Geographical and Demographical Profile of the Krishna District

Home , Gudivada, Guntur District, Kankipadu, Kondapalli, Krishna district, Machilipatnam

Dr.P.SRINIVASULU,M.A.,M.Phil.,Ph.D. Associate Professor

Geographical and Demographical features of an area show their immense impact with inflicting influence on the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the people, which ultimately induce on the performance of the organizations which have direct public participation. Hence, it is required to discuss the Geographical and other related features.

1. Geographical Features : Krishna District with its District Head Quarters at Machilipatnam is the coastal district of Andhra Pradesh. It was formerly called Machilipatnam District. Later it was renamed as Krishna District after the holy river Krishna, by adding certain taluks of the abolished Guntur District in 1859. Again in 1925, Krishna District was further divided into Krishna and West Godavari Districts.

It lies between 15° 45' and 17° 10' of the northern latitude and 80° 01' and 81° 33' of eastern longitude which extends over an area of 8727 Sq.Kms with a coastal line of 88 Kms. It was surrounded on the East by Bay' of Bengal and on the West by Godavari District, on the South also by Bay of Bengal, on the West by Guntur and Nalgonda Districts and on the North by Khammam District. The District is naturally divided into two zones viz., 1. Delta 2. Upland Delta.

The District comprises of 50 Mandals covering 4 Revenue Divisions viz., 1. Bandar 2. Vijayawada 3. Gudivada 4. Nuzividu. The District is naturally divided into Delta and Upland zones. All the Mandals existing in Bandar, Gudivada divisions and part of Vijayawada division (Penamaluru, Kankipadu, Thotlavalluru part of Vijayawada Rural) comprise delta and all the mandals existing in Nuzvid division and the remaining Mandals of Vijayawada division constitute upland. The upland consists of an undulating broken by low ranges of Eastern ghats. The main sources of irrigation in upland are tanks. It is being benefited by the water of Nargarjuna Sagar also. The delta land is being irrigated by canals of river Krishna.

There are 3 Municipalities viz., 1. Machilipatnam 2. Gudivada 3. Nuzvid and one Municipal Corporation of Vijayawada Padana and Jaggaiahpet are the two Notified Gram Panchayats. There are 948 inhabited and 38 uninhabited villages in the district.

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© 2018 IJRAR January 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138) 2. Demography : The total geographical area of the district is 8,727.0 Sq.Kms. The population of the district is 41,87,841. It takes third rank in population and its density is 481 per Sq.Km. as against the State average of 277. The S.C. and S.T. population of the district is 7,46,832 and 1,07,611 respectively. These form 17.83 per cent and 2.57 per cent respectively of the total population of the district as per 2001 census. There are 13,86,261 male literates and 11,53,713 female literates. The male literacy rate constitutes 74.4 per cent of male population and female literacy constitutes 63.2 per cent of female population of the district.

The urban population in the district is 13,43,447 which works out to 32.1 per cent of the total population as against 27.3 per cent for the state. Regarding the sex ratio, the district has 978 women for every 1000 men.

The working population of the district is 18,41,597, of which 85.55 per cent are main workers and 14.45 per cent are marginal workers. The population of non-workers is 23,46,244 which constitutes 56.02 per cent-of the total population. Out of total workers, cultivators are 2,09,485 (11.38 per cent), agricultural workers are 8,77,277 (47.64 per cent), household workers are 54,202 (2.94 per cent) and other workers are 7,00,633 (38.04 per cent)1.

Table No. 1 Population Variations - 1901 to 2001 Sl.No. Year Population Variation [Increase (+) or Density of (Persons) (Decrease (-)] Population No. of Persons Percentage Per Sq.Km. 1 2 3 4 5 6 1. 1901 8.61 0 0.00 99

2. 1911 9.93 1.32 15.33 114 3. 1921 10.6 0.67 6.75 122 4. 1931 12.29 1.69 15.94 141 5. 1941 14.14 1.85 15.05 162 6. 1951 17.36 3.22 22.77 199 7. 1961 20.77 3.41 19.64 238 8. 1971 24.94 4.17 20.08 286 9. 1981 30.48 5.54 22.21 349 10. 1991 36.99 6.51 21.36 424 11. 2001 41.88 4.89 13.22 481 Source : Directorate of Economics and Statistics ; Govt. of A.P., Hyderabad, Glimpses of the District, 2006. pp.26.

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Table No. 2 Category-wise and Sex-wise percentage Distribution of population in Krishna District (2001) Sl.No. Category Number of % to the Total Persons Population 1 2 3 4 1. Male population 21,51,187 51.00

2. Females population 20,67,229 49.00

3. Rural population 28,52,769 67.63

4. Urban population 13,65,647 32.37

5, Total Population 42,18,416 100.00

6. Scheduled Castes 6,93,230 16.43

7. Scheduled Tribes 91,767 21.18

8. Literates 26,09,627 69.91

9. Sex Ratio 961 (Females per 1000 males) Source : Directorate of Economics and statistics (2006) Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, glimspses of the district, pp. 1-5, 65-69, 100 – 102.

Table-2 shows category-wise and sex-wise percentage distribution of population in Krishna district

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3. Literacy and Education : Krishna district has a literacy rate of 69.91 per cent as per 2001 census, occupying the third place next to Hyderabad, and West Godavari in the State. Almost, all the villages in the district have primary schools.

Table No. 3 Literacy - Krishna District in Relation to Andhra Pradesh and India

Region Literacy Rate for 7 years and above Age Group (%)

Persons Males Female 1 2 3 4 Krishna District (2001) Total 69.91 74.57 65.05 Rural 65.56 71.34 59.64 Urban 79.00 81.15 76.68 Krishna District (1991) 53.16 60.55 45.54

Andhra Pradesh (2001) 61.11 70.85 51.17 Andhra Pradesh (1991) 44.08 55.12 32.72

India (2001) 65.38 54.16 75.85 India (1991) 52.21 39.29 64.13 Source : Directorate of Economics and Statistics ; Govt. of A.P., Hyderabad, Glimpses of the District, 2006 : pp26.

Table-3 displays literacy levels of the district total and of male literacy and female literacy in comparison to the state and all India for 1991 and 2001. Being an agriculturally and industrially advanced district, literacy level in the district is higher than the all India picture, which itself is above the state level improvement. Over the 1991 level in the district is quite substantial, rising from 53 per cent to nearly 70 per cent and in urban areas going up to nearly 80 per cent. Female literacy ranges from 60 per cent in rural areas to 77 per cent in urban areas, and 65 per cent for the district as a whole.2

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Table No. 4 Pre-primary schools – Mandal wise in Krishna District S. Mandal No. of Schools (Management wise) Total Teachers Enrolment No State Mandal Munici Private Private Me Women Tot Boys Girls Total Parishad -pality aided Unaided n al 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Vijaya 1 wada 1 1 4 4 52 45 97 (U) Source : Handbook of Statistics (2006-2007) Krishna District Chief Planning Officer, Krishna District, Machilipatnam, pp.I, II.

The above table - 4 reveals that there is only one pre-primary school in Krishna District, located in Urban Area of Vijayawada Municipal Corporation. It’ s an aided institution under private management. The enrolment of the pupils in total is just 97, which includes 52 boys and 45 girls. These 97 children are being imparted education by four women teachers.

As for, primary schools in Krishna district there are 2,507 institutions in total, located at various places throughout the district. These primary schools are under different managements. They include Mandal Parishad Schools (1703), Private Aided Schools (585), Private Unaided Schools (114), Municipal Schools (109), State Government Schools (3), Central Government Schools (3), APSP Schools (4), APSWR Schools (5) and one APTWR School. In all these 2507 primary schools, 6786 teachers have been imparting education to the students. Of these total teachers 2895 are male teachers and 3891 are female teachers. The enrolment of the students has accounted for 2,18,125, with 1,08,846 boys and 1,09,279 girls.

With regard to upper-primary schools, 836 institutions are established across the Krishna district providing educational facility to 43,230 students, who are imparted education by 5,475 teachers. Of the total pupils enrolled in these upper-primary schools, 10,882 are boys and 21,615 are girls. Of the total teachers working in these schools, 1,671 are men and 2,751 are women.

There are 560 High Schools in total, located at various places of Krishna District, which are established by various managements. Of these 560, most of the institutions are Mandal Parishad High Schools which account for 299. A good number of High Schools accounting for 110 are under the Private Managements which are un-aided, while there are only 67 Private Aided High Schools. There are 34 High

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Schools are under the management of Municipal Corporation and 11 institutions are of State Government. Apart from these, Central Schools (3), Andhra Pradesh Residential Schools (APRS) (5), Andhra Pradesh Social Welfare Residential Educational Institutions (APSWRS) (13) Kendriya Vidyalayam (2), Private Un-Aided, Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) (8) Private Un-Aided, ICSE (4) and others (4), are there in Krishna district.

The enrolment of the students in these 560 high schools account for 2,01,054 consisting of 1,02,259 boys and 98,795 girls. As for the teachers, they are 6,258 in total, of them 3,088 are men and 3,170 are women.

From the data given in the above tables, it is clearly observed that the enrolment of girls has been less than that of the boys at high schools, while their enrolment is greater at primary and pre-primary levels. It is understood that the girls are not being encouraged to go for higher studies3. 4. Agriculture : Endowed with a rich variety of soils, the district occupies prominent place in Agriculture, which is the most important occupation and Paddy is the main food crop produced in the district. The total geographical area is 8,79,694 hectares, of which the forest area is of 6,388 hectares and the cultivable land is 5,90,990 hectares constituting 7.5 per cent and 67.2 per cent respectively of the land fit for cultivation. In 2002-03 the gross cropped area of the district is 6,30,772 lakh hectares of which the gross irrigated area is 3,08,366 lakh hectares. The other important crops grown in this district are Maize, Jowar, Pulses, Groundnut, Sesamum, Cotton, Sugarcane, Tobacco, Chillies etc.

5. Irrigation, Agriculture and related Areas : The main sources of irrigation in the uplands are tanks. These areas partially benefit from the water of the Nagarjuna Sagar Project. The delta lands are being irrigated by the canals of the river Krishna.

The Kolleru lake having a shallow depression area of about 388.5 sq.km. lies in Kaikaluru and Kalidindi mandals. It acts as a reservoir for the drainage water of the surrounding delta areas during monsoon, and it dries up in summer.

The famous river Krishna flows through the district. Part of upland mandals as well as the delta mandals now have the facility of utilizing the Krishna river water for irrigation purpose. The Krishna flows almost across the peninsula from West to East and finally flows into Bay of Bengal by two principal mouths. Among the other streams and tributaries, Muniyeru, Budameru and Tammileru are significant.

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6. Rivers / Projects: The famous river Krishna flows in this district. Krishna being a great and sacred river in South India flows almost across the peninsula from West to East and finally flows into the sea by two principal mouths. Muniyeru is the chief tributary of the river Krishna and it flows from North to South across erstwhile Jaggaiahpeta and Nandigama taluks. This is an additional irrigation source.

6.1 Flora : This district has no worth mentioning forests. It contains reserved forest areas in several erstwhile taluks like Nandigama, Vijayawada, Tiruvuru, Nuzvid, Gannavaram, Bandar and Divi. The plants being the usual cultivation weeds of the coromandel coast, the flora of the district has no special characteristic. On the hills of Kondapalli, a type of light wood known as "ponku" (Gyeocarpus Jacqimmi) is available, which is used for the manufacture of the reputed Kondaplli toys.

6.2 Fauna : It is also meager since the forests in the districts are low and open. The carnivorous mammalian fauna present in the district are panthers, hyaena, jungle cat, fox and bear. Among the herbivorous animals deer, spotted deer, sambar and blackbuck are some times found in the interior inland forests. The other fauna found in the district are hares, rabbits, squirrels, porcupines, monkeys, langurs, mongoose, bats etc., and reptiles like Cobras, Kraits, Russels, Viper, Water Snake, Rat Snake and Tree Snake etc.

7. Industries : There are 792 factories under organized manufacture sector as per Annual Survey of Industries of Government of India 2000-01 with an input of Rs. 1,938.91 crores in 2000-2001 with a value of output worth Rs. 2,199.09 crores with net value added of Rs, 216.81 crores.

As per the Economic Census 1997, the total numbers of enterprises and persons working in these enterprises are 1,22,730 and 3,35,652 respectively under non-organized sector.

8. Animal Husbandry : According to Livestock Census 1999, the total Livestock population is 12,83,603 animals (without dogs) and 36,30,425 poultry. Buffaloes form major share followed by Sheep, Cattle. Goat among livestock.

9. Mineral Sources : The following minerals are available in the places mentioned against them; several minerals like. IJRAR19J1034 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 237

1. Chromite : Kondapally hills and adjoining areas 2. Diamond : Paritala, Ustepalls, Kodavatikallu, Ramannapet, Suryavaram, Kothapet, Nemalipuram, Mugaluru, Putrela etc. 3. Iron Ore : Jaggaiahpet area 4. Lime Stone : Jaggaiahpet area 5. Mica : Tiruvuru area 6. Sulphur : Kona in Machilipatnam Mandal.

As regards diamonds, detailed exploration of diamond ferrous gravels of Paritala and other areas is taken up by Geological Survey of India to assess the potentiality of the deposits.

10. Transport and Communications Facilities in Krishna District (2004-05 and 2007-08) Transport and communications are the essential infrastructural facilities to provide convenience to the public in particular and bridge one place to another in general. Transport does play an important role in marketing the goods and other produces also. In this point of view, the data related to transport and communications being provided in Krishna district are given in the following table. TABLE- 5 Railway Stations and Route Length Krishna District (2004-05 and 2007-08) Krishna District S.No. Item 04-05 07-08 1. Railway Stations (no.) 22 36 A.Black Play B.Halt 22 36 C.Flag 2 Route Length A. Broad Gauge 219.48 218.70 B.Meter Gauge (kms) Nil Nil C. Narrow Gauge (kms) Nil Nil Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics (2006) Op. Cit., pp.65-69.

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The table . 5 clearly shows that by 2007-08, the number of Railway stations situated in Krishna district has increased to 36 from that of 22 in 2005-06. These railways are connected to various destinies like, Madras, Calcutta, Delhi, Hyderabad, Machilipatnam and Guntur with 35 broad gauge lines. Of these, there is double line of 60.83 kms length in 2007-08, has got electrified and 55.73 kms, which was in 2005-06.. In 2005-06, there was double line of 58.73 kms, which was also electrified, the single line which was extended to 127.2 kms in 2005-06, was reduced to 122.87 kms in 2007-08. 11. Places of Tourist Importance : 11.1 VIJAYAWADA (Kanaka Durga Temple) : (Urban) Vijayawada is a place of pilgrimage on the bank of the river Krishna. People gather in thousands for a dip in Krishna on the days of important festivals particularly on Mahasivarathri. Krishna Pushkarna occurs once in 12 years is an all India festival and lakhs of people pay their homage to the sacred Krishnaveni. Arjuna obtained the famous "Pasupathastra" after doing penance on "Indrakeela" hill. In the city Kanaka Durga is the presiding deity and Durga Temple situated on the hill, attract pilgrims, through out the year from far and near. From uphill a panoramic view of the city can be had which is all the more fascinating during nights.

The 4,014 feet long Prakasam Barrage-road bridge-cum regulator across the river Krishna links Krishna and Guntur Districts and benefits an ayacut of about 12 lakh acres in Krishna Delta offers a pleasant sight. There is a 56 feet Stupa on the Gandhi hill besides a library on Gandhian literature along with a children's train and a Planetarium on the hill. The Mogalrajpuram caves are another attraction for tourists. Of the three caves at temples dating back to fifth century, only one is still in good shape. It contains the idols of lord Nataraja and Vinayaka among others.

The Arthanareeswara Murthy found here is regarded as the only one in the entire South India. The other famous caves are the Undavalli caves, situated about 8 Kms away from Vijayawada. These caves were built in 7th century A.D. known as Vijayawavatika in mythology. 11.2 KONDAPLLY (known for wooden toys) : It is situated in Ibrahimpatnam Mandal near Vijayawada. The ancient fort of Kondapalli is a place of historical importance and tourist interest. It is said to have been constructed by Anavema Reddy during the period 1362-1377 A.D. and was captured and annexed by Krishna Deva Raya in Vijayanagar Empire.

11.3 KOLLERU LAKE : It is situated in Kaikaluru Mandal near Vijayawada. This is a big lake. A dip in the waters of lake during August to November will be a pleasant experience.

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11.4 MANGINAPUDI (Sea-shore) : It is situated near Machilipatnam a natural beach, which attracts many tourists.

11.5 CHILAKALAPUDI (Panduranga Swamy Temple) : It is situated near Machilipatnam Panduranga Swamy temple at Chilakalapudi is said to be on par with the temple at Pandaripuram, is a famous pilgrim centre. The festivals at this temple during Karthikamasam attracts a number of pilgrims.

11.6 MOWA (Venugopala Swamy Temple) : It is situated in Mowa Mandal, Sri Mowa Venugoapala Swamy Temple is the place where Kshetrayya is said to have composed his famous lyrics. The Kshetrayya Kala Samithi at Mowa now teaches music and dance to students.

11.7 KUCHIPUDI (Training Centre for Kuchipudi Dance) : It is situated in Mowa Mandal, which is the birth place of Siddendra Yogi, the originator of the Kuchipudi dance which is famous throughout the country. The Siddendra Kala Kshetram at Kuchipudi offers a 5 year course leading to the title "Natya Acharya". 11.8 PEDA KALLEPALLI : It is situated in Mowa Mandal. This is on the bank of the sacred river Krishna and is popularly known as Southern Banaras. A great festival, Shivarathri is celebrated.

11.9 GHANTASALA (Port) : Ghantasala was once a port and a halting place for Buddhist pilgrims and merchants from Kalinga to Ceylone.

There are Hindu and Buddhist Sculptures in the village. The artistic excellence of the images of Kala Bhairava and Saraswathi are similar to the art forms found at Mohenjadaro. The image of Lord Narasimha is said to be a superbly carved one. After the course of the river Krishna shifter, the glory of Ghantasala faded away.

11.10 SRIKAKULAM (Andhra Mahavishnu Temple) : It is situated at Ghantasala Mandal, Srikakulam, once the capital of Andhra Empire from where the Andhra King Goutamiputra Satakarni' (Ad 102-123) ruled over the country, watered by the rivers Krishna and Godavari. There is a temple of Andhra Mahavishnu, who must have been a noble royal sage.

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It was said that Sri Krishna Deva Raya worshipped at this temple in 1509 was asked by the Diety to compose a poem on himself in a dream. Later the emperor wrote the book "Amukta Malyada" which is one of the literary classics.

11.11 VEDADRI (Ugra Narasimha Swamy Temple) : It is situated in Jaggayapeta Mandal. There is a temple, one of the oldest in the district, of Sri Ugranarasimha Swamy on the bank of river Krishna.

11.12 GUDIVADA (Jain Temple) : It is situated in Gudivada Mandal. There is a Jain temple of Parswanadha Swamy enriched with Marble sculpture. This was a Buddhist centre once and there is a Lanja Dibba under the control of Archeological Department4.

12. The Freedom struggle : Krishna District figures quite prominently in the contribution it made to the freedom movement against the British imperialist rule. As early as in A.D. 1892 the Krishna district association, devoted to national activity, was started in Machilipatnam. Earlier, delegates from places like Machilipatnam went to Bombay and attended the first session of the Indian National Congress. District conferences were held under the auspices of the district association keeping the annual sessions of the national congress as the model. The partition of Bengal in 1905 gave a sharp edge to national awareness all over the country and this was reflected in this district also. The people of this district reacted to this movement spontaneously and organized a swadeshi campaign inside the district. Places like Machilipatnam and Challpalle were the centres of such activity and several important persons went around the district organizing meetings at which passionate pleas were made for the boycott of foreign, particularly British made goods.

A few persons even went to Japan to be trained in some crafts. An institution for national learning also came up in Machilipatnam. The Home Rule Movement started by Mrs. Annie Besant gave rise to a spate of activity in this district also. Several branches of Home Rule League were started in this district and ‘ New India’ then a widely circulated English daily acted as a source of inspiration to the intellectuals of the district. The internment of Mrs. Anne Besant also created great indignation in the district and meetings were held in places like Vijayawada, Machilipatnam, Gudivada and Nuzvid to protect against the government’ s action.

The Non Co-operation Movement of 1920 saw the district teething with political activity. A meeting of the All India Congress Committee was held in March - April of 1921 at Vijayawada and this was attended by many All India leaders whose presence and message gave an impetus to further political activity in the district. At this meeting, it is also reported that Mahatma Gandhi accepted the suggestions IJRAR19J1034 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 241

© 2018 IJRAR January 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138) made by Pingali Venkaiah of this district in designing the Congress flag. After the all India Congress Committee meeting was over, Gandhiji undertook a tour of some costal towns including Machilipatnam and spared the message of nationalism. It was during this year several hartals were observed all over the district in connection with the visit of the Prince of Wales in November. In 1992 the Andhra Provincial Congress Committee met at Vijayawada on the 7th of January and authorized the District Congress Committee to undertake a movement of civil disobedience. It was at this time that persons, who later earned such eminence in the national struggle, like Dr.B.Pattabhi Sitaramayya and A.Kaleswara Rao gave up their lucrative practice and joined the movement.

The district showed against its political awareness in connection with the visit of the Simon Commission in 1928. Even though the commission did not tour in this district, it passed through the Vijayawada railway station, where it halted for half an hour. On that occasion A. Kaleswara Rao, who was then the Municipal Chairman, sent a sealed cover to Sir John Simon containing the ‘ Boycott Resolution’ passed by the municipal council and another paper, which bore the words “ Simon, Go back” .

It is reported that Sir John Simon went through the papers and handed them over to the collector who was on the spot. Another outstanding feature of the period was the visit of Mahatma Gandhi to many towns and villages of this district to raise funds for the khaddar Movement and also prepare the country for the final struggle. When Gandhiji started his Civil Disobedience Campaign again on the 12th of March 1930 by marching from his Sabarmati Asram to Dandi to break the Salt Law, the district again respond magnificently to this movement. The port town of Machilipatnam was selected as a centre for breaking the Salt Law.

The district again responded to the call given by the National Congress for Civil Disobedience in 1932. During this period, there were widespread protests in the district against the communal award of Macdonald. On the 20th September 1932 shops throughout the district remained closed. In 1933, Gandhiji visited the district as a part of his tour of the whole country in the cause of harijan uplift. The district responded enthusiastically to his visit and threw open many temples for harijan entry. Under the 1935 Government of India Act, the district sent four Congress candidates out of five to the Provincial Legislative Assembly and thus displayed its solid patriotism. Again, the district played a notable part in the Quit India Movement launched by Gandhiji in 1942. Because of the policy of severe repression followed by the government in this district, took a violent turn. For instance, one of the cases of incendiarism was the burning of palmyrah shed in the Tiruvur High School compound, a local fund travelers ‘ bungalow at Vissannapeta, a sub post office in Angaluru and the P.W.D. rest house in

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Srikakulam. Telephone and telegraph wires were cut throughout the district. The district hardly returned to normalcy until the 20th February 1947, when the British government declared its intention to Quit India. There was widespread rejoicing in the district when power was finally transferred by the British to the Indian National Government headed by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru on the 15th august, 1947 5.

REFERENCES :

1. Directorate of Economics and statistics (2006) Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, glimspses of the district, Pg. 1-5, 65-69, 100 – 102. 2. Ibid, p.5. 3. Handbook of Statistics (2006-2007) Krishna District Chief Planning Officer, Krishna District, Machilipatnam, Pg.I, II. 4. Directorate of Economics and Statistics (2006) Op. Cit., p.65-69. 5. Rajgopal M.V. (1977) History, in Andhra Pradesh District Gazetteers Krishna, Hyderabadi, Govt. of Andhra Prdesh, Pg . 27-56.

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