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Low Bridge, Everybody Down' (WITH INDEX)
“Low Bridge; Everybody Down!” Notes & Notions on the Construction & Early Operation of the Erie Canal Chuck Friday Editor and Commentator 2005 “Low Bridge; Everybody Down!” 1 Table of Contents TOPIC PAGE Introduction ………………………………………………………………….. 3 The Erie Canal as a Federal Project………………………………………….. 3 New York State Seizes the Initiative………………………………………… 4 Biographical Sketch of Jesse Hawley - Early Erie Canal Advocate…………. 5 Western Terminus for the Erie Canal (Black Rock vs Buffalo)……………… 6 Digging the Ditch……………………………………………………………. 7 Yankee Ingenuity…………………………………………………………….. 10 Eastward to Albany…………………………………………………………… 12 Westward to Lake Erie………………………………………………………… 16 Tying Up Loose Ends………………………………………………………… 20 The Building of a Harbor at Buffalo………………………………………….. 21 Canal Workforce……………………………………………………………… 22 The Irish Worker Story……………………………………………………….. 27 Engineering Characteristics of Canals………………………………………… 29 Early Life on the Canal……………………………………………………….. 33 Winter – The Canal‘sGreatest Impediment……………………………………. 43 Canal Expansion………………………………………………………………. 45 “Low Bridge; Everybody Down!” 2 ―Low Bridge; Everybody Down!‖ Notes & Notions on the Construction & Early Operation of the Erie Canal Initial Resource Book: Dan Murphy, The Erie Canal: The Ditch That Opened A Nation, 2001 Introduction A foolhardy proposal, years of political bickering and partisan infighting, an outrageous $7.5 million price tag (an amount roughly equal to about $4 billion today) – all that for a four foot deep, 40 foot wide ditch connecting Lake Erie in western New York with the Hudson River in Albany. It took 7 years of labor, slowly clawing shovels of earth from the ground in a 363-mile trek across the wilderness of New York State. Through the use of many references, this paper attempts to describe this remarkable construction project. Additionally, it describes the early operation of the canal and its impact on the daily life on or near the canal‘s winding path across the state. -
Land Resource Regions and Major Land Resource Areas in New York
R L NS Land Resource Regions and Major Land Resource Areas in New York State Land Resource Regions and Major Land Resource Areas of the United States, the Caribbean, and the Pacific Basin MLRA Explorer Custom Report L - Lake State Fruit, Truck Crop, and Dairy Region 101 - Ontario-Erie Plain and Finger Lakes Region M - Central Feed Grains and Livestock Region 111E - Indiana and Ohio Till Plain, Eastern Part 111B - Indiana and Ohio Till Plain, Northeastern Part R - Northeastern Forage and Forest Region 144B - New England and Eastern New York Upland, Northern Part 144A - New England and Eastern New York Upland, Southern Part 143 - Northeastern Mountains 142 - St. Lawrence-Champlain Plain 141 - Tughill Plateau 140 - Glaciated Allegheny Plateau and Catskill Mountains 139 - Lake Erie Glaciated Plateau Major Land Resource Regions Custom Report Page 1 Data Source: USDA Agriculture Handbook 296 (2006) 03/26/08 http://soils.usda.gov/MLRAExplorer L - Lake State Fruit, Truck Crop, and Dairy Region Figure L-1: Location of Land Resource Region L LRR Overview This region (shown in fig. L-1) is in Michigan (59 percent), New York (22 percent), Ohio (10 percent), Indiana (8 percent), and Illinois (1 percent). A very small part is in Pennsylvania. The region makes up 45,715 square miles (118,460 square kilometers). Typically, the land surface is a nearly level to gently sloping glaciated plain (fig. L-2). The average annual precipitation is typically 30 to 41 inches (760 to 1,040 millimeters), but it is 61 inches (1,550 millimeters) in the part of the region east of Lake Erie. -
Maumee River Area of Concern 2004 Stream & Septic Monitoring Study FINAL REPORT
Maumee River Area of Concern 2004 Stream & Septic Monitoring Study FINAL REPORT October 2004 Prepared For: Prepared By: TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PURPOSE OF DOCUMENT 1.2 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY 1.3 DESCRIPTION OF WATERSHED 1.4 REGULATIONS AND IMPACTS 1.5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 2.0 REVIEW OF EXISTING WATER QUALITY INFORMATION 3.0 STREAM AND SEPTIC MONITORING PLAN SUMMARY 3.1 SAMPLING RATIONALE 3.2 TASK DESCRIPTIONS 4.0 STREAM AND SEPTIC MONITORING RESULTS 4.1 STREAM MONITORING 4.2 SEPTIC MONITORING 4.3 PUBLIC EDUCATION 4.4 GEOGRAPHIC SUMMARY OF DATA 5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDED FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS 5.1 STREAM MONITORING 5.2 SEPTIC MONITORING 5.3 PUBLIC EDUCATION 5.4 FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS 6.0 REFERENCES LIST OF TABLES 4.1 Stream Sampling Summary Table (Appendix E) 4.2 Stream Sampling Site Priorities Based on Results of Surface Water and Sediment Fecal Coliform Concentrations (in text) 4.3 Wood County Septic System Testing 2004 (Appendix E) 4.4 Lucas County Septic System Testing 2004 (Appendix E) Maumee River AOC RAP i 10/27/2004 2004 Stream & Septic Monitoring Study Final Report APPENDICES APPENDIX A STREAM SAMPLING DATA APPENDIX B SEPTIC SYSTEM TEST DATA APPENDIX C PUBLIC EDUCATION MATERIALS APPENDIX D RELATED NEWS ARTICLES & PROJECTS APPENDIX E MAPS & BACKGROUND INFORMATION APPENDIX F GIS DATA APPENDIX G WORK PLAN Maumee River AOC RAP ii 10/27/2004 2004 Stream & Septic Monitoring Study Final Report EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This 2004 Stream & Septic Monitoring Study Final Report (S&SS Report) serves as the final submittal as outlined in Contract DACW49-04-R-0010: Maumee River Area of Concern (AOC) Remedial Action Plan (RAP). -
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology
OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN I. ON AN INCREASE IN THE NAIAD FAUNA OF SAGINAW BAY, MICHIGAN 11. THE NAIAD SPECIES OF THE GREAT LAI(ES BY CALVINGOODRICH AND HENRYVANDER SCHALIE 1. NINE species of Naiades were found by Dr. H. B. Baker to inhabit Saginaw Bay in the vicinity of Sand Point, Huron County, Michigan, when he made his study of the molluscan fauna of the region in 1908. The survey was a very thorough one and several weelis mere devoted to the work. Twenty-three years later, a much more perfunctory survey was made by the writers of this paper in the same locality, their visits to Sand Point being more in the nature of holidays than for collecting purposes. Yet their findings amounted to thirteen species in contrast to Baker's nine. Moreover, they are enabled to report that five of the nine species of the Baker list proved to be more abundant in 1931 than they were in 1908. Such an increase in ~nollnsca appears to be unusual in American species. The writers are unable to find in the litera- ture of the subject any inention of anything quite like it. In- stances have occurred where an introduced species, Bytlzinia tentaculata (Linnaeus), for example, has developed such a fecundity as to be a pest (F. C. Balier, 1902 ; Sterlqi, 1910). A circnmboreal land snail, Vallonia ~~z~l~lzella(Miiller) , is kno~\~nto have developed exceedingly large colonies that prob- ably were larger than those wliich existed before the trans- plantation of European agriculture on this continent (G. -
Chapter 1. Natural History
CHAPTER 1. NATURAL HISTORY CHAPTER 1. NATURAL HISTORY —THE WILDERNESS THAT GREETED THE FIRST SETTLERS The land one sees today traveling through northern Ohio took gone. Thus, some 14,000 years ago as the last glacier receded millions of years to form. We can see evidence of tropical sea into the Lake Erie basin, the first Native Americans arrived and reefs on the Lake Erie Islands and deep ocean sediments here in began to utilize the natural resources that these natural processes the cliffs of the Black River. Ohio was just south of the equator had produced. at that time, some 350 million years ago, and over the millennia The natural history of Sheffield encompasses all those natural has migrated northward to its present position. Mountain features and processes of the environment that greeted the Native building to the east eventually raised the sea floor from under Americans, and later the pioneers, when they first arrived in the waves and erosion by streams, and later glacial ice, began Sheffield. To be sure, the landscape was a magnificent wilderness to sculpture the land. At the same time plants and animals were to the settlers, but it needed to be “tamed” in order to support evolving and began to populate the new land once the ice was the newcomers. Ice formation on the shale bluff of the Black River north of Garfield Bridge (2005). 1 BICENTENNIAL HISTORY OF SHEFFIELD TOPOGRAPHY Regional Physiography The topography of an area is the configuration of the land Physiography refers to the physical features or landforms of surface, including its relief [vertical differences in elevation of a region. -
View of the New Deal at the National Level
“THE BEST FORM OF ASSISTANCE ALWAYS IS THE KIND THAT ENABLES FOLKS TO HELP THEMSELVES”: PUBLIC REACTION TO THE NEW DEAL IN HANCOCK, SENECA, AND WOOD COUNTIES OF OHIO Anthony J. Bolton A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS May 2021 Committee: Rebecca Mancuso, Advisor Michael Brooks © 2021 Anthony J. Bolton All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Rebecca Mancuso, Advisor The Great Depression and New Deal had a profound impact on the United States. It led to the need for fundamental changes in the nation, especially regarding the federal government’s role and size. The beginning of the Great Depression marked the end of the “New Era” that the United States had experienced in the 1920s. However, one group of Americans—farmers—did not participate in this “New Era,” including those in three Northwestern Ohio counties: Hancock, Seneca, and Wood. This study analyzes through voting and media analysis how these three counties reacted to the Great Depression and the New Deal from 1929 to 1936. As the Depression continued to worsen, their suffering continued and even worsened, and with Herbert Hoover’s inability to provide relief or a path to recovery, these counties and the rest of the nation turned to Franklin Roosevelt and his promise of a “new deal” to provide that relief. Within these counties, the New Deal was initially seen as successful; however, it was soon seen as having a corrosive effect on traditional American values. Because of this, these counties rejected Roosevelt and the New Deal in 1936, while the rest of the nation overwhelmingly supported him. -
Power Plant Engineering Internal Assesment
ME6701 – POWER PLANT ENGINEERING INTERNAL ASSESMENT EXAMINATIONS – I PART-A 1. The alternator is used in a power plant which converts....... (a) Electrical (b) Electrical (c) Mechanical (d) Mechanical Energy into energy into Energy into Energy into Mechanical Solar Energy Electrical Nuclear Energy Energy Energy 2. For forced draught system, the function of chimney is mainly........ (a) To produce (b) To discharge (c) To reduce the (d) None of the draught to gases high up temperature of above accelerate the in the the hot gases combustion of atmosphere to discharged fuel avoid hazard 3. Pulverized fuel is used for....... (a) Better (b) Saving fuel (c) Obtaining fuel (d) For economy burning 4. Ideal ‘Rankine Cycle’ is a __________ process. (a) Reversible (b) Irreversible (c) Both of the (d) None of the mentioned mentioned 5. What is the most preferable dryness fraction of the exhaust steam? (a) 0.99 (b) 0.77 (c) 0.66 (d) 0.88 6. The vaccum obtainable in a condenser is dependent upon......... (a) Capacity of (b) Quantity of (c) Any of the two (d) Temperature ejector steam to be is possible of cooling handled water 7. Fluidized bed combustion helps to reduce (a) boiler size (b) pollution (c) both (A) and (d) None of the (B) above 8. The Otto cycle consists of (a) two constant (b) two constant (c) two constant (d) none of the pressure pressure and volume mentioned processes and two constant processes and two constant entropy two constant volume processes entropy processes processes 9 Which of the following is true for the Brayton cycle? (a) first sir is (b) heat is added (c) air expands in (d) all of the compressed reversibly at turbine mentioned reversibly and constant reversibly and adiabatically pressure adiabatically 10. -
The Schuylkill Navigation and the Girard Canal
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Theses (Historic Preservation) Graduate Program in Historic Preservation 1989 The Schuylkill Navigation and the Girard Canal Stuart William Wells University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses Part of the Historic Preservation and Conservation Commons Wells, Stuart William, "The Schuylkill Navigation and the Girard Canal" (1989). Theses (Historic Preservation). 350. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/350 Copyright note: Penn School of Design permits distribution and display of this student work by University of Pennsylvania Libraries. Suggested Citation: Wells, Stuart William (1989). The Schuylkill Navigation and the Girard Canal. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/350 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Schuylkill Navigation and the Girard Canal Disciplines Historic Preservation and Conservation Comments Copyright note: Penn School of Design permits distribution and display of this student work by University of Pennsylvania Libraries. Suggested Citation: Wells, Stuart William (1989). The Schuylkill Navigation and the Girard Canal. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/350 UNIVERSITY^ PENNSYLVANIA. LIBRARIES THE SCHUYLKILL NAVIGATION AND THE GIRARD CANAL Stuart William -
Pymatuning State P Ymatuning State P
Pymatuning State Park Recreational Opportunities Stay the Night A Recreational Guide for Almost everything about Pymatuning species are walleye, muskellunge, carp, crappie, ËCamping: modern restrooms with showers Pymatuning State Park State Park is huge. At 21,122 acres, it is the perch, bluegill, and largemouth and smallmouth There are three camping areas that are largest state park in the Commonwealth. bass. Ice fishing during the winter months is generally open from mid-April through The 17,088-acre Pymatuning Reservoir is also popular. Fishing licenses issued by either October. Contact the park for specific dates. the largest lake in the Commonwealth. In Drop-in photo of boat here Ohio or Pennsylvania are honored anywhere All campgrounds are near swimming, boating, Drop-in photo of camping here its three campgrounds, Pymatuning has the on the lake, but only Ohio licensed fishermen fishing and hiking and have a sanitary dump can fish from the Ohio shore and Pennsylvania most campsites in the PA state park sys- F. P. O. station. The maximum stay in all camping F. P. O. licensed fishermen from the Pennsylvania areas is fourteen days during the summer tem. More people visit Pymatuning than shore. There is accessible fishing access in the almost any other PA state park. But the season and 21 days during the off-season. Jamestown Day Use Area and, an accessible Alcoholic beverages are not permitted in biggest thing about Pymatuning is the fun fishing pier at the Espyville and Linesville overnight areas. Drop-in cover photo of fall trees here you can have boating, fishing, swimming, marinas and the Shenango River. -
Additional Member Benefits Reciprocity
Additional Member Benefits Columbus Member Advantage Offer Ends: December 31, 2017 unless otherwise noted As a Columbus Zoo and Aquarium Member, you can now enjoy you can now enjoy Buy One, Get One Free admission to select Columbus museums and attractions through the Columbus Member Advantage program. No coupon is necessary. Simply show your valid Columbus Zoo Membership card each time you visit! Columbus Member Advantage partners for 2017 include: Columbus Museum of Art COSI Franklin Park Conservatory and Botanical Gardens Ohio History Center & Ohio Village Wexner Center for the Arts Important Terms & Restrictions: Receive up to two free general admissions of equal or lesser value per visit when purchasing two regular-priced general admission tickets. Tickets must be purchased from the admissions area of the facility you are visiting. Cannot be combined with other discounts or offers. Not valid on prior purchases. No rain checks or refunds. Some restrictions may apply. Offer expires December 31, 2017 unless otherwise noted. Nationwide Insurance As a Zoo member, you can save on your auto insurance with a special member-only discount from Nationwide. Find out how much you can save today by clicking here. Reciprocity Columbus Zoo Members Columbus Zoo members receive discounted or FREE admission to the AZA accredited Zoos in the list below. Columbus Zoo members must present their current membership card along with a photo ID for each adult listed on the membership to receive their discount. Each zoo maintains its own discount policies, and the Columbus Zoo strongly recommends calling ahead before visiting a reciprocal zoo. *This list is subject to change at any time. -
Herring Gulls, Larus Argentatus, Nesting on Sandusky Bay, Lake Erie, 1989
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Publications Plant Health Inspection Service October 1989 Herring Gulls, Larus argentatus, Nesting on Sandusky Bay, Lake Erie, 1989 Richard A. Dolbeer U.S. Department of Agriculture, Denver Wildlife Research Center P.P. Woronecki U.S. Department of Agriculture, Denver Wildlife Research Center T. W. Seamans U.S. Department of Agriculture, Denver Wildlife Research Center, [email protected] B. N. Buckingham Ohio Department of Natural Resources E. C. Cleary U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Damage Control Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Dolbeer, Richard A.; Woronecki, P.P.; Seamans, T. W.; Buckingham, B. N.; and Cleary, E. C., "Herring Gulls, Larus argentatus, Nesting on Sandusky Bay, Lake Erie, 1989" (1989). USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications. 129. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/129 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Herring Gulls, Larus argentatus, Nesting on Sandusky Bay, Lake Erie, 19891 R. A. DOLBEER, P. P. WORONECKI, T. W. SEAMANS, B. N. BUCKINGHAM, AND E. C. CLEARY, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Denver Wildlife Research Center, 6100 Columbus Avenue, Sandusky, OH 44870, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Resthaven Wildlife Area, P. -
Sandusky Bay Strategic Restoration Plan Sandusky, Ohio
CITY OF SANDUSKY Sandusky Bay Strategic Restoration Plan Sandusky, Ohio A Strategic Implementation Plan prioritizes coastal wetland restoration projects for implementation to maximize water qual- ity enhancement, nutrient and sediment reductions, and fi sh and wildlife habitat improvements. construction, nutrient load- Working closely with the ings, shoreline hardening, and City, Biohabitats is lead- changes in land use practices. ing the 18-month planning In addition, the nutrient load- effort, which will ultimately ings are stimulating harm- yield a portfolio of restora- ful algal blooms. The Bay tion projects through the use has been deemed a priority of Landscape Conservation management area by the Great Collaborative (LCC) and Lakes Fishery Commission Design (LCD) principles. and the Great Lakes Water Collaborating with a broad Quality Agreement. range of stakeholders that in- cludes federal, state, and local andusky Bay encom- With grant funding from agencies within three counties; S passes 64 square miles the Ohio Department of scientists from local academic of open water along the Natural Resources, the institutions; NGOs; practitio- southern shore of Lake Erie City of Sandusky, launched ners; and private sector part- and receives runoff from the Sandusky Bay Strategic ners, Biohabitats is assessing nearly one million acres of Restoration Initiative (SBSRI), and analyzing proposed sites, land. A major commercial and an implementation plan for a setting goals, and prioritizing recreational hub for northern portfolio of projects designed restoration projects to create Ohio, this unique bay ecosys- to enhance the quality of life a strategic restoration imple- tem holds some of the most for the entire region, maxi- mentation plan.