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Downloaded on 10.1515/Mamm.2011.105 15 November 2017 UCLA UCLA Previously Published Works Title Assessing the distribution pattern of otters in four rivers of the Indian Himalayan biodiversity hotspot Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4hr294nh Journal AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS, 30(3) ISSN 1052-7613 Authors Gupta, Nishikant Tiwari, Varun Everard, Mark et al. Publication Date 2020-03-01 DOI 10.1002/aqc.3284 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Received: 28 February 2019 Revised: 11 October 2019 Accepted: 25 November 2019 DOI: 10.1002/aqc.3284 RESEARCH ARTICLE Assessing the distribution pattern of otters in four rivers of the Indian Himalayan biodiversity hotspot Nishikant Gupta1 | Varun Tiwari1 | Mark Everard2 | Melissa Savage3 | Syed Ainul Hussain4 | Michael A. Chadwick5 | Jeyaraj Antony Johnson4 | Asghar Nawab6,8 | Vinod K. Belwal7 1International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu, Nepal Abstract 2University of the West of England (UWE), 1. The Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra), smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata), and Bristol, UK Asian small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) have all been reported previously from 3University of California, Los Angeles, California the Indian state of Uttarakhand. However, little information is available about 4Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, their current distribution in a mountainous region that is subject to increasing Uttarakhand, India human-induced stressors (such as hydropower plants, pollution, sand and boulder 5Department of Geography, King's College mining, destructive fishing techniques, poaching). London, UK 6WWF India, New Delhi, India 2. Owing to important roles played by these otters in structuring riverine food webs 7Balyuli, Almora, Uttarakhand, India (particularly taking account of their roles as top carnivores), it is critical that they 8Wildlife Conservation Society – Turtle receive suitable protection in the face of projected temperature rise, change in Survival Alliance India Programme, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India precipitation patterns, and associated river flows in this Himalayan biodiversity hotspot. This study assesses otter distribution in four rivers of Uttarakhand as a Correspondence Nishikant Gupta, International Centre for basis for informing future conservation actions. Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 3. Field surveys were conducted (October 2018–January 2019) in reaches of the Post Box # 3226, Kathmandu, Nepal. Email: [email protected] Kosi, Ramganga, Khoh, and Song rivers, supported by semi-structured interviews (N = 379) conducted with members of local communities to collect qualitative Funding information Rufford Foundation, Grant/Award Number: data on views and perceptions of otter species. In addition, community-based 24456-1 otter awareness camps were organized for local youths (N = 105), adults (N = 115), and schoolchildren (N = 256 covering 10 schools). 4. Habitat suitability maps were created using remote-sensing data, survey findings, and a geographic information system to provide information about priority reaches of river to be targeted for future conservation efforts. 5. This study provides critical interdisciplinary baseline information to guide decision-makers towards developing a targeted, otter-specific conservation pro- gramme for this important Himalayan biodiversity hotspot. 6. The otter conservation education programmes conducted during this study resulted in a proposal to set up a community-based conservation initiative to monitor and report otter sightings from the area, potentially representing a way forward for achieving simultaneous otter conservation and associated ecosystem benefits for local communities. Aquatic Conserv: Mar Freshw Ecosyst. 2020;1–10. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/aqc © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 1 2 GUPTA ET AL. KEYWORDS climate change, freshwater, human-induced stressors, Lutrinae, Mustelidae, otters, Uttarakhand, wetlands 1 | INTRODUCTION Directive (Council of the European Communities, 1992; Roos et al., 2015). It is also listed as an endangered species in India and is protec- Species conservation in the Indian Himalayan region (IHR) has often ted on Schedule II (Part 2) of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. focused on megafauna. The Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris), snow The smooth-coated otter is classified as Vulnerable on the IUCN leopard (Panthera uncia), Indian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus), Red List, based on an inferred population decline resulting from habi- and the greater one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) are tat loss and exploitation (de Silva et al., 2015). Since 1977, the afforded the highest legislative protection and are often the prime smooth-coated otter has been listed on Appendix I of CITES. It is a recipients of conservation attention. By contrast, a lesser degree of protected species in almost all the countries in its range, which pro- explicit attention is devoted to otter conservation, despite these ani- hibits its killing (de Silva et al., 2015). In India, it is protected on Sched- mals being regarded as ‘ambassadors of wetlands’ (Gupta, Johnson, ule II (Part 2) of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Sivakumar, & Mathur, 2016). This is in spite of a variety of legislation The Asian small-clawed otter is also classified as Vulnerable on requiring decision-makers to pay conservation attention to otters, par- the IUCN Red List, based on an inferred past population decline ticularly where they occur within the legislative boundaries of protec- attributed to habitat loss and exploitation (Wright, de Silva, Chan, & ted areas (national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and community and Reza Lubis, 2015). Potential threats to the survival of Asian small- conservation reserves; Gupta et al., 2016). clawed otters throughout Asia include destruction or degradation of A previous review of available information found that there have essential habitat resulting from changing land-use patterns and other been observations of otters in rivers of the IHR in the past decade development activities (Wright et al., 2015). In India, the primary (Gupta et al., 2016). Three species of otters have been previously threats are loss of habitat from tea and coffee plantations in the hills, reported from Uttarakhand, based on observations in the wild, visual loss of mangroves in the coastal areas driven by aquaculture and signs, discussion with communities, and unconfirmed reports increased human settlements, and siltation of smaller hill streams cau- (Hussain, 1999; Hussain, Gupta, & de Silva, 2011; Khan, Dimri, sed by deforestation (Wright et al., 2015). The threat posed by Nawab, Ilyas, & Gautam, 2014; Nawab & Hussain, 2012a). These poaching is still very significant in many parts of India, and across three species are the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra), smooth-coated otter Southeast Asia, and requires constant monitoring (Wright et al., (Lutrogale perspicillata), and Asian small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus). 2015). Since 1977, the Asian small-clawed otter has also been listed However, there is little available information about their current distri- on CITES Appendix I. In India, the species is protected on Schedule I bution in the face of increasing human-induced stressors (hydropower of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. plants, pollution, sand and boulder mining) and changing climatic vari- Threats faced by these three otter species are similar at the local ables, including a projected rise in temperature and changes in precipi- level. Poaching is suggested as a principal cause of the decline of otter tation patterns and river flows in Uttarakhand (Alfthan et al., 2018; species in South and Southeast Asia, and possibly also in North Asia Indian Network for Climate Change Assessment, 2010; Shrestha et al., (Savage & Shrestha, 2018). Despite conservation legislation, trade in 2015). It is critical, therefore, that the distribution of otter species is these animals continues, principally for their pelt (most seizures of big determined as a key input to otter-specific as well as more general cat products are accompanied by otter skins). In 2005, there were six river conservation strategies, as these top carnivores play important seizures of otter skins in Uttarakhand and another six seizures of otter roles in structuring riverine food webs (Gupta et al., 2016). skins from the neighbouring Indian state of Uttar Pradesh (Savage & Shrestha, 2018). A major wildlife seizure in Delhi in November 2009 comprising 30 kg of tiger bones, two tiger skins, and two leopard skins 1.1 | Otters of Uttarakhand also included seven otter skins (Times of India, 2009). These seized cargos almost certainly underrepresent substantially the scale The conservation status of the three species of otters previously of poaching and animal trade (Gomez, Leupen, Theng, Fernandez, & reported from Uttarakhand are outlined in the following. Savage, 2016; Savage & Shrestha, 2018). Uttarakhand state, on the The Eurasian otter is classified as Near Threatened on the IUCN border with Nepal, has a central position on the northward route of Red List, based on declines in the Asian population attributed to the traded wildlife, and is also a likely source of otter skins. In addition, sensitivity of the species to the recent intensification of human- Uttarakhand has a very high human population density and is also induced threats (Roos, Loy, de Silva, Hajkova, & Zemanová, 2015). sensitive to climate change (Alfthan et al., 2018;
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