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Lutrogale Perspicillata) in RAJAJI NATIONAL PARK, NORTH-WEST INDIA

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Lutrogale Perspicillata) in RAJAJI NATIONAL PARK, NORTH-WEST INDIA REGIONAL OFFICE FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC (RAP), BANGKOK FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Regional Quarterly Bulletin on Wildlife and National Parks Management Vol. XLI: No. 2 2014 Featuring Vol. XXVIII: No. 2 Contents Forty years of Olive Ridley sea turtle conservation in Odisha, India - an outstanding conservation success story.............................................................................. 1 A study of bird abundance and diversity in Udawattekele Forest Reserve, Kandy, Sri Lanka.................................... 7 Critically endangered wildlife species in ex-situ conditions - management practices in Bangladesh................................ 12 Human-tiger conflicts during honey collection in the Indian Sundarban: an insight into blood honey.............................. 19 Recent confirmed record of existence of smooth-coated otter in Rajaji National Park, north-west India................... 25 No special ingrediants in tiger bone wine: implications for REGIONAL OFFICE wild tiger conservation and public education...................... 30 FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC TIGERPAPER is a quarterly news bulletin dedicated to the exchange of information relating to wildlife and protected area PNG tackles the ‘3R Challenge’ of logging code management for the Asia-Pacific Region. implementation............................................................... 1 Training senior forest policymakers in Asia and the Pacific... 7 ISSN 1014 - 2789 When facing apocalypse...plant a tree................................. 8 International Conference on “Insects to feed the World”...... 10 Forests Asia Summit.......................................................... 11 Address. Forestry strategic planning in the Asia-Pacific region............ 13 Vietnam is newest partner country of Forest and Farm TIGERPAPER Facility (FFF) in Asia...................................................... 14 FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Maliwan Mansion, Phra Atit Road Strengthening the environment, forestry and climate change Bangkok, 10200, Thailand capacities.......................................................................15 Tel: (662) 697-4000 Asia-Pacific Forestry Chips and Clips..................................16 E-mail: [email protected] FAO Asia-Pacific Forestry Calendar................................... 16 Website: http://www.fao.org/asiapacific/ rap/nre/links/tiger-paper/en/ Editor: Janice Naewboonnien Advisor: P. Durst TIGERPAPER is dependent upon your free and voluntary The opinions expressed by the contributions in the form of articles, news items, and announcements in contributing authors are not the field of wildlife and nature conservation in the region. In order to necessarily those of FAO. The better serve the n eeds of our readers please write to us and send in the designations employed and the information you have or let us know if there is any information that you presentation of the material in the need. We appreciate receiving your letters and make all efforts to TIGERPAPER do not imply the respond. expression of any opinion on the part Front cover: A pair of Olive Ridleys mating under water, photographed off of FAO concerning the legal or the Odisha coast (Photo: Sumer Verma) constitutional status of any country, Back cover: An Olive Ridley arribada at Rushikulya rookery showing females territority or sea area, or the arriving at and leaving the nesting beach (Photo: Kartik Shanker ) delimitation of frontiers. Vol. 41: No. 2 2014 | Forty years of olive ridley sea turtle conservation in Odisha, India Forty years of olive ridley sea turtle conservation FORTY YEARS OF OLIVE RIDLEY SEA TURTLE CONSERVATON IN ODISHA, INDIA - AN OUTSTANDING CONSERVATION SUCCESS STORY by H. Robert Bustard | First arrivals of an Olive Ridley arribada at Gahirmatha rookery. (Photo: Wildlife Wing, Odisha Forest Department) In 1974, during the course of an FAO consultancy for their eggs. In 1973, fifteen boatloads of eggs to the Government of India, I visited the state with each boat estimated to hold up to 1 lakh adjoining the Bay of Bengal then known as Orissa (100,000) of eggs making a total of 15 lakh (1.5 (in 2012 the name of the State was changed to million) eggs were taken for sale mostly in Calcutta. Odisha). To avoid confusion hereafter I have The State Royalty was Rs 15/- per boatload, which adopted the new name throughout). In my report was then £1 or approx US $2.00. The local villagers (FAO, 1974) I noted the very large sea turtle got nothing except food in season from this resource. rookeries contiguous to the coastal estuarine Furthermore, there was no control on the actual crocodile habitat. I identified the turtle species as level of egg take, which might have been over- Lepidochelys olivacea - the Olive Ridley. My exploiting the resource. This latter point is important, advice was sought by the Odisha authorities as once permission to take eggs was granted, there concerning their management. was no check on the actual numbers of eggs collected. Furthermore, the authorities were of the At that time these turtles, nesting on a beach known opinion that most likely the total egg take was at as Gahirmatha, were being commercially exploited least twice the recorded take. 111 Vol. 41: No. 2 2014 | The Government of India, having accepted my Now, 40 years after my initial involvement with report, invited me to return to implement a project this very important sea turtle project I would like on conservation of the gharial and India’s other to briefly report on what has happened. The crocodile species and I returned in early 1975. achievements have far exceeded my greatest Concerning the Olive Ridley rookery, I advised expectations. In a world where we are the Forest Department, Government of Odisha accustomed to reading about huge conservation (wildlife in India comes under forestry) that: problems, it gives me great pleasure to report on 1. They should stop the sale of eggs. an important ongoing success story. 2. They should protect this huge rookery. 3. A mark-recapture programme should be These successes have been achieved by the initiated on this population using the standard Odisha Forest Department despite many model metal tags applied to the trailing edge difficulties in implementing a project of this size of a front flipper in order to start scientific and scope, particularly when the turtles spend most study of this population. of the year on the high seas where adequate monitoring and protection is problematic. That the The Forest Department accepted all three success described below has been achieved in the proposals. face of these difficulties is a great tribute to the Odisha Forest Department, which has had the full Two years previously, the Government of India co-operation of the Fisheries Department as set had enacted the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, out later in this paper. 1972. Nothing was known about the status of Forty years of olive ridley sea turtle conservation in Odisha, India | sea turtles in India at that time so they were not In 1976, a Research Scholar (CS Kar) was included under the Act. This meant that people appointed to study this sea turtle population under could and did exploit olive ridley and other sea my guidance, and a tagging programme was turtles and large numbers were taken annually started. This indicated a re-nesting at Gahirmatha both on the high seas and on the beaches for food. the following year by approximately 24% of the Mostly these were to supply the Kolkatta market marked population (Bustard & Kar, 1981). where turtle meat was highly prized. Concurrently with this, protection staff were “The recommendations of the Indian Board for posted to guard the Gahirmatha nesting sites Wildlife in 1969 (as a result of the discovery of during the extended nesting season which runs the Gahirmatha olive ridley rookery) and Bustard from December to April. A much more complex (1976) culminated in the 1976 inclusion of all five situation was to protect these turtles when they species of sea turtles that occur in India in were at sea for the bulk of the year. Here one has Schedule 1 of the Indian Wildlife (Protection )Act, to bear in mind that the Forest Department is a 1972.” (Sharma, 2006) land-based department. Legislation then had to be framed by the State Over the years there has been an enormous build- Government to bring the Act, as modified, into up in mechanised trawlers. Whereas 40 years ago force in Odisha. It then took - as always - some most fishing was done by traditional means which time to bring in adequate enforcement and give did not impinge on the turtles, modern trawlers people time to learn about the changed status of with their long trawls and extensive nets have had sea turtles. So, the harvest of wild turtles, at least a major impact on sea turtles worldwide. Offshore on the high seas, continued to varying degrees the nesting rookeries in Odisha many are captured until the early 1980s. Since then there has been and drowned in the nets or clubbed to death to no commercial utilisation of sea turtles in India. save the nets. This has resulted in large numbers - some thousands each year - being washed up I had reported on this Pacific Ridley rookery - on the beaches and has caused wide criticism in very significant on a world basis due to its the Indian media. Non-government organizations enormous size - in Tigerpaper (1976). (NGO’s) have also taken up the cause. In some cases this has raised welcome awareness and 2 Vol. 41: No. 2 2014 | some have become actively involved in turtle that is important but the percentage of the total in Odisha, India Forty years of olive ridley sea turtle conservation conservation. However, NGO’s do not have female breeding population (about two-thirds of implementary responsibility, which rests with the the turtles drowned in nets are females). While it Forest Department, and as I frequently say in is certainly true in terms of the turtles’ population Odisha and elsewhere “when you do anything, ecology, it is difficult to get this across to the media you are open to criticism.” and people naturally deplore the numbers of dead turtles.
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