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Home , Guava, Passiflora edulis

320 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1967

3. Lyon, T. T. 1897. Catalog of . U.S. Dept. Agr. 7. Reasoner, P. W. 1887. Report on the condition of Divn. Pomol. Bui. No. 6: 36. tropical and semitropical fruits in the in 1887. 4. McAdow, M. A. 1914. Ornamentals. Proc. Fla. State U. S. Dept. Agr., Divn. Pomol. Bui. No. 1: 14. Hort. Soc. 27: 159-167. 8. Reitz, H. J., et al. 1964. Recommended fertilizers 5. Mowrey, et al. Rev. G. D. Ruehle. 1967. Miscellaneous and nutritional sprays for citrus. Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. tropical and subtropical Florida fruits. Fla. Agr. Ext. Serv. 536B. Bui. 156A: 34-37. 9. Young, T. W. 1967. Fertilizing trees in 6. Popenoe, W. 1939. Manual of tropical and subtropical Florida. Sub-Tropical Exp. Sta. Mimeo. Rept. SUB 68-1. fruits. The MacMillan Co., New York: 340-343.

YELLOW PASSIONFRUIT IDEAL FOR FLORIDA HOME GARDENS

Julia F. Morton The nearly round , 1% to 21/£ inches wide, has a tough rind, smooth, waxy and ranging in Morton Collectanea hue from light-yellow to pumpkin-color. Within University of Miami is an aromatic mass of membraneous sacs filled Coral Gables with orange-colored, pulpy and as many as 250 small, dark-brown seeds. The flavor is Over the past three years, Florida home musky, -like and very acid. owners have become increasingly distressed by the fruit fly infestation of their door- History and Status yard fruits. Inasmuch as there is no immediate prospect of effective control of this insect, it The yellow passionfruit was, until recent seems appropriate to recommend a fruit that years, largely overshadowed by the purple pas appears to be unaffected by it—a fruit which sionfruit ( edulis Sims.), a native of provides an attractive and flavorful juice, and southern widely esteemed for its agree which is advancing horticulturally in other able, less acid flavor (101). It has been stated countries. that the yellow form is of unknown origin, but in recent Colombian writings it is presumed to be native to the Amazon region of Brazil. Spec Colloquial Names and Description ulation as to Australian origin (2) arose The yellow passionfruit ( f. through the introduction of seeds from that flavicarpa Deg.) has a number of colloquial country into and the United States by names such asceibey in Cuba, maracuja peroba E. N. Eeasoner in 1923. in Brazil, parchita maracuya, or simply parch- Brazil has long had a well-established pas ita, in Venezuela, parcha in , yellow sionfruit industry with large-scale juice extrac granadilla in , grenadille or couzou tion . The purple passionfruit is there in French-speaking countries, yellow lilikoi in preferred for consuming fresh; the yellow for Hawaii, and golden passionfruit in . juice processing and the making of preserves It is borne by a woody, perennial , climb (65). Strains being grown for these purposes ing by means of tendrils. The evergreen include "Ouropretano", "Muico", "Peroba" and are glossy, deeply 3-lobed, finely toothed, 3 to 8 "Pintado" (113). inches long and, like the young stems and tend In Australia, the purple passionfruit was rils, tinged with red or purple. A single, fra flourishing and partially naturalized in coastal grant flower, 2 to 3 inches wide, is borne at areas of Queensland before 1900. Its cultiva each node on the new growth. The bloom, which tion, especially on abandoned banana planta opens about noon and closesin late evening, tions, attained great importance and the crop consists of 5 white , 5 white , a was considered relatively disease-free and easily fringe-like corona of straight, white-tipped rays, managed. However, about 1943, a widespread rich purple at the base; also 5 with invasion of Fusarium wilt killed the and large anthers, the , and triple-branched forced the undertaking of research to find style forming a prominent central structure. fungus-resistant substitutes. It was discovered MORTON: YELLOW PASSIONFRUIT 321 that the neglected yellow passionfruit is both , in the early 1930's, had a wilt- and nematode-resistant and does not sucker small but thriving purple passionfruit industry from the roots (66). It was adopted as a root- in Auckland Province but in a few years the stock and plants propagated by were disease-susceptibility of this type brought about soon made available to planters. its decline (43). Good local marketing and ex The Australian taste is strongly prejudiced port prospects have brought about a revival of in favor of the purple passionfruit and growers efforts to control infestations and increase acre have been reluctant to relinquish it altogether. age, mostly in the Bay of Plenty region (40). Only in the last few years have they begun to In Hawaii, seeds of the purple passionfruit, adopt hybrids of the purple and yellow which brought from Australia, were first planted in have shown some ability to withstand the ser 1880 and the vine came to be popular in home ious virus disease called "woodiness" (14). In gardens. In the 1940's a Mr. Haley attempted the current year, 2 hybrids—"3-1" and "3-26"— to market canned passionfruit juice in a small developed at the Redlands Horticulture Research way but the product was unsatisfactory and his Station, have nearly replaced the purple pas effort was terminated by World War II. A sionfruit commercially on the coast of southern processor on Kauai produced a concentrate in Queensland. They have a longer fruiting sea glass jars and this project, though small, proved son, are high-yielding, with high pulp content, successful. In 1951, when Hawaiian passion keep very well and meet with little market fruit plantings totalled less than 5 acres, the resistance. Australian breeders are still striv University of Hawaii chose this fruit as the ing for a type that will have the needed char most promising crop for development and under acteristics and reproduce true from seed (14, took to create an industry based on quick-frozen 21). passionfruit juice concentrate. From among

Fig. 1.—Flower of yellow passionfruit (open noon to evening) has rich purple coloring on bases of corona filaments. In flower of purple passionfruit (open from dawn to near-noon), this area is pale. —Photo by Julia Morton. 322 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1967

Fig. 2.—Yellow passionfruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.). The thick, protective rind bears fine white dots when green; is clear-yellow when fruit is ripe. (From vine of Mrs. G. Fleischer, Nov. 1961). —Photo by Julia Morton.

Mr. Haley's vines, choice strains of yellow pas Production was doubled by 1950 (38). In 1965, sionfruit were selected. These gave yields of passionfruit plantations were initiated over 40,000 pounds of fruit per acre with 35% juice large areas of the Transvaal to meet the market content, as compared with purple passionfruit demand and apparently there have been no ser yields averaging less than 10,000 pounds of ious setbacks as yet, from disease or other fruit per acre, with a juice content of 25%. causes. By 1958, 1,200 acres were devoted to yellow , for many years, has enjoyed a mod passionfruit production and the industry was erate harvest of purple passionfruits and the firmly established on a satisfactory economic vine seems to be particularly healthy and pro level (115). ductive at altitudes between 2,000 and 4,000 ft. South Africa in 1947 produced 2,000 tons of In many areas, it has run wild. The yellow purple passionfruit for domestic consumption. form was unknown in India until just a few MORTON: YELLOW PASSIONFRUIT 323

Fig. 3.—Clothesline of Mrs. Gisella Fleischer, 6620 S. W. 71st Ct., Miami, has served as passionvine trellis for more than seven years. —Photo by Julia Morton.

years ago when it was introduced from Ceylon Since the introduction of the yellow passion and proved well adapted to low elevations in fruit from Brazil into Venezuela in 1954, it has South India. It was quickly approved as having achieved industrial status and national popu a more pronounced flavor than the purple and larity. Venezuelan production in 1966 amounted producing within a year of planting heavier to 3,600 long tons (23). Much effort is being and more regular crops (117). devoted to improving the yield to better meet Passionfruit vines are found wild and culti the demand for the extracted juice, passionfruit vated to some extent in other parts of the Old , and other appealing products such World—including Java, Sumatra, Malaya, Ken as bottled passionfruit-and-rum . The ya, Papua and New Guinea, Fiji, and Formosa. strains grown are known as "Brasilera amaril- From the last 5 sources considerable quantities la", "Brasilera rosada", and "Hawaiiana" (82). of yellow passionfruit juice and pulp are ex Such enterprise is in marked contrast to the ported to Australia, causing some protests from general lack of enthusiasm for the passionfruit Queensland growers (18, 53, 61). which has prevailed in the West Indies, the In , interest in yellow passion Bahamas and Florida. In this State, where fruit culture has recently intensified in much energy has been spent in the extolling and Venezuela. In Colombia, trial plantings in of less worthy fruits, the failure to appreciate the Cauca Valley in mid-1963 yielded in 10 the passionfruit is rather surprising. In the months, producing 12 tons per hectare, and a Index to the Proceedings of the Florida State second crop was harvested the same year. The Horticultural Society through Volume 68, it ap best performing variety proved to be the pears only once and this solitary citation merely "Hawaiiana". leads one to John Schnabel's statement in 1913 324 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1967

Fig. 4.—"Stinkbug"—a coreid bug, Chondrocera laticornis LaPorte, is a West Indian found in the U.S. only in South Florida This insect causes surface blemishes on the yellow passionfruit. —Photo by Dr. Robert J. Knight, Jr.

that Passiflora edulis does fairly well among locality, it appears that bird-transported seeds "Ornamental Vines for Florida". have produced fruiting vines in outlying Ever At the University of Florida's Subtropical glades hammocks. Experiment Station in Homestead, limited trials In 1957, Robert Read brought to me the with the purple and yellow passionfruits result largest yellow passionfruit I have ever seen ed in some amplification of the brief discussion which he had found lying on the path in Mathe- of these fruits in the well-known bulletin, son Hammock. The vine, fruiting high in the Miscellaneous Tropical and Subtropical Florida trees, was probably an escape from the fruitful Fruits, when revised by the late Dr. George specimen cultivated at that time by Mr. Benja Ruehle in 1953, but mostly with words of dis min Blumberg in Coconut Grove. couragement, the purple vine in particular hav Various species of Passiflora have reached ing proved so susceptible to disease (72). the United States Introduction Station in Some yellow passionfruit vines were known Miami in the routine course of plant accession, to exist and bear fruit year after year here and and in 1958 horticulturists at the Station took there in the southern and central areas of the interest in the death of certain of the vines State. In 1953, I requested seeds of good strains from Fusarium attack and in the poor fruiting of purple and yellow passionfruits from the performance of survivors. These observations Queensland Department of Agriculture and resulted in two reports by Dr. Robert Knight Stock and I gave seeds of the yellow to Laymond and Harold F. Winters on the of the Hardy for planting. In 1955, he reported that yellow passionfruit in the Florida State Horti one vine was flourishing at Pinecrest and, from cultural Proceedings Volumes 75 and 76, in the reports of hunters camping beyond that 1962 and 1963 respectively. The authors point MORTON: YELLOW PASSIONFRUIT 325

Fig. 5.—Ripe yellow passionfruits from Mrs. G. Fleischer's two intertwined vines, show superficial pricks of stinkbug but are otherwise intact. Aug. 7, 1967. —Photo by Julia Morton.

out the problems affecting yield, a dim view of A noteworthy example of a homeowner who economical juice production, and the need for grows and utilizes the yellow passionfruit is extensive field studies, and they offer plant ma Mrs. Gisella Fleischer of 6620 S. W. 71st terial to anyone qualified to undertake such Court, Miami, whose clothesline for the past few work (56,67). years has served as a passionvine trellis. Her Last August, I noticed that "edible passion- original vine, having succumbed through un fruit" seeds were offered for sale in an adver known causes, was replaced in late 1965 by two tisement in the Florida Market Bulletin by plants provided by Dr. Robert Knight, one of Mr. E. M. Placie, Land O'Lakes, Pasco County. them known to be large-fruited. The first com I ordered a packet and asked Mr. Placie to tell bined crop for two weeks of August of this me about his vine. He wrote that he has year was 160 fruits of assorted sizes up to seedlings of the purple passionfruit, now three 2V2 inches in diameter, which yielded 3 pints years old. During their first winter, he covered of juice. Adding 1V2 pints of water, V2 cup of the stems to a height of 3 ft. with a 4-inch- juice and 3 lbs. of , Mrs. Fleischer thick wrapping of fiber glass. Upper parts not produced a little more than 10 half-pints of jelly. covered suffered cold injury but were cut back, This is an excellent product rivalling in flavor the plants were fed heavily with manure and the finest made from any other fruit, in my later with grove fertilizer and grew "enormous". opinion, and it has been praised by all whom I They began flowering in May of this year and have invited to sample it. by July were laden with fruits. He said that though he found the pulp delicious he had "not On the average, a bushel of passionfruits in attempted to use the fruit for anything except Australia weighs 36 lbs., yields 13% lbs. of to sell the seeds." pulp from which is obtained 1 gal. (10.7 lbs.) 326 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1967 of juice and 2.6 lbs. of seeds. With some strains tent (53, 89). It is an excellent source of in Hawaii the juice yield is much higher. and a good source of , but lacks, or has only a trace of, thiamine (68). Passionfruits contain starch (amylopectin) Other Food Uses which may be evident as a whitish or gray residue in stored juice; and it also causes jell The fruit is of easy preparation. One needs ing during heat pasteurization (53). Passion only cut it in half and scoop out the seedy pulp fruit seed meal contains too much crude fiber with a spoon. For home use, Australians do not to be useful as cattlefeed. Refined flour made trouble to remove the seeds but eat the pulp from the seeds has been proposed as a partial with cream and sugar or use it in fruit salads rice substitute in India, and the rind can be (131) or in beverages, seeds and all. Elsewhere utilized as a source of pectin (99, 103). it is usually squeezed through two thicknesses of cheesecloth or pressed through a strainer to remove the seeds. Mechanical extractors are, Culture of course, used industrially. The resulting rich juice, which has been called a natural concen Extensive information on the cultivation and trate (53), can be sweetened and diluted with training of the yellow passionvine and handling water or other to make cold drinks, or of the crop appears in the 134 references listed may be boiled down to sirup. The fresh juice at the end of this paper. The following is a or the sirup can be used in making sauce, gela brief summation. tin (81), candy, ice cream, sherbet, The yellow passionfruit is usually grown cake icing, or chiffon pie (68), cold from seed. If planted soon after removal from fruit soup, or in . Recipes for passion- the fruit, seeds will germinate in 2 to 3 weeks. fruit highball and passionfruit punch are given Cleaned and stored seeds have a lower and in a new Hawaiian cookbook, Pineapples, Pas slower rate of germination. Sprouting may be sion Fruit and Poi, published by Charles Tuttle hastened by. chipping the seed (28). Soaking, of Rutland, Vt. (41). The flavor of passion- often recommended, has not proved helpful fruit juice is impaired by heat preservation (100). Seeds are planted V2 inch deep in beds unless it is done by agitated or "spin" pasteuri and seedlings may be transplanted when 10 zation in the can (96). The frozen juice can be inches high. If taller (up to 3 ft.) the tops kept without deterioration for 1 year at 0 deg. should be cut back and the plants heavily F. (53) watered (10). Root-pruning should precede transplanting by 2 weeks. Transplanting is best done on a cool, overcast day. The soil should be Food Value prepared and enriched organically a month in Much attention has been given the physico- advance if possible. chemical composition of passionfruit juice, Cuttings of new but matured wood, % inch seeds and rind by J. S. Pruthi of the Central thick and with 3 or 4 nodes, should be well Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, rooted and ready for setting out in 90 days. India, and other invesigators (48, 89, 94, 95, Rooting may be hastened by hormone treatment. 98, 103, 104, 106, 108, etc.). The average com Other means of propagation are layering, position of 100 g. of juice of the yellow variety approach-grafting and cleft-grafting using yel was reported in Hawaii in 1955 as follows: low passionfruit seedlings as rootstocks. Cleft- moisture, 82.0 g.; ether ext, 0.6 g.; soluble grafting is employed on a commercial scale in solids, 15.0 g.; acidity, 4.0 g.; reducing , perpetuating hybrids. Grafted vines must be 7.0 g.; total sugars (as invert), 10.0 g.; crude planted with the union well above ground, not fiber, 0.2 g.; , 0.8 g.; calcium, 5.0 mg.; covered by soil or mulch, otherwise the disease , 18.0 mg.; , 0.3 mg., ascorbic resistance will be lost (87). acid, 12.0 mg.; carotene (i.u. A), 570 Vines in plantations are set at various dis (53). The juice has a pH of from 2.5 to 3.0 tances, but studies in Venezuela indicate that (53, 65). highest yields are obtained when vines are set The yellow passionfruit has somewhat less 10 feet apart each way. Commercially, vines ascorbic acid than the purple but is richer in are trained to strongly-supported wire trellises total acid (mainly citric), and in carotene con at least 7 ft. high. However, for the benefit of MORTON: YELLOW PASSIONFRUIT 327

Fig. 6.—Colorful, preserved yellow passionfruit juice— natural concentrate—displayed at VII Reunion Latinoameri- cana de Fitotecnia, Maracay, Venezuela, Sept. 17-23, 1967. —Photo by Julia Morton.

the homeowner, it should be pointed out that occurs 70 days after flowering. Even with high- the yellow passionfruit is more productive if climbing vines there is no harvesting problem allowed to climb a tall tree (130). In some for the ripe fruit falls to the ground and need areas, trellis-grown vines require hand pollina be collected no oftener than twice a week. It tion to assist fruit set. In the home garden, does not attract flies or ants and keeps well. at least two vines of different parentage should Though the rind shrivels, the contents remain be planted and allowed to intertwine for cross- unimpaired for several weeks (68). pollination. The and the honey bee are the main pollinating insects (74). Diseases and Pests After a vine attains 2 years of age, pruning once a year will stimulate new growth and con As already stated, the yellow passionfruit is sequently more flower and fruit production (33). resistant to Fusarium wilt and to nematodes. Regular watering will keep a vine flowering and The virus disease, "woodiness" or "bullet", is fruiting almost continuously. Least flowers now the most serious plague of the purple develop during the winter season due to short variety in Australia, but it has little effect on day length (124). Water requirement is high the yellow form (51). Brown spot, caused by the when fruits are approaching maturity. If soil fungus Alternaria passiflorae in warm weather, is dry, fruits may shrivel and fall prematurely is controlled by spraying with captan, maneb, (67). Fertilizer (10-5-20) should be applied at zineb or fungicide. Scab requires spray the rate of 3 lbs. per plant 4 times a year. ing with Bordeaux mixture. Base rot is often The yellow passionfruit is fast-growing and induced by injury to the base of the vines by will begin to bear in 1 to 3 years. Ripening mowers or other mechanical equipment, the use 328 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1967 of which near the plants should be avoided also fruits having the greatest potential for nectar because of the hazard to the shallow root sys processing for the European market (132). tem. Hand weeding around the main stems is The impracticality of attempting large-scale strongly recommended. cultivation in Florida is evident in the following In Florida, the yellow passionfruit is com statement just received from Dr. A. E. Willson, monly found to be superficially punctured by Vice President, Minute Maid Company, Orlando: the stinkbug (Chondrocera laticornis) affecting "A couple of years ago, we started a variety only its appearance. There has been no report study for the yellow at Indian- of attack by the Caribbean fruit fly (Anastrepha town. The selections came from Bob Knight suspensa) in this State, though Anastrepha [Dr. Robert J. Knight]. We found the fruit was infestation was on one occasion observed by entirely satisfactory for our products. How Mr. Curtis Dowling in Passiflora fruits in Costa ever, we concluded that passion fruit could not Rica. In Brazil, fruit flies of the genus Anas be grown [commercially] in Florida for the trepha (65), and in Hawaii the Oriental fruit following reasons: The yields are not as large fly and the melon fly, deposit eggs in the very as in more tropical areas where the plant young, tender fruits. In these the larvae seem remains productive all year round. Our plants able to develop and cause the immature fruits went out of production during the winter season. to shrivel and fall. If fruits are punctured when During the windy spring months of March and nearly mature, the only effect is an external April, the vines are badly damaged and no scar (4). The same is reported concerning the flowers are set until sometime in May. We Queensland fruit fly and the Mediterranean also found that the passion fruit were expen fruit fly in Australia (77). In Hawaii and sive to harvest. The fruit has to fall on the Australia, mite infestations in dry weather are ground and sometimes it gets hung up in the eliminated by applying wettable sulphur. Less vines. There is a continual collection of small troublesome pests are various scales and aphids quantities of fruit throughout the year. Special (4). The passion vine hopper (Scolypopa equipment is needed to obtain the juice from australis) requires protective measures in the fruit without bits of the calyx showing up Queensland (13). as objectionable black specks. This equipment is costly and can only be justified when a large volume of fruit is being processed." Conclusion RELATED LITERATURE The yellow passionfruit's ability to tolerate 1. Agnihotri, B. N. 1951. Passion Fruit. Indian Food light and its adaptability to a wide range Packer 5(9): 9-10, 30-2. of soils, as well as its apparent immunity to 2. Akamine, E. K. and G. Girolami. 1959. Pollination and Fruit Set in the yellow passion fruit. Tech. Bui. 39. Caribbean fruit fly damage, make it suitable for Hawaii Ag. Exp. Sta., Honolulu. 44 pp. 3. _ , R. A. Hamilton, T. Nishida, G. D. home planting through much of south and cen Sherman, W. B. Storey, W. J. Yee, and T. N. Shaw. 1954. tral Florida. Both the foliage and the flowers Passion Fruit Culture. Exten. Cir. 345. Univ. of Hawaii Ag. Exten. Serv., Honolulu. 23 pp. are highly ornamental and even a moderate 4. Anonymous. 1956. Passion Fruit Culture in Hawaii. Cir. 345 Revised. Univ. of Hawaii Coll. of Ag., Honolulu. crop of fruit will contribute to the gustatory 35 pp. pleasure of family and friends. Through indi 5. _ 1957. Passion Fruit: Training Young Vines. Queensland Fr. & Veg. News 12 (16) : 484. vidual experience, means of achieving higher 6. 1958. Passion Fruit: Summer Pruning. Queensland Fr. & Veg. News 13 (11): 329. yields may ultimately be found here as they have 7. 1958. Passion Fruit Wilt Can be Beaten. elsewhere.* Queensland Fr. & Veg. News 14 (6) : 186. 8. 1959. Grafted Passion Vines: Plant In contacts with our West Indian and trop High. Queensland Fr. & Veg. News 16 (13) : 371. 9. 1959. Horticultural Research Projects ical American neighbors, we will be rendering . . . "Passion Fruit." Queensland Fr. & Veg. News 15 (5) : a service in encouraging their cultivation of 138. 10. _ 1959. Transplanting Passionfruit. this crop on a commercial scale. In 1965, the Queensland Fr. & Veg. News 16 (22) : 585. 11 1960. Grafted Passion Vines: Must be Laboratorie de Recherche des Produits Nestle, Sprayed. Queensland Fr. & Veg. News 17 (4) : 83. Vevey, Switzerland, placed the passionfruit 12 1961. Passion Fruit Waste. Ann. Rpt. 1960-1. Cent. Food Tech. Res. Inst., Mysore, India, p. 52. among the three insufficiently-known tropical 13 „. 1962. The Passion Vine Leaf Hopper (Scolypopa australis). Queensland Fr. & Veg. News 21 (18): 412. 14 1963. Passionfruit Hybrids Show Prom *Mr. Don Kiesau, of Kendall, has just harvested a good ise. Queensland Fr. & Veg. News 24 (3) : 57. crop from a single vine with no cross-pollination, apparently 15 1965. High-quality Pectin Made from an exceptional self-compatible strain ; and he is distributing purple passion fruit. Chem. & Indus. 555-9 (Abs. in Food rooted cuttings through the Rare Fruit Council. Engr. 37 (6) : 95). MORTON: YELLOW PASSIONFRUIT 329

16 1965. The Passion vine Mite. Queens 52. Kebby, R. C. 1958. Passionfruit production. Queens land Fr. & Veg. News 27 (4) : 77. land Fr. & Veg. News 14 (26) : 824-5. (repr. from the 17. 1965. Prune passion vines for summer Murwillumbah Daily News, New So. Wales). crop. Queensland Fr. & Veg. News 28 (9) : 206. 53. Kefford, J. K. and J. R. Vickery. 1961. Passion 18. _'_ 1966. Passionfruit Imports. Queensland fruit products. Aust. Food Manuf. 30 (12) : 48, 50, 54. Fr. & Veg. News (20) : 458-9. 54. Kennard, W. C. 1955. The passion fruits in 19. 1966. Passionfruit vines must be trained. Puerto Rico. Fr. Vars. & Hort. Dig. 10 (4): 59-60. Queensland Fr. & Veg. News 30 (2): 27, 43. 55. _ and H. F. Winters. 1960. Some fruits 20. 1967. Current research in Queensland. and nuts for the Tropics. Misc. Pub. 801. U. S. Dept. Agr., Queensland Fr. & Veg. News 31(5): 105, 115. A.R.S., Washington. 135 pp. (p. 92). 21 1967. Passion fruits and Granadillas. 56. Knight, R. J. and H. F. Winters. 1963. Pollination Queensland Agr. J. 93 (3) : 130-41. and fruit set of yellow passionfruit in southern Florida. 22 1915. Plant Immigrants. Bui. 110. U.S. Proc. Fla. St. Hort. Soc. 75: 412-8. Dept. Agr., Off. For. Seed & PL Intro., Washington. 15 pp. 57 _ 1964. Effects of selfing and crossing (p. 898). in the yellow passionfruit. Proc. Fla. St. Hort. Soc. 76: 23. Araque, R. 1967. Produccion de frutales en Vene 345-7. zuela (Mimeo.). Consejo de Bienestar Rural, Caracas. 28 58. Kuhne, F. A. 1965. Tasty granadillas and their pp. (p. 18). root systems. Farming in So. Africa 41 (2): 33, 35, 37. 24. Barnes, H. and J. M. Wills (undated). Passion 59. Lai, G., G. S. Siddappa, and G. L. Tandon. 1960. fruit growing in Queensland. Dept. Agr. & Stock, Brisbane. Preservation of fruits and vegetables. Indian Coun. of Agr. 30 pp. Res., New Delhi. 358 pp. (p. 126). 25. Bates, R. P. 1964. Factors affecting foam production 60. LeCointe, P. 1947. Avores e Plantas Uteis.. 2nd ed. and stabilization of tropical fruit products. Food Tech. 18 Brasiliana. Biblioteca Pedagogica Brasileira. Ser. 5, Vol. 251. (1) : 93-6. Companhia Editora Nacional, Sao Paulo. 506 pp. (p. 289). 26. Benton, R. J. 1943. The passion-fruit. New So. 61. McCullagh, J. H. 1966. Passionfruit prices. Queens Wales Dept. of Agr., Sydney. 8pp. land Fr. & Veg. News 29 (16) : 371. 27. Bhutiani, R. C. (Editor and compiler). 1956. Fruit 62. McRae, K. B. 1960. Types of trellis for passion and Vegetable Preservation Industry in India. Cent. Food vines. Queensland Fr. & Veg. News 17 (13) : 294-5. Tech. Res. Inst., Mysore. 485 pp. (p. 56). 63 1961. Passion fruit deserve a good 28. Blacker, G. W. J. 1960. Grafting passion vines. trellis. Queensland Fr. & Veg. News 20 (25) : 590-1. New Zeal. J. Agr. 101 (4): 401, 403, 405. 64. Melville, F. 1952. The passion fruit: its cultivation 29. Boyle, F. B., T. N. Shaw and G. D. Sherman. 1955. in Western Australia. Leaflet 2018. 13 pp. Repr. from J. Efficient extraction, single-strength technique, open up wide of Agr. of W. Aust. Vol. 1, 3rd Ser. Nov.-Dec. 1952. uses for new passion fruit juice. Food Engr. 27(9) : 94-5. 65. Mendes de Carvalho, A. 1965. Cultura do maracuja. 30. Brown, W. H. 1946. Useful Plants of the Philip Agron. Brasil 17 (9-10) : 12-20. pines. Vol. 3 (Tech. Bui. 10). Phil. Dept. of Ag. & Comm., 66. Meurant, V. N. 1958. Grafted passion fruit. Queens Manila. 507 pp. (pp. 23-5). land Fr. & Veg. News 13 (17) : 524-5. 31. Burkill, I. H. 1935. Diet, of the Econ. Prod, of 67. 1959. Faulty fruit-setting in the the Malay Penin. Vols. 1 & 2. Crown Agents for the passion vine. Queensland Fr. & Veg. News 15 (7) : 202. Colonies, London. 2402 pp. (p. 1676). 68. Miller, C. D., K. Bazore and M. Bartow. 1955. Fruits 32. Chapman, T. 1967. Passion fruit growing in Kenya. of Hawaii. 2nd ed. Univ. of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. 196" Econ. Bot. 17(3): 165-8. pp. (pp. 119-21). 33. Conway, T. 1963. The home orchard in winter: 69. Mors, W. B. and C. T. Rizzini. 1966. Useful plants pruning Citrus and subtropical fruits . . . Passionfruit. of Brazil. Holden-Day, Inc., San Francisco. 166 pp. (p. 145). New Zeal. J. Agr. 106 (5) : 427-8. 70. Mortensen, E. and E. T. Bullard. 1964. Handbook of 34. Cox, J. E. 1961. Fusarium resistant rootstocks for tropical and subtropical horticulture. U.S. Dept. of State, passion vines. Agr. Gaz. New So. Wales 72 (6) : 314-8. A.I.D., Washington. 260 pp. (pp. 69-70). 35. Degener, O. 1946. Flora Hawaiiensis. Books 1-4. 71. Morton, K. and J. F. Morton. 1946. Fifty tropical 2nd ed. Pub'd by author, Riverdale, N.Y. 1192 pp. (Fam. fruits of Nassau. Text House (Fla.) Inc., Coral Gables. 118 250). PP. (PP. 10, 12). 36. Doepel, R. F. 1965. Brown spot of passion fruit. 72. Mowry, H., L. R. Toy and H. S. Wolfe. Rev'd by G. J. Agr. West. Aust. 6(3) 4th Ser.: 149-51. D. Ruehle. 1953. Miscellaneous tropical and subtropical 37. 1965. Grease spot of passion fruit. J. 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