160 PS [January x898. first entomological paper was entitled in either series are to be ranked as Descriptions of new North American synonyms. Coleoptera in the cabinet of the Ento- With but little interest in, and mological society of ' and hardly enough appreciation or even was published in the Proc. acad. nat. toleration for, many lines of study, sci. Phila., for 86o, p. 569-57 t. In Horn's monographic work stands with the beginning his original work shows the very best of his time, and though unmistakably his inexperience, but his the death of Leconte, in 883, was great keenness and a true appreciation of considered a calamity to his special the structural differences that character- branch of science, it may well be ize species soon became manifest, and is doubted if the death of Horn in i897 evident in most of his future publica- is not a greater loss. Leconte left a tions. Dr. Horn was a rapid, accurate well-equipped successor in. Horn, but worker, a painstaking and careful delin- the successor of Horn is not yet appar- eator. His contributions number more ent, and to be worthy of the place must than 5o important papers, in addition follow closely along the lines so clearly to very many nainor notes; in these marked out by the well-directed labors papers about t5 genera and more than of John Lawrence Leconte and George r55o species are defined, and very few Henry Horn.

PACIFIC COAST COLLECTING.I.

BY ALBERT PITTS MORSE, WELLESLEY, MASS.

At the suggestion and with the co6p- weeks were devoted to the task it was eration of Mr. Samuel H. Scudder of found impossible to do more than make Cambridge, Mass., I undertook last a cursory examination of the most summer a collecting trip to the Pacific important points directly on the through Coast of the United States to secure the line of the railroad, and a few short Orthoptera inhabiting the region be- side-trips to places that promised well. tween the Sierra Nevada mountains and Had it been possible I should have vis- the sea: At his request I have put ited several more .points situated in less together a few notes which may prove accessible but very interesting localities. of interest to entomologists contemplat- The same amount of time could be ing a trip to that part of the country. profitably spent upon a much smaller Of course, so great an extent of ter- area. Unless it be necessary to exam- ritory could be examined but superfi- ine, however hastily, a large field the cially in one summer, but even this had best method is to remain in each locality never been done with special reference visited until its various features are to the Orthopter.a. And although twelve adequately covered. January i898.] PS T'CtI.E. 161

Route. My route was as follows: Valley, which would be $25 to $35 Leaving Boston July 2I an all too brief more. An additional $5 or $oo will stay of a few hours in Washington add greatly to the traveler's comfort and enabled me to secure valuable sugges- the enjoyment of the trip. The expense tions from people more or less familiar of a collecting tour of course depends with the country to be traversed. From on the amount and character of the ter- thence my route led by way of Atlanta ritory examined, the time spent at each and New Orleans direct to E1 Paso, stopping-place, and the style of living. Tex., from which point I paid a short The best ticket is the nine months' visit to Prof. Cockerell at Mesilla, N. " Pacific Coast Excursion," allowing M., in the midst of an exceptionally rich sixty days to reach the coast, and nine and interesting fauna. Returning to El months for return to point of depar- Paso an all-day ride carried me to Yuma, ture, with privilege of stop-over within Ariz., which was reached July 4" From these periods anywhere on the route this point northward stops were made west of certain points. Tickets for at relatively short intervals, effort being side-trips should not be bought till made for as great a variety of physical needed, as advantage may often be taken and climatic conditions as possible con- of temporary reductions. Local rail- sistet with economy of time and money, road fares vary from 3 to 6 cents a mile, from one to three days being spent in a stage fares from o to 45 cents. place with side trips when it seemed In traveling across the continent a advisable. Two months were spent in berth in a Tourist" sleeper (second- , the clief points touched class) rnay be had for about one-third being San Bernardino, Los Angeles, the cost of one in the regular first-class San Diego, Yosemite Valley, San Pullman and is fairly comfortable. Francisco, and Mr. Shasta. Oregon Meals en route a.t hotels and in dining- was reached Sept. 6 and several stops cars average 75 cents each. Rates at made along the line of the railroad and the railroad hotels range from Se to $4 side-trips to Mary's Peak and Hood a day. In most towns accommodations River. Washington was barely touched may be secured for $ to $.z5 a day. at three points, when, the weather be- In Los Angeles and coming unfavorable, I left the coast excellent meals may be had for " two Sept. 3o, returning via the Canadian bits" (5 c.). Sometimes high-priced Pacific railroad. houses have a low rate that may be Expense. A three months' trip of secured on application. If a stop of this kind from Boston back to Boston several days at a central point is con- may be made, with strict economy, for templated it is usually best to engage a $4oo from New York or Washington room by the week and take meals where proportionately less, not including most convenient. At railroad stations transportation to and from the Yosemite where there are no hotels one may 162 PS UCtt2. [January 898.

usually secure meals at least at the sec- especially when traveling by team or tion-houses, and if blankets are carried stage on much-used roads, e. g., to the may sleep out with comfort almost any- Yosemite Valley. where. To reach points in unsettled Temyberature. To the northerner districts it is often necessary to go with the climate of southern California in an " outfit" consisting of pack and midsummer is liable to prove trying. saddle animals. These, with guides, Personally I felt no inconvenience until may generally be secured at hotels or the mercury reached IO to 115 in the livery stables at prices proportionate to shade. In these circumstances every- the labor involved and the service ren- thing, even growing plants and sub- dered, ranging from St to $5 a day for stances otherwise invariably cool, was animals and Sz to $IO tbr guides. uncomfortably warm to the touch, and .Baggage. This should consist of, the utmost lassitude and indisposition ist, a trunk to contain extra clothing, to effort of any kind were felt. This blankets when not in use, reserve appa- temperature, however, was experienced ratus, supplies, etc., and at times more for but a few days while in the Colo- or less of the material collected (5 rado Desert, and the lassitude may have lbs. weight free on railroads stages been pfirtly due to other causes. At and transfers extra) 2nd, a good-sized IOO to IO5 whole days were spent in gripsack or its equivalent to contain the field, tramping about and collecting clothing and supplies for immediate use, and though the sun was trying less guide-books, maps, etc.,--which is discomfort was felt than in the sultry usually carried free anywhere and is all heat of the east at 9o. that is necessary for short side-trips; In the Yosemite Valley the nights, 3rd, a collecting-outfit and packing- and especially the early mornings, were boxes ready for instant use,--often of cold relatively to the rest of the day, service during stops of the train for but over most of the district traversed water, at sidings, and in breakdowns or there was less diurnal range of tem- delays of any description. perature than in the east and much less leather. From May to Oct. change from day to day. the weather is very rarely unsuitable for Clothing. No change in the amount collecting, though near the extreme or character of the clothing from that dates it may be unsettled. On the customarily worn in New England was shore the early morning and late after- found necessary. Immediately on the noon are quite often foggy. In the shore light-weight woolens were needed. mountains showers may occur in any In the interior thinner clothing was month, but are rare. Rubber wraps more comfortable except at high alti- and blankets to protect from rain are tudes. At San Francisco during the never carried in summer, but light ones latter part of the day and on the. ferries to protect from dust are very desirable, a light.weight overcoat was desirable, January 898 1-'S 2"CH.E. owing to the boisterous, fog-laden sea- Leggings of stout duck or canvas that winds. buckle closely about the ankle and instep The hat to be worn depends largely are a va-luable addition to the collector's upon individual preference. The light- outfit, effectually excluding the dust, est and coolest is the cloth helmet, protecting the trousers from much wear which is provided with an air-space all and the gummy tar-weed, and possibly about the head, allowing free circula- warding off snake-bite. tion of air. This does not properly Camping. California is the ideal protect the sides of the face and neck, land for camping-out owing to the long and collapses when wet. A broad- rainless summer and dry soil. While brimmed straw gives more shade and is ordinarily it will be found economical fairly light but allows less circulation of of time and labor to patronize hotels air about the head and is troublesome to and lodging-houses there are times when carry when traveling. Cork helmets camping can be done to advantage and are durable but undesirably heavy. one who fails to seize the opportunity After wearing a cloth helmet for a will miss many enjoyable experiences. week and having it spoiled in a thunder- A pair of heavy blankets is sufficient shower adopted for steady use the for any elevation up to snow line; a ordinary street hat of the east (straw,- single one is often sufficient and some- z1/2 inch brim) and this notwithstanding times none is needed. While wraps of the fierce rays of the sun in southern some kind are usually desirable in the California. This was presentable when early morning hours, I have slept wih traveling, gave sufficient protection from comfort in the San Joaquin valley the sun ant little resistance to the wind u:ader a tree, and at higher levels by when collecting, was worn throughout the side of a fire, without any. the season and is still in good condi- Fires for cooking, light, and heat are tion. Sunburn was prevented by tying of course necessary, but the utmost care one edge of a handkerchief to the hat- in their management is imperative band for a few days. In addition, a owing to the tinder-like dryness of all soft felt that may be rolled up and put combustible matter. In every case dry in the pocket was found desirable in the leaves and brush nust be removed from north, in wet weather, and at high all about and in the forest one must dig altitudes. down through the half-rotted humus to Two pairs of shoes are necessary, one the soil itself in order to prevent the for town use and one for tramping. fire from spreading out surreptitiously. Those for tramping should contain Care must be used to put the fire plenty of room for the toes and have entirely out before moving on. thick soles studded with hob-nails, the Canteen. In the hotter districts it is lagter securing greater durability and .best to carry a canteen if one expects to sureness of footing. be away from water for more than ,an 164= hour or two. The quart size army For several days after packing the boxes canteen will answer for most occasions were exposed freely to the air by plac- but for trips of considerable length a ing them in an extra net hung up in a more capacious one is necessary. In current or tied to the handle of my grip all cases it should be covered with when traveling. Some large-bodied thick, durable cloth kept wet in order insects, like Stenopelmatus, were to cool its contents by evaporation. opened and stuffed, but this is seldom Collecting apparatus. The col- necessary. lector should start with an abundance Collecting season of Orthoptera, of apparatus in the shape of net-fi'ames, While the Orthoptera, like other insects, nets, cyanide-bottles, etc. At least two may be obtained at all seasons of the net-fi'ames should be carried, and parts year, there is with them likewise a especially liable to be broken should be period when the number of species and taken ix duplicate. Nets are extremely individuals in the adult state is greatest subject to damage owing to the thorny and which is consequently the most character of much of the vegetation. advantageous season for collecting. Pasteboard boxes for packing can be For several orders the early summer found in quantity in the largest cities months are undoubtedly the most favor- only, but used ones (thread, button, able time but to this rule the Orthoptera knife, etc.) may often be obtained in dry form a notable exception. In the major- goods and hardware stores. Cotton ity of species the winter is passed in batting may be found anywhere. Carry the egg stage, the young appear in cheap envelopes for specimens of plants spring, grow through the summer, and which it is desirable to determine, and reach maturity in late summer or early blotting-paper to keep cyanide-bottles fall. In New England the most favor- dry. able time for collecting is from mid- treservation of material. This is July to mid-September, while for most a simple matter owing to the dryness of orders it is in June and July. On the the atmosphere, the chief precaution Pacific Coast also this rule holds good: necessary being to guard effectually in Washington and Oregon the best against rough handling. The method period will be found in August and followed .was one I have used for several September, in California from July to years on collecting trips in New Eng- September according to latitude and land, slightly modified to meet the elevation. This fact of a !ater col- greater risk of breakage during trans- lecting season for Orthoptera than for portation. The material was simply other orders seems to have been over- packed between layers of cotton in looked by several collectors and ento- pasteboard boxes perforated with nu- mologists who were consulted before merous holes and witl very few excep- setting out. As it proved, I was a tions came out in excellent condition. little early in the southern and late in January 898. PS UCtttz'. 165 the northern parts of the district exam- conditions,the Oedipodinae. Except ined. There are, of course, species where recently irrigated or within a few that can be obtained only in the spring. feet of running water, the soil, even in Observations on other orders. To the forests, was absolutely dry. When other orders but little attention of adobe it was sun-baked, extremely paid. The most noticeable in point of hard, and rent with cracks penetrating numbers were Homoptera and minute to a depth of several inches or a foot, Diptera which swarmed at times in affording complete safety to insects tak- thick vegetation and about damp places. ing refuge in them unless the collector Heteroptera and Hymenoptera were were armed with pick and shovel. occasionally numerous. Several kinds The grass was parched and brown of butterflies, mostly in poor condition, and the soil exposed everywhere except were common in So. Calif., and some- along streams and irrigation-ditches and times favorable localities were found in wet grounds, where a tall, dense where a few species of ()donata were growth of grasses and allied plants was plentiful. Coleoptera were rather found. In consequence grass-loving in- scarce, except occasionally, when cer- sects were less numerous and much re- tain species were met with in abun- stricted in area. Alfalfa-fields, irrigated, dance. and looking most attractively green, Character of collecting. In Cali- were not as remunerative collecting fornia, while the extreme conditions grounds for Orthoptera as would be accessible are greater, ranging from expected. In desert regions many spe- sub-tropical deserts to glacier-crowned cies were found on bushes and weeds. peaks, and this sometimes within a The best localities for securing variety strikingly short distance, yet, as a rule. of species were those near water, either the collector finds it necessary to travel streams, springs, or artesian wells and about more than in the east. This is tanks in such places insects of all orders because the country is laid out on a congregated. broader plan and there is less variety in Precautions. Sunburn of face, neck each square mile than in Massachusetts, and hands, which may becone very for instance, where one may often visit painfil ad interfere with work, must woods, fields, streams, peat-bogs, sand- be guarded against until a coating of hills, and rocky ledges in an hour's tan is acquired. Sunstroke is so rare as ramble. In California a similar variety to be almost unknown and if the head in so small compass can rarely be found. is kept wet and care used not to become _At the time of my visit the conditions overheated by violent efforts there is no over most of the regions examined were danger. In the hot regions thirst must those of great aridity, and the larger be constantly kept in mind in wandering proportion of the Orthoptera secured to any distance from houses, as even a belonged to a group partial to such few hours exposure without water may 166 PS YCIIE. [January 898

involve suffering and serious conse- unforeseen emergencies may arise. It quences. The first question to be asked is desirable to carry lunch on railway regarding a journey is in respect to journeys as delays are of fi'equent occur- where water may be obtained. Keep rence. Before setting out on a trip the mouth shut during exposure and eat into wild country get all information juicy fruits, thus lessening the desire possible regarding the route, preferably for water. In many places the water fl'om several persons. Rely upon state- is more or less alkaline in character (as ments of no single person unless he is may be recognized by a slightly sweet- thoroughly familiar with the country. ish taste)and acts rather powerfldly, Information regarding points along the but the free use of lime-juice, acid phos- railroad may often be obtained from phate, or fresh acid fruits neutralizes train-men, particularly those on freight- this tendency. The amount of water trains. and juicy fruit that may be consumed Footsoreness can be prevented by without bad results in the dry atmos- wearing thick-soled shoes,, or by a dif- phere of the southwest is astonishing. ferent method of Walking, using other People usually lose flesh rapidly during muscles and pressing less upon the ball the first few weeks' exposure. of the foot. Chafing and blisters can In the hotter regions, when a consid- be prevented by the use of hard soap erable distance is to be covered, or moistened and rubbed upon the inside when climbing mountains, it is advisable of the socks where needed. This is to ride if possible, especially if unaccus- especially cooling and grateful to feet tomed to physical exertion in hot unaccustomed to the burning soil of weather. For climbing, choose the the desert regions. coolest part of the day. Snow-covered Drying out material. In damp mountains should on no account be weather and on the sea-coast it may be attempted without a companion, prefer- necessary to dry material by artificial ably a competent guide, as even a hea. This may be done by hanging slight accident is likely to be followed the boxes in a net over a lamp or gas- by serious regialts. Carry a compass burner. In case mould is feared pow- (a watch-charm is sufficient) and use it dered naphthaline should be sprinkled when on mountains where clouds are among the specimens. liable to form at any time, and in the Poisonous animals and plants. forest when leaving the trail. Do not Mosquitoes are rarely troublesome, only go far from a trail unless familiar with on salt-marshes and about standing the region or provided with a specially water, and a mosquito-curtain is sel- developed bump of locality. When at dom needed. House-flies are abundant a, distance from supplies abstain from and extremely persistent. Fleas are consuming the last of either food or only too common but cannot always be wter until more is directly at hand, caught when desired. Scorpions are January x898.] PSYCHE. 167 common and should be kept in mind such a trip the intending visitor will when handling wood for camp-fires, find it advantageous to study the topo- putting on shoes in camp, examining graphy* of the Pacific Coast states bark of fallen trees, dead leaves, or also, to examine the biologic map of rubbish of any kind on the ground. North Am erica published by Dr. Met- They seem to be attracted to fire at riam in North 2kmerican Fauna No. 3, night. Their sting, while painful for a the climatic rnap of California published few minutes, affects people differently by the So. Pac. R. R., and the articles but seldom produces serious results; on geographical distribution in North immediate application of strong ammo- America by Dr. Merriam in the Dept. nia is recommended. Centipedes two of Agrictflture Year-book for 894 and to three inches long were common but North American Fauna No. 3. did not offer to bite. Tarantulas were For a guide-book Baedeker's United not met with. Rattlesnakes, while States should be purchased, this is said to be common, are rarely seen; I indispensable. Railroad maps, folders, met but two in all my rambles. There and illustrated booklets (some of which is a small species, about 6 inches long, are very helpful) relating to the Paci- found on the Desert and per- fic Coast and the routes thereto may haps elsewhere, called the side-winder, be procured from agents of the various that is more active and quite as deadly transcontinental lines. In addition get as the larger kind, and is generally Rand, McNally & Co.'s vest'-pocket feared in consequence. One should be maps of the various States (5 c. each, cautious when inspecting low bushes best thing out for railroad stations and and weeds in the desert regions, atd general use). For details of topography slaould be prepared to treat snake-bite there is nothing so good as the few sheets if so unfortunate as to be wounded. of the topographical map of the United " Poison oak" or ivy (Rhus) is very States, published by the U. S. Geol. plentiful in certain sections and contact Survey. These cost but 5 c. each and with it should be avoided. Immediate may be had of the Director, at Wash- washing after exposure is said to lessen ington. A knowledge of the right time the danger of bad results. In case of to go and places to visit can best be poisoning apply a solution of hyposul- secured from one's fellow-specialists. phite of soda (photographer's "hypo ") The appended notes on localities may or weak carbolic acid. Nettles and cacti be helpful. are also to be shunned. In for *See "Topography of California" by N. F, Drake, in tgreibaration. preparation Journal of Geology, Sept.-Oct., ,897. International Journal of Peptides

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