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AZA Animal Care Manual

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AZA Animal Care Manual Otter (Lutrinae) CARE MANUAL CREATED BY THE AZA Small Carnivore Taxon Advisory Group IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE AZA Animal Welfare Committee 1 Otter (Lutrinae) Care Manual Otter (Lutrinae) Care Manual Published by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums in association with the AZA Animal Welfare Committee Formal Citation: AZA Small Carnivore TAG 2009. Otter (Lutrinae) Care Manual. Association of Zoos and Aquariums, Silver Spring, MD. Original Completion Date: Original version 2002, 4th Revision October 2009 Authors and Significant contributors: Jan Reed Smith (Columbus Zoo and Aquarium), Celeste (Dusty) Lombardi (Columbus Zoo and Aquarium), Kim Lengel (Philadelphia Zoo), Mike Maslanka (Smithsonian National Zoological Park), Barb Henry (Cincinnati Zoo), Gwen Myers, D.V.M. (Columbus Zoo and Aquarium), Contributors: Jessica Foti (North Carolina Zoological Park), Juan Sabalones (Maryland Zoo), Sheila Sykes-Gatz (Dortmund Zoo). AZA Staff Editors: Lacey Byrnes, B.S. Animal Care Manual Intern Candice Dorsey, Ph.D., Director, Animal Conservation Reviewers: AZA Small Carnivore TAG members AZA Animal Health Committee AZA Nutrition Advisory Group Dr. Merav Ben-David, Ph.D. (University of Wyoming) Grace Yoxon (International Otter Survival Fund) Joseph C.E. Barber Ph.D. (AZA, ACM Consultant) Cover Photo Credits: Asian small-clawed otter family: Jennifer Brink; North American river otter group: Doug Kjos; Giant otter and cub; Spotted-necked otter: Jenna Kocourek Jason Theuman Disclaimer: This manual presents a compilation of knowledge provided by recognized animal experts based on the current science, practice, and technology of animal management. The manual assembles basic requirements, best practices, and animal care recommendations to maximize capacity for excellence in animal care and welfare. The manual should be considered a work in progress, since practices continue to evolve through advances in scientific knowledge. The use of information within this manual should be in accordance with all local, state, and federal laws and regulations concerning the care of animals. While some government laws and regulations may be referenced in this manual, these are not all-inclusive nor is this manual intended to serve as an evaluation tool for those agencies. The recommendations included are not meant to be exclusive management approaches, diets, medical treatments, or procedures, and may require adaptation to meet the specific needs of individual animals and particular circumstances in each institution. Commercial entities and media identified are not necessarily endorsed by AZA. The statements presented throughout the body of the manual do not represent AZA standards of care unless specifically identified as such in clearly marked sidebar boxes. Association of Zoos and Aquariums 2 Otter (Lutrinae) Care Manual Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 5 Taxonomic Classification ...................................................................................................................... 5 Genus, Species, and Status ................................................................................................................. 5 General Information ............................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 1. Ambient Environment ........................................................................................................ 8 1.1 Temperature and Humidity ............................................................................................................ 8 1.2 Light ................................................................................................................................................... 9 1.3 Water and Air Quality .................................................................................................................... 10 1.4 Sound and Vibration ..................................................................................................................... 12 Chapter 2. Habitat Design and Containment .................................................................................. 13 2.1 Space and Complexity .................................................................................................................. 13 2.2 Safety and Containment ............................................................................................................... 18 Chapter 3. Transport ............................................................................................................................. 21 3.1 Preparations ................................................................................................................................... 21 3.2 Protocols ......................................................................................................................................... 22 Chapter 4. Social Environment ........................................................................................................... 24 4.1 Group Structure and Size ............................................................................................................ 24 4.2 Influence of Other Species and Conspecifics ........................................................................... 27 4.3 Introductions and Reintroductions .............................................................................................. 28 Chapter 5. Nutrition ............................................................................................................................... 30 5.1 Nutritional Requirements .............................................................................................................. 30 5.2 Diets ................................................................................................................................................ 34 5.3 Nutritional Evaluations .................................................................................................................. 37 Chapter 6. Veterinary Care .................................................................................................................. 38 6.1 Veterinary Services ....................................................................................................................... 38 6.2 Identification Methods ................................................................................................................... 38 6.3 Transfer Examination and Diagnostic Testing Recommendations ........................................ 39 6.4 Quarantine ...................................................................................................................................... 39 6.5 Preventive Medicine ...................................................................................................................... 41 6.6 Capture, Restraint, and Immobilization ...................................................................................... 47 6.7 Management of Diseases, Disorders, Injuries and/or Isolation.............................................. 48 Chapter 7. Reproduction ...................................................................................................................... 52 7.1 Reproductive Physiology and Behavior ..................................................................................... 52 7.2 Assisted Reproductive Technology ............................................................................................ 63 7.3 Pregnancy and Parturition ........................................................................................................... 64 7.4 Birthing Facilities ........................................................................................................................... 64 7.5 Assisted Rearing ........................................................................................................................... 64 7.6 Contraception ................................................................................................................................. 71 Chapter 8. Behavior Management ..................................................................................................... 73 8.1 Animal Training .............................................................................................................................. 73 8.2 Environmental Enrichment ........................................................................................................... 75 8.3 Staff and Animal Interactions ...................................................................................................... 79 8.4 Staff Skills and Training ................................................................................................................ 79 Chapter 9. Program Animals ............................................................................................................... 81 9.1 Program Animal Policy ................................................................................................................. 81 9.2 Institutional Program Animal Plans............................................................................................. 83 9.3 Program Evaluation ...................................................................................................................... 83 Association of Zoos and Aquariums
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