Social Science Perspectives on Managing Agricultural Technology
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SOCIAL SCIENCE PERSPECTIVES ON MANAGING AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY Edited by David Groenfeldt and Joyce Lewinger Moock Published by llMI with suppori from ihe Rockefeller Foundation INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE 0 IIMI, 1989 International Irrigation Management Institute P. 0. Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka IlMl pub. 86-22. Social science perspectives on managing agricultural technology. xv, 224p. / Agriculture / technology / agricultural research / resource management / farmer participation / evaluation / Responsibility for the contents of this publication rests with the authors. Funds for printing and disseminating this publication have been provided by the Rockefeller Foundation. DDC: 631.7 ISBN 92-9090-103-5 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Acronyms V Foreword vii Rockefeller Foundation Social Science Fellowship Program in Agriculture ix Joyce kwinger Moock Management of Agricultural Technology: The View from IlMI xi Roberto Lenton Developing Agricultural Technology in Pakistan xiii Amir Muhammed Part I: Interpretative Summary New Perspectives on Managing Agricultural Technology: An Overview of the Workshop's Themes David Groenfeldr Part 11: Setting a Research Agenda II On the Design of Commodity Research Programs in the International Centers 13 John K. Lynam Part 111: Developing Agricultural Technology 31 Social Science and the Management and Selection of Agncultural Technology in Rwanda 33 Angelique Haugerud Interdisciplinary Research on Intercropping Sugarcane and Food Crops in South Nyanza, Kenya 45 Deborah S. Rubin Integrating Social Science Research into the Development and Testing of New Agricultural Technology: The Case of CIAT's Great Lakes Bean Project 51 Joachim Voss A Social Science Perspective on Evaluating and Designing Component Research A Case Study of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Postrainy Season Sorghum in India 69 Karen Ann Dvoicjk Choosing Priorities for Agroforestry Research 79 Suru J. Scherr Adding Community-Level Variables to FSR: A Research Priority 97 B. E. Grundin Part IV: Adopting New Agricultural Technology I13 The Role of Household and Market-Level Economic Research in Improving the Design and Management of Technology I15 Thomas Reardon Modeling Farmers' Decisions to Change: Using Cognitive Science in the Design of Agricultural Technology I27 Christina H. Gludwin After the Green Revolution: Technical Change in Bean Production in Colombia, Costa Rica, and Guatemala 143 Douglas Pachico Recent Trends in Small Farmer Input Use in Andean America I55 Scott Evan Cuggenheim Part V: Management as Agricultural Technology 169 When the Honeymoon is Over: Managerial Reality After Technology Generation and Acceptance 171 Roherr E. Rhoades Irrigation Management and the Development Process: Two Examples from Sri Lanka 181 David Groenfeldt Social Science Monitoring as a Management Tool for Directing the Benefits of New Agricultural Technology to the Poor 193 Steven Romanoff Information Management in Agroforestry Research and Development: For Whom and by Whom? 207 J. B. Ruintree List of Participants 223 LIST OF ACRONYMS AICRPDA All-India Coordinated Research Programme for Dry-land Agriculture CAB Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux CARE Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research ClAT Centro lnternacional de Agricultura Tropical CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CIP Centro lnternacional de la Papa CIMMYT Centro lnternacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo DES Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Ministry of Agriculture/ India) DRI Integrated Rural Development Program (Colombia) ED1 Economic Development Institute FA0 Food and Agriculture Organization FMME Fund for Multinational Management Education FSSP Farming Systems Support Project IARC International Agricultural Research Center ICA lnstituto Colombiano Agropecuario ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research ICARDA International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas ICIPE lrrternational Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology ICRAF International Council for Research in Agroforestry ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics ICTA Institute de Ciencia y TechnOlogica Agricola IDRC International Development Kesearch Center IFARD International Federation for Agricultural Research and Development IFDC International Fertilizer Development Center IFPRl International Food Policy Research Institute IICA lnstituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agricolas IICA lnstituto lnteramericano de CooperaciOn para la Agricultura IIMl International lrrigation Management Institute IITA International Institute of Tropical Agriculture ILCA International Livestock Centre for Africa ILRAD International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases INIAP lnstituto Nacional de lnvestigaciones Agropecurias IPM Insect Populations Management IRRI International Rice Research Institute ISAR lnstitut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda ISNAR International Service for National Agricultural Research KLDP Kenya Livestock Development Programme NARC National Agricultural Research Center NFDP National Potato Development Programme (Nepal) OD1 Overseas Development Institute PARC Pakistan Agricultural Research Council PCCMCA Programa Cooperativo Centroamericano para el Mejoramiento de Cultivos Alimenticios PNAP Programme Nationale de I’Amelioration de la Pomme de Terre RCF Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd. RF Rockefeller Foundation SACCAR Southern Africa Committee for Coordination in Agricultural Research TAC Technical Advisory Committee (of the CGIAR) UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization USAID United States Agency for International Development vi FOREWORD vii ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION SOCIAL SCIENCE FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM IN AGRICULTURE Joyce Lewinger Moock* This volume presents a set of reflective commentaries on the ways in which social and economic perspectives can interact with and fortify the biologically based work of the International Agricultural Research Center (IARC) system. The authors are current fellows and alumni of the Rockefeller Foundation Social Science Fellowship Program in Agriculture. Initiated in 1974, this fellowship program was a response to the lack of training mechanisms to prepare future generations of first-rate scholars to staff the social science component of the growing international agricultural research network. Our most recent account of the program's 41 alumni reveals that 39 are currently employed in international development work. Eighteen of them have joined the staff of an IARC, 13 hold positions with an American university, and 8 work for an international development assistance agency. We were also delighted to learn from a recent external evaluation of the program that a majority of the Fellows assigned to the IARCs were felt to have made important contributions to the latter's technology application and training functions, and, in particular, to their efforts to strengthen links with national agricultural research systems. In general, the Fellows have earned widespread recognition for their ability to communicate effectively on technical subjects with biological scientists and engineers and, thus, to translate social perspectives into tangible technological outcomes. In 1986, the Foundation added a biennial seminar series to the program to enhance professional interaction among the Fellows. The meetings, each co- sponsored by a different IARC, provide opportunities for the Fellows to reflect on their experiences and to discuss aspects of agricultural research that have benefited from socioeconomic analysis, while at the same time learning firsthand more about the work of the host center. In September 1988, 13 new Fellows joined program alumni at a second meeting, held in cooperation with the International Potato Center (CIP). The Foundation wishes to acknowledge the efforts of IlMl staff in organizing the meeting in Pakistan, particularly those of Thomas Wickham, James Wolf, and David Groenfeldt. The Fellows were given a rare opportunity, through an intensive field trip in the company of local farmers and staff from the University of Faisalabad, to become better acquainted with irrigation management. We are also grateful to Amir Muhammed, Chairman of the Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC), for stimulating the seminar discussion through his insights into the problems and potentials of the agricultural sector in his country. 'Associate Vice-president. Rockefeller Foundation. IX MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY: THE VIEW FROM IIMI Roberto Lenton* While technology development continues to be dominant in the research programs of most IARCs, greater recognition is now given to management factors which constrain the full realition of various agricultural technologies. Social and management scientists, closely collaborating with technical scientists, have contributed toward understanding the management environment within which agricultural technology should he developed, and have recommended important changes in both technology selection and management practice. A joint IIMI-Rockefeller Foundation workshop entitled "Social Science Perspectives on Managing Agricultural Technology" was held 24-27 September 1986 at IIMI's Pakistan office in Lahore. Participants included present or former Rockefeller Foundation Fellows currently affiliated with eight IARCs and one university, as well as IIMI staff from both the headquarters in Digana, Sri Lanka and the Pakistan office. Of the 15 papers in this volume,