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Scriptie Complete Versie Authenticiteit, imitatie en interactiviteit De presentatie van geschiedenis en erfgoed in de Disney parken als voorbeeld voor het Nationaal Historisch Museum Wendy de Bert 0113050 Scriptieseminar Cultureel Erfgoed Master Cultureel Erfgoed Docent: Erik Nijhof Augustus 2007 definitieve versie 1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................... 3 Hoofdstuk 1: Nationaal Historisch museum ........................................................................................... 5 Het begin ...................................................................................................................................... 5 Gebrek aan historisch besef ......................................................................................................... 5 De reacties .................................................................................................................................... 5 Mogelijke locaties ......................................................................................................................... 6 Strijd tussen steden ....................................................................................................................... 6 Nieuwbouw of bestaand pand? .................................................................................................... 6 Amsterdam, Arnhem en Den Haag ............................................................................................... 7 Vaste of virtuele collectie? ............................................................................................................ 7 Mogelijke presentaties .................................................................................................................. 8 De definitieve keuze ...................................................................................................................... 8 Hoofdstuk 2: Disney parken, een geschiedenis ...................................................................................... 10 Amusementsparken als voorbeeld ............................................................................................... 10 Cultureel toerisme ........................................................................................................................ 10 Hulp van filmmakers ..................................................................................................................... 11 Het begin ....................................................................................................................................... 11 Main Street USA ............................................................................................................................ 12 Adventureland .............................................................................................................................. 12 Frontierland .................................................................................................................................. 12 Fantasyland ................................................................................................................................... 13 Tomorrowland .............................................................................................................................. 13 Begin van de bouw ........................................................................................................................ 13 Programma Disneyland ................................................................................................................. 14 Opening Disneyland ...................................................................................................................... 14 Disney World ................................................................................................................................. 14 Epcot, Disneyland Parijs, Tokyo Disneyland, Hong Kong Disneyland ............................................ 15 Hoofdstuk 3: Erfgoed en geschiedenis in de Disney parken .................................................................. 17 3.1 Theorieën over de Disney parken .......................................................................................... 17 3.2 Authentiek erfgoed ................................................................................................................ 19 Authenticiteit ................................................................................................................................ 20 Main Street USA ............................................................................................................................ 21 Art of Disney Animation ................................................................................................................ 24 3.3 Immaterieel erfgoed ............................................................................................................... 26 Epcot Centre .................................................................................................................................. 26 Discoveryland ................................................................................................................................ 27 3.4 Living history ........................................................................................................................... 29 3.5 Alle vormen gecombineerd: Frontierland .............................................................................. 30 Hoofdstuk 4: Nationaal Historisch Museum en de Disney presentaties ................................................................ 33 4.1 Presenteren en tentoonstellen .............................................................................................. 33 4.2 Gebruik van inauthenticiteit .................................................................................................. 35 Kastelen ......................................................................................................................................... 36 Amerikaanse presidenten ............................................................................................................. 37 4.3 Disney als voorbeeld voor het Nationaal Historisch Museum .............................................. 37 Problematiek ................................................................................................................................. 39 Conclusie ................................................................................................................................................................... 41 Literatuurlijst ............................................................................................................................................................ 43 Lijst met afbeeldingen .............................................................................................................................................. 46 2 Inleiding Net als ieder ander ben ik opgegroeid met de tekenfilms van Disney. Mijn interesse voor Disney groeide uit tot een grote passie na mijn eerste bezoek aan Disneyland Parijs, maar nam pas serieuzere vormen aan toen ik me ging verdiepen in het bedrijf. De reden voor deze belangstelling ligt vooral in mijn respect voor de manier waa- rop Disney verhalen vertelt. Deze verhalen zijn niet alleen terug te vinden in de tekenfilms, maar ook in de themaparken. Van jong tot oud, van laag tot hoog opgeleiden, van de Verenigde Staten tot aan Japan. De ver- halen die de Disney parken vertellen spreken iedereen aan en zijn voor iedereen toegankelijk. Het eerste Disney park opende in 1955 in het plaatsje Anaheim in de staat California. Disneyland was een project waar Walt Disney jaren mee bezig was geweest en waarvan hij precies wist hoe het eruit moest gaan zien. Het park moest de Amerikaanse idealen en dromen vertegenwoordigen, maar moest ook de geschiedenis van het land tonen, in de vorm van het Wilde Westen, en moest de nadruk leggen op het Europese erfgoed. 1 Daarnaast moesten de parken een verhaal vertellen en geschiedenis tot leven laten komen. Een van de Disney imagineers 2 zei het volgende hierover: “Walt Disney dearly loved America and her colorful history. He long held the belief that we, as Americans, should recognize the extraordinary influence of historical events on our present-day lives. In his strong desire to help Americans become more aware of the significance of their nation and its heritage, he included many aspects of its history and culture within Disneyland. But Walt was also aware of America’s relationship with the rest of the world, and the importance of under- standing the cultures of all peoples. In honor and in tribute of Walt, his dreams of America and the world, we continue to represent culture and history in our theme parks today and in our plans for the future .” 3 Dit citaat geeft een goed beeld van de doelstellingen van de Disney parken. Deze doelstelling zijn vooral gericht op het presenteren van geschiedenis en erfgoed, op het vertellen van een verhaal en op het bewust maken van het verleden van mensen. Afgaande op deze intenties, verschilt een Disney park niet veel van moderne musea. Je zou kunnen zeggen dat het Nationaal Historisch Museum het nieuwste museum van Nederland is. Het mu- seum bestaat nog niet, maar er wordt al een aantal jaar plannen voor gemaakt, vooral door de politiek. De bedoeling van dit museum is dat het een verzamelplaats
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