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CONFERENCE OLIVAINT DE BELGIQUE Association Royale OLIVAINT GENOOTSCHAP VAN BELGIE Koninklijke Vereniging CONFERENCE OLIVAINT DE BELGIQUE Association Royale OLIVAINT GENOOTSCHAP VAN BELGIE Koninklijke Vereniging APERCU GENERAL DE L’IRAN ALGEMENE BENADERING VAN IRAN RAPPORT DE LA SESSION D’ÉTUDE 2017 RAPPORT VAN DE STUDIESESSIE 2017 2 Association sans but lucratif - Vereniging zonder winstoogmerk rue d’Egmontstraat 11 1000 Bruxelles - Brussel E-mail : [email protected] B.D. 21.365/13 www.olivaint.be BE73 3101 6608 0860 Editeur responsable - Verantwoordelijke uitgever : Bernard Van Maele rue d’Egmontstraat 11 1000 Bruxelles Avertissement - Waarschuwing Le contenu des articles n'engage que les auteurs. Les données reprises dans ce rapport sont à jour en date de la fin de la session d'étude. De auteurs dragen de verantwoordelijkheid voor de inhoud van hun artikels. De gegevens van dit verslag zijn geldig op datum van het einde van de studiesessie. 3 4 Préambule - Voorwoord Le présent rapport fait suite au voyage d'étude que la Conférence Olivaint de Belgique a effectué en Iran en juillet 2017, sous le haut patronage du Service public fédéral Affaires étrangères. Voorliggend rapport brengt verslag uit over de studiesessie van het Olivaint Genootschap van België in Iran in juli 2017 welke kon plaatsvinden onder de hoge bescherming van de Federale Overheidsdienst Buitenlandse Zaken. Cette session d'étude n'aurait pas été possible sans les conseils et la collaboration nombreuses personnes et organismes. Nous tenons ici à les en remercier et notamment : Zonder de raadgevingen en de samenwerking van talrijke personen, bedrijven en organismen zou deze reis nooit werkelijkheid zijn geworden. Wij bedanken hen allen, en in het bijzonder: Le Service public fédéral Affaires Etrangères De Federale Overheidsdienst Buitenlandse Zaken La Communauté française de Belgique De Franse Gemeenschap van België Les Missions diplomatiques de l’Iran à Bruxelles De diplomatieke Opdrachten van Iran in Brussel 5 6 Table des matières - Inhoudstafel LISTE DES PARTICIPANTS - LIJST DER DEELNEMERS ................................................................... 8 RAPPORTS - VERSLAGEN L'histoire de la révolution iranienne (Eléonore Roberti) ............................................................9 Histoire politique de la nation iranienne (Henri de Plaen)........................................................35 De la structure institutionnelle de la République islamique d’Iran (Adam Tricha)..................77 Identités iraniennes (Marie Umbach)........................................................................................93 Onderwijs in Iran (Daphné Vanderhaeghe) ............................................................................121 La condition de la femme iranienne (Elisabeth Nagy)............................................................143 Le role de l’Iran au Moyen Orient et ses relations avec les pays voisins (Zakaria El Mokhtari) ............................................................................................................ 171 Olie industrie van Iran en zijn impact op de geopolitische situatie in de Regio (Jan Ritzen) 191 Les relations Etats-Unis - Iran : entre confrontation et perspective de rapprochement (Laura van Lerberghe).............................................................................................................213 L'impact des sanctions internationales liées au nucléaire iranien sur l’Iran et son économie (William-James Kettlewell)....................................................................................241 Relations bilatérales entre la Russie et l’Iran (Blanche De Posch).........................................257 L’or bleu d’Iran (François-Guillaume Eggermont).................................................................273 De verschillen tussen soennieten en sjiieten (Louise Vandenbussche) ..................................299 Les droits LGBTQI en Iran (Amelie Dopchie).......................................................................323 De Perzische gastronomie als rode draad doorheen Iran (Pauline Hellemans) ......................345 Het Perzisch: enkele inzichten voor Nederlandstaligen (Gael Lambert)................................367 The storytelling of Iranian Modern Architecture through the Tabiat Bridge in Tehran (Sigrid Vangeneugden) ...........................................................................................................389 De impact van de evolutie van de diplomatische relaties ( vooral met VS ) op de financiele wereld (Emmanuel Heinz & Sébastien Francotte).................................................405 7 Liste des participants Lijst der deelnemers Senior Members of the Conference Olivaint accompanying the group of students : Mr Philippe Lambrecht Mr Marc Tonnon Mr Bernard Van Maele Students: de Plaen Henri De Posch Blanche Dopchie Amelie Eggermont François-Guillaume El Mokhtari Zakaria Francotte Sébastien Heinz Emmanuel Hellemans Pauline Kettlewell William-James Lambert Gael Nagy Elisabeth Ritzen Jan Roberti Eléonore Tricha Adam Umbach Marie Vandenbussche Louise Vanderhaeghe Daphné Vangeneugden Sigrid van Lerberghe Laura 8 L'histoire de la révolution iranienne Eléonore Roberti 9 10 Table des matières / Inhoudstafel TABLE DES MATIÈRES / INHOUDSTAFEL.................................................................................................11 1. INTRODUCTION / INLEIDING ..............................................................................................................12 2. ELÉMENTS PRÉCURSEURS PARSEMANT L’HISTOIRE IRANIENNE .......................................13 3. L’APRÈS-RÉVOLUTION CONSTITUTIONNELLE ET L’ÉPOQUE DU REZA SHAH ................15 4. LA SECONDE GUERRE MONDIALE ET RÈGNE DE MOHAMMAD REZA PAHLAVI : LE TEMPS DU TRAITÉ............................................................................................................................................17 5. LA CRISE IRANO-SOVIÉTIQUE ET LE GOUVERNEMENT MOSSADEGH : UNE POLITIQUE INTERNE ET EXTERNE COMPLIQUÉE .......................................................................................................19 6. L’INFLUENCE AMÉRICAINE : DES LIENS POSITIFS QUI SE DÉTERIORENT........................21 7. LA RÉVOLUTION IRANIENNE .............................................................................................................24 8. KHOMEINI : LA RÉPUBLIQUE ISLAMIQUE ET LA GUERRE IRAN-IRAK...............................26 9. L’AYATOLLAH KHAMENEI ET BREF APERÇU DE LA SUITE DE L’HISTOIRE IRANIENNE 29 10. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................32 11 1. Introduction / Inleiding Faire l’historique de l’Iran, c’est se pencher sur 2500 ans d’Histoire. Vaste programme. Dès lors autant aborder plus en détails ce dont nous avons tous déjà entendu parler, sans pour autant en savoir beaucoup sur le sujet : la Révolution Iranienne. Cette dernière a conduit à la création de la République d’Iran en 1979 et, que vous vous intéressiez un tant soit peu aux grands événements politiques, que vous soyez un cinéphile averti 1, ou que vous ayez fait un voyage en Iran, vous n’avez pas pu passer à côté. J’ai donc décidé de vous exposer les grands événements ayant mené à cette Révolution, tout en essayant d’analyser les éléments moins visibles, les « détails de l’Histoire », mais qui auront tout autant un rôle à y jouer, dans cette Histoire. 1 Le film Argo, sorti en 2012, du réalisateur Ben Afflek, traite en effet d’un des événements majeurs dans l’histoire de la Révolution iranienne : la crise des otages à l’ambassade américaine, en 1979. 12 2. Eléments précurseurs parsemant l’histoire Iranienne Premièrement, définir un point de départ à ce récit historique ne fut pas tâche facile. Faut-il commencer par parler de la dynastie Qajars (1795-1925) qui fera revivre le concept de shah, figure emblématique de l’histoire iranienne et acteur central - à ses dépens - de la Révolution ? Faut-il commencer par parler des pressions subies dès le 19ème siècle de la part de la Russie et la Grande-Bretagne, qui lorgnaient respectivement sur un accès à une mer chaude et sur les grandes routes commerciales ? Suite à la guerre russo-iranienne (1804-1813) et à deux traités (Golestan en 1812 et Turkmanchai en 1828), l’Iran perd de nombreux territoires et voit son sol occupé par des troupes britanniques. Voilà peut-être un terreau de départ pour des revendications nationalistes, conservatrices. Faut-il en outre parler de Nasseredin shah, au pouvoir de 1846 à 1896, et qui fut le premier à tenter de moderniser l’Iran via des réformes du système fiscal, un contrôle plus poussé sur l’administration, un encouragement du commerce et de l’industrie, mais également une réduction de l’influence du clergé chiite ? Ce dernier élément aurait-il pu servir d’argument pour nourrir depuis un siècle les idées de la Révolution et la création d’une République Islamique ? Faut-il enfin parler de la Révolution Constitutionnelle, faisant suite au règne difficile de Mozaffareddin shah, successeur de Nasseredin shah ? Il est en tout cas certain que passer à côté d’un tel événement sans l’expliquer serait erreur. En voici donc une brève. Le règne de Mozaffareddin fut marqué par un mécontentement général causé par l’emprise belge sur la douane2, l’injustice sociale, la pauvreté, l’insécurité, la faim. Cela poussa au regroupementdes protestataires autour des chefs religieux, à qui ils demandèrent aide et protection. La situation continue à se dégrader et suite à de violents événements3, des
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