Unnatural Β-Amino Acid Derivatives As Potential Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

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Unnatural Β-Amino Acid Derivatives As Potential Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems Unnatural β-amino acid derivatives as potential transdermal drug delivery systems Rui Filipe Jesus Pereira Mestrado em Química Departamento de Química e Bioquímica 2019/2020 Orientador Maria Luísa Cardoso do Vale, Professora Auxiliar, FCUP Coorientador Maria de La Salette Reis, Professora Catedrática, FFUP Todas as correções determinadas pelo júri, e só essas, foram efetuadas. O Presidente do Júri, Porto, ______/______/_________ FCUP III Unnatural β-amino acid derivatives as potential transdermal drug delivery systems Agradecimentos Tem sido um privilégio trabalhar neste último ano no laboratório 2.24. do DQB e ter a possibilidade de completar a minha tese de mestrado, apesar das adversidades que este ano trouxe a todos nós. Gostaria de agradecer a todas as pessoas que tornaram isto possível. Primeiro, gostaria de agradecer à minha orientadora Profª. Luísa do Vale, pela oportunidade de trabalhar num projeto inteiramente novo dentro do seu grupo de investigação, pela confiança, apoio e orientação ao longo do ano. Uma palavra de apreço e gratidão para a Dr. Cidália Pereira pois foi ela que propôs o projeto no grupo e ajudou-me nos meus primeiros passos no projeto. Sem ela não teria conseguido chegar onde cheguei. Agradeço também à Dr. Sandra Silva pelo apoio contínuo ao longo do ano, pela sua experiência e conhecimento que me ajudaram, especialmente no estudo das propriedades físico-químicas dos compostos. Agradeço ao Prof. Eduardo Marques por ter disponibilizado o seu laboratório para a realização desses mesmos estudos, e pela orientação e contribuição na análise dos resultados. Um especial agradecimento para a minha coorientadora Profª. Salette Reis (FFUP) e à Dr. Marina Pinheiro (FFUP), pela colaboração estabelecida entre os dois grupos que me deu condições para realizar testes que de outra forma não seriam possíveis. E, apesar da minha presença física no laboratório do seu grupo ter sido comprometida, devido ao Covid-19, sempre me apoiaram em orientaram de todas as maneiras possíveis. Gostaria de agradecer também a todos os meus colegas do laboratório, especialmente ao Dr. Xiao Loureiro, Dr. Ivo Dias, Sara e todos que partilharam comigo esta longa jornada de trabalho, aprendizagem e amizade. Finalmente, palavras não são suficientes para agradecer à minha família, amigos, e à Rafaela. O apoio deles e incentivo foi fundamental para completar esta etapa. Nunca poderia ter feito isto sem vocês. IV FCUP Unnatural β-amino acid derivatives as potential transdermal drug delivery systems Resumo A pele é o maior órgão do corpo humano e por isso um importante e acessível meio de administração de fármacos. A entrega transdérmica de fármacos oferece inúmeras vantagens sobre métodos de administração convencionais, tais como efeito de ação prolongado, aplicação controlável e indolor, biodisponibilidade melhorada, etc. No entanto, a pele é uma barreira efetiva contra agentes externos, principalmente devido a estrutura da camada mais externa denominada estrato córneo, que se apresenta como o principal obstáculo a permeação/penetração de fármacos. Por consequência, apenas alguns fármacos podem ser administrados pela pele, o que torna este método um desafio, merecedor de investimento. De forma a ultrapassar a barreira do estrato córneo, potenciadores químicos de permeação têm sido usados para perturbar a organização lipídica e/ou promover a solubilidade dos fármacos nas membranas, entre outros mecanismos. No entanto, os novos potenciadores ainda necessitam de provar o seu valor como potenciais substitutos dos já usados em formulações dérmicas. Certas qualidades são necessárias para a próxima geração de potenciadores tais como: atividade melhorada e universal para a entrega de fármacos tanto lipofílicos como hidrofílicos, biodisponibilidade, baixa citotoxicidade e irritação para a pele, etc. Nesta perspetiva, este projeto teve como objetivo a síntese, caracterização físico-química e avaliação da atividade de derivados anfifílicos de aminoácidos cíclicos, com elevada capacidade de estabelecer pontes de hidrogénio, como promotores de permeação dérmica para a entrega de fármacos. Assim, foram sintetizadas três famílias de compostos: os derivados da 4-hidroxiprolina, os derivados da 3,4-dihidroxiprolina e os derivados de um β-aminoácido pentacíclico não natural (mimético da prolina), num total de 18 compostos finais. Foram ainda determinados os valores de concentração micelar crítica para alguns compostos selecionados por tensiometria. Os compostos apresentaram valores de cmc na ordem dos 0.05 mmol∙Kg-1, e mostraram possuir elevada atividade superficial. Palavras-chave: administração transdérmica de fármacos, potenciador químico de permeação, aminoácido, β-aminoácido cíclico, molécula anfifílica, síntese. FCUP V Unnatural β-amino acid derivatives as potential transdermal drug delivery systems Abstract Skin is the largest organ in the human body and thus an interesting and readily available means to deliver drugs on and into it. Transdermal Drug Delivery (TDD) offers numerous advantages over conventional drug administrations, such as prolonged duration of action, painless and controllable application, improved bioavailability, etc. However, the skin is an effective barrier against external agents, mainly due to the Stratum Corneum (SC) layer structure that provides the main obstacle to the permeation/penetration of drugs. Therefore, there are very few drugs that can be delivered through the skin, making TDD a challenge, worthy of investment. To overcome the SC barrier, chemical permeation enhancers (CPE) have been used to affect the lipid organization and/or promote solubility of drugs through the membranes, besides other mechanisms. Though, novel CPEs have yet to prove their value as potential substitutes for the enhancers already used in dermal formulations. Certain qualities are necessary for the next generation of CPEs such as: Increased and universal activity for both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs, bioavailability, low cytotoxicity and irritation to skin cells, amongst others. In this regard, this project aims at the synthesis, physicochemical characterization, and evaluation of cyclic amino acid amphiphiles derivatives with enhanced donor/acceptor hydrogen bonding sites, as enhancers for the transdermal delivery of drugs. Herein, three families of compounds were synthesized, hydroxyproline derivatives, dihydroxyproline derivatives and pentacyclic unnatural -amino acid derivatives (proline mimetics), in a total of 18 final compounds. Furthermore, the critical micellar concentration values of a few selected compounds were also determined by tensiometry. The compounds present cmc values in the order of 0.05 mmol·Kg-1 and showed to be highly surface active. Keywords: Transdermal drug delivery, chemical permeation enhancer, amino acid, cyclic β-amino acid, amphiphile, synthesis VI FCUP Unnatural β-amino acid derivatives as potential transdermal drug delivery systems Table of contents Agradecimentos ........................................................................................................... III Resumo ....................................................................................................................... IV Abstract ........................................................................................................................ V Table of contents ......................................................................................................... VI List of Figures .............................................................................................................. IX List of Schemes ............................................................................................................ X List of Tables ............................................................................................................... XI List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ............................................................................ XII List of Symbols ......................................................................................................... XIV Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Scope ................................................................................................................. 2 1.2. Objectives and Work plan ................................................................................... 3 1.3. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 5 1.3.1. Skin structure ............................................................................................... 5 1.3.2. Permeation routes ....................................................................................... 6 1.3.3. Penetration of drugs through the skin ........................................................... 8 1.3.4. Drug flux evaluation methods ..................................................................... 10 1.3.5. Permeation enhancement strategies and mechanisms .............................. 14 1.3.6. Chemical Penetration Enhancers ............................................................... 17 1.3.7. Amino acid-based enhancers ..................................................................... 19 1.3.8. Synthesis of amino acid amphiphiles ......................................................... 30 1.4.9. Cyclic β-amino acids, synthesis and applications ....................................... 33 Chapter 2:
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