Sbaʿa Bedouin 134, 148 Tunisian 225, 333–345 Aramaic 4, 12, 40–49
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Index adaptation 57, 131, 133, 146–147, 170, 173–174, Sbaʿa Bedouin 134, 148 270, 282, 354, 356 Tunisian 225, 333–345 adverbializer 33–49 Aramaic 4, 12, 40–49, 52–68, 80–82, 89, 93, ʿAfar 18–20, 22, 188, 350n17 97–100, 107–112, 114, 116–117, 119, 121, 123, Agaw 18–30, 348 126–151, 181–186, 190, 192–194, 213, 234, Aikhenvald, Alexandra 69 241–242, 244, 251–252, 258–264, Akkadian 35–36, 68, 98n3, 114–116, 118, 123, 280–310, 348–363, 395–396, 411, 413, 418. 129, 139–151, 158–175, 181–183, 191–194, See also Neo-Aramaic 267, 269, 276, 297, 348–353, 375–396, Achaemenid (Imperial / Official) 44, 406–414, 418, 419 126, 130–132, 134–136, 140–145, 147–148, alloglottography 159–160, 171 234, 351–352 Amarna Akkadian See Canaanite Biblical 49n41, 130, 234, 238, 251 Amharic See Ethiopian Semitic Christian Palestinian Aramaic 129–130, Amiritic 11–12 133–134, 288, 307 Amorite 162–165, 182, 375–376, 385n49 Hatran 126–151, 354 Ancient North Arabian 1–13, 15, 139, 148. Jewish Babylonian Aramaic 54–59, See also Dadantic, Dumaitic, Hasaitic, 61–64, 130–135, 138–145, 147–148, 234, Hismaic, Liḥyanite, Safaitic, and 251, 299, 308 Taymanitic Jewish Palestinian Aramaic 60n15, Ancient South Arabian See Old South 129–131, 135, 137–138, 142–145, 190, 251, Arabian 304–305, 307 apocopate 116–118, 123 Judean Aramaic 126–127, 133, 135, Arabic 2–6, 9, 12–13, 57–58, 105n7, 114, 120, 142–145, 148 123, 126–127, 134–135, 138–140, 142, 145, Mandaic 132–136, 139–145, 148, 235, 304, 147–148, 151, 181, 183–187, 190–194, 354, 356, 358 280–310, 312, 324, 334, 349–351, 353, 355, Nabataean 3–4, 8, 109, 126–128, 139–140, 358–360, 375, 406, 411, 414–419. See also 143, 146, 148, 151 Maltese Old 49n41, 144, 237–238, 241, 351–352, 414 Anatolian 234–248 Palmyrene 126–129, 131–133, 136, 138–143, Andalusi 336 145–148, 151 Cypriot 224n17, 287 Qumran Aramaic 41, 126n4, 127, 142, Egyptian 283, 291n53, 294 144–145 Hispanic 336 Samaritan 143, 292n55, 303–304, 307 Iraqi 294, 297–298 Syriac 35, 41n16, 45, 47–48, 116–117, 119, Jordanian 212, 221 126–148, 151, 184, 189–190, 194, 234, Lebanese 220n16, 284, 296n85, 306n133 238–239, 284–285, 289, 291–293, 295, Libyan 338 298–299, 304, 308, 249–360 Maghrebi 334 Targum Onkelos 41, 59–60, 66–67, Middle Judaeo 294, 298, 303, 306 142–143, 145 Moroccan 221, 225, 227, 334–336, 338 Argobba See Ethiopian Semitic Najdi 134 Armenian 132, 135, 236n4, 349–350, 355–356 Nigerian 336, 342, 344–345 assimilation 2, 73, 104n5, 242, 244n12, Palestinian 198–229, 280–310 269–270 Qalamūn 299n108 Assyrian See Akkadian Samaritan 303 Awngi 20, 23–24, 26, 29–30 424 Index Aymellel See Kestane under Ethiopian Dixon, Robert M. W. 69 Semitic Dobbi See Ethiopian Semitic doublet, lexical 131, 181–194, 292, 298 Babylonian See Akkadian drift 69, 87–88, 92. See also parallel Barth-Ginsberg Law 384 development Barwar See Neo-Aramaic Dumaitic 5, 8 Baṭḥari 311, 313–321, 327–329, 331 Baxʿa See Neo-Aramaic Eblaite 377 begadkepat See spirantization Egyptian 97–112, 182–183, 267, 349–350, 382. Beja 19–23 See also Coptic Betanure See Neo-Aramaic Elamite 162–163 Bilin 18n2, 20–21, 23n5, 25–26, 29, 187–188 elative 5 bilingualism 23n5, 43, 128, 158, 161, 198, 208, Emarite 376–382, 387, 394 212, 215, 225, 228, 243, 268, 277, 281, enclitic m 2, 272–276 312, 337 Endegen (Endegañ) See Ethiopian Semitic Burji 22 Ener See Ethiopian Semitic energic ending 4, 389n71, 407, 411–412 Čāl See Neo-Aramaic Ennemor See Ethiopian Semitic calque 4, 17, 42, 98, 106–107, 112, 135, 137n43, ergative 163n8, 269 145, 147, 150, 174, 185, 225, 412, 415, 418 Ethiopian Semitic 16–31, 68–93, 114, 123, Campbell, Lyle 203 187–189, 201n8, 202n10, 348–363 Canaanite 143, 182, 282, 287, 290, 297, 304, Amharic 16–31, 69–73, 75–76, 78–79, 309–310, 352, 375–376, 388–394, 82–83, 85–88, 91, 93, 181, 187–189, 333, 406–414, 418. See also Hebrew, 350–351, 355, 363 Phoenician, Punic Argobba 20–21, 26–28, 70–73, 75–79, Canaano-Akkadian See Canaanite 81–85, 87–92, 350n17 Chaha (Čaha) See Ethiopian Semitic Chaha (Čaha) 21, 76–79, 82, 87 Christian Palestinian Aramaic See Aramaic Dobbi 76–79, 88, 89 cleft 24 Endegen (Endegañ) 24n6, 76–79 code-switching 169, 226–228, 335–338, 341, Ener 24n6 343–344, 389n66 Ennemor 76, 78–79, 82, 87 compensatory lengthening 202, 205–207 Gafat 25, 72, 76–79, 82, 87 converb 16, 25–30 Gǝʿǝz 16–31, 68, 70, 72, 187–188, Coptic 99n4, 104n5, 106, 283, 349, 354–356 348–363 copula 24, 27–28, 118–119, 124, 170, 173 Gurage 17, 19, 21–22, 24n6, 26–28, 70, creole 392–393 72–73, 76–77, 81, 82–84, 87–89 Cushitic 16–31, 69, 74n6, 187–188, 348, Gyeto 24n6 350n17. See also ʿAfar, Agaw, Awngi, Harari 19–22, 24, 27–28, 70, 72–73, 75–76, Beja, Bilin, Burji, Hadiyya, Kemant, 78–80, 82, 84n23, 86–87, 348 Konso, Oromo, Saho, Sidaama, Somali, Inor 21, 24n6 Xamtanga Kestane 76–80, 88–89, 350n17 Cypro-Minoan 267, 382 Masqan 20, 76, 78–79 Muher 20, 70, 72, 76–79, 88–89 Dadantic 1n2, 3, 7, 10–11 Selṭi 24n6, 27–28, 70, 73, 75–76, 78–79, de-gemination 202–203, 224 85, 87–88 diffusion 69–70, 86–88, 93, 127, 202 Tigre (Tǝgrē) 16, 18n2, 20–25, 27, 29–30, diglossia 337, 381, 392–393 68–69, 71, 81, 89, 93, 349n13–14.