Isla De Pascua

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Isla De Pascua Isla de Pascua EI Patrimonio y su Conservaci6n .- . ".. • • . .' • l si,. G.lap.gos lsI .. S,Iom6n , I slas Marquesas , ,, ... lslil s Samoil ' .. I S I • • lsi", Cook f i j i • 1. Mangareva / ~/ • s 'l' • l. Pitcairn 116 II • ' 1. 5.1. Y Gomez I. R. p. ISLA DE PASCUA N U E V OCEANO PAC/FICO A TARTIDA WORLD MONUMENTS FUND Con base en la ciudad de Nueva York, Isla de Pascua World Monuments Fund es la unica orga­ nizacion privada sin fines de lucro que patrocina actividades en el campo de la El Patrimonio y SU Conservaci6n preservacion a nivel mundial. Su objetivo es el de reunir fondos publicos y privados para asegurar la supervivencia de los ex­ ponentes artisticos y arquitecturales mas sobresalientes del mundo. Su trabajo se centra en la restauracion de monumentos y obras de arte que estan en peligro de perdida 0 destruccion. A traves de los A. Elena Charola fondos donados por sus afi liados y patrocinantes filantropicos, WMF con­ tribuye ayuda financiera y tecnica para salvaguardar estas obras. WMF tambien apoya la investigacion, la formacion y demas actividades relacionadas con la res­ tauracion y la preservacion de monumen­ tos y sitios. EI programa de Isla de Pascua de WMF fue originalmente auspiciado por la Fundacion Ralph E. Ogden y esta actual mente mantenido por la Donacion de Willard and Ruth Somerville. World Monuments Fund 174 East 80th Street New York, NY 10021 Future of the Past • I (EI Futuro del Pasado) Publicado por World Monuments Fund con el auspicio del Willard and Ruth Somerville Bequest Indice Agradecimientos 4 Presentacion 5 Introduccion 9 World Monuments Fund 11 en Isla de Pascua Resena Historica 15 Los Monumentos de Isla de Pascua 33 La Preservacion de los Monumentos 43 de Isla de Pascua Apendice I: Elementos Arqueologicos 58 de Isla de Pascua Apendice II: Glosario 65 Apendice III: Bibliograffa 66 Sitios Clave en Isla de Pascua 68 ISBN 0-9627931-5-9 ~ Copyright 1997 World Monuments Fund Derechos Reservados Agradecimientos Presentaci6n CC Austeros perfiles de crater labrado .. ... rostros de dura miel silenciosas campanas cuyo sonido se fue hacia el mar para no regresar. " Pablo eruda "La Rosa Separada" (1973) Poema XII, La Isla Muchos amigos y colegas han contribui­ En medio del Pacffico Sur se encuentra edificios en estado ruinoso, y una do directa 0 indirectamente a la com­ la isla habitada mas remota del mundo. sociedad que parecfa prirnitiva y des or­ posicion de este libro y a quienes estoy Tal es su lejania que la lIegada de los ganizada. Ello dio origen a todo tipo de profundamente reconocida. primeros descubridores debio ser casual especulaciones e interpretaciones mas 0 y casi milagrosa. Para esos navegantes de menos fantasticas, las que disociaban las En primer lugar debo mencionar y fragiles canoas, resulto salvacion y patria, obras grandiosas que alii existian de la agradecer a GonzaJo Figueroa que ha pero tam bien prision forzada de por vida. realidad humana entonces presente. dado tanto de su valioso tiempo a revi­ Es sorprendente que aquel pequeno siones y correcciones de este texto. grupo humano, en un territorio insig­ La informacion etnografica recogida a nificante, perdido en el gran oceano, partir de fines del siglo pasado, y luego Estoy en igual deuda con Georgia Lee desarrollara una de las culturas mas extra­ extensas excavaciones arqueologicas por su ayuda entusiasta, su voluntad de ordinarias del planeta. realizadas en la segunda rnitad del pre­ leer el manuscrito en todas sus versiones sente siglo, han arrojado luz sobre parte y tambien por contestar rnis innumera­ Es un hecho reconocido que las grandes de este enigma: el pueblo observado por bles preguntas durante eI proceso. creaciones del ser humano se han dado en los primeros europeos en eI .siglo XVIII areas geograficas de mucha poblacion y estaba y esta intimamente relacionado Extiendo tambien rni agradecimiento a donde han confluido ideas e invenciones con esas creaciones extraordinarias, pero Jose Miguel Ramirez, Carlos Weber, de varios pueblos. No obstante, en Isla de por esos anos vivia, en algunos aspectos, Angel Cabeza y Javier Labra de Pascua ocurrieron adelantos espectacu­ su decadencia. Por entonces, la grandiosa CONAF, Chile, por los comentarios lares, como la invencion de un singular obra de sus antepasados se habia inte­ crfticos y la valiosa informacion suplida. sistema de escritura sin paralelo en el rrumpido, y comenzaba a ser destruida, Asimismo agradezco las utiles sugeren­ res to del mundo, asi como un sinnumero a consecuencia de guerras internas, cias dadas por Monica Bahamondez del de obras escultoricas y arquitectonicas de relacionadas con un empobrecimiento Centro Nacional de Conservacion y piedra, de gran tamano y excelencia. del medio natural por la explotacion Restauracion de Santiago de Chile. inadecuada, 0 excesiva, de sus recursos Las ruinas y monumentos de su cultura naturales. Dichas investigaciones tam­ Finalmente quiero agradecer a mi son de taJ importancia que hacen de la isla bien indican que la isla, luego de la lIegada esposo, Ruben V. Gianzone, por su pers­ un museD al aire libre -tal vez el mas rico del grupo inicial de inrnigrantes picaz revision del texto y su inagotable en relacion a su area-con sus grandes ahu -los que ciertamente vinieron de la paciencia y aliento. o centros ceremoniales, y sus colosales Polinesia OrientaJ- probablemente no estatuas, moai, que yacen en los ahu, 0 en recibio visitas de nuevos grupos humanos las laderas del voIcan que sirvio como de ese origen, 0 provenientes de otras A. Elena Charola cantera. areas 0 continentes, habiendose desarro­ Nueva York lIado su singular cultura hasta el siglo Los exploradores europeos que redes­ XVIII solo a partir de ideas y elementos cubrieron esta isla unos trece siglos que aquellos trajeron consigo. No es despues de los antiguos polinesios, se posible aun dar mayor precision sobre la encontraron con esas estatuas, con proveniencia y fecha de arribo de esos 4 5 PRESENTACIO Bajo rrelif!'Ve en la erpalda de lt n moai ." el Ahu aunalt. primeros polinesios, pero es probable ya un numero que ilustra suficientemente que ellos vinieran de las Islas Marquesas, el aspecto y caracteristicas originales de o quizas de las Islas de la Sociedad, y que esas construcciones. Ha llegado el mo­ su llegada haya ocurrido hacia mediados mento, pues, de poner todo el enfasis en la del primer milenio de nuestra era. solucion de los serios problemas de con­ servacion que hoy presenta la mayo ria de Queda pues en pie, y se acentua, el enig­ las obras de arte y estructuras de piedra. ma fundamental relativo a la ocurrencia Los moai, en especial, consrituyen el caso de una excepcional creatividad en un mas critico por la accion destructiva de los pueblo en extrema aislado de influencias agentes atmosfericos y biologicos sobre externas. Ello tiene implicaciones teoricas la toba volcanica en que estan esculpidos. importantes en relacion a las condiciones Pero el problema mas desafiante que se consideran determinantes de la corresponde a la preservacion de todo creatividad humana y el grado de este patrimonio en su contexto natural. desarrollo de las culturas en general. EI texto que aqui nos ofrece la doctora No obstante estos avances en la investi­ A. Elena Charola, experta en conserva­ gacion, hasta hace algo mas de tres cion de reconocido prestigio interna­ decadas nadie se habia ocupado seria­ cional, nos entrega una excelente sfntesis mente de la conservacion del patrimonio de los conocimientos actuales sobre este monumental de Isla de Pascua. Esta patrimonio, sus caracterfsticas e historia preocupacion fue estimulada inicialmente en su contexto natural y cultural. EI es por el distinguido arqueologo William producto de anos de preocupacion y Mulloy, quien dedicara a la isla los estudio, y proporciona, por primera vez mejores esfuerzos de su vida. Las excava­ allector interesado, la vision de una espe­ ciones y restauraciones de varios centros cialista en la materia. Se espera que con­ ceremoniales que eillevo a cabo en las tribuira en forma efectiva a crear concien­ decadas de los anos 60 y 70, provocaron cia mundial sobre la urgencia de abordar una toma de conciencia general, tanto un programa general y permanente de para los islenos, como para el resto del conservacion, por parte de instituciones y mundo, respecto de la apariencia y expertos altamente calificados. magnificencia de esos monumentos antes de que fueran destruidos en las guerras Es deber de todos salvar este importante internas de la antigua sociedad insular. legado para la Humanidad futura. En nuestra opinion, con esas obras de restauracion del Profesor Mulloy, y con Gonzalo Figueroa G.-H. las realizadas con posterioridad, se tiene Santiago de Chile 6 7 Introducci6n M Ol/l Ta lflara, sobre la costa oeste de la isla, v IS/a desde la Clfeva de "las dos vem anas", Ana Kek enga. En medio del Pacffico ur, a varios miles establecimiento, su evolucion socio­ de kilometros aloe te de la co ta de cultural y su interaccion con un medio Chile, e encuentra eI pedazo de tierra ambiente relativamente pobre durante habitada mas aislado: Isla de Pascua. Ese mas de un milenio. nombre Ie fue dado por eI comandante holandes Jacob Roggeveen, que la diviso La cultura que, a 10 largo de esos siglos, por primera vez eI domingo de Pascua de lIego a producir tales monumentos 1722. En el siglo XIX, nativos de otras megalfticos, origino simultaneamente islas polinesicas la lIamaron Rapa ui, la una crisis ecologica. Esto desato guerras gran Rapa, al compararla con la pequeiia intertribales que destruyeron eI istema isla Rapa. La tradicion local dice que la social, reemplazandose eI culto original a isla nunca tuvO nombre propio, pero la los antepasado por el culto al "hombre­ leyenda cuenta que eI rey Hotu Matu'a, al pajaro".
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