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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuseript has been reproduced trom the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly tram the original or copy submitted. Thus, sorne thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or peor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affeet reproduction. ln the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sedioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing trom left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced torm at the back of the book. Photographs induded in the original manuscript have been reproduced xeragraphically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographie prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy far an additional charge. Contact UMI diredly ta arder. UMI~ Bell & Howell Information and Leaming 300 North Zeeb Raad, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 COMBINED OSMOTle AND MICROWAVE DRYING OF STRAWBERRIES AND BLUEBERRIES A Thesis submitted to The Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research of McGill University by KamadenahaJJy Venkatachalapathy In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Macdonald Campus of McGill University Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, H9X 3V9 Quebec, Canada © March 1998 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1+1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1 A ON4 Ottawa ON K1 A ON4 Canada Canada Your fiJe vorrlt rèfrirtlflcs Out file Narra r.fStfHlCS The author has granted a oon­ L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive pennettant à la National Library ofCanada ta Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies ofthis thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic fonnats. la forme de microfiche/film~ de reproduction sur papier ou sur fonnat électronique. The author retains ownership ofthe L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son pernusslon. autorisation. 0--612-44619-0 Canadi ABSTRACT Kamadenahally Venkatachalapathy Ph.D. (Agr. and Biosystems Eng.) Combined osmotic and microwave drying of strawberries and blueberries This work was aimed at obtaining high quality dried strawberries using microwaves ta assist convection air of 2 mis at 30-45°C. Preliminary trials with whole strawberries were unsuccessfuL Fnrits would cook rather than dry at low microwave power levels, and burst at higher powers. This was due to the inhibition of moisture movement by the waxy cuticle. Sliced and pureed strawberries dried, but were of lower quality than freeze-dried. A treatment consisting of clipping the berries in a solution of ethyl oleate and sodium hydroxide was studied. Such treatments are used in industry to reduce the skin resistance ta moisture diffusion. Results showed that the treatment greatly enhanced the drying rates of whole berries in convection and microwave regimes. A 1% concentration of ethyl oleate was sufficient for maximum reduction of drying time, and it is possible that even lower concentrations could he used for strawberries. Rehydration was similar to that of the dipped andfreeze-dried samples, but the microwaved samples were a bit softer, and had less aroma, colour and flavour. Osmotic dehydration was then stuclied as a technique of binding flavours and aromas and of reducing the time required for finish drying with microwaves. These studies were performed on strawherries and blueberries. Results showed berries that were dipped and then osmotically dehydrated for 24 h in sucrase, yielded a microwave-dried final product that was equal ta the freeze-dried one in terms ofquality, and this, with a much ü lower time for finish drying. The shrinkage ratio ofstrawberries has a straight line relation ta the moisture ratio. The reduction in equivalent diameter is well-described by a reciprocal logarithmic function. The results of these major aspects of the research suggest that microwave-drying could be a viable and more rapid alternative ta freeze­ drying when berries are first subjected to a pretreatement of ethyl oleate and partial dehydration by osmosis. 1t was aIso found that if microwave energy is applied in continuous mode, the initial applied power should not exceed 0.2 W g-t, otherwise burning may occur. 1t is also recommended that osmotic dehydration be limited to not much longer than 24 hours, since off-odours develop. The results apply to convective regimes with inlet air temperatures of 45°C and inlet velocity of 2 mis. iti RÉsUMÉ Kamadenahally Venkatachalapathy Ph.D. (Génie agricole et biosystèmes.) Séchage par osmose et par micro-ondes de la fraise et du bleuet Un séchoir hybride combinant l'énergie micro-onde (2 450 l\fHz) et l'air chaud fut utilisé pour la production de fraises séchées à partir de fruit entiers, tranchés ou réduits en purée. TI n'a pas été possible de sécher les fruits entiers avec ce systèmes puisque les fnrits cuisaient et se fendillaient. Les fruits tranchés ou réduits en purée ont séché mais les produits finis avaient perdu leur arôme, leur saveur et leur couleur caractéristiques lorsque comparés à des fruits lyophilisés. Pour remédier à ce problème, un traitement par trempage dans une solution d'éthyle d'oléate et d'hydroxyde de sodium fut utilisée. Ce traitement utilisé par l'industrie pour facilité le passage de l'eau à travers l'enveloppe des fruits a permis d'accroître considérablement le taux de • séchage et il fut possible de sécher des fraises entières dans un séchoir à air chaud avec ou sans micro-ondes. Une concentration de 1% d'éthyle d'oléate a été suffisante pour maximiser la réduction du temps de séchage et il est fort probable que des concentrations encore plus faibles pourraient être utilisées pour les fraises. La réhydratation des échantillons étaient comparable à celle d'échantillons traités et lyophilisés. Parcontre, la qualité des échantillons séchés dans le système hybride était inférieure à la lyophilisation tant au niveau de la texture, que de l'arôme, de la saveur et de la couleur. Par la suite, la déshydratation partielle par osmose a été employé pour favoriser la rétention de l'arôme et de la saveur, et pour réduire les temps de séchage. Des essais furent effectués sur des fraises et des bleuets. iv Les résultats ont démontré qu'un traitement par trempage dans une solution d'éthyle d'oléate et d'hydroxyde de sodium suivi d'un traitement de 24 heures de déshydratation partielle par osmose permettait d'accroître l'efficacité du séchage dans le système hybride. Les essais ont de plus indiqué que la qualité (arôme, saveur et couleur) des produits ainsi obtenus était comparable à celle d'échantillons obtenus par lyophilisation et que les temps de séchage étaient de beaucoup inférieurs à la lyophilisation. Les densités de puissance micro-ondes ne devraient pas excéder 0,2 W g-} pour optimiser la qualité des produits séchés. Afin d'éviter la formation d'odeurs désagréables, on recommande de limiter la déshydratation partielle par osmose à des temps n'excédant pas 24 heures. L'analyse des résultats a indiqué que le rapport d'affaissement du volume des fraises (résultant du séchage) était relié linéaire au rapport de la teneur en eau du produit, tandis que la réduction du diamètre équivalant du fruit pouvait être représentée par un relation logarithmique réciproque. Cette étude a démontré qu'un traitement par trempage dans une solution d'éthyle d'oléate et d'hydroxyde de sodium suivi d'un traitement de 24 heures de déshydratation partielle par osmose avant le séchage dans un système hybride combinant l'air chaud et les micro-ondes est une alternative viable et plus rapide que la lyophilisation pour la production de petits fruits séchés. v This work is dedicated to my father late Mr. K. Venkataramaiah as a token of my gratitude for his great respect for education and educated people. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS • 1 wish to express my deep gratitude to Professor Dr. G.S.V. Raghavan, Chair, Department ofAgricultural and Biosystems Engineering, McGill University for his initiation, encouragement and help which is responsible for my accomplishment of this work. With his effort and fore thought and continuous support academically, morally and in all walks of my life during my studies at McGill, extremely influenced me to accomplish this work. He inspired me in many ways in my life, his devotion to work and academic excellence, friendliness with his students are emulative. 1 personally henefitted a lot from him but for his initiation 1 would have not accomplished this work. 1thank and respect Mrs. Subhadra Raghavan for her support in encouraging him in all ms pursuits and for her great simplicity. May their tribe grow. 1 am grateful to the following faculty members, Prof Dr. Suzelle Barrington, Prof Dr. Jacques Andre Landry, Dept. of Agr and Biosystems Engineering, Prof Dr. A. Kushalappa, Dept.
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