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University of Gondar Faculity of Veterinary Medicine View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by National Academic Repository of Ethiopia UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR FACULITY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE PREVALENCE OF OVINE AND CAPRINE SCHISTOSOMIASIS AND ITS ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN MECHA DISTRICT NORTHWESTERN ETHIOPIA DVM THESIS BY ASSFAW FENTANEW JUNE, 2015 GONDAR, ETHIOPIA UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE PREVALENCE OF OVINE AND CAPRINE SCHISTOSOMIASIS AND ITS ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN MECHA DISTRICT NORTHWESTERN ETHIOPIA A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gondar, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine BY ASSFAW FENTANEW BANTIDER JUNE, 2015 GONDAR, ETHIOPIA PREVALENCE OF OVINE AND CAPRINE SCHISTOSOMIASIS AND ITS ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN MECHA DISTRICT NORTHWESTERN ETHIOPIA BY ASSFAW FENTANEW DVM Thesis External Evaluators Signature 1. Prof Abebaw Gashaw _________ School of Vet Med, Jimma University 2. Prof Tadelle Tolla __________ School of Vet Med, Jimma University 3. Dr Gelagay Ayelet ( Assoc.Prof) _________ National Veterinary Institute /NVI/, Ethiopia 4. Dr Fufa Dawo (Assoc.Prof) _________ FVM, Addis Ababa University 5. Dr Ahimed Yassin( Assoc.Prof) _________ FVM, Wollo University 6. Dr Dessie Shiferaw( Assoc.Prof) _________ FVM, Hawassa University Thesis advisor: Dr. Samuel Derso (Asst.Prof) __________ TABLES OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................................III LIST OF FIGURES..........................................................................................................................IV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................................... V AKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................................VI ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... VII 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 2. LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................................. 3 2.1. Descriptions of the parasite ....................................................................................................... 3 2.1.1 Morphology ......................................................................................................................... 3 2.1.2 Life cycle ............................................................................................................................. 4 2.1.3. Intermediate host ................................................................................................................ 5 2.2. Etiology ..................................................................................................................................... 6 2.3. Distribution................................................................................................................................ 7 2.4. Risk factors................................................................................................................................ 7 2.5. Transmission.............................................................................................................................. 8 2.6. Pathology and histopathology ................................................................................................... 8 2.7. Pathogenesis .............................................................................................................................. 9 2.8. Clinical signs ............................................................................................................................. 9 2.9. Diagnosis ................................................................................................................................. 10 2.10. Treatment and control............................................................................................................ 11 2.11. Socio-economic and public health importance...................................................................... 11 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS................................................................................................. 13 3.1. Study area ................................................................................................................................ 13 3.2. Study animals .......................................................................................................................... 13 I 3.3. Study Design............................................................................................................................ 13 3.4. Sampling method and sample size determination ................................................................... 14 3.5. Coprological study................................................................................................................... 14 3.6. Data analysis............................................................................................................................ 14 4. RESULTS...................................................................................................................................... 15 5. DISCUSSION................................................................................................................................ 18 6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................... 21 7. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 22 8. ANNEXES ..................................................................................................................................... 29 9. DECLARATION .......................................................................................................................... 31 II LIST OF TABLES Table 1: The prevalence of schistosomia infection in small ruminants’ and associated risk factors. 15 Table 2: The prevalence of sheep and goat schistosomiasis based on sex ......................................... 16 Table.3: the prevalence of sheep and goat schistosomiasis based on age .......................................... 16 Table. 4: The prevalence of sheep and goat schistosomiasis based on body condition. .................... 17 III LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Morphological characteristics of adult Schistosoma. ........................................................... 3 Figure 2: The life cycle Schistosoma in definitive and intermediate host............................................ 5 IV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AAPMDA Animal, animal products and by-products market development authority CDC Center for disease control and prevention CSA Central Statistical Agency FAO Food and agricultural organization FVM Faculty of veterinary medicine GDP Gross domestic product ILCA International livestock center for Africa mm Millimeter MWRDAP Mecha woreda Rural development and agricultural planning office SPSS Statistical package for social science WHO World health organization V AKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude and heartfelt thanks to my advisor, Dr. Samuel Derso (DVM, MSC) for his providing of timely constructive comments, valuable suggestion and correction of this paper. My sincere gratitude also goes to my parents and my brother (Abebe Fentanew) for their indispensable encouragement, financial and moral support throughout my academic year. I cannot write the whole what they have done for me within this paper. I would like to acknowledge Bahir Dar University for its support by allowing computer service and other facilities for me until I finish my research activity. Lastly, but not the least I feel honor to acknowledge my friends(Tadele Mossie)and all my class mates by providing their computer to write this paper and for their lovely cooperation during our stay in the campus respectively. VI ABSTRACT Schistosomiasis is a snail-born trematode infection of man and animal in tropical and sub tropical countries. It is an economically importance diseases caused by Schistosoma species and result in economic losses through mortality and morbidity from severe infection. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November, 2014 to April, 2015 in Mecha district Northwest Ethiopia. A total of 384 fecal samples were collected from randomly selected sheep and goat in three peasant associations. ‘The sample was processed with sedimentation technique to detect Schistosoma eggs by using light microscope. Therefore, the overall prevalence Schistosoma infection irrespective of factors was found to be 9.4% (12.9% in ovine and 5.5% in caprine. In cases of sites where samples were collected, Kurtbahir showed higher prevalence (14.6%) than other two study sites Kudimi (8.4%) and Enamrt (4.2%). Age-wise prevalence of Schistosoma infection in sheep was significantly (p<0.05) varied. Similarly significant (p< 0.008, 0.014) association of Schistosoma infection with age and body condition score also observed in ovine population, not in caprine. Species-wise prevalence Schistosoma infection in sheep and goat was significantly (p<0.05) varied. However, Schistosoma infection did not affect (p>0.05) by sex in
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