a ; Mathematical meth., i. Women, reasons for inferiority, iii. 646 d, 64 7 543 d, 766 c, iii. 653 be. a ; L. ZACCHIA on, iii. 689 b.-Wa.ges Fund War: and Manchester Sch., i. 317 a, ii. 679 b; theory, A priori application of P.E., iii. 146 loss of Productive energy by, i. 529 d, 531 d, d ; J. E. CAIRNES on, i. 202 d, 203 b, iii. 638 ii. 366 a. d ; and Capital, i. 220 d ; C. B. di CAvouR on, WARD, B. : on Poor relief, iii. 656 cd ; econ. i. 236 c ; J. HILL BURTON on, ii. 307 c ; and reform in Spain, iii. 656 be. Hypothesis, approximative, ii. 349 c ; crit. of, Warehousing syst.: Bonded Warehouses, i. by W. S. JEVONS, i. 735 c ; F. D. Longe on, 163 d, 475 d, ii. 370 a, iii. 657 b; and Divis. iii. 638 be; T. R. MALTHUS on, ii. 673 c, 769 of Labour, iii. 657 d ; Dock, i. 612 b, 615 d, c, iii. 636 d, 637 bd; James MILL on, iii. 637 iii. 657 c; Liverpool and London, iii. 658 a; d, 638 a; J. S. MILL on, ii. 760 a, 763 a, 769 U.S.A., iii. 658 be; Warrants, iii. 658 c. d, iii. 538 a, 564 d, 638 abc ; and Mini• WARREN, J.: on Co-operation, iii. 659 a; mum of subsistence, ii. 769 b, 770 b; W. N. Individualism, iii. 659 a; and R. OwEN's SENIOR on, iii. 146 c, 378 cd; crit. of, by F. New Harmony, iii. 658 d. A. WALKER, i. 735 c, ii. 770 b, iii. 146 d, 638 Wealth : com pd. with Abundance, i. 5 d ; · d, 649 d.-Wa.ges, Nominal and real, M. ARISTOTLE'S def. of, i. 54 ab, iii. 21 be, 102 C; de Foville's meth., iii. 641 a ; diff. in Varia• F. BASTIAT on, ii. 256 cd ; in rei. to Consump• tions, iii. 639 d- 640 b ; F. A. WALKER on, iii. tion, i. 393 d ; Distr. and Prodn. of, F. Fuoco 639 cd; and Workmen's budgets, iii. 640 on, ii. 466 a ; D. HUME on, ii. 341 be; J. S. cd.-Wa.ges, Purchasing power of, and MILL on, ii. 757 ad, iii. 660 be; Natural and Index numbers, iii. 642 d ; J. E. T. ROGERS unnatural, ARISTOTLE on, i. 54 b ; A. NIFO on, on, iii. 641 d, 642 a; Statistics, 1261-1702, iii. 21 b ; P. P ARUTA on, iii. 72 cd ; sources of, iii. 642 a; A. YOUNG on, iii. 192 ab, 642 be. Sir W. PETTY on, ii. 818 a, iii. 100 b; -Residual share, Wages, depends on def. measurement of Quant., iii. 660 d-661 b.• of Labouring classes, iii. 293 c ; Objections to, Wealth, Attributes of, Limitation in qnant., iii. 293 ab ; and theory of Profit, iii. 292 d, iii. 660 d ; Materiality, iii. 660 c ; Transfera• 293 a ; F. A. WALKER'S theory, iii. 292 c, bility, iii. 660 c ; Utility, iii. 660 d.-Wealth 649 d.-8liding scale, Wages, Diffie., iii. as Ideal, the Econ., Average, not collective, 411 ab; Objects and advantages, iii. 410 cd ; ii. 352 b ; Income, not capital, ii. 352 be ; Stan. wage, iii. 411 b.-Wages, Statistics of, Welfare, material, not exchangeable goods, ii. iii. 643 ab.-U.S.A.: Average and classified, 352 c.-Immaterial Wealth, ii. 354 a; C. iii. 645 cd ; Diffie. of, iii. 643 cd; compd. with DUNOYER on, i. 651 b ; H. VETHAKE on, Eur., 1884, iii. 645 b ; Labour Department, iii. 620 ab.-Wealth, National, J. BENTHAM 1840-91, iii. 644 bd, 645 a ; Massachusetts on, i. 132 b; A. BROGGIA on, i. 180 c; D. bureau, 1760-90, iii. 644 b; Massachusetts, CARAFA on, i. 225 a; Census as statement 1800-83, iii. 644 ac.-Theory of Wages, N. of, i. 248 c ; T. CHALMERS on, i. 255 a ; D. APPLETON, i. 44 a; T. BRASSEY, i. 176 d; DIDEROT on, i. 578 b; Food as stan. of, D. BUCHANAN, i. 184 a ; T. H. BUCKLE, i. 185 J. L. LAGRANGE on, ii. 533 d ; T. HOBBES on, a; and Distr., law of, i. 601 b- 602 c; and i. 731 a, ii. :315 d; Earl of LAUDERDALE on, ii. Free trade, ii. 144 c. 57 4 b ; G. W. von LEIBNIZ on, ii. 592 d ; G. W a.if, hist. of word : iii. 64 7 a. 0RTES on, ii. 465 a, iii. 43 d, 44 a; H. PARKER WAKEFIELD, E. G., on Colonisation and Emigra• on, iii. 64 a; J. RAE on, iii. 250 b ; J. J. tion: i. 333 d, 334 a, 697 ab, 700 d, ii. 469 a, ROUSSEAU on, iii. 331 a; A. SMITH on, iii. 413 544 b, iii. 648 ab. ab ; Sources of, i. 302 c ; J. TucKER on, iii. WALKER, F. A. : on Bimetallism, iii. 650 a ; 589 d.-Wealth, Theory of, G. BERKELEY, i. Comfort, sta.n. o:t; i. 337 cd; functions of 134 d, ii. 341 be ; E. BURKE, i. 195 b; Dialogue Entrepreneur, i. 412 a, 705 bd, 7 42 a, iii. 649 Eryxias, i. 54 d, iii. 115 d ; Physiocrats, i. 27 d ; Labour, mobility of, iii. 145 d; Profit, i. c, ii. 299 c, iii. 105 d -l06 d, 222 ab ; PLATO, iii. 439 b, 705 a, 735 c, iii. 223 b, 292 d, 649 d ; 115 d. Residual share, wages, iii. 292 c, 649 d ; Weights : Ind., rati the basis of, iii. 334 a ; Taxation, distr. of, iii. 518 d; Unproductive Pound, tower, troy, avoirdupois, iii. 178 d, consumption, iii. 600 c ; Wages Fund, i. 179 a; and measures, Standards, warden of, 735 c, ii. 770 b, iii. 146 d, 638 d, 649 d ; W a.ges, iii. 459 cd ; Talent, Greek, iii. 513 b ; Talent, Nominal a.nd real, iii. 639 cd. Hebrew, iii. 513 b.-Weights and measures, WALPOLE, Sir R. : encouragement of Colonial medvl., Corn, ii. 720 a ; Dry and liquid, ii. 720 commerce, iii. 652 a ; reform of Custom, i. ab ; Troy, ii. 719 c ; Troy, periot, iii. 94 d -95 787 b, iii. 652 a ; Sinking fund, iii. 405 bed, b; Wool and butter, ii. 719 cd. 651 cd.-Excise scheme of Sir R. Walpole, WEITLING, W., on Communism: iii. 663 a. econ. Merits, i. 788 b, iii. 652 b ; approved by WEsT, Sir E., on law of Dimin. returns : i. 585 A. SMITH, i. 789 c, iii. 652 b; Unpopularity of, c, iii. 663 be. i. 788 cd, iii. 652 b. West India Dock Co.: i. 612 abc. WEYLAND, J. INDEX ZUNFT 767

WBYLAND, J., crit. ofT. R. MALTHUS: iii. 663 d. Workhouses: 18th centy., iii. 156 b, 673 cd; WHATELY, R.: on Definitions, L 534 b; Divis. Workhouse Test, iii. 156 b, 674 abc; under of Labour and multiplication of Services, Tudors, iii. 164 b, 673 ab. ii. 828 b ; Logic and P.E., ii. 637 c ; P.E. as Workmen, certificate for, Livret in Fr.: ii. 619 c. scL of Exchange, or Catallactics, i. 233 c, Workmen's Budgets : Amern.' method, iii. 677 735 b, iii. 663 d, 664 a; Self-int., iii. 375 a. bed; D. DAViES, i. 484 d, ii. 18 d; Example, WHBWELL, W. : on P.E., authorities on, iii. 1893, Dorset shepherd, iii. 676 a; Example, 665 d; econ. lectures to Prince of Wales, iii. 1888, Nottingham tanner, iii. 674 b-675 d; 665 cd. IntenAive and extensive, iii. 676 b, 677 a; Will: Administration, letters of, i. 14 d, 15 Object, iii. 679 ab; and Wages, nominal and a ; of Aliens, charges on, i. 68 c, 572 cd ; Bona. real, iii. 640 cd.-Workmen's Budgets, or notabilia, 17th centy., i. 163 a; Executor, i. Family Budget, P. G. F. LE PLAY and his 789 d; Probate, iii. 208 c; Roman law, and Sch., ii. 18 d, 594 abc, iii. 67 4 d ; Results, inofficiosum testamentum, ii. 408 c, iii. 667 d, 1853 and 1890-1, iii. 677 d-678 d. 668 b.-Will, Bequest by, Feudal syst., i. Works, public: H. C. EMMIIRY DB SEPT FoN• 133 d, iii. 668 be ; Germanic countries, iii. TAINES on, i. 703 b ; and Prison Labour, iiL 668 b; Justinian's law, iii. 667 d, 668 a; 207 a; A. SMITH on, iii. 418 d. Roman and Eng. Law, i. 133 d, iii. 532 a, Workshop dist. fr. Factory: ii. 7 be, 9 abc, iiL 668 d, 669 a ; XII. Tables, iiL 667 be. 679 cd. WINKELBLECH, K. G., or MARLO, K.: on Christian and pagan econ., ii. 698 c ; Communism and X&NOPHON on Athenian finances : iii. 681 c. liberalism, ii. 698 cd ; mod. Industrial syst., ii. 698 b; and Socialism, ii. 419 c, 699 a: on State control, ii. 698 d. YARRANTON, A.: on Agriculture, iii. 681 d; WITT, J. de: on Amortisation, iii. 670 d; life state Bank, iii. 682 a ; Eng., econ. condition, Annuity, i. 645 a, 657 b, ii. 411 c, iii. 671 a. iii. 682 c ; Roll., econ. condition, iii. 682 c ; WoLFF, C. von: on Mere. Syst., iii. 671 b; law Inland navigation, iii. 682 d ; Land regis• of Nature, iii. 671 b; Social Contract, iii. 671 b. tration, iii. 681 d ; Manufacture, iii. 682 d. WowwsKI, L. F. M. R., on Bimetallism: i. 276 Yeomen : Political sense of word, iii. 684 d ; d, ii. 796 a, iii. 672 ab. Small or middling proprietors, A. YOUNG oo, Women, married, property of : i. 8 b, 504 d, 588 iii. 685 b.-Yeomen, Hist. of, 16th centy., c, ii. 345 c; Act of 1870, i. 450 c; Common iii. 686 ab ; 18th centy., iii. 686 bed ; 19th law, i. 450 b ; Restraint on anticipation, iii. centy., iii. 687 ®.-Yeomen, Numbers of, 295 d, 296 a; Separate estate, iii. 379 d, 380 a. Domesday Book, iii. 685 c ; G. KING, A. WooD, W., patent, and J. SwiFT's Dra.pier's YOUNG, and H. BEEKB on, iii. 685 d; New Letters: i. 639 d, 732 a, ii. 795 b, iii. 19 c, Domesday Book, iii. 685 d ; Statistics, 1887- 505 abed, 652 c, 672 d. 97, iii. 685 d, 686 a. Wool trade, Eng. : with Colonies, L 69 a ; and YouNG, A.: on Agriculture, i. 90 a, ii. 322 d, Conversion of arable land into pasture, 814 d, iii. 84 b, 685 bed, 687 d, 688 cd; tour i. 407 b, 710 b, ii. 28 c, 320 c ; effects of in Eng., iii. 688 c ; tour in Fr., iii. 303 a, 688 Cotton Famine, i. 441 a ; and Exports, a ; on Gov., iii. 688 b ; on Self-int., iii. 688 a; restraint on, i. 341 d, 794 b, ii. 106 cd, 370 d, Settlement syst., Poor law, iii. 388 b; 591 b, iii. 151 c, 560 b; J. GEE on, ii. 188 d; Tabular stan., iii. 509 d; Wages, purchasing and Grading, ii. 243 d ; and Hanse of power of, iii. 192 ab, 642 be. London, ii. 279 ab ; J. HAYNES, on, ii. 293 c ; and Import Duties, i. 125 a, 341 d, 474 d, Zemindar: and Farming of Taxes, Ind., iii. ii. 106 d; before Industrial Revolution, ii. 689 d ; Hist., iii. 690 ab ; Land tenure, ii. 399 d ; competition of lrel., i. 87 a, ii. 146 251 a, iii. 343 d, 581 a, 690 a; and Village d, iii. 688 b ; medvl. with Italy, ii. 722 a ; R. Communities, iii. 690 b. MURRAY on, ii. 842 b; and Shoddy, iii. 394 Zollverein : Brit. Empire, proposals, ii. 45 b- 48 b; J. SMITH on, 18th centy., iii. 425 c-426 a; c, iii. 691 be ; Ger., ii. 361 b, 439 d, iii. 691 a ; and Staple, i. 1 6 c, 342 ab, ii. 240 a, 604 be, F. LIST, ii. 202 d, 613 a ; K. F. NEBBNIUB, ii. 730 b, iii. 460 d- 462 d, 660 b ; and Trade, 202 d, iiL 13 b ; S. Afr., iii. 691 b. foreign, regulns. of, medvl., i. 722 a, iii. Zunft : compd. with Gilds, Ger., i. 431 be, iii. 659 d ; and Turkey Co., iii. 695 a ; medvl. 691 d ; Hist., i. 431 ed, iii. 691 d; Mod. use Weights in, ii. 719 cd. of term, ii. 698 d, iii. 691 d.

THE END LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THE PRESENT AND PREVIOUS VOLUMES.

bnTI.u& NAKJ:S. INI~IAL& NAKJ:S. B. L.A. B. LIONEL AB:RAHAM:s, India B. B. STEPHAN BAUE:R, Doctor Juris Office. "University, Vienna ; Handela: 0. M:. A. Professor CHA:RLES M. AND:REWS, kammer, Briinn, Austria. Bryn Mawr College, U.S.A. B. BO. STEPHEN Bou:RNE, F.S.S. F. A. F:REDE:RIOK ATTE:RBU:RY, Secre• 8. 0, B, SYDNEY C. BUXTON, M.P. taries' Office, Inland Revenue. T. G. B. Rev. T. G. BoNNEY, D.Sc., F.R.S., F. E. A. F. E. ALLUM:, Royal Mint, Perth, Professor of Geology and Min• Western Australia. eralogy, University of London. W. J, A. W. J. AsHLEY, M.A., Professor of W.B. W. BLAIN, Treasury. Economic History in Harvard A.O. Rev. A. University. CALDEOOTT, M.A., Fellow of St. John's College Cam- W. II. A, W. M. Aowo:RTH, M.A., Ch. Ch., bridge. ' Oxon., Barrister-at-Law. A. 0. f. A. Cou:RTois, fils, formerly Secre• taire Perpetuel de la SocitiU A. B. Professor ANGELO BE:RTOLINI, Bari, d'Economie Politique de Paris. Italy. A. B. 0. A. B. CLA:RK, M.A. A. E. B. A. E. BATEMAN, C.M.G., Comp• troller Genl. of Commerce, eto., A. K. 0. A. K. CoNNELL, M.A., New College, Board of Trade. Oxford. A. L. BowLEY, M.A., Lecturer in 0. E. 0. CLA:RA E. COLLET, M.A. Statistics at the London School 0. G. 0. C. G. C:RUKP, Public Reeord Office. of Political Economy. E. O. EDWIN CANNAN, M.A., Balliol College, Oxford. O. F. B. C. F. BASTABLE, LL.D., Professor E. E. CASTELOT, Correspondent of the of Political Economy in Trinity oa. College, Dublin. British Economic .A.Ispciation, Paris. E. E. N, B. E. E. N. BowE:R, Assistant Secre• tary, Inland Revenue. G. O. GEO:RGE CLA:RE. J. B. O. J. B. CLA:RK, Ph.D., LL.D., E. N. B. E. N. BAKE:R, Indian Civil Ser• Columbia vics. College, New York, U.S.A. :&. W, B. EDWA:RD W. B:RAB:ROOK, Chief J. p, o. J. P. C:ROWLY, Treasury. Registrar of Friendly Societies. ){, D. O. M.D. CliALM:E:RS, C.S.I., Assistant B. w. 'Be. E. W. BElliS, Ph.D., Professor of Pa-.liamentary Counsel to the Economic Science at the Kansas State Agricultural College, .Man• Treasury. P. G, 0. Major P. G. C:RAIGIE, hattan, Kansss. Board of Agriculture. F. II. B. F. M. BUTLIN. :R. o. RoBE:RT CHALM:E:RS, Treasury. G, B. GYULA BEOK DE MADA:RAB, Doctor w. o. Rev. W. CUNNINGHAM:, D.D., Juris, University of Budapest. Fellow of Trinity College Cam- J. B. J. BoNA:R, M.A., LL.D., Senior bridge. ' Examiner, H.M. Civil Service w. J. W. J. Co:RBETT, M.A., Commission, Westminster. o. Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. J, G. B. JOHN G:RAHAK B:ROOKS, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. A. D. Dr. ALF:RED DANIELL, Advocste :R. 0, B. R. C. BEAZLEY. Edinburgh, and Banister-at~ :R. W. B. R. w. BA:RNETT. Law. 760 DICTIONARY OF POLITICAL ECONOMY

INITIALS. N .AMES. INITIALS. NAMES. o. F. D. C. F. DUNBAR, LL.D., Professor of H. de B. G. Rev. H. de B. GIBBINs, Head Political Economy in Harvard Master, Liverpool College. University. B. B. G. H. B. GREVEN, Professor of Poli- D. B. D. D. R. DEWEY, Ph.L.D., Professor, tical Economy in the University Massachusetts Institute of Tech• of Leyden, Holland. nology, Boston, Mass. J. G. JOHN GLOVER, F.S.S. E. D. E. DIXON, Girton Coli., Cambridge. E. M. D. EDITH M. DEVERELL, Research A. H. A. HuGHEs, Public Record Office. Student, London School of Eco• A. T. B. A. T. HADLEY, President of Yale nomics. University, New Haven, Con• E. T. D. E. T. DEVINE, Ph.D., University necticut, U.S.A. of Pennsylvania. c. A. H. C. A. HABRis, Chr. CoiL, Cam- M.G. D. MARK G. DAVIDSON, Advocate, bridge, Colonial Office. Edinburgh. E. H. ELIJAH HELM, Manchester. T. w. B. D. T. w. RHYS DAVIDS, LL.D., Ph.D., F. H. F. HENDRIKS, F.S.S., F.I.A. Professor of Pall and Buddhist F. W. H. FRANCIS W. HIRST, B.A., Lecturer Literature in University College, at the London School of Eco• London. nomics and Political Science. G. H. H. G. H. HuNT, Treasury. A. E. A. ELLIS. H. H. HENRY HIGGS, LL.B., Secretary's F. Y. E. F. Y. EDGEWORTH, M.A., D.C.L., Department, General Post Office. Professor of Political Economy H. Ha. H UBEBT HALL, Public Record in the University of Oxford. Office. H. E. E. HuGH E. EGERTON, M.A. Oxon.; H. Ho. HowARD HoDGKIN, M.A., Bar- Barrister-at-Law. rister-at-Law, Charity Commis• :a. T. E. R. T. ELY, Director of the School sion. of Economics, Political Science, L. R. H. L. R. HOLME. and History, and Professor of R. H. RICHARD HowLETT, F.S.A., Civil Political Economy in the Uni• Service Commission. versity of Wisconsin. R. H. H. REGINALD H. HodKER, Agricul- T. H. E. T. H. ELLIOTT, C.B., Secretary, tural Department. Board of Agriculture. W. H. WYNNARD HOOPER. w. A. s. H. W. A. S. HEWINS, M.A., Pembroke A. de F. A. DE FOVILLE, Directeur de College, Oxford ; Director of the i'Admn. des Monnaies de France, London School of Econ01nic and Membre de l'lnstitut, Paris. Political Science. A. w. F. A. W. FLux, M.A., Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, J, K. L J. K. INGRAM, LL.D., Senior Owens College, Manchester Lecturer in Trinity College, 0. A. F. CAROLINE A. FOLEY, M.A. (Mrs. Dublin. T. W. Rhys Davids). J. W. B. I. J. W. BRODIE INNES. E. F. Lord EDMOND FITZMAURICE, M.P. L. I. LETTICE ILBERT (Mrs. H. A. L. E. B. F. ETHEL R. FARADAY, M.A. FISHER), Somerville College, F. J. F. F. J. FARADAY, F.L.S., F.S.S., Oxford. Member Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc. E. J. E. JOHNSTONE. s. N. F. STEPHEN N. Fox, B.A. J. w. J. J. W. JENKs, Ph.D., Professor of W. F. WILLIAM FOWLER, LL.B. Political Science, Cornell Uni• versity, U.S.A. o. G. C. GIDE, Professeur d'Economie w. E. 1. W. E. JOHNSON, M.A., King's Politique a la Faculte de Droit College, Cambridge. de Montpellier, France. c. Gr. Dr. CHAS. G&oss, A.M., lnst. in G, K. GEORGE KING, Vice-President of History in Harvard University, the Institute of Actuaries, and Cambridge, Mass. Chairman of the Life Offices As• E. c. K. G. E. C. K. GONNEB, M.A., Pro• sociation. fessor of Political Economy in the J. B. K. JOHN BOYD KINNEAR, Barrister-at- University College, Liverpool. Law, Lincoln's Inn. E. 0. G. E. 0. GREENING. J. N. K. J. N. KEYNES, M.A., D.Sc., late F. H. G. F. H. GIDDINGS, M.A., Ph.D., Pro- Fellow of Pembroke College, fessor of Sociology in Columbia Cambridge. University, New York City. M. K. Rev. M. KAUFMANN M.A. LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 761

INITIALS. NAMES. INITIALb. NAliES. A. L. ALICE LAw, Girton College, Cam· J. S. M. J. S. MACKENZIE, Professor of bridge. Philosophy, University College. Ach. L. ACHILLE LORIA, Professor of Poli- Cardiff. tical Economy at the University M. T. M. MARY TRICE MARTIN. of Padua ; Correspondent of the R. M.-s. RICHMOND MAYO-SMITH, Ph-D., British Economic Association. Professor, Columbia University, A. F. v. L. A. F. v. LEYDEN, Doctor of Law, New York City. Holland. s. M. SAMVEL MoNTAGU, M.P. c. s. L. C. S. LocH, B.A. T. M. T. MACKAY. E. L. EMANUEL LEsER, Ph.D., Professor of Political Economy in the Uni• J. N. J. NISBET. versity of Heidelberg. J. s. N. J. S. NICHOLSON, M.A., D.Sc., E. de L. Professor E. ;oE LAVELEYE, Liege. Professor of Political Economy G. B. L. G. B LoNGSTAFF, M.A., M.D. in the University of Edin• I. s. L. I. S. LEADAM, M.A., formerly burgh. Fellow of Brasenose College, V. N. VAUGHAN NASH. Oxford., J. G. L. J. &. LEGGE, H.M. Inspector of A. o. Professor A. ONCKEN, University Reformatory and Industrial of Berne. Schools. A.M. 0. ANDREW M. OGILVIE, B.A. R. L. R. LODGE, M.A., Professor of E. B. 0. E. B. OSBORN, M.A. History in the University of s. o. SYDNEY OLIVIER, B.A. Edinburgh. S.M. L. STANLEY M. LEATHES, M.A., E. G. P. ELEANOR G. POWELL, Somerville Fellow of Trinity College, Cam• College, Oxford. bridge. F. F. Sir FREDERICK PoLLOCK, Bart., S. M'C. L. Dr. S. M'C. LINDSAY, Assistant M.A., Professor of Jurisprudence Professor of Sociology, Univer• in the University of Oxford. sity of Pennsylvania, U.S.A. G. H. 1'. G. H. POWNALL. T. L. T. LoNGHURST, Hon. Secy., Britisl1 G. R. 1'. G. R. PARKIN. Chamber of Commerce, Paris. H. H. F. H. H. PowERs, Ph.D., Professor T. J. L. Rev.T.J.LAWRENCE,M.A., LL.D., of Economics, Leland Stanford Rector of Girton ; Lecturer in Jr. University, California. Maritime Law at the Royal J. 1'. J. PEIRSON, F.C.A. Naval College, Greenwich. J. R. 1'. J. R. PAGET, M.A., Temple. W. L. WALTER LUl'TON. L. L. 1'. L. L. PRICE, M.A., Oriel College, Oxford. A. c. M. A. C. MILLER, M.A., Professor, L. R. 1'. Rev. L. R. PHELl's, M.A., Fellow University of Chicago. of Oriel College, Oxford. E. M. EWING MATHIESON. M. 1'. Signor M. PANTALEONI, Rome. E. A. M. ELLEN A. M'ARTHUR, Lecturer at R. E. 1'. R. E. PRoTHERo, M.A., late Girton College, Cambridge. Fellow of All Souls College, F. c. M. F. C. MoNTAGUE, M.A., sometime Oxford. Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, R. F. D. P. Sir REGINALD PALGRAVE, K.C.B., Professor of History in Univer• Clerk to the House of Com· sity College, London. mons. F. w. M F. W. MAITLAND, LL.D., Professor R. L. P. R. L. PooLE, M.A., Jesus College, of the Laws of England in the Oxford. University of Cambridge. W. 1'. Rev. WILLIAM PATRICK, D.D. I. M. IVAN MIKLACHEWSKY, Professor of Economics at the University of D. G. R. D. G. RITCHIE, M.A., Professor of Kharkoff, Russia. Logic and Metaphysics, Uni• J. M. ProfessorJAMESMAVOR, University versity of St. Andrews, N.B. of Toronto. E. R. E. RIGG, Royal Mint, Tower J. B. M. J. B. MARTIN, M.A. Hill. J. M'K. J. M'KILLOP, Secretary to the G. R. Professor G. Rossi, Office of the British Library of Political Treasury, Rome. Science, London. J. R. JOHN RAE, M.A. J. E. c. M. J. E. C. MuNRo; LL.D., Lincoln's J. D. R. J. D. RoGERS, M.A., B.C.L., Bar- Inn. rister-at-Law, formerly Stowell J. tt. M. J. R. MoZLEY, M.A., late Fellow Fellow of University College,. of King's Coll., Cambridge. London. 762 DICTIONARY OF POLITICAL ECONOMY

INITIALS. NAMES. INITIALS. NAMES. J. E. T. R. Professor J. E. THOROLD RoGERS, T. G. s. T. G. SPYERS, B.A., late Demy M.A., sometime Professor of of Magdalen College, Oxford, Political Economy in the Uni• Barrister-at-Law, Inner Temple. versity of Oxford. w. s. WILLIAM SMART, M.A., Lecturer L. s. R. Dr. LEo S. RowE, Philadelphia. on Political Economy, Queen T. n. T. RALEIGH, M.A., Fellow of All Margaret College, Glasgow. Souls College, Oxford, Member w. A. s. W. A. SHAW, Public Record Office. of the Council of the Governor• w. A. sr. Rev. W. A. SPOONER, M.A., Fellow General of India. and Tutor of New College, Ox• u. n. UGo RABBENO, sometime Professor ford. of Political Economy at the Uni• w. H. s. W. H. SMITH, Royal Court of versity of Modena. Justice. v. R. VIcToR RosEWATER, Ph.D., Col- umbia. F. w. T. Professor F. W. TAussiG, LL.B., w. B.-A. Professor Sir W. RoBERTs-AusTEN, Ph.D., Harvard University. F.R.S., Royal Mint, Tower G. I. T. G. I. TuRNEa, Lincoln's Inn. Hill. H. R. T. H. R. TEDDER. R. w. o. T. R. W. CooKE TAYLOR, H.M. Super• A. E. s. A. E. STAMP, M.A., Public Record intending Inspector of Factories Office. and Workshops. A. L. s. A. L. SMITH, M.A., Fellow of N. P. v. de B. Dr. N. P. VAN DEN BERG, Governor Balliol College, Oxford. of the Bank of Holland, Amster• 0. A. V. s. C. A. VERRIJN STUART, Secretary dam. of the Central Commission of Statistics, The Hague, Holland. B. E. w. B. E. WALKER, Toronto, Canada. o. P. s. C. P. SANGER, Fellow of Trinity E. W. E. WATERHOUSE, B.A. College, Cambridge,· Barrister-at• s. and B. W. SIDNEY and BEATRICE WEBB. Law. E. A. w. E. A. WHITTUCK, M.A., Oriel Col- E. s. E. ScHUSTER (Doctor Juris, Uni- lege, Oxford. versity, Munich), Lincoln's Inn. F. A. W. General F. A. WALKER, President E. R. A. s. Professor E. R. A. SELIGMAN, of the Massachusetts Institute Ph.D., Columbia University, of Technology, Boston, Mass., New York City. U.S.A. F. E. s. F. E. STEELE. G. W. GRAHAM WALLAS, M.A. G. s. GUSTAVE SCHELLE, Paris. H. G. W. HENRY GEORGE WILLINK. G. B. S. G. BARNETT SMITH. H. L. W. HENRY LEE WARNER, M.A., late G. F. S. GUSTAV F. STEFFEN. Fellow of St. John's College, H. s. HENRY SIDGWICK, Litt.D., Pro- Cambridge. fessor of Moral Philosophy in J. W. J. WESTLAKE, Q.C. the University of Cambridge. P. W. PAUL WATERHOUSE, M.A., H. M. s. H. MORSE STEPHENS, M.A., late A.R.I.B.A., Balliol College, Ox• of Balliol College, Oxford. ford. J. s. JoHN SMITH, Board of Trade. P. H. w. Rev. P. H. WIOKSTEED, M.A. J. E. s. J. E. SYMES, M.A., Principal of S. W. SPENSER WILKINSON, M.A., late University College, Nottingham. of Merton College, Oxford.

The EDITOR takes the responsibility of the unsigned Articles. MACMILLAN AND CO.'S BOOKS FOR STUDENTS OF POLITICAL ECONOMY. DICTIONARY OF POLITICAL ECONOMY. Edited by R. H. INGLIS PALGRAVE, F.R.S. In Three Vola. Vol. I. A-E. Vol. II. F-M. Vol. III. N-Z. Medium 8vo. 2ls. net each. ECONOMIC JOURNAL.-" Its value is manifest: ample and trustworthy information, abundance of verified documents, bibliography of inappreciable value, it must be the vade mecum of him who wishes more knowledge." ECONOMIC REVIEW.-" The editor has certainly deserved well of the community: he has produced a book which will be widely appreciated by all sorts and conditions of men, not only by the student of economics, but by the man of business and the 'ordinary person.' " DAILY NEWS.-" Mr. Palgrave's Dictionary is likely long to remain the standard work of its class." SPECTATOR.-" The work is one which should be in every library that gives any space on its shelves to economic literature." SPEAKER.-" The work is of enormous value to business men, politicians, and journalists, as well as the student." INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF POLITICAL ECONOMY. By Prof. LUIGI CossA. Translated by L. DYER, M.A. Crown 8vo. 8s. 6d. net. By Professor FRANCIS A. WALKER, Ph.D. POLITICAL ECONOMY. 8vo. l2s. 6d. A BRIEF TEXT-BOOK OF POLITICAL ECONOMY. Crown 8vo. 6s. 6d. FIRST LESSONS IN POLITICAL ECONOMY. Crown 8vo. 5s. THE WAGES QUESTION. A Treatise on Wages and the Wages Class. Extra Crown 8vo. Sa. 6d. net. MONEY. Extra Crown 8vo. 8s. 6d. net. MONEY IN ITS RELATIONS TO TRADE AND INDUSTRY. Cr. 8vo. 7s. 6d. INTERNATIONAL BIMETALLISM. Extra Crown 8vo. 5s. net.

PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS. By ALFRED MARSHALL, Professor of Political Economy in the University of Cambridge, Honorary Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford. Vol. I. 4th Edition. 8vo. 12s. 6d. net. ECONOMIC REVIEW.-" The greatest economic treatise written by an Englishman in our generation." ELEMENTS OF ECONOMICS OF INDUSTRY. Being the First volume of Elements of Economics. By ALFRED MARSHALL, Professor of Political Economy in the University of Cambridge. Third Edition thoroughly revised, and in great part re-written. Crown 8vo. Ss. 6d. THE PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY. By HENRY . SIDGWICK, LL.D., D.C.L., Knightbridge Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University of Cambridge. 2nd Ed., revised. 8vo. 16s. POLITICAL ECONOMY FOR BEGINNERS, WITH QUESTIONS. By Mrs. HENRY FAWCETT. 7th Ed. Pott 8vo. 2s. 6d. A MANUAL OF POLITICAL ECONOMY. By the Right Hon HENRY FAWCETT, F.R.S. 7th Ed. revised. Crown 8vo. 12s. AN EXPLANATORY DIGEST of above. By C. A. WATERS, B.A. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. PRIMER OF POLITICAL ECONOMY. By W. STANLEY JEVONS, F.R.S. Pott 8vo. ls. THE THEORY OF POLITICAL ECONOMY. By w. STANLEY JEVONS, F.R.S. 3rd Ed. revised. 8vo. lOs. 6d. STUD:mB IN CURRENCY, 1899, or Inquiries into certain Modern Problems connected with the Standard of Value and the Media of Exchange. By the late LORD FARRER. Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net. PURE ECONOMICS. By Professor MAFFEO PANTALEONI. Translated by T. BosTON BRUCE, Esq., of the Middle Temple; Barrister-at-Law. Demy Svo. lOs. net. MACMILLAN AND CO., Lrn., LONDON. MACMILLAN AND CO.'S BOOKS FOR STUDENTS OF ECONOMICS. THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME. By WILLIAM SMART, M.A., D.Phil., LL.D., Adam Smith Professor of Political Economy in the University of Glasgow. Extra Crown 8vo. 5s. net. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE THEORY OF VALUE. By WILLIAM SMART, M.A. Crown 8vo. 3s. net. STUDIES IN ECONOMICS. By WILLIAM SMART, M.A. Ex. Crown 8vo. 8s.6d.net. NATURAL VALUE. By Prof. F. VON WIESER. Translated by C. H. MALLOCH. Edited by W. SMART, M.A. 8vo. lOs. net. ALPHABET OF ECONOMIC SCIENCE. ByP. H. WrcKSTEED, M.A. Part I. Elements of the Theory of Value or Worth. Globe 8vo. 2s. 6d. THE SCOPE AND METHOD OF POLITICAL ECONOMY. By JoHN NEVILLE KEYNEs, M.A., D.Sc., University Lecturer in Moral Science. Second Edition, revised. Crown 8vo. 7s. net. PUBLIC FINANCE. By C. F. BASTABLE, M.A., LL.D. Second Edition, revised and enlarged. 8vo. 12s. 6d. net. THE RIGHT TO THE WHOLE PRODUCE OF LABOUR. The Origin and Development of the Theory of Labour's Claim to the whole product of Industry. By Dr. ANTON MENGER, Translated by M. E. TANNER. With an Introduction and Bibliography by Professor H. S. FoxwELL, M.A. Crown 8vo. 6s. net. HONEST MONEY. By A. J. FoNDA. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. net. • THE CONFLICTS OF CAPITAL AND LABOUR HISTORICALLY AND ECONOMICALLY CONSIDERED. Being a History and Review of the Trade Unions of Great Britain. By G. HoWELL, M.P. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. HANDY BOOK OF THE LABOUR LAWS. By G. HoWELL, M.P. Third Edition. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. net. AMERICAN COMMERCIAL POLICY. By U. RABBENO. Trans. 8vo. 12s. net. EIGHT HOURS FOR WORK. By J. RAE, M.A. Crown 8vo. 4s. 6d. net. ESSAYS IN TAXATION. By E. R. A. SEJ,JGMAN. 8vo. 12s. 6d. net. THE SHIFTING AND INCIDENCE OF TAXATION. By E. R. A. SELIGMANN, Second Edition. 8vo: 12s. 6d. net. THE SCOPE AND METHOD OF POLITICAL ECONOMY. By J. N KEYNES, D.Sc. New Edition: 8vo. 7s. net. THE STATE AND CHARITY. By THOMAS MACKAY. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. THE STANDARD OF LIFE AND OTHER STUDIES. By Mrs. BERNARD BosANQUET, Author of "Rich and Poor." Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. RICH AND POOR. By Mrs. BERNARD BosANQUET. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. net. ECONOMIC CLASSICS. Globe Bvu, 3s. net each volurne. REFLECTIONS ON THE FORMA- PEASANT RENTS. Being the First TION AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF HalfofanEssayontheDistributionofWealth RICHES, BY TURGOT, 1770. and on the Sources of Taxation. By RICHARD SELECT CHAPTERS AND PASS- JoNEs, 1831. AGES FROM THE "WEALTH OF NA· THE MERCANTILE SYSTEM AND TIONS" OF ADAM SMITH, 1776. ITS HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE. Illus- THE FIRST SIX CHAPTERS OF trated chiefly from Prussian History. Being THE "PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL a Chapter from the" Studien ueber die Wirth- ECONOMY AND TAXATION" OF DAVID schaftliche Politik Friedrichs des Grossen." RICARDO, 1817. By GUSTAV SCHMOLLER, 1884. PARALLEL CHAPTERS FROM THE RESEARCHES INTO THE MATHE- FIRST AND SECOND EDITIONS OF AN MATICAL PRINCIPLES OF THE THEORY ESSAY ON THE PRINCIPLE OF POPU- OF WEALTH. By AuGUSTIN CouRNOT, LATION. By T. R. MALTHUS, 1798-1803. 1838. Translated by NATHANIEL T. BAcoN. ENGLAND'S TREASURE BY FOR- With a Bibliography of Mathematical Econo- RAIGN TRADE. By THOMAS MuN, 1664. mics by IRVING FISHER. MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD., LONDON.