Jeux De Pouvoir Autour De L'institutionnalisation Du MMA En France

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Jeux De Pouvoir Autour De L'institutionnalisation Du MMA En France UNIVERSITÉ DE LAUSANNE FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES SOCIALES ET POLITIQUES INSTITUT DES SCIENCES DU SPORT SESSION D’AUTOMNE 2020 Jeux de pouvoir autour de l’institutionnalisation du MMA en France Power games around the MMA institutionalization in France PRÉSENTÉ PAR LOUISE SEPPEY DIRECTEUR : FABIEN OHL EXPERT : BERTRAND FINCOEUR Remerciements Je tiens à remercier toutes les personnes qui, de près ou de loin, ont apporté leur soutien et leur aide durant l’élaboration de ce travail. Je remercie tout d’abord toutes les personnes qui ont accepté de participer aux entretiens oraux menés dans le cadre de cette étude. Un grand merci également à monsieur Bertrand Fincoeur, coordinateur du projet de recherche sur le MMA en France auquel j’ai pu prendre part, et à mes collègues étudiants et chercheurs qui y ont également participé et avec qui il a été très agréable de collaborer. Enfin, je remercie tout particulièrement mon directeur de mémoire, monsieur Fabien Ohl, pour sa disponibilité et ses conseils avisés, ainsi que les personnes qui ont, à travers la relecture de ce travail, apporté un regard extérieur précieux et constructif. Résumé Depuis le début des années 2000 et la popularisation de sa pratique, le Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) fait l’objet d’une attention grandissante, non seulement de la part des médias, mais aussi de la part de la communauté scientifique. Il ressort de différentes études à propos du développement de ce sport de combat, de l’évolution de sa régulation et de son organisation, que le MMA a suivi un schéma tout à fait particulier. Née de la rencontre entre l’élite de différents arts martiaux populaires au 20ème siècle et de leur hybridation, cette discipline semble systématiquement avoir d’abord connu un engouement populaire avant de voir sa pratique en compétition légalisée, État par État. La France était l’une des dernières nations, jusqu’en 2020, à interdire les combats de MMA en compétition sur son territoire. Ce travail s’intéresse justement à la plus récente institutionnalisation de ce sport de combat hybride ainsi qu’à l’écosystème dans lequel ce processus s’est inscrit afin d’analyser les jeux de pouvoir qui se sont mis en place entre les différents acteurs impliqués. L’étude se base sur une enquête qualitative regroupant différents types de données récoltées auprès d’acteurs du milieu, en 2019 et 2020, par le biais d’entretiens semi-directifs menés en France, d’interviews menées par une chaîne télévisée française spécialisée dans le MMA (MMA TV) et d’autres déclarations publiques disponibles via différents canaux médiatiques. Il a été observé qu’au sein de cet écosystème mêlant des acteurs commerciaux à but lucratif et des acteurs fondateurs du mouvement sportif traditionnel à l’identité associative, des jeux de pouvoir se mettent en place à propos de la définition, du contrôle, de la défense et de la conquête de juridictions au sein du champ sportif, mais aussi au sein de champs qui y sont connexes, ainsi qu’à propos du contrôle de la définition des pratiques sportives légitimes au niveau national et international. Ainsi, les acteurs les plus influents au sein de l’écosystème étudié et jouant de leur influence dans le cadre de l’institutionnalisation de cette pratique en France sont le Ministère des Sports, la Fédération Française de Boxe (FFB) délégataire du MMA, l’Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) et les médias. Abstract Since the early 2000s and the popularization of its practice, Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) has been the subject of growing attention, not only from the media, but also from the scientific community. Various studies on the development of this combat sport, the evolution of its regulation and its organization show that MMA has followed a very particular trend. Born from the meeting between the elite of different popular martial arts in the 20th century and their hybridization, this discipline seems to have systematically experienced first a popular craze before seeing its practice in competition legalized, state by state. France was one of the last nations, until 2020, to ban competitive MMA fighting on its territory. This work focuses on the I most recent institutionalization of this hybrid combat sport and on the ecosystem in which this process took place in order to analyze the power games that were set up between the different actors involved. The study is based on a qualitative survey gathering different types of data collected from actors in the field, in 2019 and 2020, through semi-directive interviews conducted in France, interviews conducted by a French television channel specialising in MMA (MMA TV) and other public statements available via different media channels. It has been observed that within this ecosystem, which mixes commercial for-profit actors and founding actors of the traditional sport movement with associative identity, power games are being played over the definition, control, defence and conquest of jurisdictions within the sport field, but also within related fields, as well as over the control of the definition of legitimate sport practices at the national and international level. Thus, the most influential actors within the studied ecosystem and playing their influence within the framework of the institutionalization of this practice in France are the Ministry of Sports, the Fédération Française de Boxe (FFB), the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) and the media. II Table des matières Résumé ................................................................................................................................................... I Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... I I. Lexique ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 2 2. Revue de la littérature .................................................................................................................. 3 2.1. État de l’art ............................................................................................................................. 3 2.2. L’utilisation des termes « sportivisation » et « sportification » par les sociologues .. 10 2.3. Perspectives de l’étude ...................................................................................................... 11 3. Problématique et méthodologie ................................................................................................ 12 4. Cadre théorique .......................................................................................................................... 15 5. Bref historique de l’institutionnalisation du MMA en France ................................................ 19 5.1. Le Ministère des Sports face à la question du MMA ..................................................... 19 5.2. Genèse de la FMMAF ........................................................................................................ 22 5.3. Les promoteurs du MMA et l’évolution de leurs stratégies .......................................... 23 6. L’écosystème du MMA français................................................................................................ 26 6.1. Les acteurs sociaux concernés par l’institutionnalisation de la pratique.................... 29 6.1.1. Caractéristiques des écologies ..................................................................................... 30 6.1.2. Les écologies liées ......................................................................................................... 31 6.1.3. Grille d’analyse des principaux acteurs ....................................................................... 34 7. Enquête qualitative ..................................................................................................................... 39 7.1. Analyse des entretiens oraux et interviews .................................................................... 39 7.1.1. Typologie des acteurs interviewés ............................................................................... 39 7.1.2. Description, caractéristiques et attraits de la discipline ............................................ 41 7.1.3. Pratiquer le MMA en France avant son institutionnalisation .................................... 45 7.1.4. Image et réputation du MMA ......................................................................................... 49 7.1.5. Légalisation des combats de MMA et délégation à la FFB ...................................... 52 7.1.6. L’avenir du MMA en France et ailleurs ........................................................................ 58 7.1.7. MMA féminin .................................................................................................................... 63 7.2. Analyse de prises de position publiques ......................................................................... 65 7.2.1. La Ministre des Sports ................................................................................................... 65 7.2.2. La FFB et les Assises du MMA .................................................................................... 68 III 7.2.3. IMMAF .............................................................................................................................. 71 7.2.4. UFC ..................................................................................................................................
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